Topic III: Fluid Mechanics

Chapter
7. Fluid Properties
8. Fluid Statics
9. Fluid Measurement and Similitude

PPI. ppi2pass.com
 Fluid Properties

PRACTICE PROBLEMS 4. Which t hree of t he following must be satisfied by the

fl ow of any fluid, whether real or id eal?

1. A leak from a faucet comes out in separate drops L Newton's second law of motion
instead of a stream. What is the main cause of this
phenomenon? II. the continuity equation
III. uniform velocity distribution
(A) gravity
IV. Newton's law of viscosity
(B) air resistance
V. conservation of energy
(0) viscosity
(D) surface tension (A) I, II , and III
2. A solid cy linder is concentric with a straight pipe. (B) I, II, and V
The cylinder is 0. 5 m long and has an outside diameter (0) I , Ill , and V
of 8 cm. The pipe has an inside diameter of 8.5 cm. The
annulus between the cy linder and the pipe contains sta- (D) II , IV, and V
tionaryoil. T he oil has a specific gravity of 0.92 and a
kinematic viscosity of 5.57 x 10- 4 m2 / s. Most nearly, 5. 15 kg of a fluid with a density of 790 kg/m" is mixed
what is the force needed to move the cylinder along t he with 10 kg of water. The volumes are additive, and the
pipe at a constant velocity of 1 m/s? resulting mixture is homogeneous. Most nearly, what is
the specific volume of th e res ulting mixture?
(A) 59 N
(A) 0.0012 m 3 / kg
(B) 12 N
(B) 0.0027 m 3 / kg
(0) 26 N
(0) 0.0047 m'/kg
(D) 55 N
(D) 0.0061 m 3/ kg
3. Kinematic viscosity can be expressed in
6. The rise or fall of liquid in a small-diameter capillary
(A) m'/s tube is NOT affected by

(B) s'/m (A) ad hesive forces

(0) kg. s'/m (B) cohesive forces
(D) kg/s (0) surface tension
(D) fluid viscosity

PPI • ppl2pass .com

7-2 FE e I V I L P RAe TIC E

7. A capillary tube 3. 8 mm in diameter is placed in a SOLUTIONS

beaker of 40°0 distilled water. The surface tension is
0.0696 N 1m, and the a ngle made by the water wit h the 1. Surface tension is caused by the molecular cohesive
wetted tube wetll is negligible. T he specific weight of forces in a fluid. It is t he main cause of the formation of
water at this temperature is 9.730 kN / m' . Most nearly, drops of water.
what is the height to which the water will rise in the
The answer is (D).
t ube?

(A) 1.2 mm 2. Treat the cylinder ftS a moving plate, and use Newton 's
law of viscosity. Find the absolute viscosity of the oil.
(B) 3.6mm
(0) 7.5 mm i"
1/ = -
P
(D) 9.2 mm
i" = vp = [5.57 x 10-' : ' ](092)[1000 :~ 1
= 0.512 Pa·s

The width of the sepa ration between the cylinder an d

t he pipe is

8.5 cm - 8 cm
=
2
= 0.25 crn

The interval surface a rea of the cylinder is

A = 7rdL

= 7r 8 c;;'m ] (0. 5 m)
100 -
m
= 0.126 m'
Find the force needed.

F =
A
i"[~l
dy

F= Ai"[ ~~ 1~ Ai"[ ~: 1
= (0.126 m')(0.512 Pa. s) 1 ';-1(100 cm)
0.25 cm -;:;-

= 25. 8 N (26 N)

The answer is (e).

3. Ty pical uni ts of kinematic viscosity are m'/s.

The answer is (A).

PPI • ppi2pass.com
 FLUID PR O PERTIE S 7-3

4. Newton's second law , the continuity equation, and 7. Since the contact angle is neglible, use 00 fo r {3. T he
the principle of conservation of energy always apply for capillary rise in liquid is
a ny fl uid .
h = 4a cos{3hd
The answer;s (B) .

5. Calculate the volumes. Use a standard water density

(4) (0.0696 ~lcos oo (lOOO ~)
of 1000 kg/m".
[9.730 :~)( 1000 ~ ) (3. 8 mm)
m
p = -
V = 7. 53 x 10-" m (7. 5 mm)
V = m
p The answer ;s (e).
Tn 10 kg
Vwater = - = = 0.010m"
p
1000 k~
m
m 15 kg
\!flu id = - = = 0.019m3
p 790 kg
m'
T he total volume is
a 3
11,ota1 = Vw ."" + Vfln;d = 0. 010 rn + 0.019 m
= 0.029 m3

T he density of the mixture is t he total mass divided by

t he total volume.

m Wll.t.er + m Ouid 10 kg + 15 kg
p = =
Vtotal 0.029 m'
3
= 862 kg/ rn

The specific volume of the mixture is the reciprocal of

its density.

1 1
Vm ixture = --=--
P
= ---=-'k'--
862 ~
mixture
m"
= 0.00116 rn3 / kg (0.0012 rn' / kg)

The answer ;s (A).

6. T he height of capillary rise is

h = 4acos{3hd

a is t he surface t ension of t he fluid, {3 is the a ngle of con-

tact, 'Y is t he specific weight of the liquid , and d is the
diameter of t he tube.
T he viscosity of t he fluid is not directly relevant to t he
height of capillary rise.
The answer;s (D) .

PPI • p pi2pass ocom

 ~
• Fluid Statics

PRACTICE PROBLEMS 3. An open water manometer is used to measure the

1. A barometer contains mercury with a density of
13600 kg/m3 . Atmospheric conditions Me 95.8 kPa and
20°0. At 20°0, the vapor pressure of the mercury is
0.000173 kPa. The column of mercury will rise to a
height of most nearly
pressure in a tank. The tank is cylindrical with hemi-
spherical ends. The tank is half-filled with 50 000 kg of It
liquid chemical that is not miscible in water. The ma.o-
ometer tube is filled with liquid chemical up to the
water.
10m

(A) 0.38 m
(B) 0.48 m
(0) 0.72 m
(D) 0.82 m
2. The manometer shown contains water, mercury, and water
glycerine. The specific grav ity of mercury is 13.6, and
the specific gravity of glycerine is 1.26.
chemical
tank -';::=:;-}-----+h 400 mm
A 225mm
1
0.125 m
50mm
1 What is most nearly the pressure in the tank relative to
water the atmospheric pressure?

1,0 m (A) 1.4 kPa

(B) 1.9 kPa
mercury
0.5m (0) 2.4 kPa
(D) 3.4 kPa

vVhat is most nearly the difference in pressure between

points A a nd B?

(A) 35 kPa
(B) 42 kPa
(0) 55 kPa
(D) 110 kPa

PPI • ppJ2pass.com
8-2 FEe I V I L P RAe TIC E

4. A pressure vessel is connected to a simple U-tube 6. AIm x 2 In inclined plate is submerged as shown.
open to the atmosphere as shown. A 10 em deflection of
mercury is observed. The density of mercury is
13600 kg/m' . The atmospheric pressure is 101 kPa.

t- 10 em I f-
The normal force acting on the upper surface of the
plate is most nearly

mercury / (A) 32 kN
(B) 56 kN
The vacuum within the vessel is most nearly
(0) 68 kN
(A) 1.0 kPa (D) 91 kN
(B) 13 kPa
7. The water tank shown has a width of 0.3 m. The
(0) 39 kPa rounded corner has a radius of 0.9 m.
y
0'6m~A
(D) 78 kPa
5. A tank contains a gate 2 m tall and 5 m wide as
shown. The tank is filled wi th water to a depth of 10 m.
~B
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _-','-- 0.9 m
C

The magnitude and direction (in degrees from t he hori-

gate zonta l) of t he water force over the length of wa ll from
10 m
point A to point 0 is most nem ly
2m VJ
"--'---------'---'V;m (A) 3400 N, 46°
(B) 3400 N, 73°
The total force on the gate is most nearly
(0) 4800 N, 46°
(A) 90 kN
(D) 4800 N, 73°
(B) 440 kN
(0) 880 kN
(D) 980 kN

PPI. ppl2pass.com
 FLUID STATICS 8-3

SOLUTIONS Equating these two equations for P'2 and solving for the
pressure difference PA - Po gives
1. Find the height of the mercury in the colu mn.

PA = PB+ pgh
h = PA- PB
pg

(95. 8 kPa - 0.000173 kPa)(1000 Pa

kPa
1 = [9.S1 ~][ 1000 :~]
= ----~----~~--~~--~

[13600 :~][9.S1 ~] x [(1.26)(0.5 m) - (1.00) (0.125 m)]

- (13.6){1.0 m- 0.125 m)
= 0.71S1 m (0.72 m)
= - 111 7S5 Pa (110 kPa)
The answer;s (el.
The answer;s (DI.

2. The mano meter can be labeled as shown .

3. Calculate the density of the chemical from the vol-
ume and mass. The total volume of the tank is
A
_@)-.l v= ~7rr3 + 7Tr2(L _ 2r)
0.1 25 m
= ~7r (2 m)3 + 7r(2 m)2(10 m - (2)(2 m))
-®1
= lOS.9 m 3
water glycerine
T he contents have a mass of 50000 kg, and the tank is
1.0m (D- half full , so t he density of the chemical is

m 50000 kg
mercury P chcmical = V=
O.Sm
(~](108.9 rn3)
-0- = 91 S.2 kg/rn3

The relative pressure is

The pressure at level 2 is the same in both (left and Po - P2 = P watl!rg h2 - Pchemicalg h I
right) legs of the manometer. For the left leg,

= [1000 kg ][9.S1 m] 400 mm - 50 mm

rn3 S2 1000 mm
1
m
For the right leg,
225 m
1000 mm
m
= 1407 Pa (1.4 kPa)

The answer;s (AI.

PPI • ppi2passocom
8-4 FE CIVIL PRACTICE

4. Vacuum is the difference between the atmospheric point C. For the horizontal component , It! = a ill, and
pressure and the absolute pressure in the vessel (Le., is h, = 0.6 m + 0.9 m = 1.5 m.
the gage pressure). The vacuum is
Px = ~pg(hl + h,)

I
P gagc = -pgh

g
= [~l(lOOO :~)(9 81 ~ ) (0 m + 1.5 m )
= - (13600 k 3 )(9.81 m)[ 10 em = 7358 Pa
m s' 100 em
m
= - 13342 Pa (13 kPa) The horizont al component of the force is

Rx = PxA = (7358 Pa) (( 1. 5 m)(0.3 m) )

The answer;s (B).
= 3311 N
5. hi = 10 In - 2 m = 8 m. The average pressure is
For the vertical component , calculate the weight of the
water above the section of wall from point B to point C,
p = ~pg( hl + h,) The volume consists of rectangular prism 0.3 m x
0.6 m x 0.9 In plus a quarter of a cyli nder , which has a
= [~l(lOOO ~~)(981 ~ ) (8 m + 10 m) radius of 0.9 m and a length of 0.3 m.

= 88290 Pa V= vt +v,
~(O . 9 m )'(0.3 m)
The tot al force acting on t he gate is = (0.3 m)(0.6 m ) (0.9 m) + -'---'4:-'-_':'"

R = pA = 0.3529 m3
= (88290 Pa) ( (2 m)(5 m))
The vertical component of the force eq uals the weight of
= 882900 N (880 kN ) this vol ume of water.

The answer;s (e). Ry = pgV

6. T he upper edge of the plate is at a depth of = (1000 ~n~ )( 9. 81 ~ ) (03529 m3)

= 3461 N
h I = 5 m - (2 m)sin 20°
= 4.32 m The resultant force acting on this section of wall is

The average press ure is

R= ~ R;+ R; = ~ (3311 N)' + (3461 N)'
p = ~pg(hl + h,) = 4790 N (4800 N)

= [~l( 1000 :~)( 9.81 :~ ) (4.32 m + 5 m ) The direction of the resultant force from the horizontal is

= 45695 Pa Ry 3461 N
e= arctan - = arctan '::-::-::-7:-
Rx 3311 N
The normal force acting on the plate is
= 46.27° (46°)
R = pA
The answer ;s (e).
= (45695 Pa)((1 m)(2 m))
= 91390 N (91 kN)

The answer;s (D).

7. Find separately the horizontal and ve rtical compo-

nents of the force acting on the wall from point A to

PPI • ppl2pass.com
 Fluid Measurement and
Similitude

PRACTICE PROBLEMS 3. The velocity of t he water in the stream shown is

1.2 m/s.
1. A pitot tube is used to measure the flow of an incom-
pressible fluid with a density of 926 kg/ m" T he velocity
is measured as 2 mis, and the stagnation pressure is
14. 1 kPa. Most nearly, what is t he static pressure of t he atmospheric
fluid where the measurement is t aken?

(A) 10.4 kPa

(B) 11.7 kPa
(0 ) 12.2 kPa v_ c::::=:::"-
(D) 13.5 kPa
Most nearly, what is the height of water in the pitot
2 . A sha rp-edged orifice with a .50 mm diameter opening tube?
in the vertical side of a large tank discharges under a
head of 5 m. The coefficient of cont raction is 0.62, and (A) 3. 7 cm
t he coefficient of velocity is 0.98.
(B) 4.6 cm

(0) 7.3 cm
(D) 9.2 cm
4. A horizontal venturi meter with a diameter of 15 em
at the throat is installed in a 45 em water main. A differ-
5m ential manometer gauge is partly filled with mercury
(the remainder of t he tu be is filled wit h water) and con-
nected to the meter at t he t hroat and inlet. T he mercury
column sta nds 37. 5 cm higher in one leg t han in the
other. T he specific gravity of mercury is 13.6.

Most nearly, what is the rate of discharge?

45 c~>.L-_~_29_-_-.,-- 1 --- - - -· '5
'1 )3;:,2
cm-- - - - -
-
' -_ _ _/Hg
(A) 0.00031 m3 /s
(B ) 0.0040 m"Is Neglecting friction , what is most nearly the flow
through t he meter?
(0) 0.010 m"/s
(A) 0.10 m 3 /s
(D ) 0.012 m'ls
(B) 0.17 m 3 /s
(0) 0.23 m"/s
(D) 0.28 m'ls

PPI • ppl2passocom
9-2 FEe I V I L P RAe TIC E

5. AI: 1 model of a torpedo is tested in a wind t unnel SOLUTIONS

according to t he Reynolds number similarity. At the
testing temperature, the kinematic viscosity of air is 1. Solve the equation for velocity in a pitot t ube for the
1.41 x 10- 5 m2 Is, and the kinemat ic viscosity of water is static pressure.
1.31 x 10- 6 m'/s. The velocity of the torpedo in water is
7 m/s. Most nearly, what should be the air velocity in
the wind tunnel? v= [ ; l (Po - p,)

(A) mls
0.62 pv'
P, = Po - -2-
(B) 7. 0 mls
(0) 18 mls
(D) 75 mls = 14.1 kPa-
6. A 2 m tall , 0.5 m inside diameter tank is filled with
water. A 10 cm hole is opened 0.75 m from the bottom
= 12.2 kPa
of the tank. Ignoring all orifice losses , what is most
nearly the velocity of the exiting water?
The answer is (e).
(A) 4.75 mls
2. T he area of the opening is
(B) 4.80 mls
(0) 4. 85 mls A = 1f D' = __
1f.:..
(5_0_m
_m.:..)'- -:;-
(D) 4. 95 mls
7. " 'ater flows from one reservoir to another through a
4 (4) ( 1000 n: )'
perfectly insulated pipe. Between the two reservoirs, = 0.00196 m'
100 1TI of head is lost due to friction. Water has a specific
heat of 4180 J / kg·K. Most nearly, what is t he increase The coefficient of discharge is
in water temperature between the reservoirs?
c= C, C, = (0. 62)(0.98)
(A) 0.23°0 = 0.6076
(B) 0.52°0
The discharge rate is
(0) 0.70°0
(D) 1.0°0 Q = CAo~2 gh

= (0.6076)(0. 00196 m') (2)[9.81 ~ ](5 m)

= 0.012 m3 /s
The answer is (D).

PPI . ppI2pas •. com

 FLU I D MEA $ U REM E N TAN D $ I MIL I T U D E 9-3

3. The difference in height between the pitot tube and Because friction is to be neglected, Cv = 1. (For venturi
the free-water surface is a measure of the difference in meters, Cv is usually very close to one because the diam-
static and stagnation pressures . Solve for the height of eter changes are gradual and there is little friction loss.)
the water.

v= (Hpo-p,) =~(;lp9h Q=
2g(p",-p)h
p
= ~2gh

h = -=
v'
2g (2)(9.81 ~) (1)(0.0177 m')
= 0.073 m (7.3 em)
1 _ [0.0177
0.159
III']'
rn'
The answer is (e) .

4. The areas of the pipes are (2)( 9.81 ~)( 1000 ~~)
x(13.6 - 1)(37.5 em)
A] =-4- =--'------'--;;- = m'
1fD' 1f(45 em)'
0.159
x
(1000 :~)(100 e:)
(4)( 100 : ) '
= 0.171 m3 /s (0.17 rn3 /s)
A, = =--'------'--;;- =
1fD'
-4-
1f(15 em)'
0.0177 m'
(4) ( c:)' 100 The answer is (B).

5. From the Reynolds number similarity,

The equation for flow through a venturi meter can be
written in terms of a manometer fluid reading. For hori-
zontal flow , Z\ = Z2.
[ ~]V,I
=[ ;1 ] =[ViP ] =[VIP]
vm J.L p J.L m

= [Relp
= [Relm

T he scale is 1:1, so the lengths of t he prototype and

model are the same (/,,, = ~).
2g(Pm - p)h The similarity equation red uces to
p

(;l. =(;L
(~)p= (~t
,
1.41 X 10- 5 ~
'In = Vp [ :pn = 1 (7 ;) ___----'<S""",
1.31 X 10- 6 ~
S

= 75.3 mls (75 m/s)

The answer is (D).

PPI • ppl2passocom
9-4 FE CIVIL PRACTICE

6. The hydrau lic head at the hole is

h = 2m - 0.75 ill = 1.25 ill

For an orifice discharging freely into the atmosphere,

Q = CAo~2gh

As orifice losses are neglected , C = 1. Dividing both

sides by Ao gives

v= C~2gh = 1 (2) [9. 81 ~ )(1.25 m )

= 4.95 mls

The answer;s (0).

7. Convert the frictional head loss to specific energy

loss.

tlE = hfg = (100 m)[9.81 ~)

= 981 m2/ s2 (981 J I kg)

The temperature increase is

981 1-
tlT = tlE = kg = 0.2347K
cp 4180 _J_
kg·K

The temperature difference in kelvins is the same as in

degrees Celsius.
The answer ;s (A).

PPI. ppl2pass.com