HARISH NAYAK -12112873

PRANAV-12111451
PAVAN VIGNESH-12102869
PAVAN BANDI-12108590

Project Name 1: Laser Voice Transmitter Circuit

Societal Application:

Long-Range Communication: One of the primary applications of a Laser Voice Transmitter

Circuit is for long-range communication. It can be used to transmit voice signals over
significant distances using a modulated laser beam. This can be useful in situations where
traditional radio or microwave communication is not feasible, such as communicating across
vast oceans or through dense forests.

Military and Defence: Laser Voice Transmitter Circuits can be employed in military and
defence applications for secure and long-distance communication between troops, vehicles,
or installations. The use of lasers makes it difficult for adversaries to intercept or jam the
communication signals.

Brief Detail of Working Circuit Diagram:

The transmitter circuit and the reception circuit are the two main components of the project
laser voice transmitter, which is typical of all communication systems.

Circuit of the transmitter:

The transmitter circuit (Fig. 1) comprises condenser microphone transistor amplifier BC548
(T1) followed by an op-amp stage built around μA741 (IC1). The gain of the op-amp can be
controlled with the help of 1-mega-ohm pot meter VR1. The AF output from IC1 is coupled
to the base of transistor BD139 (T2), which, in turn, modulates the laser beam .
The transmitter uses 9V power supply. However, the 3-volt laser torch (after removal of its
battery) can be directly connected to the circuit. The mic is the audio input. C1 is a coupling
capacitor that connects the audio from the mic to T1. T1 is a transistor that is used to
amplify the audio a bit. C2 couples the audio to IC1 which amplifies it some more. The audio
from the IC is then routed to T2 which modulates the power to the LED. This puts the audio
onto the light beam. VR1 is a variable resistor which adjusts the gain of the IC. C3, C4 and R7
are power filters that remove noise from the power supply. The other resistors Just supply
the right voltage to the various parts.

Circuit of the receiver:

T3 is a photo sensitive transistor which receives the laser from the LED transmitter. The
transistor puts out a signal that is proportional to the light from the LED. This not only
receives the signal it also demodulates it. C5 couples this audio to T4 and T5 which amplify
the signal. The signal is them coupled through C8 to VR2. VR2 is a volume control for IC2. IC2
amplifies the signal more and drives the speaker, LS1.

Cost (each component price):

Bread board-100Rs*2, 9V battery-20Rs*2
Transistor(BD139) – 224Rs(flipkart) ,Transistor(BC548)- 100Rs(Amazon)
ICUA741-12Rs(Amazon)
Cap-10Rs*2(1mf), Cap -8Rs*3(0.1mf), Cap-15Rs*2(470mf), Cap -8Rs(1000mf), Cap-10Rs(10mf)
Cap-5Rs(100mf), Cap-5Rs(0.01mf)
LM386-200Rs
Mic-8Rs
BC549-11Rs*2
Resistors-13*2 ,LS1-32Rs
Project Name 2: simple FM radio transmitter
Societal Application:

Community Radio Stations: Simple FM radio transmitters are often used by community-
based organizations, educational institutions, and local radio enthusiasts to set up low-
power community radio stations. These stations can serve as a platform for disseminating
local news, cultural content, educational programming, and information about community
events.
Emergency Broadcasting: During emergencies and natural disasters, simple FM radio
transmitters can be used to broadcast critical information, such as weather updates,
evacuation instructions, and emergency contact details. This helps ensure that residents
receive timely and potentially life-saving information.

Brief Detail of Working Circuit Diagram:

A FM transmitter is a device that uses the principles of frequency modulation to broadcast
sound supplied at its input. Typical FM transmitter design’s usually follow the block diagram
below Circuit of the transmitter:

The signal strength of audio inputs into the transmitter is usually low therefore an amplifier
is usually built to bring the signal level up. Based on the desired frequency for transmission
(which is usually between the FM frequency band, 88MHz to 108MHz), the carrier frequency
is generated using an oscillator circuit and mixed with audio signal to create the modulated
signal impedance which is matched with the antenna.
Connect the components as shown in the Simple FM transmitter circuit below.
The audio output signal from the microphone is usually small, the first transistor thus
performs the job of amplifying that signal to a level good enough for transmission. After
amplification as described earlier, the next stage of the FM transmitter is modulation. At this
stage the amplified audio signal is then mixed with the carrier frequency at with which the
signal is to be transmitted. This carrier frequency can be varied using the 20pF variable
capacitor connected with the inductor, and the typical frequency band of this particular
design is between the 88MHz to 108MHz and since there is no visual output to recognize
the exact frequency at which the transmitter is working, you will need to adjust your FM
receiver radio within the range of the frequencies mentioned to get the frequency at which
the transmitter is transmitting. After modulating the Audio signal with the carrier frequency,
the signal is then sent out through the antenna.

The air core inductor is made by winding a 8 to 10 turns of 18 – 22 gauge wire around a ¼
inch former which can be represented by a pencil. The values of components used for these
tutorials are not stringent and for learning purpose, you can play around with the resistor
and capacitor values to optimize the performance of the transmitter.

Cost (each component price):

1. 2n2222 NPN Transistor x2-200Rs

2. Condenser mic/ audio jack or any other Audio Input part -102Rs

3. 100nf Ceramic capacitor x1-3Rs

4. 10nf ceramic capacitor x1-3Rs

5. 4 pf ceramic capacitor x1-3Rs

6. 100 ohms resistor x1-1Rs

7. 10k resistor x 3-1Rs

8. 1k resistor x 1-1Rs

9. 100k resistor x1-1Rs

10. 1M resistor x1-1Rs

11. Variable Capacitor 20pf-50Rs

12. Gauge 18 - 22 copper wire-40Rs

13. 9v batteryx2-40Rs

14. 9v battery Cap-5Rs

Project Name 3: Class B Audio Amplifier

Societal Application:

Audio Systems: Class B audio amplifiers are widely used in audio systems, including home
theater systems, stereo receivers, and portable speakers. They help enhance the quality and
volume of audio output, providing a better listening experience for individuals and
communities.
Public Address Systems: Class B amplifiers are used in public address (PA) systems in venues
such as schools, stadiums, airports, and conference halls. They amplify spoken
announcements, music, and emergency alerts to large audiences, ensuring clear
communication.
Musical Instruments: Many musical instruments, such as electric guitars and keyboards,
incorporate Class B audio amplifiers to amplify the instrument's sound. This is essential for
live performances and studio recording.

Brief Detail of Working Circuit Diagram:

Class B audio amplifiers provide efficient power amplification of analog signals, but often at
the expense of signal distortion. In this project, you will build the Class B (push-pull) audio
amplifier, shown in Figure 1.
Figure 1. Class B (push-pull) audio amplifier circuit driving a speaker.

In this project, you will learn about some of the causes of audio distortion and how we can
modify basic designs to minimize this distortion.
The closer matched the two transistors are, the better. If possible, try to
obtain TIP41 and TIP42 transistors, which are closely matched NPN and PNP power
transistors with dissipation ratings of 65 W each. If you cannot get a TIP41 NPN transistor,
the TIP3055 is a good substitute. Do not use very large (i.e. TO-3 case) power transistors, as
the op amp may have trouble driving enough current to their bases for good operation.

Cost (each component price):

 Four 6 V batteries -20Rs
 Dual operational amplifier (op amp), model TL082 recommended -20Rs
 One NPN power transistor in a TO-220 package-30Rs
 One PNP power transistor in a TO-220 package-30Rs
 One 1N914 switching diode-20Rs
 One capacitor, 47 µF electrolytic, 35 WVDC -5Rs
 Two capacitors, 0.22 µF, non-polarized-10Rs
 One 10 kΩ potentiometer, linear taper -20Rs
 Audio source-phone
 8 Ω speaker-190Rs