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 THACATHOLIC UNIVERSITY OF AMERICA

No . 174

ABSTRACT No . 29

A Thomistic Study of the

Psychology of Human Character

AN ABSTRACT OF A DISSERTATION
SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF THE SCHOOL OF PHILOSOPHY
OF THE CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY OF AMERICA IN PARTIAL
FULILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE

BY

REVEREND EDMUND J. ELBERT , M.A.

PRESS
THE

MGA
TAMERICA
8

tax ago
CATHOL

VOCAN

UNIVEER
OF

THE CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY AMERICA

WASHINGTON
,
D

C
.
.

1956
A THOMISTIC STUDY OF THE PSYCHOLOGY OF
HUMAN CHARACTER
 THE CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY OF AMERICA
PHILOSOPHICAL SERIES
No. 174

ABSTRACT No. 29

A Thomistic Study of the

Psychology of Human Character

AN ABSTRACT OF A DISSERTATION
SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF THE SCHOOL OF PHILOSOPHY
OF THE CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY OF AMERICA IN PARTIAL
FULILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE
DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY

BY

REVEREND EDMUND J. ELBERT, M .A .

PRESS
HHHH
THE

VOLANAMERICA
18

MERIP
koxes
CATHOL

DODO
JHONCUS -

THE CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY

OF

AMERICA
WASHINGTON
,
D

C
.
.

1956
NIHIL OBSTAT :
IGNATIUS H . SMITH , . ., S . T . LR .,
O P Ph .D .
Censor Deputatus

IMPRIMATUR :
THOMAS E . Molloy , S . T . D .
Archbishop -Bishop of Brooklyn
May 15, 1956

Copyright 1956
THE CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY OF AMERICA PRESS , I'NC .

MURRAY AND HEISTER

WASHINGTON , D. C.

PRINTED BY
TIMES AND NEWS PUBLISHING CO .
GETTYSBURG , PA . , U . S. A
 B765
T54 E55

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The author takes this occasion to express his profound gratitude

to His Excellency , The Most Reverend Thomas E . Molloy , S . T . D .,
Archbishop - Bishop of the Diocese of Brooklyn , who provided the
opportunity and privilege of pursuing graduate studies in phi
losophy, and who , as a generous patron in the cause of learning ,
made possible this publication . The writer also wishes to extend
his sincere thanks to the Very Reverend Doctor Ignatius Smith ,

O . P ., dean of the School of Philosophy , for his scholarly direction

and valuable assistance in the preparation of this dissertation ; to
the board of readers whose suggestions contributed greatly

its
to
the
all

of

of

betterment the faculty

the other members School
to
;
of

Philosophy the Catholic University

of

America and finally

of

,
all

those relatives and friends whose interest and encouragement

to

have aided bringing this work completion

in

to

E
.
J.
.

439
 PREFACE

the
St. Thomas Aquinas , Angelic

as
Doctor described man

a
all
the uni

of
little universe microcosm whom the elements

in
",

,
a
"

up
verse are gathered and welded together the unity human

of
in
, of
personality All the various strata created reality inorganic

,
.

organic vegetile sensile and rational are met the unit we call

all in
,

,
He enjoys

of
man something common with lower forms
he in
.

though

he
existence yet even transcends the confines

of
does

,
;

of all

space and time excelling other creatures dignity and bearing

in
,

his Maker By virtue

of
within himself image
to
likeness this
a

.
all
likeness man becomes the most perfect creature nature He

in
, ,

is
.
person
of

subsistent individual rational nature

a

, .
as the
as

Considered handiwork
then man perfect his Maker

is
of

.
But paradoxical may seem
the very powers constitutive
in
,
it

there lurks the possibility imperfection For

of
of

man excellence
,
's

, .
free will essential property every rational nature and
of
an
is

,
all
of

consequently the material universe man and man alone has

,

voluntary
of

control his behavior his hands steer his

to
It

in
is
.
he

embrace ways foreign goodness

so

chooses Since man

to

to
,
is if

master his actions the ultimate outcome his life both

of

of
,

temporally and eternally depends solely upon himself

,

.
the

the

training will and the implanta

of

of

this fact
In

view
,

noble ideals word the development and the formation

of

tion
—

in

,
a

paramount importance
of

of

character becomes matter This

is
a

.
–

why has always been major objective within Catholic circles

,
it

the

especially the home and produce men who think

school
to
in

in

and will consistently accord with right reason and thus bring
to
in

fact all modern agencies dedi

of

forth finished men character

In

,
.

personal and social betterment have engaged

of

the task
to

cated
building human character Educa
of

themselves with this task

.

tionalists are writing about social workers are striving culti

to
;
it

vate their clients religious leaders are preaching Yet

in

in
of it

it
;

.
as

spite this universal and close agreement the importance

of
to
vii
viii Preface

human character , how many really

appreciate that inner quality
called character which is proper to every human person ?
, ,
This then was the purpose which prompted the writing of this
dissertation — to review the vast literature on the subject of char
acter and to cull from the wealth of contributions which have been

be
under

all
made to the field that seems value for

of
better

to

a
standing really
of
what human character

is
.
 WHAT IS CHARACTER ?

a quo in any matter under investigation

An invaluable terminus
is consideration of the history of the term or terms involved
a

in the subject, for very often the true significance of a word

can be gained from knowledge of usage the past

its

in

.
original meaning the word character was employed
its

to
In

"

"
designate potter fashioning clay
of

on
the work vessels his

in
a

wheel Etymologically derived from two terms one noun

or is
it

,
a
:
, .

zápas meaning pole post and the other verb xãpárow

”,

,
a

a
“

"

"

engraving The initial meaning xāpaxtńe then seems

of
have

In to
,

,
“

.”

or for

engraving cutting

or
of

been some sort instrument this

.
be

way symbol engraved boundary

as

sign

on
came used
to
to it

a
post

its
of

delineate one claim land from another From earliest

.
history conveyed

of
then the term character the notion
,

a
"
“

recognizable sign particular applica

or

mark with very precise

or
to a

indi
of or
tion the territory belonging this community to
this
—

vidual And we can why today speaking char

so

see human
in
.

we impart the idea something peculiar

of

acter intend one

to

to
particular individual him alone
to

and
.

Later the Greek theatre the word was used signify the
in

to
,

or

actor mask which always represented particular category

a
's

type person more per

of

on

and this manner came take

it

to
in
,

sonal meaning The same tendency attach the word character

to

"
.

certain types also prevailed

of

the field literature Aristotle

to

in

,
.

for example his Nicomachean Ethics gives descriptions

of

such
in
,

universal types for this reason that some labelled Aristotle

is
of It
.

the founder characterology was that

as

since from him

it
the

Theophrastus one great pioneers study

of

of

the human
in
,

of

character drew much his information

,

Theophrastus work Theophrastus

of

the Charactersentitled
is
'
up

thirty sketches describing the moral qualities typical

of

of

made
Athenian figures This method character study merely consists
of

-
.

listing the typical acts which such generalized individuals

as

the
in

"
 What Is Character ?

flatterer , " " the stupid man ,” “ the mean man ,” and so forth , might
be expected to perform .

its
This tendency to identify character types reached
with peak
La Bruyère He went however step

of
Les Caractères further
in

,
a
.
by
of his
predecessors studying these types from the point

of
than
view the motives which prompted their conduct

.
stylized
These figures gradually became more and more indi
the writings

as

of
vidualized due such influences to William

of
Shakespeare and the introduction the historical character

In
“

.”
of the

this way word character which was formerly employed

In in
to ",
"

be
the sense typology came applied definite person

to
,
a

.
the light this and personal meaning the term character
of

new

"

"
way into the field psychology
its

eventually found

of

.
personality which we call character

of
are numerous and

so
such
"
“

extreme diversity that impossible

be

would all

to
review them
it

.
order indicate this diversity however the following various
to
In

,
of

elements plus the number times each one was mentioned have
been extracted from some fifty five definitions recorded psycho

in
-

logical textbooks periodicals and monographic works

on
character
,

.
Elements Cited Times Mentioned
Individuality distinguishing mark
(

)
. 1.

Natural Endowment
2

Temperament
3
. . 5. 4. .

Impulses
Environment
Acquired Disposition
6

Will Control
7

Conduct Deeds
8

-
. .

Appreciation
of

Intellect Ideals Values

11 10 9

Principles Rules Maxims

—

—
. .

Habits Qualities Virtues

—

--
all

When these definitions

of

are scrutinized certain essentials

,

the psychological concept character appear and when united

,
“

all

the following picture results First

of

into whole character

,

,
a

begins with original datum

or

distinctive man natural

It
is

a
.

's
 What Is Character ? 3

and is therefore limited by these inborn qualities . These inborn

qualities, such as temperament and native potentials, do not remain
in their original state but are modified by environmental influences

and, most important of all, are affected and cultivated by man ' s
higher powers of intellect and will . Finally , such activity eventuates
in the formation of definite and personal traits and habits .

all
If we were to attempt a schema of these forces which concur

Basically character mark

is
,

a
personal individ
of

indicative
uality resulting from the sum
,
of

total one distinctive innate

's

and acquired properties .

Supervising
Agency
Influences
External

Stabilizing
Materials
Agency

Raw
Steering

Element

Natural Crystallized
Volitional
to

Reaction
Endowment habits
in
of

one Control Values

:
Reason
,
's

and
:

Environment Virtues
Life Ideals Principles
,

temperament and Vices

Application Unit Man

to

the
,

no

Man substantial essence requiring other substance

an to
is
a

complement his being and existence As unified nature he

is
a
.

enjoying indivisibility and exclusiveness extra

an

individuum
to
,

for

ordinary degree when the body properly disposed and or

by is
,

ganized rational soul God and there results this

. is

infused
,
a

particular human nature Man nature complete with this

is
's

body and soul perfectedand completed

of

union This nature

is

in
.
by
of

the notion substance subsistence Subsistence gives this

to
.
 What Is Character ?

individual nature appropriate existence independently

the ability to

to itself ,
whenever God should deign to confer existence upon it .
It may be said that as subsistence is received into nature , complet
ing and perfecting that nature , so existence is received into sub
sistence . It makes the individual nature capable of receiving an
all
its
own and renders the singular substance sui

so
existence
juris and entirely incommunicable

.
of
Moreover this union body and soul results

an
existence

in
of by

of
which personal for virtue his rationality man enjoys the
of is

ability being master his own operations Hence man becomes

.
more than mere numerically distinct unit and constituted

is

a
a

dynamically unique person

.
Man therefore enjoys individuality which unparalleled
an

is
,

nature He sui juris incommunicable his very being be

is

in
in

,
.

unique and independent his oper

he
of

cause subsistence and

is

in
,
of

of
ations because rationality precisely because this fact
It
is
.

that man complete

and incommunicable independent
so

an so
is

in
being and action that man possess individual and
is

able
to
—

unique character peculiar

to
himself alone is easy see then
It
to
,

,
.

applied the study

of
be

how the word character came human

to

to
“

beings original meaning signified distinguishing

its

since
in

it
,

individuality
of

sign mark
,
a

Character then has ultimate explanation the basic indi

its

in
,

viduality that resides the person being Man individuality

in

,
.
's

's
he

only
to

an

however due not the fact that individuum

is

is
,

,
a
numerically distinct unit but may also
be

ascribed the fact that

to
,

dynamically distinct personality implies activity

he

has person
A
a

.
be

person means powers and power

possess
to

because
to

is
,
a

operation With time and the unfolding his

of

orientated toward
.

powers the metaphysical person passes stage

to

from static
,

dynamic one and becomes empirical person the latter being

an

nothing more than the operative manifestation

of

the former The

.
for

reason this transition that the powers ingrafted man

in
is

's

which saturates were his whole being This energy tends

as

to
it
,

.
we

all

what
or

express itself call drives impulses Now these

is in

in
.
of

discon
an

drives there the seed The whole man

is

action
.

tented unless these tensions are realized deed Yet even though
in

.
 U
What Is Character ?

all
share specifically the same dynamic principle

of
men life

in
and therefore experience within themselves the same drives

to
,

,
two men organize their lives identically the same way
no
action

in
,

.
The mainspring behind these actions different we call this

is

;
of
mainspring conduct character

, .

or
When person qua person acts and that means rational voli
tional activity there always involved judgment value No

of
is
,

.
of
human action ever occurs without the pre existence such

a
-
judgment comparison

an
between immediate situation and
,
a

a
possible future one This nothing more than

of
expression

an
is
.

the basic Thomistic axiom Bonum est quod omnia appetunt The
,

.
active life intimately
of

man therefore with which character

is
,

may
as

unending series
be

of
attempts
an

connected described

to
,

realize values and make them his own

.
of

This operational life man penetrated with both knowledge

is

as
and volition The intellect can gaze upon being good solely

a
.

, us

Thomas informs impregnated

as

St

because the intellect

is
,

,
.

with the will and the same time the will can tend towards
at

an
,

by
object the intel
as

value because illuminated from within

is
it
a

lect Now due the soul immateriality the powers subjected

to

in
,
.

's

enjoy dynamism which universal and unlimited Conse

it

is
a

everything having
of

quently content being can captivate the

,

a
of

interest the intellect the same time everything good can

at

and
by ,

,
be

move sought This the will

what enables each man
to

and
is
.

personal system value preference This depends upon

of

build
a

.
its

various factors his original datum with inborn capacities and

:

or

talents his particular physiological constitution temperament

,

environmental agencies his own industry and enterprise and also

,

,
of

influences supernatural nature Man constructs for himself

,
a

.
by

personal scale values With every judgment

, of

little little
,
a

passed and every choice exercised person gradually becomes con

a

By

certain pattern such constant and re

of

firmed behavior
in
a

peated affirmation and preference for certain values over others

,
he

of

fixed disposition regarding

or

for himself
establishes mode
a

This habitual practice preferring certain and definite

of

values
.

the

person
as

values becomes were law unto accord with

of in
,

,
it

a
he

which directs his whole life the character the man

It

It
is
.

.
off

as

independent unit both

an

an

marks individual and

as

him
in
 What Is Character ?

the
. It

of
being and in operation is mark indicative man excel

's 's
lence for character the principle which lies behind man habit

is
,

by

as
ual behavior pattern These factors which man acts man are

him

all
his cor

at
unique soul powers which place

of
the head

. -
poreal creatures

of
Thus man given sign excellence because

is

a
by

he
his character expresses his love for certain values and there

,
fore some degree identifies himself with the Summum Bonum
to
,

,
all
of
the source and end values

.
 INITIAL FACTORS INVOLVED IN
HUMAN CHARACTER
That people are different is an inescapable conclusion of daily
living. Although
all
men share the same specific nature and are
one common still one person differs from another
to

destined end

,
nationality
is of
not only terms sex and mental acumen but also
in

,
classifying men

of
character This evident from our custom
in

,
.

or
according their actions , as
strong weak perfect

to or
to

good bad
,

,
imperfect We proceed
or

then consider the factors which

,
.

of

form the basis this differentiation character

the in

of .
Among the factors involved building one habitual
in

's
value preference major im
: of

of
or

manner character two are

,

,
-

proper evaluation

of
portance heredity and environment these
A
.

most imperative extremely divergent views

on
since the matter
is

of

have formed the basis modern controversy Sir Francis Gal

a

.
innatist evolving his doctrine from the moral determinism
an

ton
,

,
of

Schopenhauer holds that character dependent solely upon

,

is

pre

the
heredity being wholly
of

the one element contained

in
-

embryo represented
on

The environmentalists the other hand

as
,

,
. .
by

Watson would make character totally and absolutely de

,
B
J.

pendent upon environmental factors significant that both

, of
is
It
.

of

these extremes stem error

from the common
materialism man
-
-
of

the chemi
all

with his character subordinated

to

the elements
is
,

inorganic matter Intelligence will and habit are neces

of

cal laws
,
.

sarily omitted
.

Character since essentially concerned with goals and value

,

is
it

preferences considered objectively primarily product

of

ex
is
,

perience and learning Consequently essentially

an

mutable
is
,
it
.

the
as

reality Heredity such cannot predetermine specific thoughts

.
or

inevitably
of

actions man Such contention would

to

lead
a

a
.

all

The fundamental principles

of

pessimism and even nihilism

.

education and psychotherapy become meaningless man the

if

in
of

depths his being cannot

improve his character Furthermore
,
.
of

of

single case change character destroys the position the

in
a

innatists and history well personal experience abounds with

as

as
,

,
 Initial Factors Involved in Human Character

such cases . Although this theory of the immutability of character

is warmly welcomed by the morally lazy person , supplying an ex

his

too
failings the transmutability

of of
cuse for human character

is
the perfectible nature by

be
deeply rooted man destroyed

to
in
such pessimism Common sense attests the fact that man by

to
.

he
nature strives realize his own potentialities become what

to

to
—
ought by conforming prefers
be

he
the values
to

to

as
the other hand regard man

on
The environmentalists

a
machine analyzing stimuli response

of
all
his activities terms

in
,

-
patterns While even those extremists will admit the inheritance
.

all
physical constitution
of

maintain that external influence and

,
training are the sole factors involved character development

in

.
Environmentalists answer the objection that children given

in
a
family and environment often manifest vast differences charac

in
by

ter contending that each child creates his own environment

.
This response however necessarily presupposes innate prefer

an
,

ence children for one environment rather than another and

in

it
,
also gratuitously assumes that children differing character never
other words the objection in
pick the same environment left

is
In

,
.

unanswered Moreover this theory overlooks the dynamic nature

,
; , .

his
of

of

man Man with unique powers intellect and will neces

is
,
.

he

sarily active continually aspires realize his own potency for

to

perfection ignore this

of

Both these extreme views completely

.

as
principle
be

dynamic man and must therefore rejected

in

inadequate
.

The only tenable position ex

an

intermediate between
is

these
character may
be

tremes Man develop somewhat like

to

said
a
's
.

tree The mature tree potentially the seed but its

is

from seed
in

,
a

by

will
be

growth and controlled soil and climate

In

moderated the
.

same way heredity and environment are mutually inclusive factors

ex
be
of

the formation human character Their interaction can

in

, .

Gordon Allport suggests

by

pressed equation
an

Character
as
,

equals heredity times environment Notice that heredity and en

.

as

vironment are not added but are related multiplier multipli

to
,

either were disregarded and were therefore represented

, If

cand
,
.
by

no

zero character would result

.

We up
of

shall now take the basic factors character detail

in

.
 Initial Factors Involved in Human Character 9

I. The Factor of Heredity.

To the extent that a person 's understanding of values and his

his
volitional response to those values depend upon inborn capaci

by
ties character determined heredity All the potentialities
is
,

a
.

by

of
person will ever enjoy are already determined the union the
parental germ cells Each cell contributes equally the heredity

to
.
by of

the offspring one cell however may

be
genes inferior offset

in
;

,
of
the superior genes the other cell and hence produce the raw
of

ordinary or
superior character Besides the
an

materials even

.
his body
of

eyes and the size and shape

an

color individual

of

,
's

of
at

this embryonic stage the particular quality composition

of
his

of
sense organs and the degree sensitivity nerve recep
of
brain
,

tors and connectors are also given fixed determinations

.
Now heredity not only governs man physiological capacities
,

be of ,
a

's
but also influential determining the particular potencies
in
is

his rational soul This follows

the intimate communion from
.

the body and the explained the hylomorphic

soul
as

tween
in

theory According the fundamental Thomistic principle Quid

to

,
.

quid recipitur recipientis recipitur God creating

ad

modum
in
,

,
the

each individual soul adapts correspond with physical po

to
it
,

the body which Consequently the more

of

tencies will inform

,
it

perfect the brain structure and sense organism the more perfect
,

IQ

Contemporary studies and

be

will the intellect given exam

it
.

St

of
of

inations corroborate the doctrine Thomas and Aristotle

.

before him that child mental abilities are determined from

, ,

in s
'

birth And since growth character depends upon one knowl

.

's
see

edge
of

values we man
how character limited the
is

in

can
of ,

by a

's

possibilities his innate mental dispositions

its

excellence
.

for the other basic faculty

of

The same holds true the soul the

,

will by nature virtuous

St

Thomas maintains that some men are

,
.
.

inborn appetites This

of

while others are inclined vice because

to

justifiable both the fact that the will depends

on

contention
is

from

the intellect for knowledge object the good and also from
of
its

,
of

the testimony Verner Moore indicates for

as

evidence Dom
,

. ,
the

by

heredity
of

of

determination native strength the will

no

There difficulty recognizing that characters vary

is

in
,

then
heredity which are many and
of

accord with the endowments

in

,
10 Initial Factors Involved in Human Character

diverse . Some people are born mentally sluggish , and others clever ;
some are by nature weak , others strong. Even in moral order
the
one may be effortlessly angelic , while another may be painfully
prone to anger , sloth , or lasciviousness . These inborn capacities
must be reckoned with if human character is to be properly eval
uated . They the dynamic
form foundation , the storehouse of

of
its

its
will
give character matura

at
energy which form the peak
Though development character primarily demands per

of
tion
.

sonal initiative the final product cannot exceed the datum hered

of
,

will be limited and directed

an
by ity

and unsuspected degree

to

it
,

that same datum

.
.II

The Factor Temperament

of

.
Closely with heredity
allied relation character tem its

to

is
in

the human per

of

perament integrity unity

of
Because the and
.

of
sonality man physiological disposition formed his chemical
,

,
's

physical and sensible components exerts strong influence

on
his
,

higher faculties intellect and will Within this framework tem

,

perament plays important role development

an

character
in

of
At
St

the time the renowned humoral division

of

Thomas
,
.

Hippocrates prevalent
of

temperaments was still although the

,
by

division was somewhat modified Graeco

of

the doctrine Galen

,
a

Roman physician the second century Temperament was held

of

.
by

the body blood phlegm

be

regulated four secretions bile

to

of

,
:

organs the body temperament will ideal Reciprocally

be
of

then
,

,
.

one person will differ another that one humor the degree
to

from
or

another one more bodily organs Yet while

the St

outbalances
in

,
.

.
at

Thomas held that temperament radically physiological

,
is

taught that temperament has definite repercussions

he

same time
body and soul spite the faulty chemistry
of
of on

the whole man

In
,

his day his teaching basically

with modern perfect accord
is

in
,

of
as

science which regards temperament the relation the struc

,

the

as

tural and functional dispositions bodily organs with man

of

whole including his entire physical and intellectual components

,
a

The function which medievalists attributed the humors was

to

practical purposes that ascribed today

all

as

the same for the

to
,

,
 Initial Factors Involved in Human Character 11

endocrine glands , whose secretions flow into the blood stream and
thus affect man emotional and psychical life . Some moderns ,
's
however , would make character entirely dependent upon

the

en
docrine glands Following the lead Ernst Kretschmer who at

of

,
tempted correlate .
character with the human physique Louis
to

,
an
Berman forwarded his thesis that individual character and

's
by
personality are entirely regulated

of
the secretions the endo
crine glands Now despite the fact that recent experimentation
,
.
no

do
leaves doubt that endocrine secretions can and affect mental
and bodily alterations Berman conclusion that man physical
,

a
's

's
temperament and character are all products

of
constitution the
,

the endocrine glands wholly

of
combined activities
chemical

is
untenable We fully agree that man unified whole and that
is
a
.

the endocrine glands have great influence character forma

on
a
say

But that this influence absolute ignore again

is
to
tion
to

is
's .

he

man immaterial soul whereby control and elevate these

,

can

his
of
chemical and physical forces serve the highest powers
to

being his intellect and will

,

.
be

should now evident that temperament differs from

charac
It
ter

physiological
of

that datum birth immutable and

is

is

is
of . ,

,
in

it

on

deals with man emotional life Character the other hand

,

, ,
's

changes with the development the whole man psychological

,
is
do

and has with man volitional life

to

's

, of .

of

Although most men have mixture the various types tem

a

perament nevertheless we may say that according man dom

to
,

's

inant temperament his character affected four ways his

is

in
,

1
(
)
:

inclination prefer certain values over others the mode and

to

,
(
, 2)
or he

the intensity with which pursues these values the ardor

3
(
)
he

with which embraces clings and the natural

to

them
,

4
(
)
he

tendencies which must inhibit gain those values

to

.
of

ascertaining the categories temperament the four divi

In

,
all

as

practical purposes are any

of
St

sions Thomas for good

as
,

,
.

the choleric temperament Possessed

an
of

The first
of

these
is

energetic disposition the choleric person typically intellectual

is
,

yet highly emotional He easily aroused enthusiasm and

is
to
is
.

usually persevering though his ambition may easily become stub

,

temperament the phlegmatic

of

bornness The second type

is

slow
,

,
.

stolid and apathetic Passivity may render this kind person

of
.
 Initial Factors Involved in Human Character

capable weighty decision , but he prefers leisure to any form

of a

of exertion . The sanguine temperament, on the other hand , is

cheerful , affectionate and imaginative , but is prone to superficiality
and lacks perseverance . Finally , the melancholic temperament is
inclined to depression and moodiness . The mind of the melancholic
is meditative and penetrating ; and , in spite of a strong will, he is
hindered by his inability to make or stand by decisions .
The effect that these four categories of temperament have on
character may be seen from the following schema . It must be
noted , however , that the vast majority of people have a mixture
of temperaments , and that deficiencies in temperament are often
the

or
strong points accompanying

of
compensated by the same
temperament
.

III
of

The Factor Environment

.

.
all

The term environment includes the experiences befalling

a
By

person conception
ab

an
externo from nature man ens

is
.

the very instant he leaves his mother

he
sociale From womb

is
's
.

by
for

persons and things out

of
or

affected better worse the world

of

actualizing physical and spiritual

To
man potencies every
.
's

of

of
stimulation from without virtue the dynamic quality
,
in

human nature man reacts correspondingly This reactive factor

in
,

man make up highly influential developing personality and

is

in
's

character and therefore merits our attention

,

, .
of

the initial stages character formation this reactive factor

In

by

finds greatest expression imitation child learns imitating

in

A
.
of

his parents their gestures and manner speech their value judg
—

,
by

he

an

ments and habits Little little becomes unconscious mirror

. . .

of the

character for
of

his own milieu The importance

of

home
in

his fu
of

mation obvious child conception himself and

is

's

ture life the value preferences which will one day determine the
of ,

course his life and destiny are built upon parental example
.
his can

sonality approach the moulding power proper family

to

the
-

Besides parents influenced greater de

or

child lesser
to
is
,
a

a
by

he

gree everyone with whom comes into contact and this influ
,
 FOUR TRADITIONAL TYPES OF TEMPERAMENT

D
Choleric Phlegmatic Sanguine Melancholic

.C(
)
-
.(
)
-

.A-(
)
.B(
-
)
Hyper thyroid Hypo thyroid Hyper surrenal Hypo surrenal

IN

11

of

up
.

.1

.I
Building Intellectual approach Disinterested outlook Lack penetration Pensive and reflective

an

of
in
in
1-
value issuing high aspira resulting indif into the essence and disposition giving
to

.
preference tions for great and ference for values depths things even
.1- birth deeply

a
ofin
-
lofty values tuating superficial thought out and

of
.
view values spiritual values

.II
of
sin

.-
.2-
. ,

.2
.1- .2
2
Mode Enduring courageous Sluggish but persever Enthusiastic and Hesitating irresolute
.

pursuing and prolonged effort ing attitude provided cere but inconsistent and timid tendency

of
in
.

in

.
values spite great not much effort and procedure

is
.

. , .
difficulties thought required
Initial Factors Involved
in

of

.
.
,

3
III Manner Strong undaunted Weak lazy and
3Vacillating will insta Tenacious will
in

.I
,

-
embracing self opinionated and neglectful tendencies bility easily swayed unshakeable battle
in
to

of
;.

.
,,
values therefore stubborn will and discouraged retain values
, .

of
attitude will changing values

CHARACTER OF FORMATION
of
of

IV
4
.3-| .,4

in
-

.
.
,

.4
.3,1 .4
Obstacles Suffers from ambi Devoid intense High emotional tone Lack confidence
Human Character

-
-

,. ;

. ,
,
the attainment tions pride anger passion indifference vanity self compla introspection and
.

is

,-

of
.
values hyper excitability and main obstacle cency and sensuality morbid tendencies
.

.
imprudence are main stumbling hinder advancement

TEMPERAMENT OF INFLUENCE FOLD FOUR

, .

blocks
14 Initial Factors Involved in Human Character

ence increases as he grows older . Moreover , as

the
child initiative

's
by
grows richer

he
becomes more and more affected books ser

,
mons and the values prevalent his particular time culture and

in
,

,
locality although the influence

of
Nevertheless environment the

in
,
.

's of

its
formation character never ceases greatest role played

is
,
during man early years

.
the
Supernatural
IV

of
The Factor
.

be
Though not philosophical matter would indeed fatal

all it
,

,
a

a
of
neglect important factor

of
omission mention the the
to

character We

of
supernatural the building
of of
the finished man
in

.
know the damaging effects Original Sin upon human nature

.
the present state
of In

which man finds himself the lower elements

in

,
his personality assert themselves against his higher faculties

.
His intellect which has been dulled never adequately apprehends
,

the objective scale values and his will debilitated never fully
of

,
realizes these values action
in

.
of

But spite this conflict nature has been

because human
in

restored wonderful manner every man has his disposal

at
,
in

achieving character perfection The subordination

of

of
the means
-

of

his lower impulses his intellectual appreciation values and the

,

,
of

of
transition these values into actualities under the operation
all

his volitional faculty are possible through access the divinely

to
the

Of
all
of

appointed medium Grace forces that concur the

in
, .

can

building
of

human character none compare importance

in

to
by

the role played the supernatural

of

this factor
.
 THE ROLE OF THE WILL
In the study of human character, no agency within the human
composite merits more consideration than the faculty of volition ,
of for

this faculty which unifies controls and directs the myriad

is

,
it

potentialities housed within the human composite The var

.
reality within man are not coordinated

by
of

ious levels mere

a
by
mechanical juxtaposition but dynamic and interior principle
,

a
By virtue
of of

unity whereby man truly one complete substance

is

.
this substantial and personal unity there mutual compene

is
,

a
chemical physical and sensitive components with
of

tration man
,
's

his higher powers intellect and will Man neither

to
of

slave

is

a
.
of

the impulses his inborn capacities nor passive and helpless

a
the circumstances and pressures his milieu By his
of

of
victim

.
he

rational powers intelligent supervision and

an

can exercise both

volitional government over these lesser elements

of
human life

,
a

and thus bring about organization personality

of
an

which the

in
lower maintained continued subjection the higher

In
other
up to
is

in

.
by

of

words man virtue his will can build that inner property
,

,
of

the operational person called human character

.

will that many non

So

integrally related character the

to

the is

Scholastic psychologists refuse use character treat

to

in

term
the “

”
ing

human personality because they deny reality will

, of

of

the .
of

we shall now consider the problem

of

Hence the existence the

of

will Then we shall examine order the function the will

in

in
,

, ,
.

characterology governance over

its

its

essential freedom and

,

man intellectual sensient and vegetative faculties

, ,
. ,

.
's

St

According Thomas cognition can perfect man the realm

to

in

knowledge but knowledge requires

of

complement order
to
in
,

practical living This complement

of

enter the domain found

is

in
. .

the soul appetitive power the will Basing his argument

out on

the
,
, 's

St

principle Inclinatio sequitur formam Thomas points that

,
.
as

every being far overflow into continual

so

act tends
in

is
in

to
,

,
it

active striving for further perfection other words every being

In

by ,
.

its

possessing potencies which are not actualized

of

and virtue
,

form naturally and continually attempts develop and perfect

to
15
 Will

the
16 The Role of

these potencies Now since the natural form constitutes the source

,
.

as the
of
all
active tendencies various faculties within the human

,
be
composite may many prolongations

so
regarded

of
man sub

's
by

of
stantial form his soul Moreover man virtue the substantial

,
.
synthesis body and soul possesses two fundamental degrees
of

, of
,
cognition sense knowledge and rational knowledge Consequently
-

.
of
two corresponding forms appetitive activity are demanded

:
. of
one pursuing the concrete particular goods sense the other

,
or
pursuing the immaterial the absolute things The latter the

is
in
will
of

function the
.
An

appetite active inclination towards something

an

valued
is
as

good Since character essentially the individuals habitual

is
.

disposition toward the world values obvious that the will of

is
,

,
it
the

highest appetite residence par excellence

of
man human
,
of is
's

The activity centripetal since ob

its
is
character the intellect

,
.

ject taken into itself and possessed representationally The will

is

,
.
operates centrifugally
on

the other hand reduces itself

it
since
,

,
. of

set by
its

object and becomes possessed the perfection

of to

the level

up
that object Thus appetition
enables man himself

in
to
,

of

direct relation with the world the non ego which precisely

is
_
-
of

the function human character this relation existing be

is
It
.

tween the and the non ego which forms the basis for character
ego
-

his knowledge
by

evaluation man character not measured

is

all ,
A
.

's

of

but rather according the objects and intensity his love

to

In
.

truth then character resides the will

in
,

ability reference
of

Man erect for himself system value

to

a
's

-p
his

presupposes that will free Many non Scholastic psycholo

is

-
.

however will not admit that man possesses

an

gists inner con

,

,
of

his life and development Before considering

its

scious control
.
for
St

Thomas proofs the will well

of

be

the freedom would

it
,
'
.

of

review the main theories has exerted

to

determinism which such

,

crippling influence not only

of

the field but human character

in
a

all

of

also branches practical living

in

general any system may termed deterministic which ex

be
In

as

plains the volitional activity

of

man the necessary consequence

the

will
of

. of

of

given conditions rather than

the free election
of to

posit refrain from any action But there are various types
or

determinism depending upon the various factors which are held

,
 The Role of the Will

accountable for man 's conduct and character . Physical determinism

the

of
holds that laws nature are responsible for man actions

.
's
inexorably
its
In

extreme form teaches that man character

is
it
,

's
by
predetermined

he
every detail past events over which has

in
no

of
control historical events the rotation celestial bodies and

,
:

of

as
type regards character
on
so

second determinism the

A
.

product biological structure Besides the endocrinologists whom

of

,
.
we met the previous chapter under this heading also fall those
in

of
as
the prime mover

all
psychologists who consider instinct
human activity Within this same category are the strict Freudians
.

of
who maintain that character mere resultant expression

or
is
a
person sex peculiarities and subconscious compulsions Freud
a

.
's
ian

be

psychology must
both because rejected
builds character

it
attempts
on

ology entirely
man sexual drive and because

to
,

it
's

destroy those repressions and inhibitions which are necessary ad

juncts virtue and true character Another type

of
of

determinism

,
, , .

the
which may
an be

be
termed behavioristic considers character

to
individual including climate nationality
of

resultant milieu
,

,
's

social and economic environment admit that Consequently they

,
.
by
be

of

character can altered but only means factors external

to
,

of

personality The present day school Alfred Adler forms

an
-
.

Though the reality the will

of

of

other category determinism

is
.

this latter type holds for the will

of

not denied determinism

,

's
by

determination the strongest motives and greatest values pre

sented the intellect
to

All such deterministic conceptions man err disregarding

of

in

the obvious human experience that struggle for values ensues

in

a
:

this struggle
of

every man and that the outcome

of

within the soul

,

by

of

depends ultimately upon the person himself Only virtue

.
can
its

the will
and essential freedom man take conscious stand
a

particular goods and construct personal scale

of

the presence
in

As essential dignity consists

St
of

values Thomas insists man

,
.

's
he

his own actions He has the ability

of

to

that master choose

is
in

between alternatives according his personal value preferences

to

. .
of

Thomas offers several proofs for the freedom the will

St
.

of

One for example based upon the testimony consciousness

is
,

Although
of

and the common consent men habit often obscures

.
of

the deliberation the will becomes manifest when man faced

is
,
it
18 The Role of the Will

by important decision . He carefully ponders each possible mode

an

of action , often hesitating between alternatives . When he finally

posits his choice it is not without full realization that he could be
choosing otherwise . When the outcome of his choice becomes
known , if the results are satisfactory he commends himself , and
if not, he suffers remorse , knowing that he has the freedom to have
chosen otherwise . Analogous to this argument is one based on the
testimony of conscience . Such realities as duty , obligation , merit
and demerit are universally acknowledged . These realities pre
suppose personal responsibility , which in turn necessarily presup
poses that the will is free to assume or reject responsibility . From
this moral proof another argument follows: if the will were not
free, the existence of laws , sanctions, punishment , counsel and
other similar social phenomena would lose all significance .
Another proof follows from the nature of the will. The proper
object of the will is goodness . If an object presents itself to the
will as good from every aspect — that is , universally good — the will
must embrace it of necessity . But if the will is offered an object
which is not good from every point of view , the will is free to
tend toward it or not. Because of the conflict existing between
man 's higher and lower tendencies, his sentient and rational appe
tites , he views every object under the dual aspect of good and evil .
Either the good or the evil aspect prevails , according to his par
of

ticular scale values Thus since every good this life

in

in
is
,
.

some manner deficient goodness the will free accept or

to
is
in

the

reject Again the freedom the will

of

grounded inde
it

is
,

in
.

terminacy will
of

the intellect As rational appetite the tends

,
a
.

as

whatever the intellect judges good But because the intellect

to

.
the

will
as

repulsive accordingly chooses not

of
or

God attractive
,

necessity but freely

.

will particular goods

of

The active indifference the faced with

us

provides with further for positing the will the

as

evidence
essential faculty involved human character For besides being
in

,
.
of

the supreme faculty values the will that instrument whereby

is
,

the ego determines and relates itself definite and personal

in
a

or

determining himself
of

manner the world

In

values act
to

to
.

not act with full freedom and knowledge man actually taking
to

is
,
 The Role of the Will 19

up conscious attitude in relation to the world of values. In other

a

words, he is freely constructing his own character . It is precisely

because of this ability , proper to every man , to build by his free

dom a truly personal system of value-preference that we say that
all

men must have character Hence men characters are judged

,
a

's
the
according way their daily conduct reveals personal system
to

a
of

preference approaches less perfectly the

or
value which more
-
or

as
hierarchy objective scale values proper

of
rational

to
them
creatures
.

of

the tapestry man psycho somatic personality are housed

In

-
's
potentialities the energy the life principle

of
value
to
which due
,
-

saturating the entire person strive become value actualities

to
,

.
The potentialities within man have innate tendencies exercise

to
opportunity
do
presents
an

whenever itself The

so
themselves to

.
aspires perfect human
of
man who the full stature character
to

must harness these numerous inherent drives emerging from the

his being and bring them into subjection

as his
higher
of

dynamism

to
by

self For this reason man ruled impulse regarded devoid

is
a
.

he

be

he
of

character however naturally gifted may since

is
,

a
slave his internal dispositions and drives
to

.
of

No adequate theory character possible without taking into

is

man Rudolf Allers maintains

of

account these basic innate drives

.

that man most basic drives which are according the will
to

him
,

, ,

,
's

"
the

power and will community play very decisive role

to

to

a
"
”

McDougall proposes that

of

the formation character William

in

nothing other than directed connative tend

of

character system
is

interesting analogy
he
an

encies derived birth likens

all of In

from
,
.
the

in

the child terminus quo

character formation vast
to
,

,
a

dustrial concern which has the necessary machinery depart

,
no

ments and workers but lacking unity because has head

is

in
,

it

manager
It

of

needs direct and coordinate the functions the

to
a

of

various departments according the single purpose the con

to

the

cern Though McDougall errs denying will inherent capac

in
.

's

tion which the

bears will
man natural potencies and drives
to

.
's
by
the

The will steering apparatus which man controls and

is

of

orders the entire storehouse his potentialities they seek emer

as

being
of

gence from the inner core his

.
20 The Role of the Will

In spite of composition and functional multiplicity , man is a

unified nature .
all
By virtue of the unicity of his substantial form ,
his powers and activities are united one subsistent being We

in

.
just unity organization the per

. of
have essential

to
seen that

is
fection of
human character We shall now consider that which

the
integrates and orders dynamic overflow human powers into

of
operational personality and aligns them according that inner

to
value preference called character
of

system This that function

is
-

.
of the will which
is
called self control

.
St

of
Thomas summarizes the supreme ruling power the will
.

the
of
by

saying that the prime mover

of
all
the intellect and
is
of it

the soul He points out that the object

of
other powers the intel
.
the

of
lect true which contained within the broader category
is
,
is

of
the good Now because the good the object the will the
is
,

,
.

its
as

well
its
itself object
as

intellect act and contained within

is
of ,

,
the object will thereby subordinate

its
control

to
the and
is

.
This say that man must will know and understand things
he to

to
is

before can exercise his mental capacities Moreover because

,
.
the will can exercise definite control over the cognitive sense facul
a
by

directing this object rather than that the will can

to

ties them
,
by

materials Though sense cogni

its

control the intellect selecting

.

tion for the most part automatic the will may even control these
,
is

by

powers providing them with objects own choosing and

of
its
its

therefore accord with own value preferences As regards the

in

sense appetites the will exercises

its

control the same manner

in
,

his
as

governor rules subjects free state other words the

In
in

,
a

will dominion over man emotional life not absolute How

is

.
's

's

of

light the hylomorphic communion body and soul

of

ever
in
,

every affects the soul some degree that extent

to

emotion and
to

,
by

may will For example anger

of
to be

an

controlled the emotion

,
of .

by

tends affect the activity man higher powers but reason

,
's

of

supreme
of

of

the dominion the will the suggested course action

may be tempered entirely Through the domination
repressed
or

.
, of

the sensitive part

an
of

the soul the will also has indirect con

,

of

trol over the nutritive augmentative and generative functions

vegetal life Finally Thomas emphatically states that
St

man
,
.

.
's

the body enjoys even the power con

of

due the soul rule

to

to
it
's

quer the peculiar propensities arising from one physiological

's
or

complexion temperament
.
 The Role of the Will 21

Experiential evidence by the will over

for the control exercised
man ' ,
desires and instincts is found in introspec
s innate impulses
tion . When an innate power seeks an object conflicting with an
individual ' s sense of right or duty , he is aware of another power
by him

of
within capable inhibiting and holding this impulse check

in

,
by
. or
either directly opposing diverting the intellect atten

it

's
tion toward some worthy object This inhibitory force nothing

is
other than the will
.
of

of
This factor inhibition important the study charac

so

in
merits special attention is

of
ter that precisely because the

is
It
it

.
the will that character becomes the symbol
of

combative function
higher life rising does above purely impulsive and
as
of

man
it
,
's

To
impersonal passivity personal and rational activity
truly
to

.
inhibit natural impulse means that one must actually turn per
a

sonal energy against the very source from which flows and

it

to in
,

as
always somewhat heroic Roback goes far

so
this sense
is

say that the ability inhibit the insistent driving forces emerging
to

from one original datum the very essence

of
true character
is
's

.
There indeed some truth this contention For example we
is

in

,
.

upon person who habitually chaste having strong

as

look
is
a

a
must continually bridle his own sexual propen
he

character since
,

St

sities But not

as

an

Thomas affirms inhibition itself

is

end
in

;
,
.

building
an

rather means essential means for true character

is

,
it

is a

.
Character judged by personal action which always relation
is
,

overemphasize
of
in To

between the ego and the non ego the role

-
.

the neglect
of

the ego the non ego conduct lopsided view

to

is
a
-
be

and rejected However necessary inhibition possible

to

to
is

is
,
.

man only because means good beyond itself

to
is
it

surely evident then that the will the steering apparatus

is

is
It

,
of of

of

human character The man who makes proper use the power
.

of
all

his will can control the blossoming his inborn potentialities

and build within himself that inner principle operational per
of

sonality called human character

.
St

For
all

Thomas the greatest good for man for creatures

as
,

,
.

that the various powers within him

be

correctly ordered the

is

body subject
of

the soul and the lower powers the soul obedient

to

of

the intellect and the will the unique function the will
to to

It
is
of .

control this ordering powers

an

man When such order

's

.
22 The Role of the Will

is achieved , the unity which is inherent in the human composite

is perfected . So we come to the conclusion that the ideal of finished
character has meaning only as a totality concept . It designates the
make-up that the individual possesses in his totality , and it con
siders this totality from the viewpoint of that person 's habitual

his
mode of setting will toward preferred values The more noble

.
are the values which man chooses his very own the more

as

,
a
be

noble will his character for person

direct and orderwill

he
of
his life accord with the system values The has embraced
in

.
the
highest
of
ideal character that man who chooses the values
is

his
him

all
possible empire unity over

of
an
and exercises
to

faculties and natural instincts pursuing those ideals Such one

in

a
.
an

enjoy far surpasses that

of
would excellence which other men

,
of
meriting for himself place this life among the giants the
in
a

race and the next life residence among the saints

in

.
 THE ROLE OF THE INTELLECT
It is the faculty of knowledge , the intellect, which contributes
to making a human being , thereby distinguishing him essentially

him
from the brute and imbuing with uniqueness and excellence

a
his

of
which very own Since human character that mark
is

is
.

as
operational personality which distinguishes each man unit

in
a
himself this faculty intellectual cognition also performs major
of
,

a
of
function the study human character
in

.
To

of
sure intelligence
be

factor the formation charac

is

in
,

a
ter

of

of
since each particular act the will which the seat

is
,

,
significance only from the logical motive
In its

character derives
,

which prompted fact important that some character

so
is
,
it

it
.

ologists teach that the highest type

of
character will be manifested
gifted with the highest type intellect Biological
of
only those
in

.
accounts reveal that mental profundity and alertness are reciprocally
related well knit character and curves obtained
with several

in
,
a

distinct series of tests

and measures indicate decided correlation
a

between mental acumen and character traits warranting the con

,

clusion that generally speaking those who have been gifted

in
,

their original datum with keener intellectual capacity are more

a

apt character than the less gifted however no

to

evince This
in
,

,
of .

way equates level thought with level character For while

of

.
the

no
, of

intelligence sense acquired knowledge shows necessary

in

correlation with character intellect and character are certainly very

higher types
of

of

closely related this that those intellect have

,
in

of

the germ matter for higher types character Moreover we

if
,
-

believe that admonition personal guidance reading and meditation

,

can assist building desirable character we are thus simply

in

,
a

giving expression the view that knowledge decided force

to

is

in
a
of

the formation human character

.

The word good one employ the attempt

to

force
to
is

con
in
a
“

of

vey the precise function the framing

of

the intellect human

in

the mainspring The product

of

human conduct the

of

character
,

, .

practical intellect which the practical idea the indispensable

is

is
,

This practical idea throws man into the

an

instrument
of

action
.

23
 the
24 The Role of Intellect

everyday activity Without intellectual operation the will

of
arena

,
.
becomes mere blind impulse with mental illumination however

,
;
a

of
up
the world opens vast playground desire The practical

as
a

.
of
kind searchlight turning hither and thither

as
intellect serves

,
a

of be
proposing and legislating courses pursued and

to
of
conduct

by
translated into action the will By
the steering apparatus

.
offering such the ego every man knowingly deter
assistance

to

,
mines himself and his destiny word his character

in

,
a
-

.
as
Thomas considered this practical idea force exerting
St

a
.

such insolent influence human behavior that his medieval adver

in

him

or for
saries were not slow charging with sacrificing liberty
in

, as
the practical idea
of
intellectualism His notion cause

a
of .

motive force human action was employed however

the sense

in
,
-

specification and finality and not constraining influence

as
of

a
over the will Even though there indestructible agreement be an
is
.

by

avoided and liberty spared the fact that among many desirable
objects man able express preference for one rather than
to
is
,

his
of

another because his ability choose among judgments Due

to

.
emporal
its

trans individual and trans nature the intellect

to

no 's
-

-t
all

range covers being knows good general and hence

in
It
.

particular good can exhaust this idea

of

universal good Conse

.
quently the practical judgment which considers the hic and nunc
,

precisely
be

settings goodness must

of
an

action indifferent
is
It
's

indifference which the radix indif

as

of

this serves the active

will
of

ference the The will can choose only what the intellect
.

indif
as

presents good here and now But since the intellect

to

be is
it

ferent reference judgments the will cannot deter

to

such
in in

by

such particular goods

If

mined reference the intellect the

to

.
can

intellect cannot determine itself how determine some other

it

faculty Something must intervene

to

supply this determination

?

and this none other than the will itself

is

, .

daily activity then man will though essentially free

its
In

,
's

must follow this last practical judgment for this alone does
in

it
,

find sufficient reason for action This becomes the reason for our
.

detecting the practical intellect supervising agency and the

in

in
a

practical idea force element the construction every man

of
in
a

's
-

character But the deep relationship that exists between this idea
.
 The Role of the Intellect 25

and human character comes to the fore when we view it in the

Man is immersed in an atmosphere of values in which he cir

culates. All things are radically possessive of good . Everything
possesses a form and in accord with the perfection of

of its
form

,
it
its
reflects the goodness

of
divine source The result this

is
a
.
purposeful arrangement the world whereby lower values exist

in

,
for the higher inanimate substances for animate creatures ma

,
:

terial goods for the sake man and man for God And of whether

so
,

.
perceived not every existent being enjoys value Value does
or

of
not depend upon the valuer but upon the fact and measure

its
only discovers value

he
isness Man does not create value

;
“

.”

.
not only perfection but one

of

of
Goodness however
,

term
is

a
-

thing perfect important and

. or
as

relation Insofar it good

is

,
is
a
.

this mag
an

hence becomes attractive force other existents

to

is
It
netic force which draws all perfectible beings into action Due

up to
.
set
this attraction radiating from being being relation

or is
to

,
a

the ego valuing subject and the non ego

or

between valued
-
by

object Both inanimate creatures the natural appetency emerg

,
.

ing from their substantial forms and sense creatures with their
,

of

estimative power experience this attraction goodness Man

of ,
.
however unlike beings below him understands the very nature
,

the good which attracts him Due his unique unlimited tenden
to
.

cies everything
be
of

life can interest But this daily

to

him
in

in
,

goal activity man practical intellect which centers about particu

,

,
-

's

brought into contact with the par

be

lar and concrete values must

,

This apprehension the spatio emporal value

of

ticular bonum
is
.

-t

the

power through particular

of

cntrusted capable getting

to

in
a

St

and called the vis cogitativa Thomas considered this faculty

is

.
.
as

the highest power existing the animal organism man be

in

in
;

,
he
of
its

cause proximity the rational powers termed the ratio

to

it

particularis
.

referring
its
of St

this faculty
of

Thomas refers one

In

as to

to
,
.

pos
or

main functions the cognition values realized actually

or

sibly particular things situations this internal sense

It
in

is
.

of

which supplies the substratum from which the universal notion

eventually disengaged As para
of

value renders service

it
is

such
a
.

of

mount importance the intellect the building personal

to

in

a
26 The Role of the Intellect

scale of values. By virtue of the substantial solidarity which exists

between the various strata of interiority constituent of the whole
man , man 's intellect can gather up this material provided by the

as
ratio particularis and present content the will something

its

to
the practical
or

of
valuable worthwhile this manner the content

In
.

the
value idea which when incorporated into practical judgment
,
-

of
orientates man conduct value wise toward the world the non

,
-
's
ego which he part
of

is
a

life
during the course long process discovering

of
Now

of
this

-
for
values man gradually formulates
each himself fundamental
,

of
and personal set accord with the span and range
of

values In
.

experience which varies from one individual another not every

to
,

,
of
the objective scale

be
value which stands high values can
in

by
immediately experienced and equally appreciated every indi
vidual Consequently the scale subjective values will vary from
of
,
.

as

as
one individual another But varied and individual they
to

might
be

one thing certain every intelligent being possesses

is
,

he
personal set
of

such values accord with which directs and

in
a

life

steers himself through

.

the fundamental value pattern which guides and

It

determines
is

the individual the concept ideal which nothing

of

character is
in

other than the concrete mental representation

those values the
of

person trying achieve Actually this aspiration after ideals

to
is

is
.
of

merely prolongation the phenomenon imitation which plays

of
a

major
of

such part the initial stages character formation The

in
a

importance the ideal lies always reducible

to
of of

that
in

it
is

specific type represents personal standard

It

character which
a
.

the individual strives realize his own life

to

in

All men require inspiration value triving and for their daily
in

-s

this reason form for themselves some kind ideal Independent

of

put
as

ordinarily
of

the moi the French which men display and

,

it,

which their acquaintances observe there also compli

is

them
in

mentary moi known only

to

as

an

themselves were
is
It
,

,
it
.

imaginary person they would like

be

but are not These ideals

to

are the most potent forces the perfection human personality

of
in

for
of

and the formation human character they give expression

in

,
 the

27
The Role of Intellect

his goal therefore way reveal the con

to
life and some

in

in
,

,
he
ception his last

of
which has formed And since Thomas

St
end

.
of
informs his entire life from that
us
that man takes the rules

a
which rests he
his last end we can see how this ideal when

as
in

,
the imaginative definite practical

of of
reduced from the sphere

to
the origin rules and principles regulative
as
terms serves those
,
of

For principle

or
the person whole life this reason maxim

a
.
's

conduct may

as
of

be

considered the character ideal incarnate since

-
principle some general idea branded consciousness
is

then

in
,

,
A

by

as
accepted the person an absolute and permanent norm

of
and

be
conduct other words the character ideal
In

efficacious

is
if
it

to
,

,
-
.

more than merely imaginative way

be be

an
must admired

It
in

.
set
incorporated into
principle principles which

of
must
or
a

life Only then will productive

be
will one

of
dominate the it
's

type represents These principles

of

conduct become
of
character
it

,
.
as

were lex personalis accord with which the empirical

of in
it

,
a

man directs the operations his will constructing definite

in

a
behavior pattern which his very own
is

.
of

The result this intellectual contribution human character

to
for

whereby individual regard

an

values becomes concretized

in
's

incorporated into some personal

of

eventually
an

ideal and
is

form
conforming logic
of

law certain conduct Into the whole

to
is
,

.
all

man with his powers innate impulses and drives there

is
,

,
or

as

unity behavior Man we ob

of

introduced certain order

,
a

.
by

served circulates world characterized value atmosphere

,

in
a

.
By

he

way practical knowledge appreciate things from

of

comes
to

value And just true knowledge

as
of

their content not busied

is
.

with numerous facts unrelated other but rather with the

to

each

the many true practical knowledge

of

perception the one

so
in

will enjoy unity which the objective

be of

also certain vision

in
a

To

pyramid values will

or

as

comprehended
of

realm whole
a

some extent every man will have top plus ultra

ne

value
in
,

,
a

a
all

accord with which lower values will

This acts take their place
.
all

ruling norm influencing his ac

as

like charm somewhat

,

,
a

tions But the man whose knowledge thoroughly complete and

is
.

all

objective will arrive appreciation

an

values which
in
at

of
 The Role of the Intellect

lower goods will take their proper place under higher goods until
all embracing value The view

all
are comprehended under one

of
-

.
up

on
this one will range and down and from side side the

to
whole pyramid will appreciate

of
values each one itself and

It

in
.
others and will see

as
its

manifold relations glance

to
in

in

it
,

,
a
the whole objective realm values comprised under the

of
were
,

transcendental unity the Supremum quo

of
Bonum the terminus

a
all
ad

char
of

of
and quem values This the man who

is

is
view

a
.

of
acter who relates himself the world values somewhat after

to
,

the manner which God Himself does

in

of
of
One final consideration the intellectual aspect human char
Since character involves intelligent and
be

acter must made

of .

deliberate planning one life the concept responsibility

of

is
,
's

inevitably attached characterology Basically con

the science of
to

,
.
science relation between the individual mental habitus towards
is
a

's
moral values and his actual conduct The decision

is
of
conscience
.

of
agreement disagreement between the quality
of

matter
or
a

a
person moral knowledge the quality his conduct
of
and Two

.
's
for

people example place peace

of
the exactsame action One
is ,

's
no
soul implacably destroyed while the other experiences such
,
. for

disparity
of

conflict The reason reaction that their

is
such
.

characters are different The fundamental set values which one

of

by by
him
for

has taken himself becomes the internal standard

to
he he

all

which measures else becomes the subjective norm

It
.

judges what
be

be

which should and what should not In

.
"

"

"

this matter the character ideal more than anything else aids
in
,

, ,
-

or

specifying for the individual whether

an

action has been will

is
,
be

up
or

as

good
of

measures
or

bad
inasmuch falls short
it

to
,
of

his notion personal rectitude and perfection Conscience thus

.
of

becomes practical expression one character since

is

from
it
a

's

he

individual appreciation adopts

of an

of

values that standard

a
's

be

what alone should his life

in
”

.
.
"

the
see

And we that the features intellectual activity

of so

of

in

study character are many

In

fact times
at

human and varied

,
.

merit the prime position

an

they examination
of

From
to

seem
. it .
life

facts taken from practical however more proper

be

seems
to
,

To

will
do

assign this place honor the what and

of

know
to

to

to
 The Role of the Intellect 29

to do it are two extremely different realities . St. Thomas indicated

this when he notedthat no matter how well equipped a person
might be with the truth , the only guarantee of its correct use rests
with the will. In the eyes of God , the Supreme Judge , the decision
as to the worth of a man ' s character will depend not upon the
degree of his mental acumen but upon the quality and the use of
his will . That and that alone will be the final determinant .
 THE ROLE OF HABIT
The intimate relationship that exists between habit and char
acter may be learned from a consideration of each and from the
extraordinary similarity of their etymology . The word oos ,

for
example the Greek noun for habit while similar term ños
is
,

, ”,

,
a
“
which enjoys conveys such notions

as
broader significance
a

habit and custom but also disposition and character

,
"

"

"

."
”

“
this we can easily understand why many ethicians have

so
From

of all
the

as
study
of

of
claimed human character field endeavor

a
their own and why John Stuart Mill founding his science

in
,
Ethology Without
to

in as
character was prompted designate
,

it

.
play major role
do

doubt then habits the cultivation and

,

of ,
a

functioning human character

. .
St

Aristotle and after him Thomas saw habit second

in
,

a
“
by

of
may
of be

nature For said that habit the past the individual

it
.”

the past his ancestors

to

added and certain sense subsumes

is

in
a

both More explicitly however habit quality which

is
them
,

a
.

subjects well regard

its

disposes
ill
or

or
to
either itself
in

in
,

general way may

be

regard another said that habits

to

In

it
a
, .

two kinds entitative and operational

of

are The former affects

.

man nature directly and his actions only indirectly while the
,

,
's

St

us
latter has direct relationship action Thomas informs
to

,
a

.
.

essentially disposition action and there

to

however that habit

is
,

a
are

strictly speaking operational

of

fore habits one sort namely

,

.
though dispositions
of

Entitative habits however habitual the

,

substance still have relationship toward action since determin

in
,

a
the

by

that very fact bearing

or

ing nature substance they exert

a
for

healthy body
or

upon the subject activity sound example

,

,
A
, .
's

for

well disposed itself thus becoming instrument

is

fit

the
in

a
see

operations the soul We can

of

then how even these entitative

,

,
.
the

For depending upon the

of

habits enter field

human character
.

his

disposition body and the state

of

of

man soul which were

,
a

's

of

indicated our considerations the initial factors involved the

in

in

study man reference and conduct pattern

of

character value
,
a

's

-
-p

will vary accordingly

.

30
 The Role of Habit 31

It is , however ,
operative habits , those qualities residing in man 's
faculties and most properly in his unique powers of intellect and
will, that command our attention in the study of human character .
Man 's intellect and will are geared towards objects which are

universal and it is precisely because of this universality that man

for
is not only capable but has need of such habits efficient activity

.
by

proachable divergent avenues When faced with this multitudinous

.
array values man could not operate efficiently with uniformity
of

,
promptitude and ease were his powers not channelled one direc

in
,

one object objects of

or

tion and class

to

.
St

set

Thomas down three conditions necessary for the

as
.

be
contracting disposed
of

habits first that which must related

is
,
:

act
as

that disposed potentiality second

it

which

is
to

to

to

,
;
is

be

this potentiality must determinable several ways and

to
in

things third this potentiality must

be

of
various and devoid
,
;

specification unique act among these many acts

this From
to
a

.
follows that operative habits will exist primarily the powers in
it

in
their natural universality and
of

of

the rational order because

determinancy they any other principle
of
do

exist action
If

in

it
.

the
due the latter sharing the indeterminancy more
to

of
is

in
's

excellent powers the rational order

of

These operative habits enter intimately into the study

of

human
Since man creature habit he cannot live long with
of

character
is
a
.

out forming such habits They begin infancy and continue

be
to
in
.
for

personal system His first

of

has constructed himself habits

a

many native impulses and

its

nature with drives has become

channelled one direction rather than another according the
in

to

subjective scale values and principles conduct which have been

of

of

intelligently ratified and deliberately chosen His first nature thus

is
as .
by

completed these habits which become were second nature

it
,

,
a
or

prolongations his original nature The past has contracted

of

, .
by

itself the present and the individual conduct

repetition
in

's

has become almost automatic He has arrived way

at

of

life
to a
.

set

whereby thinks judges wills and acts according

he

pattern
,

.
or

This habitual mode quality

of

the expression
of

conduct the
is

the individual And since truly human conduct with

of

character
,
.
32

which character is essentially linked , is basically purposive or goal

tending in nature , an understanding of either becomes impossible
except when viewed in the light of values. Values , however , when
applied to man , are meaningless without direct relationship to the
will . The habits incorporated into human conduct , therefore , must
also be basically tied up with the functioning of man 's volitional
faculty .
This is why St. Thomas taught that habit is principally
related to the will . The character of the man thus reduces itself ,
ultimately , to an habitual manner of choosing certain things over
others, and for this reason , Brennan has looked upon character as
the totality of one' s habits clustered about the axis of the will .
Now , if these habits are good and are therefore virtues , a man 's
character will also be good ; should his habits be evil or vices , as
, then his character will likewise be bad . The virtues
they are called
and the vices thus become features or states of character , for de
pending upon the values which a person has taken to himself , the
whole tenor of operational life will be determined . Should these
values clash with his nature , the outcome will be vice ; if they are
in accord with himself as man , then
the result will be virtue . As a
'
man s program of value -appreciation expands and grows deeper
his

and richer , he will come to recognize

as
true end supernatural a

one this manner the natural virtues become stepping stones

In
.

higher integration and subordination his personality

of
to

to
a

the SupremumBonum which achieved through the divine in

is

supernatural virtue These latter virtues are not strictly

of

fusion
, .

philosophical subject matter but still

be

must indicated that

it
, of

true conformity
be

no

lower nature
to

there can man reason

's

his higher powers God nor any complete personality

of

and
to

integration and perfect character formation unless the natural

,
by

of

virtues are crowned the virtues the supernatural order which

bring
by

of

fruition the work initiated those nature

to

.
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