2 12

sin #39"
20
! 42.17"20, 5.01, 6.12 L
! 20t!
, we the ! 1.56 mi.athe
!substitute b !approximate
and A and 530 yards from B. If "BAC has measure 49"30&, ap-
sinfind
126.4" time t for boat to reach C:
proximate the distance between A and B.
13 # ! 65"10&, a ! 21.3, b ! 18.9
a t1.56
! 20t, we find the time for the boat to reach C:
14 t %!!20 ! , !b !
113"10& 0.08 , ! 5cmin
248hr ! 195 19 Cable car route As shown in the figure on the next page, a
20 L cable car carries passengers from a point A, which is
a 1.56
t ! ! ! 0.08
15 % ! 121.624", b ! 0.283, hr ! 5 min
c ! 0.178 1.2 miles from a point B at the base of a mountain, to a point
20 20 L P at the top of the mountain. The angles of elevation of P
16 $termines
! 73.01"that
, the ameasures of
, "BAC and "ACB are 63"20&
Exercice
and 54"10&1 : ! 17.31
, respectively
c ! 20.24
(see the figure). Approximate the
from A and B are 21" and 65", respectively.
17 Surveying To findAthe
distance between anddistance
B. between two points A and B (a) Approximate the distance between A and P.
that lie on opposite banks of a river, a surveyor lays off a
termines
line 17 that
segment
Exercise ACthe
of measures
length 240ofyards
"BAC andone
along bankare
"ACB and63"20&
de- (b) Approximate the height of the mountain.
and 54"10&, respectively (see the figure). Approximate the
termines
distancethat the measures
between A and B.of240
"BAC and "ACB are 63"20&
and 54"10&, Arespectively (see the figure). Approximate
C the
distance between
Exercise 17 A and B.

Exercise 17 63" 20& 54" 10&

240
A C
240
A C
63" 20& 54" 10&
B
63" 20& 54" 10&
8 .1 T h e L aw o f S i n e s 511
18 Surveying To determine the distance between two points A 8 . 1 T h e L a w o f S i n e s 511
and B, a surveyor chooses a point B C that is 375 yards from
(a)530 Approximate theIfangle #. has measure 49"30&, ap- (a) Approximate the distance from peak to peak.
A and yards from B. "BAC
B A and B. (a) Approximate the distance from peak to peak.
Exercice
proximate
(a) Approximate2 : distance
the the anglebetween #.
18 Surveying To determine the distance between two points A (b) Approximate the altitude of the taller peak.
19 Cable (b)caraApproximate
route As shown the distancefigure d thaton thethecenter of the top
a of
and B, surveyor choosesinathe point C that nextyards
is 375 page,from
18 (b)
Surveying thecarries
tower has moved from thea perpendicular. (b) Approximate the altitude of the taller peak.
cable
A and 530To
car
Approximate determine
yards passengers
the
from theIfdistance
distance
B. dfrom
"BACthat thebetween
has point
center
measure two
A, points
which
of the Ais
top ,of
49"30& ap- Exercise 28
and
1.2 theatower
B,
miles
proximate surveyor
from chooses
a distance
thehas point
moved a point
B atbetween
the
from base that
ofand is 375 yards
theACperpendicular.
a mountain,
B. from
to a point
A at Exercise
P and 530top
the 26
yards
of thefrom B. If "BAC
mountain. The has
angles measure 49"30&,ofap-
of elevation P Exercise 28
19Exercise
Cable
proximate
from A car
and
26
route
theB As
distance
are 21" shown
between
and 65",in the
A figure
and B.
respectively. on the next page, a
cable car carries d passengers from a point A, which is
and B 51019 C Cable
H 1.2
A PApproximate
Tmiles
E R route
8from
A P PAs 43!
(a) car d aLpoint
Ishown
theC Adistance
TBI OatNthe
in StheObase
F T RofI aGon
figure
between Oand
N
theO P.
Mnext
Amountain, E T Rto
Y a point
page, a
s off a cable
P at car carries
the top of the passengers
mountain.from a pointof A,
The angles which of
elevation is P 43!
nd de- (b)
1.2fromApproximate
miles A from
and Bua are the
point 21" height
B at
and the ofbase
65", the mountain.
of a mountain,
respectively. to a point
Exercise 19 of the brace that is needed1000"for the panel to make an angle
P at the top u of the mountain. The angles of elevation of P
A and B of 45! with the horizontal.
(a) AApproximate
from and B are 21"the and distance between A and P.
65", respectively. 1000"
ys off a P Exercise 22
and
and Bde- (a)(b)Approximate
Approximate thethe height between
distance of the mountain.
A and P.
s off a 18!
nd de- (b) Approximate the height of the mountain. 18!
21! 53! 65!
A B
d triangular prism shown in the fig-
10" volume V of the right
29 The
53!
150" 1
ure is 3 Bh, where B is the area of the base and h is the height
1.2 mi 29 The volume V of the right triangular prism shown in the fig-
150" of the prism.
ure is 13 Bh, where B is the area of the base and h is the height
Exercice
20 Length 27ofHeight
a shadow3of: aAcathedral
straight road A cathedral
makes anisangle located on a hill, as
of 15! of the prism.
shown in the
with the horizontal. When figure. Whenofthe
the angle top of the
elevation spire
of the sunis viewed (a) Approximate 25! h. (b) Approximate V.
27 Height of a cathedral A cathedral is located on a hill, as
from thepole
is 57!, a vertical baseatofthe theside
hill,ofthetheangle
road of elevation
casts a shadow is 48!. When
shown in the figure. When the top of the spire is viewed (a) Approximate h. (b) Approximate V.
75 feet long it isdirectly
vieweddown at a distance
the road,of as200
shown feetinfrom the base of the
the figure. Exercise 29
from the base of the hill, the angle of elevation is 48!. When 23 Distance to an airplane A straight road makes an angle of
Approximate hill, the
the length
angle of of elevation
the pole. is 41!. The hill rises at an angle
it is viewed at a distance of 200 feet from the base of the 22! with the horizontal.
Exercise 29 From a certain point P on the road,
Exercise of 32!. Approximate the height of the cathedral.
hill,20the angle of elevation is 41!. The hill rises at an angle the angle of elevation of an airplane at point A is 57!. At the
of 32!. Approximate the height of the cathedral. same instant, from another point Q, 100 meters farther up
Exercise 27 h
the road, the angle of elevation is 63!. As indicated in the
Exercise 27 h
figure, the points P, Q, and A lie in the same vertical plane.
Approximate the distance from P to the airplane.
Pole Exercise 23 34!
52! 103!
34!
Road A
12.0
52! 103!
15!
57! 12.0 Road
75"
48! 30 Design for a jet fighter Shown in the figure on the next
41!
21 Height of a hot-air balloon 48! The angles of elevation of a bal- page is a plan forQthe top of22!ainwing of a jet fighter.
41!200" 30 Design for a jetP fighter Shown the figure on the next
loon from two points A and B on level ground are 24!10"
page is a plan for the top of a wing of a jet fighter.
and 47!40", respectively.
200" As shown in the figure, points A
(a) Approximate angle $.
and B are 8.4 miles apart, and the balloon is between the
points,28inSighting
the samefrom a helicopter
vertical A helicopterthehovers
plane. Approximate 24
heightat an alti- Surveying A surveyor notes
(a) Approximate angle that
$. the direction from point A
tude
of28theSighting that
balloon from is 1000
abovea the feet above a mountain peak of altitude
ground. A helicopter hovers at an alti- to point B(b)
is S63!W
If the fuselage is 4.80 feetfrom
and the direction A to
wide, point C is the wing
approximate
helicopter
5210 feet, as shown in the figure. A second, taller peak is S38!W. The distance
span CC".from A to B is 239 yards, and the dis-
tude21that is 1000 feet above a mountain peak of altitude
Exercise
viewed from both the mountaintop and the helicopter. From tance(b)
fromIf the
B tofuselage
C is 374is yards.
4.80 feet wide, approximate
Approximate the wing
the distance
5210 feet, as shown in the figure. A second, taller peak is
the helicopter, the angle of depression is 43!, and from the from A tospan
C. CC".
viewed from both the mountaintop and the helicopter. From
mountaintop, the angle of elevation is 18!. (c) Approximate the area of triangle ABC.
the helicopter, the angle of depression is 43!, and from the 25 Sighting a forest fire A forest ranger at an observation
D would be incorrect. Alternatively, B we can approximate ' and then check that
matesum
the
Figure AC asthe
3 of follows:
three angles is 180°. Thus,S O L U T I O N The parallelogram ABCD and its diagonals AC and BD are
D shown in Figure 3. Using triangle ABC with ! ABC ! 65$, we may approxi-
"AC#Aa2 !
2
" 30 2 " 70
2
b30 # c2 D # 2"30#"70# cos
2
65$ 90law 2 of70
cosines
2
# 402
cos tiles , formed mate AC as " follows: ! 25$.
#so1775from acos
#1
31 Penrose ' ! Penrose ! 2ab900tiles
" 4900
are '!! 4025 rhombus approximate
2"90#"70#
ABCD having sides of length 1 and an interior angle of 72!. "AC# 2
! 30 " 702 # 2"30#"70# cos 65$ law of cosines
2

Notea that AC ! 24025 ! 63 cm

! 107$ 48$diagonal
" 25$ !
take the square root
First point%P" is & " ' that
located " the
lies on AC180$
and is . L
! 900 " 4900 # 1775 ! 4025 approximate
re of aSimilarly,
distance 1 using triangle
from vertex C, BAD
and thenandsegments
!BAD ! PB180$
and PD # 65$ ! 115$, we may ap-
earth- Exercice
Eproximate
are X drawn
AM 70P Lto E4BD: other
3
the asApproximating
vertices
follows:
70 thediagonal,
of the diagonalsas shown inAC ! 24025 ! 63 cm
of a parallelogram take the square root
omo- the figure. The two tiles formed are called a dart and a kite.
A"BD#parallelogram
2
! 302 " has 702 sides of lengths
# 2"30#"70# cos 30
115$Similarly,
centimeters
! 7575 using
and triangle BAD and
70 centimeters !BAD ! 180$ # 65$ ! 115$, we may ap-
and
s at a Three-dimensional counterparts of these tiles have been law of cosines
view one angle of measure 65°. Approximate proximate
the length of as
BD follows:
each diagonal to the
applied
nearest !molecular
BDincentimeter. ! 87 cm
27575 chemistry. L
take the square root
tation 65$ "BD#2 ! 302 " 702 # 2"30#"70# cos 115$ ! 7575 law of cosines
wave (a)
SB X LAFind
Exercice
EO ILOthe
UMTP30 E5 C
N :4degree
Finding
The measures of !BPC,
the length
parallelogram of a cable and itsand
!APB,
by !ABP.
ABCD
BD !diagonals AC and BD are
27575 ! 87 cm take the square root L
shown in Figure 3. Using triangle ABC with !
A vertical pole 40 feet tall stands on a hillside that makes an angle ABC ! 65$ , we may approxi-
of 17° with
D mate AC as follows: 4 Finding
(b)
the Approximate,
horizontal. to the nearestthe
Approximate 0.01, Elength
the length
minimal XAM ofPofL Ecable
seg- that willthe length
reach fromof a cable

C the ment
Figure
BP.
top4 of the2 pole
"AC# ! 30to2 "
a point
702 #722"30#"70#
feet downhill
cos from law
65$
A vertical the base
poleof40 of the
feet
cosines tallpole.
stands on a hillside that makes an angle of 17° with
angle
UTION !
S O LApproximate,
(c) The
to900sketch
the " in 0.01,
4900
nearest Figure
# 1775 ! the
the4area
depictsa horizontal.
4025
of the and
kite given Approximate
data.
approximate We wish the minimal length of cable that will reach from
to find
AC.theReferring
of a to
area AC the
dart. figure, we see
C cm that the top of the pole to a point 72 feet downhill from the base of the pole.
! 24025 ! 63 take the square root
40 ( The#sketch
! ABD
Exercise 31 ! 90$ # 17$ ! 73$ and S O! L UABC
T I O N! 180$
Similarly, using triangle BAD and !BAD ! 180$ # 65$ ! 115$, we may ap- 73$ !in107$.
Figure 4 depicts the given data. We wish to find
B C AC. Referring to the figure, we see that
proximate BD as
Using triangle 1follows:
ABC, we may approximate AC as follows:
ation 40 (
on B ! ABD ! 90$ # 17$ ! 73$ and ! ABC ! 180$ # 73$ ! 107$.
"BD#2 !
"AC#
2
302 "
! 72 2
702 #
" 40 2
2"30#"70# cos
# 2"72#"40# cos 107$ ! 8468
115$ ! 7575 law law of
of cosines
cosines
Kite Using triangle ABC, we may approximate AC as follows:
BD !
AC !2 7575 !
28468 ! 92
87 ftcm take
take the square
the square root
root L
1 B
D 72( "AC# ! 72 " 40 # 2"72#"40# cos 107$ ! 8468 law of cosines
2 2 2
1EXAM E 4 of Finding
P L law
The cosines the
can1length
be used of atocable
derive a formula for the area of a tri-
angle.
A
P 17 $
Let
Avertical us first
pole 40 prove a preliminary
feet tall stands result. AC ! 28468 ! 92 ft take the square root L
D on a hillside that makes an angle of 17° with
the
72!horizontal.
Dart Approximate the minimal length Theoflaw
cableof that
cosineswillcan
reachbe from
used to derive a formula for the area of a tri-
hownC the top of the pole to a point 72 feet downhill angle.from
Let the baseprove
us first of theapole.
preliminary result.
. Two A 1 D
d line
Exercice
S O L U T I O6N : The sketch in Figure 4 depicts the given data. We wish to find
522 C H A P T E R 8 A P P L I C A T I O N S O F T R I G O N O M E T R Y
AC. Referring to the figure, we see that
D and
40 ( 522Automotive
32 C H A P T Edesign
R 8 A PThe
P L Irear
C A Thatchback
I O N S O F door
T R I GofO an
N Oautomo-
METRY
, CD, bile !is ABD
42 inches
! 90$ long.
#A 17$strut
! with
73$ a fullyandextended ! ABClength! 180$ # 73$ ! 107$.
of 24 inches is to be attached to the door and the body of the 36 $ ! 35.7#, % ! 105.2#, b ! 17.2
Using
of 24car triangle
so
inches that ABC,
when
is to thewe may
door
be attached approximate
toisthe
opened the ACbodyas
completely,
door and offollows:
the strut is 36 $ ! 35.7#, % ! 105.2#, b ! 17.2
the
B car sovertical
that and the
when therear
doorclearance
is openediscompletely,
32 inches, as theshown in the
strut is 37 $ ! 80.1#, a ! 8.0, b ! 3.4
"AC# 2
figure.! 722 " 402 #the2"72#"40# ofcos 107$ ! TQ8468 TP.law of cosines
vertical andApproximate
the rear clearancelengths segments
is 32 inches, as shown and
in the 37 $ ! 80.1#, a ! 8.0, b ! 3.4
! 28468 the
ACApproximate
figure. ! 92 ft of segments TQ and TP. take the square root
lengths L
Exercise 32 38 % ! 32.1#, a ! 14.6, c ! 15.8
D
ExerciseThe 32law of cosines can be used to deriveHa formula for 38the 32.1#,
% !area ! 14.6,
of a atri- c ! 15.8
angle. Let us first prove a preliminaryP result. H 39 a ! 25.0, b ! 80.0, c ! 60.0
P 39 a ! 25.0, b ! 80.0, c ! 60.0
40 a ! 20.0, b ! 20.0, c ! 10.0
T
40 a ! 20.0, b ! 20.0, c ! 10.0
T 24& 32&
Exer. 41–42: A triangular field has sides of lengths a, b, and
24& 32&
(in yards).
Exer.c 41–42: Approximate
A triangular field the
has number of acresa,inb, the
sides of lengths andfield
Q c (in(1yards). 4840 yd2). the number of acres in the field
acre !Approximate
26# Q (1 acre
41 !a! 115,yd ). b ! 140,
4840 2
c ! 200
B
26#
42& 41 a ! 115, b ! 140, c ! 200
B
42& 42 a ! 320, b ! 350, c ! 500
42 a ! 320, b ! 350, c ! 500
Exer. 43–44: Approximate the area of a parallelogram that
Exer. 33–40: Approximate the area of triangle ABC.
Exer.has sides Approximate
43–44: of lengths a and (in feet)
thebarea if one angle at that
of a parallelogram a vertex
Exer.
3333–40:
$ ! 60#,Approximate
b ! 20,the area c!of 30
triangle ABC. has has
sidesmeasure u. a and b (in feet) if one angle at a vertex
of lengths
33 $ ! 60#, b ! 20, c ! 30 has 43
measure u.
a ! 12.0, b ! 16.0, ' ! 40#
34 % ! 45#, b ! 10.0, a ! 15.0 43 a ! 12.0, b ! 16.0, ' ! 40#
34 % ! 45#, b ! 10.0, a ! 15.0 44 a ! 40.3, b ! 52.6, ' ! 100#
35 $ ! 40.3#, " ! 62.9#, b ! 5.63 44 a ! 40.3, b ! 52.6, ' ! 100#
35 $ ! 40.3#, " ! 62.9#, b ! 5.63

8.3 Quantities such as area, volume, length, temperature, and time have magnitude
8.3 only and
Quantities
propriate
canasbearea,
such
unit of
completely
volume,characterized
measurement
by a single
length, temperature,
such as in
and real
timenumber (with an ap-
have magnitude
2, ft3, cm, deg, or sec). A quantity of
only and can be completely characterized by a single real number (with an ap-
Vectors this type scalar quantity, is a scalar.
propriate unitisofa measurement suchandas the
in2, corresponding
ft3, cm, deg, orreal number
sec). A quantity of
Vectors A concept such as velocity or force has both magnitude and
this type is a scalar quantity, and the corresponding real number is a scalar. direction and is
often represented
A concept such as velocity directed
by a or force haslineboth
segment—that
magnitude and is,direction
a line segment
and is to
which a direction has been assigned. Another name for
often represented by a directed line segment—that is, a line segment a directed line segment
to
is a vector.
which a direction has been assigned. Another l name for a directed line segment