Chapter 1 Part 1

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BEEE 1013
TECHNICAL PHYSICS
CHAPTER 1
Mechanics
Fakulti Teknologi Kejuruteraan Elektrik dan Elektronik (FTKEE)

Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka (UTeM) 1
BEEE 1013
TECHNICAL PHYSICS
Chapter Overview
1. Introduction
2. Measurement and Uncertainty
3. Units, Standards and SI System
4. Converting Units
5. Scalar and Vector
6. Kinematics of Linear Motion
7. Freely Falling Objects
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1. Introductions of Physics
• Physics is a branch of science concerning the study of
natural phenomena; the properties of matter and energy.
• Words physics is come from “Physica” meaning the
science of natural things.
• In general, it is an analysis of nature, conducted in order
to understand how the universe behaves.
How technology is related with physics?

How technology and physics help each other?
Why technology is needed in physics?
What is the use of technology in physics?
3
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BEEE 1013
TECHNICAL PHYSICS
Significant Figures
• No measurement is exact;
there is always some
uncertainty due to limited
instrument accuracy and
difficulty reading results
• it would be difficult to
measure the width of this
board more accurately than
± 1 mm
Fig. 1
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Significant Figures (contd)

• Estimated uncertainty is written with a ± sign;
for example: 8.8 ± 0.1 cm.
• Percent uncertainty is the ratio of the uncertainty to the

measured value, multiplied by 100:
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TECHNICAL PHYSICS

• The number of significant figures is the number of reliably
known digits in a number.
Example:
23.21 cm has four significant figures
0.062 cm has two significant figures
80 km is ambiguous - it could have one or two significant
figures
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TECHNICAL PHYSICS
• When multiplying or dividing numbers, the final result should
have only as many digits as the number with the least
number of significant figures used in the calculation
Example: 11.3 cm x 6.8 cm = 77 cm2 not 76.84 cm2
• When adding or subtracting, the final results is no more
accurate than the least accurate number used
Example: 3.6 – 0.57 = 3.0 not 3.03
To obtain the most accurate results, keep one or more extra significant
figures throughout a calculation, and round off only in final result
https://quizizz.com/admin/quiz/59bfe431d8eb9411003e0e62/significant-figures-practice
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BEEE 1013
TECHNICAL PHYSICS

Accuracy vs. Precision
Accuracy is how close a measurement comes to the true value.
Example: Ruler in Fig. 1 was manufactured with 2% error, the
measurement (about 8.8 cm) would be about 2% of 8.8 cm or ±
0.2 cm
Precision is the repeatability of the measurement using the

same instrument.
It is possible to be accurate without being precise and to be

precise without being accurate!
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TECHNICAL PHYSICS

Accuracy vs. Precision (contd)
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BEEE 1013
TECHNICAL PHYSICS
3. Units, Standards, SI System

Quantity Unit Standard
Length Meter (m) Length of the path traveled by light
in 1/299,792,458 second
Time Second (s) Time required for 9,192,631,770

periods of radiation emitted by
cesium atoms
Mass Kilogram Platinum cylinder in International

(kg) Bureau of Weights and Measures,
Paris
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TECHNICAL PHYSICS
3. Units Standards, SI System
Physical quantities that cannot

be defined in terms of other
(Quantities that can be measured)
quantities.
Physical Quantities
BASE
QUANTITIES
Example: length, mass, time,
electric current, temperature etc.
Physical quantities that are

derived from combinations of
Based Quantities through
DERIVED multiplication and division.
QUANTITIES
Example: ms-1, ms-2 etc.
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TECHNICAL PHYSICS
Physical Quantities (contd)

• The most common system of
unit used is based on Le
Système International;
known as SI units.
Table 2. Examples of SI Derived Units Expressed In Terms of SI Base Units

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TECHNICAL PHYSICS

Prefixes
• is used to simplify a very small or a very large number
to describe the physical quantities in appropriate SI unit.
Table 3. SI Prefixes
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TECHNICAL PHYSICS
4. Converting Units
• Converting Units are important to make sure magnitudes of
converted physical quantities are same to the actual values
• Examples:
1. Convert the area of a button from 1.2cm2 into m2.
2. Convert the 3.2g/cm3 into kg/m3
• Solutions:
1. 1 cm = 1 x 10-2m
1.2 cm2 = 1.2 x (10-2)2 = 1.2x10-4 m2
2. 1 g = 1 x 10-3 kg 1 cm = 1 x 10-2 m
3.2 g = 3.2 x 10-3 = 3.2 x 10-3 = 3.2 x 103 = 3200kg/m3
cm3 (1 x 10-2)3 1x10-6
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TECHNICAL PHYSICS
5. Scalar & Vector
• A vector has magnitude

as well as direction
• Some vector quantities:
displacement, velocity,
force, momentum
• A scalar has only a
magnitude
• Some scalar quantities:
mass, time, temperature
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BEEE 1013
TECHNICAL PHYSICS
Tips:
Check your Scalar = Single
understanding Value
1. 250m
2. 28 m/sec, North
3. 1 km, South
4. 120 degree Celcius
5. 1 Giga bytes
6. 240 volts
7. 4000 calories
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BEEE 1013
TECHNICAL PHYSICS
6. Kinematics of Linear Motions

• Mechanics is the study of the motion of objects.
• A motion that deals to the mechanics is called
kinematics.
• This topic will discussed motion of straight line.
• The most important terms on this chapter are
displacement, velocity and acceleration.
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BEEE 1013
TECHNICAL PHYSICS

Displacement
• Displacement (blue line) is how far the object is from its
starting point.
• In the other words, displacement is the difference between
the final and the initial position of a point.
• Distance traveled (dashed line) is measured along the
actual path.
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TECHNICAL PHYSICS

Displacement (contd)
How displacement is written?
Left: Right:
Displacement is positive Displacement is negative
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TECHNICAL PHYSICS

Speed and Average Velocity
• Speed is how far an object travels in a given time
interval
• Average Velocity is a rate of displacement changes

with time.
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BEEE 1013
TECHNICAL PHYSICS

Example 1: Runner’s average velocity
The position of a runner as a function of
time is plotted as moving along the x
axis of a coordinate system. During a
3.00s time interval, the runner’s position
changes from x1 = 50.0 m to x2 = 30.5
m, as shown. What was the runner’s
average velocity?
Example 2: Distance a cyclist travels

How far can a cyclist travel in 2.5h along a straight road if her
average velocity is 18 km/h?
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TECHNICAL PHYSICS
Example 3/Homework: Skier’s average speed & velocity
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TECHNICAL PHYSICS

Instantaneous Velocity
The instantaneous velocity is the average velocity in the
limit as the time interval becomes infinitesimally short
Ideally, a speedometer would measure

instantaneous velocity; in fact, it
measures average velocity, but over a
very short time interval
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TECHNICAL PHYSICS
Acceleration
• Acceleration is the rate of change of velocity.
• Negative acceleration is acceleration in the negative direction

as defined by the coordinate system
• Deceleration occurs when the acceleration is opposite in
direction to the velocity
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TECHNICAL PHYSICS
Acceleration (contd)
• Direction of the acceleration vector depends on two things:
- whether the object is speeding up or slowing down
- whether the object is moving in the + or - direction
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BEEE 1013
TECHNICAL PHYSICS

Example 4: Average Acceleration
A car accelerates along a straight road from rest to 90 km/h in
5.0 s. What is the magnitude of its average acceleration?
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BEEE 1013
TECHNICAL PHYSICS
• We now have all the equations we need to solve constant-

acceleration problems.
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TECHNICAL PHYSICS
6. Free Falling Objects
Galileo Galilei (1564 – 1642)
• All objects would fall with the same constant

acceleration in the absence of air or other
resistance.
• For an object falling from rest, the distance
traveled, x, by the object will be proportional to
the square of the time, t2.
https://ophysics.com/k6.html
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BEEE 1013
TECHNICAL PHYSICS
at a given location on the Earth and in the absence of air

resistance, all objects fall with the same constant
acceleration – acceleration due to gravity, g=9.80 m/s2
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BEEE 1013
TECHNICAL PHYSICS
World's Largest Vacuum Chamber
The Space Power Facility at NASA Glenn Research Center's Plum

Brook Station in Sandusky, Ohio 37
BEEE 1013
TECHNICAL PHYSICS
Example 5: Falling From a Tower

Suppose that a ball is dropped
(v0 = 0) from a tower 70.0 m
high. How far will it have fallen
after a time t1 = 1.00 s, t2 = 2.00
s, and t3 = 3.00 s? Ignore air
resistance.
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BEEE 1013
TECHNICAL PHYSICS

Example 6: Ball thrown upward
A person throws a ball upward into the air
with an initial velocity of 15.0 m/s. With the
ignorance of air resistance, calculate;
(a) how high it goes
(b) how long the ball is in the air before it
comes back to the hand
(c) how much time it takes for the ball to
reach the maximum height
(d) the velocity of the ball when it returns
to the thrower’s hand
39

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BMKT 1123

UTeM | Excellence Through Competency

What apps Group

UTeM | Excellence Through Competency

Cisco Webex Video ULEARN

UTeM | Excellence Through Competency

• Chapter 1 - Mechanics: Physical Quantities and Measurements, Kinematics of Linear

• Lab Test – 10%

Fakulti Teknologi Kejuruteraan Elektrik dan Elektronik (FTKEE)

How technology is related with physics?

2. Measurement and Uncertainty

2. Measurement and Uncertainty

Significant Figures (contd)

• Percent uncertainty is the ratio of the uncertainty to the

2. Measurement and Uncertainty

Significant Figures (contd)

2. Measurement and Uncertainty

Precision is the repeatability of the measurement using the

It is possible to be accurate without being precise and to be

2. Measurement and Uncertainty

3. Units, Standards, SI System

Time Second (s) Time required for 9,192,631,770

Mass Kilogram Platinum cylinder in International

3. Units Standards, SI System

Physical quantities that cannot

Physical quantities that are

Example: ms-1, ms-2 etc.

3. Units Standards, SI System

Physical Quantities (contd)

Table 2. Examples of SI Derived Units Expressed In Terms of SI Base Units

3. Units Standards, SI System

5. Scalar & Vector

• A vector has magnitude

6. Kinematics of Linear Motions

6. Kinematics of Linear Motions

6. Kinematics of Linear Motions

6. Kinematics of Linear Motions

• Average Velocity is a rate of displacement changes

6. Kinematics of Linear Motions

Example 2: Distance a cyclist travels

6. Kinematics of Linear Motions

Example 3/Homework: Skier’s average speed & velocity

6. Kinematics of Linear Motions

Ideally, a speedometer would measure

6. Kinematics of Linear Motions

• Negative acceleration is acceleration in the negative direction

6. Kinematics of Linear Motions

6. Kinematics of Linear Motions

6. Kinematics of Linear Motions

• We now have all the equations we need to solve constant-

6. Free Falling Objects

Galileo Galilei (1564 – 1642)

• All objects would fall with the same constant

6. Free Falling Objects

at a given location on the Earth and in the absence of air

World's Largest Vacuum Chamber

The Space Power Facility at NASA Glenn Research Center's Plum

6. Free Falling Objects

Example 5: Falling From a Tower

6. Free Falling Objects

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