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Electrostatics 299

14 Electrostatics
QUICK LOOK



Electric charge produces electric field ( E ), magnetic field


Coulomb’s Law: The magnitude of the electrostatic force of ( B ) and electromagnetic radiations.
interaction between two point charges is directly proportional
Linear charge distribution: Charge on a line e.g., charged
to the scalar multiplication of the magnitudes of charges and straight wire, circular charged ring etc.
inversely proportional to the square of the distance between Charge
them. The force is along the straight line joining them. If the λ == = Linear charge density
Length
two charges have the same sign, the electrostatic force between
them is repulsive; if they have different sign, the force between S.I. unit is C / m
them is attractive.
Dimension is [L–1 TA]
r
Attract
Surface charge distribution: Charge distributed on a
F21 F21
q1 q2 surface e.g. plane sheet of charge, conducting sphere,
conducting cylinder etc.
r Repel Charge
σ == = Surface charge density
F21 F21 Area
q1 q2
Figure: 14.1 S.I. unit is C / m2
The force is a vector quantity. While calculating the force form Dimension is [L–2 TA]
Coulomb’s law, the sign of charge is not retained in formula;

Volume charge density: Charge distributes throughout the
but the signs of charges indicate direction of force which is
volume of the body e.g. charge on a dielectric sphere etc.
seen by inspection with the rule that the charge on which force
Charge
is to be calculated is assumed to have the tendency of motion ρ== = volume charge density
Volume
while the other charge due to which force is to be calculated is
assumed at rest, unless otherwise stated. S.I. unit is C / m3
1 q1q2
F= ⋅ (in air) Dimension is [L–3 TA]
4πε 0 r 2

E
Electric Field Strength: E = lim


1 qq Newton/Coulomb Electric
= ⋅ 1 2 (in medium of dielectric constant K) q0 →0 q
4πε 0 K r 2 0

ε 1 q
K= =
permittivity of medium field strength due to an isolated point charge E = ⋅
ε 0 permittivity of free space 4πε 0 r2

Total electric flux = ∫



ε 0 = 8.855 ×10−12 coul2 / N-m 2 E ⋅ dS
S

1

1
4πε 0
= 9 × 99 N-m2/colul2
Gauss Theorem ∫S
E ⋅ dS = Σq
ε0
1
Total electric flux = × net charge enclosed by closed
Charge is ε0

Transferable: It can be transferred from one body to another. surface

Associated with mass: Charge cannot exist without mass but W
r

Electric potential V = lim = − ∫ E ⋅ dr



reverse is not true. x →∞ q
0 ∞

Conserved: It can neither be created nor be destroyed. ∆V V

Quantisation of charge q = + ne
Relation between electric field and potential E = − =
∆r d

Invariant: Independent of velocity of charged particle. (numerically)
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300 Quick Revision NCERT-PHYSICS

1 q Electric Potential and Electric field Intensity by Long

Electric field due to point charge, V = ⋅
(Scalar quantity)
4πε0 r Charged Wire
1 q1q2

Electric potential energy of two charges, U = ⋅
4πε 0 r
z

Electric potential energy of a system of charges r

1 n n qi q j α β
ES =
4πε 0
∑∑
i =1 i =1
⋅
rij
–a λdx x b
Electric Field due to a Charged Conducting Sphere of Figure: 14.5

Radius R kzq k λ zx
b b
k λ zx  b + b2 + z 2 
V =∫ =∫ =∫ = k λ ln  
q r −a
r −a x2 + d 2  − a + b + z 
2 2

Charged E=0
kλ  
b
dx x
conducting V = constant Ez = k λ z ∫ =  2 
sphere −a
(z + x )2
2 3/ 2
z  (z + x ) 
2

q Note
V=
4πε 0 R
That as the limit is taken as a and b approach infinity, this
Voltag R q
V=
r 4πε 0 r approaches the infinite line change EZ = k λ / z
 b a 
 ( z 2 + b2 )1/ 2 + ( z 2 + b2 )1/ 2 
Figure: 14.2
 
1 q

Electric field outside, ES = ⋅ (r > R)
That as the limit is taken as a and b approach infinity, this
4πε 0 r 2
approaches the infinite line charge expression:
1 q 2k λ λ

Electric field at surface, ES = ⋅
EZ = =
4πε 0 R2
z 2π zε 0

Electric field inside the conductor, Ein = 0 ( r < R )
Electric Potential and Electric field Intensity due to Line Charge
1 q Ε

Electric Potential Voutside = ⋅ ( r > R) Ε
4πε 0 r Cylindrical Gaussian surface
∆Α
1 q ∆Α
Vsurface = Vinside = ⋅ ( r ≤ R)
4πε 0 R
Infinite cylindrical E = 0 for r < R

Electric field Due to a Non-conducting Uniformly Spherical conductor as it is inside any
λ = charge per unit length
Charge conductor at equilibrium.
P2
1 q.r Figure: 14.6
Einside = ⋅ (r < R) R P1
2k λ
4πε 0 R3
Electric field E = . Where λ = charge per unit length.
O r
1
q
Esurface = ⋅ 2 (at r = R)
Potential difference between two points distant r1 and r2
4πε 0 R P3
from line charge ∆ V = 2 k λ log e r2
1 q r r1
Eoutside = ⋅ (r > R) Figure: 14.3
4πε 0 r2 Electric Field at the Axis of a Charge of Ring of Radius R
dl dQ =
Q
dl

Electric potential 2π R

1 q(3R 2 − r 2 ) v
Vinside = ⋅ (r < R) 3 kq
R
4πε 0 2R3 2 R x
dEx = dE cosθ = dE
θ ( x 2 + R 2 )1/ 2
1 q x
Vsurface = ⋅ (at r = R )
4πε 0 R


dE
dE⊥
1 q
Voutside = ⋅ (r > R) O R r
4πε 0 r Figure: 14.4 Figure: 14.7
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Electrostatics 301
1 Qx Q
E= ⋅ along the axis Q
4πε 0 (R 2
+x )
2 3/ 2

r2

Electric field Intensity due to a Non-conducting Thin Sheet r1

of Charge: E = σ (Where σ = charge per unit surface area)

2ε 0 To find the solution following guidelines are to be taken. Here after
following the above guideline potential at the surface of inner shell is
Ε 1 Q1 1 Q2
σ = sheet charge Ε V1 = . + . and potential at the surface of outer shell
density in coulombs ∆Α Α 4πε 0 r1 4πε 0 r2
per square meter σA
Φ = E2A = 1 Q1 1 Q2
∆Α ε0 V2 = . + .
σ 4πε 0 r2 4πε 0 r2
E=
2ε 0 Case (ii): The figure shows three conducting concentric shell of
σΑ = charge inside radii a, b and c (a < b < c) having charges Qa, Qb and Qc respectively
Gaussian surface ∆Α Ε
what will be the potential of each shell
After following the guidelines discussed above
Figure: 14.8
1  Qa Qb Qc  Qc
Potential at A; VA = a + b + c 

Electric field intensity due to a conductor of any shape 4πε 0   Qb
Qa
σ 1  Qa Qb Qc 
E= Potential at B; VB = + +  c
ε0 4πε 0  b b c  b a A B

Electric field between two plates having equal and opposite 1  Qa Qb Qc 

Potential at C; VC = + + 
4πε 0  c c c 
σ
charge densities ( σ ) E = Case (iii): The figure shows two concentric spheres having radii r1
ε0
and r2 respectively (r2 > r1). If charge on inner sphere is +Q and
outer sphere is earthed then determine.

E=0 +σ +Q
σ Q′ r2
E = E + σ + E −σ E=
ε0
E=0 –σ r1

Figure: 14.9
a. The charge on the outer sphere
1

Electrostatic energy density ue = Kε0E 2 Joule/m3 b. Potential of the inner sphere
2 (i) Potential at the surface of outer sphere
1 1 Q 1 Q'
= ε 0 E 2 (in air K = 1) V2 = . + . = 0 ⇒ Q' = −Q
2 4πε 0 r2 4πε 0 r2
Potential Due to Concentric Spheres (ii) Potential of the inner sphere
1 Q 1 ( −Q) Q 1 1 
To find potential at a point due to concentric sphere following V1 = . + =  − 
4πε 0 r1 4πε 0 r2 4πε 0  r1 r2 
guideline are to be considered
Case (iv): In the case III if outer sphere is given a charge +Q and

Identity the point (P) at which potential is to be determined. inner sphere is earthed then

Start from inner most sphere, you should know where point a. What will be the charge on the inner sphere
(P) lies w.r.t. concerning sphere/shell (i.e. outside, at b. What will be the potential of the outer sphere
surface or inside) r2 +Q

Then find the potential at the point (P) due to inner most
r1
sphere and then due to next and so on.

Using the principle of superposition find net potential at
required shell/sphere.
(i) In this case potential at the surface of inner sphere is zero, so if
Table 14.1: Standard Cases
Q' is the charge induced on inner sphere
Standard Cases
Case (i): If two concentric conducting shells of radii r1 and r2(r2 > 1  Q' Q  r1
then V1 =  +  = 0 i.e., Q' = − Q
r1) carrying uniformly distributed charges Q1 and Q2 respectively. 4πε 0  r1 r2  r2
What will be the potential of each shell (Charge on inner sphere is less than that of the outer sphere.)
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302 Quick Revision NCERT-PHYSICS

1 Q' 1 Q Qd
(ii) Potential at the surface of outer sphere V2 = . + . = = ( 2cos θ aˆr + sin θ aˆθ )
4πε 0 r2 4πε 0 r2 2πε 0 r 3
1  r1  Q  r1 

V2 =  −Q + Q  = 1 −  P
E= = ( 2 cos θ aˆ r + sin θ aˆθ )


4πε 0 r2  r2  4πε 0 r2  r2 
4πε 0 r 3
Electric field due to a dipole along axis (θ = 0°)
Electric Dipole


P 2p
Eaxis = ⋅
4πε 0 r 3



Electric dipole moment p = q ⋅ 2l (from –q to +q) Where

q = magnitude of each charge; 2 l = Separation between At perpendicular bisector / equatorial (θ = 90°)

two charges. 1 p
Eequitorial = ⋅
4πε 0 r 3
F+ = qE 1



Obviously due to an electric dipole E ∝ .
p r3

+q


E 2l
1 p
d sin θ Electric potential due to an electric dipole Vaxis = ⋅ ,
θ 4πε 0 r 2
F− = qE



–q Vequitorial = 0
Figure: 14.10 1 q2

Binding energy of an electric dipole Bn = ⋅
Net force on a dipole in uniform electric field = 0. 4πε 0 2l

Torque on a dipole in a uniform electric field

Electrostatic force between two short dipoles of dipole
τ = pE sin θ = ( p × E ) Vector form. In a uniform electric



moments p 1 and p 2 at separation is
field an electric dipole experience no force but only torque, 1 6 p1 p2
but in non-uniform field it experiences both force and torque. F= ⋅ (when coaxial)
4πε 0 r4

Potential energy of electric dipole U = − pE sin θ = p ⋅ E



1 3 p1 p2
F= ⋅ (when mutually perpendicular)
(Vector form) 4πε 0 r4

Work done in rotating the dipole form equilibrium position

Kinetic energy gained by a charge q accelerated through a
through an angle θ , W = pE (1 − cosθ ) potential difference of V volts is E k = qV
Electric potential and electric field Intensity due to electric
For equilibrium of charge between two horizontal plates


1 1 r + r  V
dipole: V = kq  −  = kq  − +  . For cases where having a p.d. V volts qE = m g or q = mg
 r+ r−   r+ r−  d

The electric lines of force never intersect; they are directed
kp cos θ
r >> d , this can be approximated by V = normally to an equipotential surface
r2
P Constant Electric Field

r–
r+
r r– – r+

θ Point Charge Electric Dipole

+q 2l –q
Figure: 14.11


Where, p = q 2l is defined as the dipole moment. The

potential of dipole is of most interest where r >> d . The

standard approximations are r− − r+ ≈ 2l cos θ , r+ r− ≈ r 2
 ∂V 1 ∂V  Qd cos θ Qd sin θ
E = −∇V =  aˆr + aˆθ  = aˆr +


aˆθ
 ∂r r ∂r  2πε 0 r 3
4πε 0 r 3 Figure 14.12: Dashed lines are Equipotential Lines while
Solid Lines are Electric Field Lines.
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Electrostatics 303
A Van de Graaff Generator: It is an electrostatic generator

E
θ
which uses a moving belt to accumulate very high amounts of θ
electrical potential on a hollow metal globe on the top of the
l O′ QE
stand.
Collecting comb
mg′
Metal sphere
O mg
Figure: 14.14

On displacing the bob from it’s equilibrium position 0′. It will

oscillate under the effective acceleration g′, where
mg ′ = ( mg ) 2 + (QE ) 2
Conveyor belt

⇒ g' = g 2 + ( QE / m ) .
2

l
Hence the new time period is T1 = 2π
g′

l
Voltage Charged bomb = 2π
( g 2 (QE / m)2 )1/ 2
Figure: 14.13 Van de Graff Generator
Since, g' > g, so T1 < T, i.e. time period of pendulum will
Table: 14.2 Different Cases of Equilibrium of Charge decrease.
Suspended charge System of three collinear charge
Freely suspended charge In the following figure three Case (ii): If electric field is applied in the downward direction
In equilibrium QE = mg charges Q1 , Q and Q 2 are kept then.
along a straight line, charge Q will QE
⇒ E=
mg

E F = QE Effective acceleration g ′ = g +
Q be in equilibrium if and only if m
| Force applied by charge Q1 |
l
+Q = | Force applied by charge Q2 | So new time period T2 = 2π ⇒ T2 < T
Q1 Q Q2 g + (QE / m )
mg
Suspension of charge from string x1 x2
x θ T
l


θ E Q1Q Q2Q →
l i.e = 2
T cos θ x12 x2 E
T θ
2
Q1  x1 
T sin θ QE ⇒ = 
Q2  x2  mg + QE

mg This is the necessary condition for Figure: 14.15

Q to be in equilibrium.
In equilibrium If all the three charges (Q1, Q and
T sin θ = QF ….(i) Case (iii): In case (ii) if electric field is applied in upward
Q2) are similar, Q will be in stable
T cos θ = mg ….(ii) QE
equilibrium. direction then, effective acceleration g ′ = g −
From equations (i) and (ii) If extreme charges are similar while m
T = (QE ) 2 + ( mg ) 2 and charge Q is of different nature so Q
l
will be in unstable equilibrium. So new time period T3 = 2π ⇒ T3 > T
tan θ =
QE g − (QE / m )
mg
QE
θ
→
Time Period of Oscillation of a Charged Body l E
Case (i): If some charge say +Q is given to bob and an electric
field E is applied in the direction as shown in figure then
equilibrium position of charged bob (point charge) changes mg
from O to O′. Figure: 14.16
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304 Quick Revision NCERT-PHYSICS

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS 9. Two point charges 1µC and 5µC are separated by a
Properties of Charges certain distance. What will be ratio of forces acting on
these two?
1. Fg and Fe represents gravitational and electrostatic force
a. 1 : 5 b. 5 : 1
respectively between electrons situated at a distance c. 1 : 1 d. 0
Fg
10 cm. The ratio of is of the order of: 10. Two particle of equal mass m and charge q are placed at a
Fe
distance of 16 cm. They do not experience any force. The
a. 1042 b. 10
q
c. 1 d. 10 −43 value of is:
m
2. Which of the following charge is not possible? πε 0
a. l b.
a. 1.6 × 10−18 C b. 1 . 6 × 10 −19 C G
c. 1 . 6 × 10 −20 C d. None of these G
c. d. 4πε 0 G
3. Five balls numbered 1 to 5 balls suspended using separate 4πε 0
threads. Pair (1,2), (2,4) and (4,1) show electrostatic
11. The ratio of electrostatic and gravitational forces acting
attraction, while pair (2,3) and (4,5) show repulsion.
between electron and proton separated by a distance
Therefore ball 1 must be:
5 × 10 −11 m , will be: (Charge on electron = 1.6 × 10
–19
C,
a. Positively charged b. Negatively charged
c. Neutral d. Made of metal mass of electron = 9.1 × 10 –31
kg, mass of proton
−27 −11
= 1 .6 × 10 kg , G = 6 .7 × 10 Nm / kg 2 )
2
4. If the radius of a solid and hollow copper spheres are
same which one can hold greater charge? a. 2.36 × 1039 b. 2.36 × 1040
a. Solid sphere c. 2.34 × 1041 d. 2.34 × 1042
b. Hollow sphere 12. Two charges of 40 µC and –20µC are placed at a certain
c. Both will hold equal charge distance apart. They are touched and kept at the same
d. None of these distance. The ratio of the initial to the final force between
5. Number of electrons in one coulomb of charge will be: them is:
a. 5 . 46 × 10 29 b. 6 . 25 × 10 18 a. 8 : 1 b. 4 : 1
19 11 c. 1 : 8 d. 1 : 1
c. 1 . 6 × 10 d. 9 × 10
13. A total charge Q is broken in two parts Q1 and Q2 and they
6. The current produced in wire when 107 electron/sec are
are placed at a distance R from each other. The maximum
flowing in it:
force of repulsion between them will occur, when:
a. 1.6 × 10–26 amp b. 1.6 × 1012 amp
Q Q Q 2Q
c. 1.6 × 1026 amp d. 1.6 × 10–12 amp a. Q2 = , Q1 = Q − b. Q2 = , Q1 = Q −
R R 4 3
7. The force between two charges 0 . 06 m apart is 5 N . If Q 3Q Q Q
c. Q2 = , Q1 = d. Q1 = , Q2 =
each charge is moved towards the other by 0 . 01 m , then 4 4 2 2
the force between them will become: 14. The force between two charges 0.06m apart is 5 N. If each
a. 7.20 N b. 11.25 N charge is moved towards the other by 0.01m, then the
c. 22.50 N d. 45.00 N force between them will become:
Coulomb’s Law a. 7.20 N b. 11.25 N
c. 22.50 N d. 45.00 N
8. Two point charges +3µ C and +8 µC repel each other
15. ABC is a right angle triangle in which AB = 3 cm, BC = 4
with a force of 40 N. If a charge of −5 µC is added to each
π
of them, then the force between them will become: cm and ∠ABC = . The three charges +15, +12 and – 20
2
a. −10 N b. +10 N e.s.u. are placed respectively on A, B and C. The force
c. +20 N d. −20 N acting on B is:
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Electrostatics 305
A +15 esu 21. Two charged spheres of radius R1 and R2 respectively are
charged and joined by a wire. The ratio of electric field of
3 cm the spheres is:
R1 R2
B FC C a. b.
+15 esu –20 esu R2 R1
4 cm

Fnet = FA2 + FC2

R12 R22
FA c. d.
R22 R12
a. 125 dynes b. 35 dynes
c. 25 dynes d. Zero 22. The number of electrons to be put on a spherical
conductor of radius 0.1m to produce an electric field of
16. Two equal spheres are identically charged with q units of
0.036 N/C just above its surface is:
electricity separately. When they are placed at a distance
3R from centre-to-centre where R is the radius of either a. 2 .7 × 10 5 b. 2 .6 × 10 5
sphere the force of repulsion between them is: c. 2 .5 × 10 5 d. 2 .4 × 10 5
2 2
1 q 1 q 23. Three particles, each having a charge of 10 µC are placed
a. ⋅ b. ⋅
4πε 0 R2 4πε 0 9R2
at the corners of an equilateral triangle of side 10 cm . The
1 q2 electrostatic potential energy of the system is: (Given
c. ⋅ 2 d. None of these
4πε 0 4 R
1
= 9 × 109 N − m 2 / C 2 )
Electric Field & Potential Due to Various Charge Distribution 4πε 0

17. The insulation property of air breaks down at E = 3 × 106 a. Zero b. Infinite
volt/metre. The maximum charge that can be given to a c. 27 J d. 100 J
sphere of diameter 5 m, is approximately: (in coulombs) 24. q, 2q, 3q and 4q charges are placed at the four corners A,
a. 2 × 10 −2 b. 2 × 10 −3 B, C and D of a square. The field at the centre O of the
c. 2 ×10−4 d. 2 × 10 −5 square has the direction along:
q 2q
18. A half ring of radius R has a charge of λ per unit length. A B

 1 
The electric field at the centre is:  k = 
 4πε 0 
O
kλ
a. Zero b.
R
D C
2k λ kπλ 4q 3q
c. d.
R R a. AB b. CB
19. What is the magnitude of a point charge due to which the c. AC d. BD
electric field 30 cm away has the magnitude 2 25. Equal charges Q are placed at the vertices A and B of an
newton/coulomb [1/ 4πε 0 = 9 × 109 Nm2 ] equilateral triangle ABC of side a. The magnitude of
a. 2 × 10 −11 coulomb b. 3 × 10 −11 coulomb electric field at the point A is:
c. 5 × 10 −11 coulomb d. 9 × 10−11 coulomb Q 2Q
a. b.
20. Two point charges Q and –3Q are placed at some distance 4 πε 0 a 2
4 πε 0 a 2
apart. If the electric field at the location of Q is E, then at 3Q Q
c. d.
the locality of – 3Q, it is: 4 πε 0 a 2
2πε 0 a 2
E
a. –E b. 26. Eight charges having the valves as shown are arranged
3
symmetrically on a circle of radius 0.4m in air. Potential at
E
c. –3E d. − centre O will be:
3
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306 Quick Revision NCERT-PHYSICS

+5 µC Q( R + r )
2 2
Q
a. b.
–7 µC –5 µC 4πε 0 ( R + r ) R+r
Q( R + r )
+15 µC +7 µC c. Zero d.
4πε 0 ( R 2 + r 2 )
+7 µC –5 µC 31. A solid conducting sphere having a charge Q is
+11 µC surrounded by an uncharged concentric conducting hollow
a. 63 ×104 volt b. 63 × 1010 volt spherical shell. Let the potential difference between the
surface of the solid sphere and that of the outer surface of
c. 63 × 106 volt d. Zero
the hollow shell be V. If the shell is now given a charge of
27. As shown in the figure, charges +q and –q are placed at – 3Q, the new potential difference between the two
the vertices B and C of an isosceles triangle. The potential surfaces is:
at the vertex A is: a. V b. 2V
A c. 4V d. –2V
Electric Dipole
a
32. An electric dipole of moment p placed in a uniform


b b
B C


+q –q electric field E has minimum potential energy when the


angle between p and E is:


1 2q 1 q
a. ⋅ b. ⋅
4πε 0 a 2 + b2 4πε 0 a 2 + b2 π
a. Zero b.
2
1 ( −q )
c. ⋅ d. Zero 3π
4πε 0 a 2 + b2 c. π d.
2
Potential Due to Concentric Spheres 33. If the magnitude of intensity of electric field at a distance
28. A hollow metal sphere of radius 5cm is charged such that x on axial line and at a distance y on equatorial line on a
the potential on its surface is 10 volts. The potential at the given dipole are equal, then x : y is:
centre of the sphere is: a. 1 : 1 b. 1 : 2
a. Zero 3
c. 1 : 2 d. 2 :1
b. 10 V
c. Same as at a point 5 cm away from the surface 34. Three charges of (+2q), (– q) and (– q) are placed at the
d. Same as at a point 25 cm away from the surface corners A, B and C of an equilateral triangle of side a as
shown in the adjoining figure. Then the dipole moment of
29. A sphere of 4 cm radius is suspended within a hollow
this combination is:
sphere of 6 cm radius. The inner sphere is charged to a A
potential 3 e.s.u. When the outer sphere is earthed. The +2q
charge on the inner sphere is:
+Q a a

B C
4cm –q a –q
6cm a. qa b. Zero

1 2
a. 54 e.s.u. b. e.s.u. c. q a 3 d. qa
4 3
c. 30 e.s.u. d. 36 e.s.u. Electrostatic Shielding
30. A charge Q is distributed over two concentric hollow 35. Three positive charges of equal value q are placed at the
spheres of radii r and (R > r) such that the surface vertices of an equilateral triangle. The resulting lines of
densities are equal. The potential at the common centre is: force should be sketched as in:
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Electrostatics 307
41. The electric potential V is given as a function of distance x
(metre) by V = (5x2 + 10x – 9) volt. Value of electric field
a. b. at x = 1m is
a. – 20 V/m b. 6 V/m
c. 11 V/m d. – 23 V/m
42. A uniform electric field having a magnitude E0 and
• direction along the positive X-axis exists. If the electric
c. d.
• • potential V, is zero at X = 0, then, its value at X = + x will
be:
a. V(x) = + xE0 b. V(x) = – xE0
36. A metallic sphere is placed in a uniform electric field. The c. V(x) = x2E0 d. V(x) = – x2E0
lines of force follow the path (s) shown in the figure as:
43. If the potential function is given by V = 4x + 3y, then the
1 1
2 2 magnitude of electric field intensity at the point (2, 1) will
3 3 be:
4 4 a. 11 b. 5
c. 7 d. 1
a. 1 b. 2 c. 3 d. 4
Equilibrium of Charge and Oscillation
37. The lines of force of the electric field due to two charges q
and Q are sketched in the figure. State if: 44. A charge q is placed at the centre of the line joining two
equal charges Q. The system of the three charges will be
in equilibrium. If q is equal to:
Q q
Q Q
a. − b. −
2 4
Q Q
a. Q is positive and Q > q c. + d. +
4 2
b. Q is negative and Q > q 45. Two point charges +4q and +q are placed at a distance L
c. q is positive and Q < q apart. A third charge Q is so placed that all the three
charges are in equilibrium. Then location and magnitude
d. q is negative and Q < q of third charge will be:
L 4q
38. The electric field, at a distance of 20 cm from the centre of a. At a distance from +4q charge,
a dielectric sphere of radius 10 cm is 100 V/m. The ‘E’ at 3 9
L 4q
3 cm distance from the centre of sphere is: b. At a distance from +4q charge, −
a. 100 V/m b. 125 V/m 3 9
c. 120 V/m d. Zero 2L 4q
c. At a distance from +4q charge, −
3 9
39. In x-y co-ordinate system if potential at a point P(x, y) is
2L 4q
given by V = axy ; where a is a constant, if r is the d. At a distance from +q charge, +
3 9
distance of point P from origin then electric field at P is
proportional to: 46. A drop of 10−6 kg water carries 10−6 C charge. What
a. r b. r–1 electric field should be applied to balance it’s weight:
c. r–2 d. r2 (assume g = 10 m/sec2)
a. 10 V / m , Upward b. 10 V / m , Downward
40. The electric potential V at any point x, y, z (all in metres)
in space is given by V = 4x2 volt. The electric field at the c. 0.1 V/m Downward d. 0 . 1V / m , Upward
point (1m, 0, 2m) in volt/metre is:
a. 8 along negative X-axis b. 8 along positive X-axis 47. A charged water drop of radii 0.1 µm is under
c. 16 along negative X-axis d. 16 along positive Z-axis equilibrium in some electric field. The charge on the drop
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308 Quick Revision NCERT-PHYSICS

is equivalent to electronic charge. The intensity of electric 52. Three particles, each having a charge of 10µC are placed
field is: at the corners of an equilateral triangle of side 10cm. The
a. 1 . 61 N / C b. 25 .2 N / C electrostatic potential energy of the system is: (Given
c. 262 N / C d. 1610 N / C 1
= 9 ×109 N − m2 /C 2 )
4πε 0
48. Two similar charges of +Q as shown in figure are placed
a. Zero b. Infinite
at points A and B. – q charge is placed at point C midway
c. 27 J d. 100 J
between A and B. – q charge will oscillate if:
D 53. Four equal charge Q are placed at the four corners of a
body of side ‘a’ each. Work done in removing a charge –
+Q +Q
A B
Q from its centre to infinity is:
C –q
2 Q2
a. 0 b.
4πε 0 a
a. It is moved towards A
b. It is moved towards B 2 Q2 Q2
c. d.
c. It is moved along CD πε 0 a 2πε 0 a
d. Distance between A and B is reduced
54. Two point charge 100µC and 5µC are placed at point A
49. Two point charges (+Q) and (– 2Q) are fixed on the X- and B respectively with AB = 40 cm. The work done by
axis at positions a and 2a from origin respectively. At external force in displacing the charge 5µC from B to C,
what position on the axis, the resultant electric field is π 1
zero: where BC = 30cm, angle ABC = and
2 4πε 0
a. Only x = 2 a b. Only x = − 2 a = 9 ×10 Nm /C
9 2 2

3a
c. Both x = ± 2 a d. x = only a. 9 J b.
81
J
2 20
Electric Potential Energy 9 9
c. J d. − J
50. A charge (–q) and another charge (+Q) are kept at two 25 4
points A and B respectively. Keeping the charge (+Q) 55. If the distance of separation between two charges is
fixed at B, the charge (–q) at A is moved to another point increased, the electrical potential energy of the system:
C such that ABC forms an equilateral triangle of side l. a. May increases or decrease b. Decreases
The network done in moving the charge (–q) is: c. Increase d. Remain the same
A
–Q NCERT EXEMPLAR PROBLEMS

l l More than One Answer

56. Consider the points lying on a straight line joining two
B C fixed opposite charges. Between the charges there is:
+Q l
a. No point where electric field is zero
1 Qq 1 Qq
a. b. b. Only one point where electric field is zero
4πε 0 l 4πε 0 l 2 c. No point where potential is zero
1 d. Only one point where potential is zero
c. Qql d. Zero
4πε 0
57. A small conducting sphere of radius a mounted on an
51. The work done in bringing a 20coulomb charge from insulating handle and having a positive charge q is
point A to point B for distance 0.2 m is 2 Joule. The inserted through a hole in the walls of a hollow
potential difference between the two points will be: (in conducting sphere of inner radius b and outer radius c.
volt) The hollow sphere is supported on an insulating stand & is
a. 0.2 b. 8 initially uncharged and the small sphere is placed at the
c. 0.1 d. 0.4 centre of the hollow sphere. Neglect any effect of the hole.
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Electrostatics
Which of the following statements will be true for this
system?
a. The electric field at a point in the region between the
q 62. A point charge is brought in an electric field. The electric
spheres at a distance r from the centre is equal to
4πε 0 r 2
b. The electric field at a point outside the hollow sphere at
q b. will decrease if the charge is negative
a distance r from the centre is
4πε 0 r 2
c. No work will be done in carrying a small charge form
the inner conductor to the outer conductor.
d. The potential of the inner sphere with respect to the
q 1 1
outer sphere is given by Vab =  − 
4πε 0  a b 
58. Inside an uniformly charged spherical conductor, the
electric:
a. field is zero everywhere
b. potential is zero everywhere
c. potential is same everywhere but not zero
d. field has the same magnitude everywhere but it is not zero.
59. Consider two identical charges placed a distance 2d apart,
along x-axis. The equilibrium of a positive test charge
placed at the point O midway between them is:
y
Q Q
x d. the electrostatic force on the bigger sphere is same as
2d
a. neutral
b. stable for displacements along the x-axis
c. stable for displacements along the y-axis
d. unstable for displacements along the y-axis
60. For a uniformly charged hollow metallic sphere the

b. decreases as r increases, for 0 < r < ∞
electric field E, and the electric potential V:
a. are zero outside it
b. vary as 1/r2 and 1/ r respectively at points outside the sphere
c. are non zero inside it
d. E = 0 for points in side it
61. An isolated metal sphere of radius R is electrically
charged. It is connected by means of a thin connecting
wire to a very distant uncharged metal sphere Y of radius r
(r < R). Then:
a. the total charge is uniformly and equally distributed
over the two sphere
b. the total charge is uniformly and unequally distributed
over the two spheres
309
c. the final potential energy of the system is less than the
initial potential energy
d. no amount of energy is lost in the process
:
field at a nearby point:
a. will increase if the charge is positive
c. may increase if the charge is positive
d. may decrease if the charge is negative
63. An electric dipole is placed at the centre of a sphere.
Select the correct alternative/(s)
a. The flux of electric field through the sphere is zero
b. The electric field is zero at every point of the sphere
c. The electric field is not zero anywhere on the sphere
d. The electric field is zero on a circle on the sphere
64. R and S are two non identical metal spheres, placed near
each other and insulated from each other. R is positively
charged while S is negatively charged, with same quantity
of charge. Then:
a. the charge on each sphere will be uniformly and equally
distributed over its surface
b. the potential on that part of surface of R facing S is less
than the potential on the other part
c. each sphere has the same potential through-out its
volume but this potential is different from that on the
other sphere
that on the smaller sphere
65. A non-conducting solid sphere of radius R is uniformly
charged. The magnitude of the electric field due to the
sphere at a distance r from its centre:
a. increases as r increases, for r < R
c. decreases as r increases, for R < r < ∞
d. is discontinuous at r = R
66. Under the influence of the coulomb field of charge = Q,a
chare-q is moving around it in an elliptical orbit. Find out
the correct statement (s):
a. The angular momentum of the charge is –q constant
b. The linear momentum of the charge is –q constant
c. The angular velocity of the charge –q constant
d. The linear speed of the charge is –q constant
67. A spherical metal shell A of radius and a solid metal
sphere B of radius RB (< RA ) are kept far apart and each is
given charge +Q. Now they are connected by a thin metal
wire. Then:
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310 Quick Revision NCERT-PHYSICS

a. E inside
A =0 b. QA > QB
A
σ A RB B
c. = d. E Aon surface < EBOn surface q
σ B RA

68. Two non-conducting solid spheres of radii R and 2 R,

a. Electric field near A in the cavity = Electric field near B
having uniform volume charge densities ρ1 and ρ2
in the cavity
respectively, touch each other. The net electric field at a
b. Charge density at A = Charge density at B
distance 2R from the centre of the smaller sphere, along
c. Potential at A = Potential at B
the line joining the centre of the spheres, is zero. The ratio
d. Total electric field flux through the surface of the
ρ1 / ρ2 can be:
cavity is q / ε0
−32
a. − 4 b.
25 73. A positively charged thin metal ring of radius R is fixed in
32 the xy– plane with its centre at the O. A negatively
c. d. 4 charged particle P is released from rest at the point
25
(0, 0, z0 ) , where z0 > 0 . Then the motion of P is:
69. Let E1 ( r ), E2 (r ) and E3 (r ) be the respective electric fields
a. Periodic for all values of z0 satisfying 0 < z0 < ∞
at a distance r from a point charge Q, an infinitely long
b. Simple harmonic for all values of satisfying 0 < z0 < R
wire with constant linear charge density λ, and an infinite
c. Approximately simple harmonic provided z0 << R
plane with uniform surface chare density σ . If
E1 (r0 ) = E2 (r0 ) = E3 (r0 ) at a given distance r0 then: d. Such that P crosses O and continues to move along the
negative z − axis towards z = −∞
λ
a. Q = 4σπ r02 b. r0 =
2πσ 74. A dielectric slab of thickness d is inserted in a parallel
r  r  r  r  plate capacitor whose negative plate is at x = 0 and
c. E1  0  = 2 E2  0  d. E2  0  = 4 E3  0  positive plate is at x = 3d . The slab is equidistant from
2 2 2 2
the plates. The capacitor is given some charge. As one
70. There is a uniform electric field of strength 103 V / m goes from 0 to 3d :
along y-axis. A body of mass 1g and charge 10–6C is a. The magnitude of the electric field remains the same
projected into the field from origin along the positive x- b. The direction of the electric field remains the same
axis with a velocity 10m/s. Its speed in m/s after 10s is: c. The electric potential increases continuously
(Neglect gravitation) d. The electric potential increases at first, then decreases
a. 10 b. 5 2 and again increases

b. 10 2 d. 20 75. A parallel plate capacitor is charged to a potential

71. Which one statement is correct? A parallel plate air
condenser is connected with a battery. Its charge,
potential, electric field and energy are Qo , Vo , Eo and Uo
respectively. In order to fill the complete space between
the plates a dielectric slab is inserted, the battery is still
connected. Now the corresponding values Q, V , E and U
are in relation with the initially stated as:
a. Q > Qo b. V > Vo
c. E > Eo d. U > Uo
72. An ellipsoidal cavity is carved within a perfect conductor.
A positive charge q is placed at the centre of the cavity.
The points A and B are on the cavity surface as shown in
the figure. Then:
difference of 50 V. It is discharged through a resistance.
After 1 second, the potential difference between plates
becomes 40 V. Then:
a. Fraction of stored energy after 1 second is 16/25
b. Potential difference between the plates after 2 seconds
will be 32 V
c. Potential difference between the plates after 2 seconds
will be 20 V
d. Fraction of stored energy after 1 second is 4/5
Assertion and Reason
Note: Read the Assertion (A) and Reason (R) carefully to mark
the correct option out of the options given below:
a. If both assertion and reason are true and the reason is the
correct explanation of the assertion.
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Electrostatics
b. If both assertion and reason are true but reason is not the
correct explanation of the assertion.
c. If assertion is true but reason is false.
d. If the assertion and reason both are false.
e. If assertion is false but reason is true.
76. Assertion: A positive charge +q is located at the centre of
a circle W1 is the work done in taking a small positive
charge +q0 from A to B and W2 is the work done in taking
the same charge from A to C. Then W2 > W1
Reason: Work done = charge × potential difference.
77. Assertion: Three equal charges are situated on a circle of
radius r such that they form on equilateral triangle, then
the electric field intensity at the centre is zero.
Reason: The force on unit positive charge at the centre,
due to the three equal charges are represented by the three
sides of a triangle taken in the same order. Therefore,
electric field intensity at centre is zero.
78. Assertion: Conductors having equal positive charge and
volume, must also have same potential.
Reason: Potential depends only on charge and volume of
conductor.
79. Assertion: If an electron is moved from P to Q, its
potential energy increases (see Fig.)
Q
+q O P
Reason: Potential at Q is less than that at P.
80. Assertion: The work doen by the electric field of a
nucleus in moving an electron around it in a complete
orbit is greater if the orbit is elliptical than if the orbit is
circular.
Reason: Electric field is conservative.
81. Assertion: The electric field is always tangential to the
surface of a conductor.
Reason: The potential at every point on the surface of a
conductor is the same.
82. Assertion: The electric field in the region around a point
charge is uniform.
Reason: The equipotential surface of the electric field of a
point charge is a sphere with the charge at its center.
83. Assertion: A parallel plate capacitor is charged by a d.c.
source supplying a constant voltage V. If the plates are
kept connected to the source and the space between the
plates is filled with a dielectric, the charge on the plates
will increase.
311
Reason: Additional charge will flow from the source to
the plates.
84. Assertion: A parallel plate capacitor is charged by a
battery of voltage V. The battery is then disconnected. If
the space between the plates is filled with a dielectric, the
energy stored in the capacitor will decrease.
Reason: Work has to be done to increase the separation
between the plates of a charged capacitor.
85. Assertion: A point charge is brought in an electric field.
The field at a nearby point will increase, whatever be the
nature of the charge.
Reason: The electric field is independent of the nature of
charge.
86. Assertion: At a point in space, the electric field points
towards north. In the region, surrounding this point the
rate of change of potential will be zero along the east and
west.
Reason: Electric field due to a charge is the space around
the charge.
87. Assertion: The force with which one plate of a parallel
plate capacitor is attracted towards the other plate is equal
to square of surface density per ε per unit area.
Reason: The electric field due to one charged plate of the
capacitor at the location of the other is equal to surface
density per ε.
Comprehension Based
Paragraph –I
Electrons (mass m and charge e) can be projected between two
parallel plate electrodes separated by a distance d as shown in
the diagram. The bottom plate is connected to mid-point C of a
rheostat, while the upper plate is connected to the rheostate
through a sliding jockey J. The end terminals A and B of the
rheostate are connected with an ideal battery of electromotive
force V. When the jockey is held at C, electrons entering the
region between the plates take a certain time T0 to reach P from
O along the dotted line OP parallel to the plates, hit a
phosphorescent screen and make a spot at P.
J y
A
O P
V x
C
Screen
B l
Distance d between the electrons is large enough so that none
of the electrons strikes the electrodes. Ignore magnetic effects
and electromagnetic radiations.
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312 Quick Revision NCERT-PHYSICS

88. In a trial, when an electron is projected at O the jockey J Paragraph –II
is held at A. After a time interval, half of T0 , the jockey is The nuclear charge (Ze) is non-uniformly distributed within a
nucleus of radius R. The charge density ρ (r) (charge per unit
suddenly made to jump to the end B. Where on the screen
volume) is dependent only on the radial distance r from the
does the electron beam make a spot?
centre of the nucleus as shown in figure. The electric field is
a. Exactly at point P.
only along the radial direction.
eVT02
b. above the point P ρ (r)
8 md
d
eVT02
c. below the point P
8 md
a R r
d. 0 91. The electric field at r = R is:
89. In second trial, the jockey J is made to slide from C to A a. independent of a
and then back to C with the same speed both the way in b. directly proportional to a
c. directly proportional to a2
the time interval T0 . which one of the following statements
d. inversely proportional to a
is correct?
92. For a = 0, the value of d (maximum value of ρ as shown
a. Electron strikes the screen at point P with velocity
in the figure) is:

l
v = iˆ a.
3Ze
b.
3Ze
T0 4π R3 π R3
b. Electron strikes the screen at point P with velocity 4Ze Ze
c. d.

l eVT0 ˆ 3π R3 3π R3
v = iˆ − j
T0 4 md 93. The electric field within the nucleus is generally observed
c. Electron strikes the screen above the point P with to be linearly dependent on r. This implies:

l eVT0 ˆ R
velocity v = iˆ + j a. a = 0 b. a =
T0 4 md 2
2R
d. Electron strikes the screen below the point P with c. a = R d. a =
3

l eVT0 ˆ
velocity v = iˆ − j Match the Column
T0 4 md
94. Six point charges, each of the same magnitude q, are
90. In third trial, the jockey is made to slide from A to B with arranged in different manners as shown in Column II. In
constant speed in the time interval T0 . Which one of the each case a point M and a line PQ passing through m are
shown. Let E be the electric filed and V be the electric
following statement is correct?
potential at M (potential at infinity is zero due to the given
a. Electrons strikes the screen at point P with velocity
charge distribution when it is at rest. Now, the whole system

l is set into rotation with a constant angular velocity about
v = iˆ
T0 the line PQ. Let B be the magnetic field at M and µ be the
b. Electron strikes the screen above the point P with magnetic moment of the system in this condition. Assume

l each rotating charge to be equivalent to a steady current.
velocity v = iˆ
T0 Column I Column II
c. Electron strikes the screen below the point P with (A) E = 0 1. Charge is at the corners of a regular
hexagon. M is at the centre of the

l
velocity v = iˆ hexagon. PQ is perpendicular to the
T0
plane of the hexagon.
d. Electron strikes the screen exactly at the point P with

l eVT0 ˆ
velocity v = iˆ + j M

T0 2md p
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Electrostatics 313
(B) V ≠ 0 2. Charges are on a line perpendicular +q (0, b)
to PQ at equal intervals. M is the mid-
point between the two innermost
charges. Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4
P
(−2a,0) (− a,0) (+ a,0) (+2a,0)

M Column I Column II
Q (A) Q1 , Q2 , Q3 , Q4 all positive 1. + x
(C) B = 0 3.Charges are placed on two coplanar (B) Q1 , Q2 positive; Q3 , Q4 negative 2. − x
insulating rings at equal intervals. M
(C) Q1 , Q4 positive; Q2 , Q3 negative 3. + y
is the common centre of the rings. PQ
is perpendicular to the plane of the (D) Q1 , Q3 positive; Q2 , Q4 negative 4. − y
rings. a. A → 3, B → 1, C → 4, D → 2
Q b. A → 4, B → 2, C → 3, D → 1
M
c. A → 3, B → 1, C → 2, D → 4
d. A → 4, B → 2, C → 1, D → 3
P
Integer
(D) µ ≠ 0 4. Charges are placed at the corners
of a rectangle of sides a and 2a and at 96. A point charge q = 1 C and mass 1 kg if projected with
the mind points of the longer sides. M speed 10m/s in the perpendicular direction of uniform
is at the center of the rectangle. PQ is electric field E = 100 V / m. The value of latus rectum of
parallel to the longer sides. the path followed by charged particle (in metre) is
P
97. Two charges of values 2 µ C and −50 µ C are placed at a
M distance of 6 cm from each other. The distance of the
Q
point (in cm) from the bigger charge where the electric
5. Charges are placed on two intensity will be zero is:
coplanar, identical insulating rings at 98. The electric lines of forces of two point charges are shown
equal intervals. M is the mid points in Fig. What is the value of the ratio q1 / q2 ?
between the centres of the rings. PQ
is perpendicular to the line joining the
centres and coplanar to the rings.
q1 q2

P Q
M

a. A → 1,3,4 B → 3,4 C → 1,2,5 D → 3,4 99. Eight drops of water each having a charge of 3 × 10 −9 C
b. A → 1,4 B → 3,4 C → 1,2,5 D → 3,4 having surface potential 2 V coalesce to form a single drop
c. A → 1,3 B → 3,4 C → 1,2,5 D → 3,4 what is the surface potential of new drop?
d. A → 1, B-3,4 C → 1,2,5 D → 3,4
100. The variation of potential V with distance r from fixed
95. Four charges Q1 , Q2 , Q3 and Q4 of same magnitude are point is shown in Fig. The magnitude of electric field at r
fixed along the x-axis at x = −2a, − a, + a and +2a = 2 cm is
respectively. A positive charge q is placed on the positive 4
y-axis at a distance b > 0 . Four options of the signs of V (volt)
these charges are given in Column I. the direction of the 1
forces on the charge q is given in Column II. Match
Column I with Column II and select the correct answer
using the code given below the lists. 1 2 3 4 5
r (cm)
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314 Quick Revision NCERT-PHYSICS

ANSWER Q
5. (b) By using Q = ne ⇒ n =
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. e
d c c c b d b a c d 1
11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. ⇒ n= −19
= 6.25 ×1018
1.6 ×10
a a d b c a b c a b
21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. Q ne
6. (d) i = = = 107 ×1.6 ×10−19 = 1.6 ×10 −12 amp
b c c b c a d b d d t t
31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 2
1 F r 
a c d c c d c c a a 7. (b) F ∝ 2
⇒ 1 = 2 
41. 42. 43. 44. 45. 46. 47. 48. 49. 50. r F2  r1 
a b b b c a c c b d 2
5  0.04 
51. 52. 53. 54. 55. 56. 57. 58. 59. 60. ⇒ =  = F2 = 11.25 N
c c c d a a,d a,b,d a,b b,d b,d
F2  0.06 
61. 62. 63. 64. 65. 66. 67. 68. 69. 70.
3 × 8 ×10−12
b,c,d c,d a,c c,d a,c a all b,d c c 8. (a) Initially F = k ×
71. 72. 73. 74. 75. 76. 77. 78. 79. 80.
r2
a,d c,d a,c b,c a,b d a d c d 2 × 3 ×10−12
Finally F ′ = −k
81. 82. 83. 84. 85. 86. 87. 88. 89. 90. r2
d d a b d b d b c b F′ 1
91. 92. 93. 94. 95. 96. 97. 98. 99. 100. So, = − ⇒ F ′ = −10 N
F 4
a b c a a 2 5 3 8 2
9. (c) Both the charges will experience same force so ratio is 1:1
SOLUTION
10. (d) They will not experience any force if FG = Fe



Multiple Choice Questions
G(me )2 m2 1 q2
1. (d) Gravitational force between electrons FG = ⇒ G = ⋅
r2
−2 2
(16 × 10 ) 4πε 0 (16 ×10−2 ) 2
e2 q
Electrostatics force between electrons Fe = k ⋅ ⇒ = 4πε 0G
r2 m
FG G ( me ) 2 6.67 × 10−11 × (9.1×10−31 ) 2 Gme m p
= = = 2.39 ×10−43 11. (a) Gravitational force FG =
Fe k .e 2 9 ×109 × (1.6 × 10−19 ) 2 r2
6.7 ×10-11 × 9.1×10-31 × 1.6 ×10-27
−20 1 FG = = 3.9 ×10 –47 N
2. (c) 1 . 6 × 10 C, because this is of electronic charge (5 × 10-11 ) 2
10
and hence not an integral multiple. 1 e2
Electrostatic force Fe =
4πε 0 r 2
3. (c) Since 1 does not enter the list of repulsion, it is just
possible that it may not be having any charge. Moreover, 9 ×109 ×1.6 ×10−19 × 1.6 × 10−19
Fe = = 9.22 ×10−8 N
since ball no. 1 is being attracted by 2 and 4 both. So 2 (5 × 10−11 ) 2
and 4 must be similarly charged, but it is also given that 2 Fe 9.22 ×10−8
and 4 also attract each other. So 2 and 4 are certainly So, = = 2.36 ×1039
FG 3.9 ×10−47
oppositely charged.
Since 1 is attracting 2, either 1 or 2 must be neutral but 12. (a) Since only magnitude of charges are changes that’s
since 2 is already in the list of balls repelling each other, it why F ∝ q1q2
necessarily has some charge, similarly 4 must have some F1 qq 40 × 20 8
⇒ = 1 2 = =
charge. It means that though 1 is attracting 2 and 4 it does F2 q'1 q'2 10 × 10 1
not have any charge.
13. (d) Force between charges Q1 and Q2
4. (c) Charge resides on the surface of conductor, since both
Q1Q2 Q (Q − Q )
the sphere having similar surface area so they will hold F =k =k 1 2 1
equal charge.
R2 R
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Electrostatics 315
dF Charge on dl = λ Rd θ .
For F to be maximum, =0
dQ 1 λ Rdθ
Field at C due to dl = k = dE
i.e. k
(
d  Q1Q − Q12 )

 = 0 or Q − 2Q1 = 0, Q1 =
Q
R2
We need to consider only the component dE cos θ , as the
dQ1  R2  2
component dE sin θ will cancel out because of the field
Q
Hence Q 1 = Q 2 = at C due to the symmetrical element dl′,
2
π 2
14. (b) Initial separation between the charges = 0.06m. Final
The total field at C is = 2 ∫0
dE cos θ
separation between the charges = 0.04m 
kλ π 2 λ Q 
R ∫0
2 =2 cos θ dθ = 2k = 2 
Since F ∝
1 F r 
⇒ 1 = 2 
R  2πε 0 R 
2
r F2  r1 
1 Q
5  0.04  4
2 19. (a) By using E = ⋅
= 4πε 0 r2
⇒  =
F2  0.06  9
Q
⇒ F2 = 11.25 N ⇒ 2 = 9 × 109 × ⇒ Q = 2 ×10−11 C
(30 ×10−2 ) 2

15. (c) Net force on B Fnet = FA2 + FC2 20. (b) Let the charge Q and – 3Q be placed respectively at A
and B at a distance x.
15 × 12
⇒ FA = = 20 dyne Now we will determine the magnitude and direction to the
(3) 2
field produced by charge – 3Q at A, this is E as mentioned
12 × 20 in the Illustration.
⇒ FC = = 15 dyne
(4) 2 A B
Q – 3Q
⇒ Fnet = 25 dyne
x

1 q2 3Q
16. (a) Generally students give the answer but it ∴ E= (along AB directed towards negative charge)
4πε 0 (3R) 2 x2
Now field at location of – 3Q
is not true. Since the charges are not uniformly
distributed, they cannot be treated as point charges and so Q E
i.e. Field at B due to charge Q will be E' = = (along AB
we cannot apply coulombs law which is a law for point x2 3
charges. directed away from positive charge)

1 q q 21. (b) After connection their potential becomes equal

17. (b) E = × = 9 × 109 × 2
4πε 0 r2 r i.e., k ⋅
Q1 k . Q2
=
Q R
; ⇒ 1 = 1
R1 R2 Q2 R2
E × r 2 3 × 106 × (2.5) 2
∴ q= = = 2.0833 × 10 −3 2
9 × 109 9 × 109 E1 Q1 R  R
Ratio of electric field = × 2  = 2 .
q should be less than 2.0833 × 10–3. In the given set of E2 Q2  R1  R1
options 2 × 10–3 is the maximum charge which is smaller
Q
than 2.0833 × 10–3 22. (c) By using E = k ,
R2
18. (c) dl = Rdθ where R = radius of sphere,
ne
dl So 0.036 = 9 × 109 × ⇒ n = 2.5 × 105
(0.1) 2
dθ

θ C 1 q1q2
θ θ 23. (c) For pair of charge U = ⋅
4πε 0 r

dE 1 10 ×10−6 × 10 × 10−6

dl′ U System = 
4πε 0  10 /100
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316 Quick Revision NCERT-PHYSICS

q2
10 × 10−6 ×10 ×10−6 10 ×10−6 ×10 ×10−6 
+ + 
10 /100 10 /100  q1
−12
100 × 10 × 100
= 3 × 9 × 109 × = 27 J r
10 R

24. (b) By making the direction of electric field due to all

charges at centre. Net electric field has the direction along Q = q1 + q2 . . . (i)
CB and according to the given problem σ 1 = σ 2
25. (c) As shown in figure Net electric field at A q1 q
i.e., = 22
E = E + E + 2 E B EC cos 60
2
B
2
C
4π r 2
4π R
E q1 r 2
FC FB ⇒ = . . . (ii)
q2 R 2
A So, equation (i) and (ii) gives
60° Qr 2 QR 2
q1 = and q2 = 2
a a (R + r )
2 2
(R + r 2 )
1  q1 q2 
Potential at common centre V = +
+Q +Q 4πε 0  r R 
B a C
1  Qr QR  1 Q( R + r )
1 Q =  2 2 + 2 2 = . 2 2
⇒ EB = EC = ⋅ 4πε 0  ( R + r ) ( R + r )  4πε 0 (R + r )
4πε 0 a2
31. (a) If a and b are radii of spheres and spherical shell
3Q
So, E= respectively, potential at their surfaces will be
4πε 0 a 2
1 Q 1 Q
Vsphere = . and Vshell = .
26. (a) Due to the principle of superposition potential at O 4πε 0 a 4 πε 0 b
1 28 ×10−6 So, According to the given problem.
V= ×
4πε 0 0.4 Q 1 1 
V = Vsphere − Vshell = − . . . (i)
28 × 10 −6
4πε 0  a b 
= 9 × 109 × = 63 × 10 4 volt
0.4 Now when the shell is given a charge –3Q the potential at
its surface and also inside will change by
27. (d) Potential at A = Potential due to (+q) charge +
Potential due to (–q) charge 1  3Q 
V0 = −
1 q 1 ( −q ) 4 πε 0  b 
= ⋅ + =0
4πε 0 a 2 + b 2 4πε 0 a 2 + b2
Q

28. (b) Inside the conductors potential remains same and it is

Sphere
equal to the potential of surface, so here potential at the
a
centre of sphere will be 10 V
b
29. (d) Let charge on inner sphere be +Q. charge induced on
the inner surface of outer sphere will be –Q.
1  Q 3Q 
So, potential at the surface of inner sphere (in CGS) So, that now Vsphere = − and
4πε 0  a b 
Q Q
3= − ⇒ Q = 36 e.s.u.
4 6 1  Q 3Q 
Vshell = −
4 πε 0  b b 
30. (d) If q1 and q 2 are the charges on spheres of radius r
Q 1 1 
and R respectively, in accordance with conservation of Hence Vsphere − Vshell = − =V
charge 4 πε 0  a b 
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Electrostatics 317
⇒ KQ = 100 × (0.2) 2


32. (c) In the given condition angle between p and E is zero.

Hence potential energy U = − pE cos 0 = − pE = min . 100 × (0.2) 2 × (3 ×10−2 ) 2

So, Ein = = 120 V / m
(10 ×10−2 )3
Also in uniform electric field Fnet = 0.

1 2p 1 p dV
33. (d) According to the question ⋅ = ⋅ 3 39. (a) By using E = −
4πε 0 x 3
4πε 0 y dr
dV
x ⇒ Ex = − = − ay
⇒ = (2)1/ 3 : 1 dx
y
dV
⇒ Ey = − = −ax
34. (c) The charge +2q can be broken in +q, +q. Now as dy
shown in figure we have two equal dipoles inclined at an Electric field at point P
angle of 60o.
E= E x2 + E y2 = a x 2 + y 2 = ar
y P P
E
P i.e., E ∝ r
α dV
60°
40. (a) By using E = −
dx
π/3 θ d
O p

x ⇒ E=− (4 x 2 ) = −8 x .
dx
Therefore resultant dipole moment will be Hence at point (1m, 0, 2m).
pnet = p 2 + p 2 + 2 pp cos 60 = 3 p = 3 qa E = – 8 volt/m i.e. 8 along – ve x-axis.

35. (c) Option a. shows lines of force starting from one dV

41. (a) By using E = − ;
positive charge and terminating at another. Option b. has dx
one line of force making closed loop. Option d. shows all d
E=− (5 x 2 + 10 x − 9 ) = (10 x + 10 ) ,
lines making closed loops. All these are not correct. dx
Hence option c. is correct At x = 1m ⇒ E = −20 V /m

∆V (V − V )
+q 42. (b) By using E = − =− 2 1 ;
∆r (r2 − r1 )
{V ( x) − 0}
+q +q ⇒ E0 = −
x−0
⇒ V(x) = – xE0
36. (d) The field is zero inside a conductor and hence lines of
43. (b) By using i.e., E = Ex2 + E y2
force cannot exist inside it. Also, due to induced charges
on its surface the field is distorted close to its surface and dV d
⇒ Ex = − = − (4 x + 3 y ) = −4
a line of force must deviate near the surface outside the dx dx
sphere. dV d
Ey = − = − (4 x + 3 y ) = −3
37. (c) q is +ve because lines of force emerge from it and dy dy

Q < q because more lines emerge from q and less ∴ E = ( −4) 2 + ( −3) 2 = 5 N /C
lines terminate at Q. 2
 x/2
44. (b) By using Tricky formula q = Q  
38. (c) For dielectric sphere i.e. for non-conducting sphere  x 
k .q kqr Q Q
Eout = 2
and Ein = 3 ⇒ q= since q should be negative so q = − .
r R 4 4
KQ 45. (c) Let third charge be placed at a distance x 1 from +4q
Eout = 100
(20 × 10 −2 ) 2
charge as shown
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318 Quick Revision NCERT-PHYSICS

Q 51. (c) W = Q ⋅ ∆V ⇒ 2 = 20 × ∆V ⇒ ∆V = 0.1 volt
+ 4q +q
x1 x1 52. (c) Potential energy of the system,
L
 (10 ×10−6 )2 
2L L L U = 9 × 109  × 3 = 27 J
Now x1 = = ⇒ x2 =  0.1 
q 3 3
1+ 10µC
4q
2
 L/3 4q
For equilibrium of q, Q = +4q   = 10 cm 10 cm
 L  9
4q
⇒ Q=− . 10µC 10µC
9 10 cm
53. (c) We know that work done in moving a charge is
46. (a) In equilibrium QE = mg
W = Q ∆V
mg 10−6 ×10
⇒ E= = = 10 V / m Here W = Q (V0 − V∞ ) V∞ = 0
Q 10−6
∴ W = Q × V0
Since charge is positive so electric field will be upward.
Q Q
a
A B
4 3 
π r ρ  .g
mg  3 
47. (c) In equilibrium QE = mg; E = =
Q Q
a a
4 ×(3.14) (0.1× 10 −6 )3 × 103 × 10
= = 262 N / C
3 1.6 × 10 −19
48. (c) When – q charge displaced along CD, a restoring force D E
Q a Q
act on it which causes oscillation.
1 Q 4 2Q 2Q
49. (b) Let the electric field is zero at a point P distance d Also V0 = 4 × ⋅ = =
4πε 0 a / 2 4πε 0 a πε 0 a
from the charge +Q so at P.
2Q 2
So, W =
P +Q –2Q πε 0 a
54. (d) Potential at B due to +100 µC charge is
x x
2a 100 × 10 −6 9
VB = 9 × 109 × = × 106 volt
d 40 × 10 −2 4
A +100 µC
k .Q k ( −2Q ) 1 2
⇒ + = 0⇒ 2 =
d 2 (a + d ) 2 d (a + d ) 2
40 cm

50 cm
a
⇒ d=
( 2 − 1)
π/2
Since d > a i.e. point P must lies on negative x-axis as +50 µC
B 30 cm
shown at a distance x from origin hence C
a Potential at C due to +100 µC charge is
x = d −a = − a = 2a .
2 −1 100 × 10 −6 9
VC = 9 × 109 × = × 106 volt
Actually P lies on negative x-axis so x = − 2 a . 50 × 10 −2 5
Hence work done in moving charge +5µC from B to C
kQ W = 5 ×10−6 (VC − VB )
50. (d) Since VA = VC =
l
9 9  9
So, W = q (VC − VA ) = 0 W = 5 × 10 −6  × 106 − × 10 +6  = − J
 5 4  4
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Electrostatics 319
Q1Q2 61. (b, c, d) The total charge is uniformly and unequally
55. (a) Since we know potential energy U = k .
r distributed over the two spheres
As r increases, U decreases in magnitude. However The final potential energy of the system is less than the
depending upon the fact whether both charges are similar initial potential energy
or disimilar, U may increase or decrease. No amount of energy is lost in the process

NCERT Exemplar Problems 62. (c, d) May increase if the charge is positive.
May decrease if the charge is negative.
More than One Answer
56. (a, d) When two opposite charge separated by a certain 63. (a, c) The flux of electric field through the sphere is zero.
distance then at two points potential is zero. One point The electric field is not zero anywhere on the sphere.
exist between the charges and other exists outside them. 64. (c, d) Each sphere has the same potential through-out its
Also no point, exists between the opposite charges. Where volume but this potential is different from that on the
electric field is zero
other sphere.
57. (a, b, d) Charge on inner sphere can be supposed to be The electrostatic force on the bigger sphere is same as that
concentrated as a point charge at the centre, hence electric on the smaller sphere.
field at a point in the region between the spheres at a
65. (a, c) Increases as r increases, for r < R.
distance r from the centre = q / 4πε 0 r 2 . Due to induction, Decreases as r increases, for R < r < ∞ .
equal & opposite charges will appear on the inner & outer
surfaces of outer sphere. Hence net charge which can be 66. (a) Net torque on ( − q) about a point (say P) lying over
supposed to be placed at the centre = q & electric field due +Q is zero. Therefore, angular momentum of ( − q) about
to it at a point outside the hollow sphere, at a distance r point P should remain constant.
from centre = q / 4πε 0 r .
2
67. (a, b, c, d) Inside a conducting shell electric field is always
q  1 1 1 zero. Therefore, option (a) is correct. When the two are
Potential of inner sphere =  − +  and potential
4πε 0  a b c  connected, their potentials become the same.
q QA QB  1 Q
of outer sphere = ∴ V A = VB or = V = 
4πε 0 c RA RB  4πε 0 R 
Potential of inner sphere with respect to the outer sphere Since, RA > RB
q 1 1
=  −  ∴ QA > QB
4πε 0  a b 
σR
Potential is also equal to, V = ,V = V
58. (a, b) Potential is same everywhere ( ≠ 0) inside a ε0 A B
uniformly charged spherical conductor i.e., ∆V = 0. ∴ σ A RA = σ B RB
∆V σ A RB
As E = − hence electric field is zero everywhere. Or =
∆x σ B RA
59. (b, d) If +ve test charge is displaced along x axis, then net Or σA <σB
force will always act in a direction opposite to that of σ
Electric field on surface, E = or E ∝ σ
displacement and the test charge will always come back to ε0
its original position. But if test charge is displaced along
Since, σ A < σ B ∴ E A < EB
y-axis it will never come back to its original position &
will fly away along y-axis. 68. (b,d) At point P

60. (b, d) For points outside the sphere it behaves as a point Q C1 P C2

charge situated at the centre of the sphere E = 0 as
2R 2R
∆V = 0
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320 Quick Revision NCERT-PHYSICS

KQ1 KQ2 72. (c, d) Under electrostatic condition, all points lying on the
If resultant electric field zero then = R
4 R 2 8R 2 conductor are in same potential. Therefore, potential at A
ρ1 = potential at B.
⇒ =4
ρ2 From Gauss's theorem, total flux through the surface of
At point Q the cavity will be q/ε0.
KQ1 KQ2
If resultant electric field is zero then + =0 73. (a, c) Here E =
1
⋅
Qz0
4 R 2 25R 2 4πε 0 ( R 2 + z02 )3 / 2
ρ1 32
⇒ =− ( ρ1 must be negative ) where Q is the charge on ring and z0 is the distance of the
ρ2 25
point from origin.
Q λ σ
69. (c) = = Q = 2πσ r02 − Qqz0
4πε r 2
2πε 0 r0 2ε 0 Then F = qE =
4πε 0 ( R 2 + z02 )3/ 2
0 0

λ
(a) is incorrect, r0 = When charge – q crosses origin, force is again towards
πσ
centre i.e., motion is periodic.
r 
(b) is incorrect, E1  0  = 4 E1 (r0 ) Now if z 0 << R
2
1 Qqz0
1 ∴ F =− ⋅ ⇒ F ∝ − z0 i.e., motion is S.H.M.
⇒ As E1 ∝ 4πε 0 R 2
r2
r  1 74. (b, c) Even after introduction of dielectric slab, direction
⇒ E2  0  = 2 E2 ( r0 ) as E2 ∝
2 r of electric field will be perpendicular to the plates and
r  directed from positive plate to negative plate.
⇒ (c) is incorrect, E3  0  = E3 (r0 ) = E2 (r0 )
2 (+)
(–)
⇒ As E3 ∝ r 0
70. (c) Body moves along the parabolic path.
For vertical motion: By using v = u + at
Y vy x=0 x=d x = 2d x=3d
V v
E = 103 σ
m
Further, magnitude of electric field in air =
vx
ε0
σ
Magnitude of electric field in dielectric =
+Q
Kε0
X
Similarly electric lines always flows from higher to lower
−6
QE 10 × 10 3
potential, therefore, electric potential increases
⇒ vy = 0 + .t = × 10 = 10 m / sec
m 10 −3 continuously as we move from x = 0 to x = 3d.
For horizontal motion– It’s horizontal velocity remains
75. (a, b) By using V = V0 e−t / CR
the same i.e. after 10 sec, horizontal velocity of body
vx = 10 m / sec 4
⇒ 40 = 50 e −1/ CR ⇒ e−1/ CR =
5
Velocity after 10 sec v = vx2 + v y2 = 10 2 m / sec
Potential difference after 2 sec V ′ = V0 e−2 / CR
71. (a, d) Capacitance will be increased when a dielectric is 2
4
introduced in the capacitor but potential difference will = 50(e −1/ CR ) 2 = 50   = 32V
5
remain the same because battery is still connected. So
Fraction of energy after 1 sec
according to q = CV, charge will increase i.e. Q > Q0 and
1
1 1 C (V f )2 2
U = QV0 , U 0 = Q0 V0 2  40  16
2 2 = =  =
1
C (Vi ) 2  50 25
⇒ Q > Q0 so U > U0 2
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Electrostatics 321
Assertion and Reason 85. (d) Electric field at the nearby point will be resultant of
76. (d) Points A, B and C are at the same distance from charge existing field and field due to the charge brought. It may
+ q. Hence electric potential difference between points A, increase or decrease if the charge is positive or negative
B and C is zero. Hence W1 = W2 = 0. depending on the position of the point with respect to the
charge brought.
77. (a) Resultant of electric intensity at O due to B and C is
equal and opposite to that due to A. 86. (b) Since the electric field is directed from south to north
A hence rate of change of potential will be along this
direction, but it is zero along east and west.
87. (d) The electric field due to one charged plate at the
O
σ
location of the other is E = and the force per unit area
B C 2ε 0
σ2
is F = σ , E = .
78. (d) Electric potential of a charged conductor depends not 2ε 0
only on the amount of charge and volume but also on the
Comprehension Based
shape of the conductor. Hence if their shapes are different,
88. (b)
they may have different electric potential.
89. (c)
79. (c) Since charge of an electron is negative, P.E at P and Q 90. (b)
is 91. (a) At r = R, from Gauss’s law
eq
UP = − qnet Ze 1 Ze
4πε 0 (OP) E (4π R 2 ) = = Or E = .
ε0 ε0 4πε 0 R 2
eq
UQ = − E is independent of a.
4πε 0 (OQ)
Since OQ > OP, UQ is less negative than UP, i.e., UQ > 92. (b) For a = 0
UP. For the same reason,VQ > VP. ρ

d
80. (d) The work done by the electric field in moving a charge
around a closed path of any shape (circular or elliptical) is
zero.

81. (d) Since E along the surface = 0, dV/dr = 0 r

R

82. (d) The electric field in a region around a point charge  d 

⇒ ρ (r ) =  − .r + d 
varies with distance r.  R 
Q R  d 
E=
4πε 0 r 2
Now ∫0
(4π r 2 )  d − r  dr = net charge = Ze.
 R 
3Ze
83. (a) Since the source supplies a constant voltage V, the Solving this equation, we get d =
potential difference between the plates remains equal to V
π R3
because the source is not disconnected. The capacitance C 93. (c) In case of solid sphere of charge of uniform volume
increases due to the introduction of the dielectric. Since Q 1 q
density E = . .r or E ∝ r
= CV, the charge Q on the capacitor plates with increase. 4πε 0 R 3
84. (b) The charge Q on the capacitor plates remains ρ (r)
unchanged because there is no source to supply extra
charge as the battery is disconnected. The capacitance C
increases due to the introduction of the dielectric. Now,
energy stored U = Q2/2C. Since Q remain unchanged and r
R
C increases, U will decrease.
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322 Quick Revision NCERT-PHYSICS

Thus, for E to be linearly dependent on r, volume charge 2 µC –50 µC
A B
density should be constant. P x
Or, a = R 6 cm

Match the Column

kq1 kq 2 50
= 22 ; = 2
94. (a) A→1,3,4; B→3,4; C→1,2,5; D→3,4 AP 2
BP ( 6 − x ) 2
x
95. (a) A→3; B→1; C→4; D→2 1 5
= ; x = 30 – 5 x
Integer 6− x x
96. (2) Here, q = 1C , m = 1kg 6x = 30, x = 5 cm.

v = 10 m/s, E = 100 V/m 98. (3) From the knowledge of theory,

In Fig., E is along OX and velocity v is along OY. q1 φ1 3 + 3 + 6 + 6 18
= = = == 3.
Let P (x, y) be the position of point charge at any time t. q2 φ2 3+3 6
y y
∴ y = v t or t = = 99. (8) Let r be the radius of each small drop and R be the
v 10 radius of one big drop.
Acceleration along X-axis
4 4
qE 1× 100 ∴ π R3 = 8 × π r 3
ax = = = 100 m/s 2 3 3
m 1
R 3 = ( 2r )
3
Y
or R = 2r
P (x, y) Now q = CV = 4π ∈0 rV
v
q 9 × 109 × 3 × 10 −9 27
r= = = m
4π ∈0 V 2 2
X
O E 27
R = 2r = 2 × = 27 m .
1 2 2
As x = ax t Surface potential of new drop
2
2 total charge 8q
1 2  y y2 V = =
∴ x= × 100t = 50   = capacity 4π ∈0 R
2  10  2
∴ y2 = 2x 8 × 3 × 10−9 × 9 × 109
V = = 8 Volt.
27
Which is the equation of a parabola. Compare with the
− dV
standard equation of parabola: y 2 = 4 ax , we find 4a = 2m, 100. (2) From E = ,
dr
which is the length of latus rectum of parabola.
− ( 4 − 0)
97. (5) In Fig., let the electric intensity be zero at P, where BP E= = −2 V/cm
2−0
= x cm and AP = ( 6 − x ) cm . In magnitude, E = 2 Volt/cm.

***