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ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE
A Study of Interrelationships, 16th Edition
Chapter 5

Interactions: Environments and Organisms

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 Outline
5.1 Ecological Concepts.
5.2 The Role of Natural Selection and Evolution.
5.3 Kinds of Organism Interactions.
5.4 Community and Ecosystem Interactions.

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 5.1 Ecological Concepts

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 Vocabulary
Ecology
Environment
Biotic factor
Abiotic factor
Organization

Species

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 WARM UP

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 Activity Time
https://byjus.com/biology/ecology/, Use this link to help you solve
the following tasks
TASK 2
Task 1 1. What are limiting
factors?
1. What is meant by ecology?
2. How are ecology and
2. What are factors affect on evolution related?
the environment?
3. Temperature is a limiting
3. What are types of ecology? factor. ( Explain)

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 5.1 Ecological Concepts
Ecology is the study of ways organisms interact with each
other and with their nonliving surroundings.
Environment means everything that affects an organism
during its lifetime.
• Abiotic factors: Nonliving things that influence an organism, such as
energy, nonliving matter, living space, and ecological processes.
• Biotic factors: All forms of life with which the organism interacts.

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 Levels of Organization in Ecology

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 Limiting Factors
Limiting factors are any factors whose shortage or absence
restricts species success.
• Scarcity of water or specific nutrients (plants).

• Climate, availability of a specific food (animals).

Range of tolerance indicates a range of conditions in which

an organism can survive.
Some species have a broad range of tolerance, while others
have a narrow range of tolerance.

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 Temperature Is a Limiting Factor

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 Link with other subject

Biology

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 What is the importance of
this lesson in our life?

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 Assessment
Compare and contrast between Biotic and
Abiotic factors.

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WARM UP

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 Habitat and Niche 1

The habitat of an organism is the space in which an

organism lives; it is defined by the biological requirements of
each particular organism.
• Usually highlighted by prominent physical or biological features.

The niche of an organism is the functional role (profession)

the organism has in its surroundings.
• This term includes all the ways an organism affects the
organisms with which it interacts as well as how it modifies its
physical surroundings.

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 Habitat and Niche 2

The Ecological Niche of a Beaver The Niche of a Dandelion

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 Moss Habitat
The habitat of mosses is typically cool, moist, and shady,
since many mosses die if they are subjected to drying.

Mosses must have a thin layer of water present in order to

reproduce sexually.

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 ACTIVITY TIME
Work in pairs
Make your own Power point presentation explain the following
Support it by pictures
1. Explain each of the following Gene , Population and
Species

2. Identify the relation between genes and population

3. Explain the meaning of natural selection and what are the

several conditions and steps are involved in the process
of natural selection

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 4-22

Discussion and TAG TIME

© 2019 McGraw-Hill Education.

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 What is the importance of
this lesson in our life?

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 Assessment
Compare and contrast between Genes and
population

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 Genes, Populations, and Species
Genes are distinct pieces of DNA that determine the
characteristics an individual displays.
A population includes all organisms of the same kind found
within a specific geographic region.
• A population contains more kinds of genes than any single
individual within the population.

A species is a population of all the organisms potentially

capable of reproducing naturally among themselves and
having offspring that also reproduce.

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 Natural Selection 1

Natural selection is the

process that determines
which individuals within a
species will reproduce and
pass their genes to the next
generation.
The changes seen in the
genes and characteristics
displayed by successive
generations of a population of
organisms over time is known
as evolution.

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 Natural Selection 2

Several conditions and steps

are involved in the process of
natural selection:
1. Individuals within a species
show genetically determined
variation.
2. Organisms within a species
typically produce more
offspring than are needed to
replace the parents when they
die. Most of the offspring die.
3. The excess number of
individuals results in a shortage
of specific resources.

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 Natural Selection 3

4. Due to individual
variation, some
individuals have a greater
chance of obtaining
needed resources and
therefore have a greater
likelihood of surviving and
reproducing than others.
5. As time passes, the
percentage of individuals
showing favorable
variations will increase
while the percentage
showing unfavorable
variations will decrease.

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 Evolutionary Patterns 1

Speciation is the production of new species from previously

existing species.
• It is thought to occur as a result of a species dividing into two
isolated subpopulations.

Extinction is the loss of an entire species.

• Of the estimated 500 million species believed to have ever
existed on Earth, 98 to 99% have gone extinct.

Coevolution is the concept that two or more species can

reciprocally influence the evolutionary direction of the other.
• Grazing animals and grass species.

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 Evolutionary Patterns 2

Speciation Extinction

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 Coevolution
Coevolution is the concept that two or more species of
organisms can reciprocally influence the evolutionary
direction of the other. In other words, organisms affect the
evolution of other organisms.
Since all organisms are influenced by other organisms, this is
a common pattern.

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 5.3 Kinds of Organism Interactions
Predation is a kind of
interaction in which one
animal kills/eats another.
• Predator benefits from food.
• Prey organism is harmed.
• Both predator and prey
organisms show adaptations
to their role.

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 Competition 1

Competition is a kind of
interaction in which two
organisms strive to obtain the
same limited resource.
• Intraspecific competition is
competition between
members of same species.
• Interspecific competition is
competition between
members of different species.

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 Competition 2

• Interspecific
competition is
competition between
members of different
species.

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 Symbiotic Relationships 1

Symbiosis is a close, long-lasting, physical relationship

between two different species. At least one species derives
benefit from the interaction.
There are three categories of symbiotic relationships:
• Parasitism.
• Commensalism.
• Mutualism.

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 Symbiotic Relationships 3

Parasitism is a relationship in which one organism (parasite)

lives in or on another organism (host), from which it derives
nourishment.
Ectoparasites live on the host’s surface.
• Fleas, lice, molds, mildews.

Endoparasites live inside the body of the host.

• Tapeworms, malaria parasites, bacteria, fungi.

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 Parasitism

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 Symbiotic Relationships 2

Commensalism is a relationship in which one organism

benefits while the other is not affected.
• Remoras and sharks.

Mutualism is a relationship in which both species benefit.

The relationship is obligatory in many cases, as neither can
exist without the other.
• Mycorrhizae.

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 Commensalism

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 Mutualism
Root nodules containing Oxpeckers removing
nitrogen-fixing bacteria parasites

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