ABSTRACT

This project presents the design and implementation of a Complementary Metal-Oxide-

Semiconductor (CMOS) inverter, a fundamental building block in modern digital integrated
circuits. The CMOS inverter is designed with a focus on achieving optimal performance
characteristics such as speed, power efficiency, and noise immunity. The project
encompasses both the theoretical understanding and practical realization of the CMOS
inverter.

The design process begins with a comprehensive overview of CMOS transistor theory,
explaining the operation of NMOS and PMOS transistors in tandem to perform logical
inversion. Key considerations in choosing transistor dimensions, including channel lengths
and widths, are discussed in the context of optimizing the inverter's performance.

The project then proceeds to create a schematic representation of the CMOS inverter,
illustrating the connections between NMOS and PMOS transistors.

Simulations are performed to assess various aspects of the CMOS inverter's performance.
DC analysis is employed to determine the inverter's static characteristics, such as its input
and output voltage levels, as well as its current consumption. Transient analysis is used to
evaluate dynamic characteristics, including signal propagation delay and rise/fall times.

In addition to static and dynamic analyses, the project explores the impact of process
variations and environmental factors on the CMOS inverter's behaviour.

In conclusion, this project provides a comprehensive exploration of the design and

implementation of a CMOS inverter, bridging the gap between theoretical knowledge and
practical application. It serves as a valuable educational resource for students and engineers
interested in digital circuit design, offering insights into the fundamental principles and
considerations that underlie the operation of CMOS-based logic gates.

INTRODUCTION

CMOS inverter definition is a device that is used to generate logic functions is known as
CMOS inverter and is the essential component in all integrated circuits. A CMOS inverter is
a FET (field effect transistor), composed of a metal gate that lies on top of oxygen’s
insulating layer on top of a semiconductor. These inverters are used in most electronic
devices which are accountable for generating data n small circuits.

It consists of a series connection of a PMOS and an NMOS. VDD represents the voltage of
logic 1, while the ground represents logic 0. Whenever the input is high or 1, the NMOS is
switched on while the PMOS is turned off. Thus output Y is directly connected to the ground
and thus comes to be logic 0. When the input is logic 0, the reverse happens – NMOS goes
off and PMOS goes on. This provides a direct path between VDD and output Y. Hence Y
becomes high. This is the basic principle of operation of a CMOS inverter.

With the exception of depending on an oxygen layer to divide electrons within the gate and
semiconductor, CMOS inverters function similarly to other types of FETs. Power supply, input
voltage terminal, output voltage, gate, drain, and PMOS and NMOS transistors coupled to
the gate and drain terminals are all included in their design.

The PMOS transistor turns on when the CMOS inverter receives a low input voltage, whereas
the NMOS transistor switches off by allowing electrons to flow through the gate terminal
and producing a high logic output value.

DESIG OF CMOS INVERTER :

This propounded circuit is designed by using strong 1 (pull up) and strong 0 (pull down)
transistors namely pmos and n -mos transistors.
In the below figure, Whereas out of them 1 n-mos transistors and 1 p-mos transistors,
having total of 2 transistors.

TOOLS DESCRIPTION:

Cadence Virtuoso is an electronic design automation (EDA) tool widely used for
the design and verification of integrated circuits (ICs). Developed by Cadence
Design Systems and widely used by chip designers and engineers in the
semiconductor industry. Virtuoso is a suite of tools that provide a complete
custom IC design flow, from schematic capture to physical layout and
verification. This tool offers a wide range of functions and possibilities for the
design, simulation and analysis of analog and mixed-signal circuits. Virtuoso's
main features are:

1. Schematic editor: It allows users to create and edit schematics through a

graphical user interface.
2. Layout Editor: This allows the user to create and edit the physical layout of her
IC design.
3. Circuit simulator. It allows users to simulate and analyze the behavior of
analog and mixed-signal circuits.
4. Design Rule Checker (DRC): Validate IC designs against manufacturing rules
and constraints.
5. Layout Versus Schematic (LVS) Checker: Verify that the layout matches the
schematic.
6. Design for Manufacturing (DFM) Checker: Identify potential manufacturing
issues in IC designs.
7. Analog Design Environment (ADE): It provides a powerful platform for
creating and testing analog and mixed-signal designs.

RESULT AND DISCUSSION:

Schematic of CMOS inverter:

Transient Waveform of CMOS inverter:

DC Characteristics:
Power Analysis:

Delay Analysis:
CONCLUSION

In conclusion, the implementation of a CMOS inverter using Cadence has provided us with a

deep appreciation for the intricate world of digital electronics and semiconductor design.
Throughout this project, we've not only grasped the fundamental principles underpinning
CMOS technology but also witnessed the practical translation of these principles into a
functional circuit. From meticulously selecting transistor dimensions to carefully crafting
layouts that adhere to fabrication rules, we've navigated the nuances of design to optimize
performance parameters such as speed, power efficiency, and noise immunity.

Furthermore, the extensive simulations conducted using Cadence tools have allowed us to
the inverter's behaviour comprehensively. We've explored its static and dynamic
characteristics, gaining insights into how it responds to varying input conditions and
environmental factors. The Monte Carlo simulations have underscored the robustness of our
design in the face of manufacturing variations, highlighting the real-world relevance of our
work.

Beyond the confines of this project, we recognize that CMOS technology is the backbone of
the digital age, powering the devices and systems that define our modern lives. Our journey
into CMOS inverter implementation serves as a foundation for further exploration in the
realm of digital electronics, inspiring a continued pursuit of knowledge and innovation in this
ever-evolving field. As technology continues to advance, the lessons learned here will
remain invaluable, contributing to the ongoing development of cutting-edge electronic
systems and integrated circuits.