World Regional Geography Without Subregions Global Patterns Local Lives 6th Edition Pulsipher Test Bank

World Regional Geography without
Subregions Global Patterns Local Lives

6th Edition Pulsipher Test Bank
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CHAPTER 7
SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA
INTRODUCTION
Multiple-Choice
1. The ratio of Kenyans with mobile phones is:
a) one out of ten.

b) nine out of ten.* [Pg. 284]
c) one out of four.
d) three out of five.
2. What does the word Ushahidi mean in Swahili?
a) speak
b) share
c) confession
d) testimony* [Pg. 284]
3. Ushahidi was originally designed to share information quickly about which of the
following events?
a) violence during the 2008 elections in Kenya* [Pg. 284]

b) the earthquake in Haiti
c) the Arab Spring revolution
d) the Syrian civil war
4. In 2012, sub-Saharan Africa was home to ________ of the ten fastest-growing

economies in the world.
a) two
b) four
c) six* [Pg. 285]
d) ten
5. Which of the following statements does NOT describe sub-Saharan Africa?
a) The region is geographically larger than North America and Europe combined.
b) The region is extremely densely populated.* [Pg. 284]
c) It is home to several of the world’s fastest growing economies.
d) The region includes 48 countries.
True-False
1
6. As a result of the nations of sub-Saharan Africa receiving independence during the
twentieth century, wealth has mostly stayed within the region.
Answer: FALSE [Pg. 285]
I. THE GEOGRAPHIC SETTING
Multiple-Choice
7. According to the textbook, which country is NOT part of the sub-Saharan Africa
region?
a) Zambia
b) Namibia
c) Sudan* [Pg. 286]
d) Ethiopia
8. The capital of the Republic of Congo is:
a) Brazzaville.* [Pg. 286]

b) Abu Dhabi.
c) Mogadishu.
d) Kinshasa.
9. The Democratic Republic of Congo was formerly known as:
a) Rhodesia.
b) Tanganyika.
c) Zaire.* [Pg. 286]
d) Bechuanaland.
Short-Answer
10. The Democratic Republic of Congo was once known as ______________.
Answer: Zaire [Pg. 286]
Physical Patterns
Multiple-Choice
11. The two largest continents are:
2
a) Europe and Asia.
b) Africa and Asia.* [Pg. 286]
c) Asia and South America.
d) Australia and Africa.
12. More than one-fourth of the African continent is covered by the:
a) Kalahari Desert.
b) Rub’al Khali.
c) Sahel.
d) Sahara Desert.* [Pg. 286]
13. Which mountain is located in Africa?
a) Corcovado
b) Kilimanjaro* [Pg. 286]
c) Fuji
d) Parnassus
14. Which is NOT true of the physical geography of the African continent?
a) Its coastline is home to many natural harbors.* [Pg. 286]

b) Its physical geography has long hindered transport.
c) The continent’s surface is basically a plateau bordered by narrow coastal
lowlands.
d) It was most likely the center of Pangaea.
15. Africa’s lack of mountain ranges can be explained by:
a) the erosion process of African rivers wearing away the ancient mountain
formations.
b) the intense heat of the region, which prevents mountain ranges from forming.
c) weather patterns that deposit silt in the Northern Hemisphere.
d) a lack of collision of tectonic plates.* [Pg. 286]
16. Which body of water separates Africa and Asia?
a) Caspian Sea
b) Mediterranean Sea
c) Persian Gulf
d) Red Sea* [Pg. 287]
17. The band of atmospheric currents that circle the globe roughly around the
equator is known as the __________________.
3
a) ITCZ* [Pg. 287]
b) Tropic of Cancer
c) Sahel
d) Maghreb
18. The rain produced by the intertropical convergence zone is most abundant:
a) near the Tropic of Cancer.

b) near the Tropic of Capricorn.
c) near the Equator.* [Pg. 287]
d) in South Africa, Swaziland, and Lesotho.
19. The southern fringes of the Sahara Desert are known as the:
a) Sahel.* [Pg. 287]

b) Kalahari.
c) Ethiopian Highlands.
d) Maghreb.
20. The world’s deserts are generally found at about ___°N and S latitude.
a) 10
b) 20
c) 30* [Pg. 287]
d) 40
21. Which desert is NOT located in Africa?
a) the Sahara
b) the Namib
c) the Kalahari
d) the Rub’al Khali* [Pg. 287]
22. In Africa, tropical wet climates transition into seasonally wet/dry tropical
woodlands, followed by another transition into:
a) savanna.* [Pg. 287]

b) tundra.
c) taiga.
d) wetlands.
23. The Horn of Africa is one of the _______________ parts of the continent.
a) most densely populated

b) coldest
c) rainiest
4
d) driest* [Pg. 287]
24. The current that flows northward along the west coast of Africa is the:
a) Peru.
b) Bechuana.
c) Benguela.* [Pg. 287]
d) Namibia.
25. What process is creating a series of rift features along the eastern flank of the
African continent?
a) Crustal plates that underlie the African continent are spreading apart.* [Pg. 287]
b) The Somali Plate is colliding with the African Plate.
c) Subduction is occurring as the Somali Plate dives under the Eurasian Plate.
d) Small amounts of molten rock have surfaced and accumulated.
26. Which of the following is the most accurate general description of the
geomorphology of the African continent?
a) It resembles a dinner plate with a sunken interior ringed by weathered

mountains.
b) It is comparable to a rumpled carpet with high mountains and narrow valleys.
c) It appears as an inclined plane, sloping from north to south.
d) It resembles a raised platform edged by narrow coastlines.* [Pg. 286]
27. Which of the following characterizes the intertropical convergence zone and its
effects on Africa’s climate?
a) Warm westward-moving air comes together with the Mediterranean high-

pressure cell, which traps the air at the ground and prevents it from releasing its
moisture.
b) Cool air from the northern latitudes moves into Africa, blocking warm, moist air
from the continent’s interior.
c) Warm southerly winds meet warm northerly winds, causing uplift and cooling of
the air, which then releases moisture as rain.* [Pg. 287]
d) Cool air masses from the north and south meet south of the Sahara causing cool,
wet conditions to prevail over the African interior.
28. What are the names of the African deserts found at roughly 30°Nand 30°S,
respectively?
a) the Sahara and the Namib and Kalahari* [Pg. 287]

b) the Sahara and the Gobi
c) the Arabian and the Namib
d) the Arabian and the Gobi
5
Short-Answer
29. The word used to describe the long cliffs between Africa’s plateau and coast is
______________.
Answer: escarpments [Pg. 286]
30. The band of atmospheric currents that circle the globe roughly around the
equator is known as the __________________.
Answer: intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ) [Pg. 287]
31. The triangular peninsula that juts out from northeastern Africa below the Red
Sea is known as the ______________________.
Answer: Horn of Africa [Pg. 287]
32. What term is used to describe the long cliffs around the rim of Africa?
Answer: escarpments [Pg. 298]
33. Most of the rainfall in sub-Saharan Africa is a product of what climatic feature?
Answer: the intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ) [Pg. 287]
34. What is the name for the region on the southern fringe of the Sahara where
steppe and savanna grasses grow?
Answer: the Sahel [Pg. 286]
True-False
35. The Republic of Congo and the Democratic Republic of Congo are two names for
the same country.
36. Africa and North America are about the same size.
37. Africa has no major mountain ranges.
6
Answer: TRUE [Pg. 286]
38. Africa’s coastline is home to many rich natural harbors.
39. The surface of the African continent can be described as a plateau bordered by
narrow and uniform coastal lowlands.
40. Tectonic activity continues today in Africa’s eastern flank.
41. Seasonal climates in Africa differ more by the amount of rainfall than by
temperature.
42. Only about 25 percent of sub-Saharan Africa experiences a tropical climate.
43. The ITCZ follows the area of Earth’s surface that has the lowest average
temperature at any given time.
44. The continent of Africa is the world’s second largest.
45. As it shifts north and south seasonally, the intertropical convergence zone
(ITCZ) follows the area of Earth’s surface with the highest average temperatures.
46. The weather conditions associated with the intertropical convergence zone
(ITCZ), which brings most rainfall to Africa, do not bring rain to the Sahara.
Essay
7
47. Explain what the ITCZ is and how it brings rain to different parts of Africa. How
is the ITCZ related to the locations of deserts?
Most rainfall comes to Africa by way of the intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ), a
band of atmospheric currents that circle the globe roughly around the equator. At
the ITCZ, warm winds converge from both the north and south and push against
each other. This causes the air to rise, cool, and release moisture in the form of rain.
The rainfall produced by the ITCZ is most abundant in Africa near the equator. Here,
dense tropical rainforests flourish in places such as the Congo Basin.
The ITCZ shifts north and south seasonally, generally following the area of
Earth’s surface that has the highest average temperature at any given time. Thus,
during the height of summer in the Southern Hemisphere in January, the ITCZ might
bring rain far enough south to water the dry grasslands, or steppes, of Botswana.
During the height of summer in the Northern Hemisphere in August, the ITCZ brings
rain as far north as the southern fringes of the Sahara—an area called the Sahel,
where steppe and savanna grasses grow. Poleward of both of these extremes, the
belt of air that has dumped its moisture while rising and cooling is now drier. At
roughly 30°N latitude (the Sahara) and 30°S latitude (the Namib and Kalahari
deserts) the drier air descends forming a sub-tropical high-pressure zone that shuts
out lighter, warmer, moister air. As a result of this system that is in no way precise,
deserts tend to be found in Africa (and on other continents) in these zones about 30°
north and south of the Equator. [Pg. 287]
Environmental Issues
Multiple-Choice
48. The process by which trees remove carbon from the air and store it in their
biomass is known as:
a) carbon sequestration.* [Pg. 287]

b) photosynthesis.
c) nitrogen shedding.
d) tectonic activity.
49. Which two products or technologies supply Africans with most of their domestic
energy?
a) oil and natural gas

b) wood and charcoal* [Pg. 289]
c) solar energy and wind energy
d) water energy and biofuels
50. Which of the following is a criticism sometimes made of agroforestry?
8
a) It requires more intensive use of resources than traditional methods.
b) It is not consistent with the goals of the Green Belt Movement.
c) It sometimes brings invasive species onto the African continent.* [Pg. 289]
d) It simply switches agriculture from one crop to another.
51. The Green Belt Movement was founded by:
a) Precious Ramotswe.
b) Ellen Johnson-Sirleaf.
c) Immaculee Dhangati.
d) Wangari Maathi.* [Pg. 289]
52. The strong promoter of agroforestry founded by Wangari Maathi, designed to

help rural women plant trees for use as fuelwood, is known as the:
a) Grameen System.
b) Micocredit Scheme.
c) Green Belt Movement.* [Pg. 289]
d) ITCZ Initiative.
53. Which of the following health is issues is a result of burning charcoal for fuel?
a) asthma* [Pg. 289]

b) HIV infection
c) malaria
d) hepatitis
54. Which of the following is NOT common among the population of Africa?
a) subsistence farming
b) mixed agriculture
c) fishing, hunting, and gathering
d) extraction of minerals for energy production* [Pg. 291]
55. Which term refers to a type of farming in which the farmer produces food only
for the farmer’s family?
a) mixed agriculture
b) subsistence agriculture* [Pg. 291]
c) grameen agriculture
d) aquaculture
56. Most African famines have been caused by:
a) drought.
9
b) volcanic eruptions.
c) political instability.* [Pg. 292]
d) global warming.
57. For most Africans, what activity remains a major source of their livelihood?
a) manufacturing
b) mining
c) tourism
d) subsistence agriculture* [Pg. 291]
58. Which of the following uses of wood has contributed most to the disappearance
of dry forests?
a) fuel* [Pg. 289]

b) medicine
c) building materials
d) furniture
59. Which is NOT an agricultural issue currently facing Africa?
a) Some of the most common commercial crops are less well adapted to
environments outside their natural range.
b) Commercial crops tend to be planted in large fields of just one crop, which leaves
them vulnerable to pests.
c) The prices of commercial crops are set on the world market, which can lead to
price fluctuations that leave people without enough income to survive.
d) The most common commercial crops grown in Africa are in less demand on
world markets as a result of the explosion of soybean as a food staple across the
world.* [Pg. 292]
60. Which statement best summarizes the practices of the British experts who
promoted commercial agricultural systems in Nigeria?
a) They relied on local practices to find the most sustainable uses for the land.
b) They insisted on planting crops that could not grow successfully in Nigeria.
c) They instituted a local education system to help disseminate agricultural
knowledge.
d) They did not include local women in their planning, even though Nigerian women
have extensive knowledge of farming techniques.* [Pg. 292]
61. Which two countries of sub-Saharan Africa are working on a plan to dam the
Niger River?
a) Mali and Niger* [Pg. 294]

b) Niger and Nigeria
10
c) Cameroon and Gabon
d) Mauritania and Senegal
62. Which of the following is among the strategies used by cultivators in the wet
tropics to maintain soil fertility?
a) clear and plant large patches with one species

b) clear small plots and allow for the Sun to bake and seal nutrients in the soil
c) plant only one species at a time
d) allow the land to reforest after 3 years* [Pg. 291]
63. According to the textbook, which of the following has NOT been well understood
by Western (American and European) advisers and aid officials concerning
indigenous African agriculture?
a) Men produce most of the food for family consumption.

b) Indigenous practices are less sustainable than Western techniques.
c) Traditional systems are more complex than suggested systems assume.* [Pg. 292]
d) With fertilizer, African soils can remain fertile under continuous use.
64. Which of the following best describes a recent discovery concerning water in
sub-Saharan Africa?
a) Groundwater supplies are far smaller than once thought.

b) Groundwater supplies are almost completely polluted by mineral extraction
projects.
c) Although groundwater is plentiful, it is located too deep to be accessed by bore
wells.
d) The quantity of groundwater is far greater than previously thought.* [Pg. 294]
65. Which of the following is the best characterization of the climatic conditions
brought about by the slow advance of the African Sahel?
a) cold
b) arid* [Pg. 294-295]
c) wet
d) warm
66. Pastoralism is another word for:
a) agriculture.
b) herding.* [Pg. 294]
c) economic development.
d) politics.
11
67. The process by which arid conditions spread to areas that were previously moist
is called:
a) zone convergence.
b) zone diversification.
c) desertification.* [Pg. 294]
d) savannosis.
68. Desertification in Africa is most apparent along the:
a) equator.
b) Sahel.* [Pg. 295]
c) Maghreb.
d) Congo Basin.
69. The Masai Mara game reserve, known for the annual migration of wildebeest,
zebras, and gazelles, is located in:
a) Kenya.* [Pg. 295]

b) Nigeria.
c) Chad.
d) Senegal.
70. Which of the following solutions is NOT being tried or considered in sub-Saharan
Africa to protect wildlife?
a) efforts to reduce poaching

b) increased ecotourism
c) interference with natural migration patterns to prevent animals from drowning
d) traps to kill predators who feed on weaker species* [Pg. 295]
71. What fraction of the world’s national park land is in Africa?
a) one-one hundredth
b) one-tenth
c) one-third* [Pg. 295]
d) three-fourths
Short-Answer
72. In recognition of the rapid loss of forests, what practice is being adopted that
emphasizes economically useful trees to take the pressure off of old-growth forests?
Answer: agroforestry [Pg. 289]
12
73. Name the primary energy source for households and industries in sub-Saharan
Africa.
Answer: wood or charcoal [Pg. 289]
74. What practice do most sub-Saharan Africans practice that involves alternating
the use of fields between cultivation and grazing?
Answer: mixed agriculture [Pg. 291]
75. The raising of economically useful trees is known as ______________.
Answer: agroforestry [Pg. 289]
76. What type of agriculture do most Africans undertake, which includes crops and a
small number of livestock?
Answer: mixed agriculture [Pg. 291]
77. What is the name of the African region that runs south along the Sahara and is
threatened by desertification?
Answer: the Sahel [Pg. 295]
78. What is the name used in the book for the process in which moist areas become
increasingly more arid?
Answer: desertification [Pg. 294]
79. What is the name of the type of tourism fostered by African countries used to
promote wildlife conservation?
Answer: ecotourism [Pg. 295]
True-False
80. The environments of West Africa have dried out over the past several decades
due in large part to human activities.
81. In sub-Saharan Africa, human activities have not had a noticeable effect on the
continent’s tropical rainforests.
13
82. Despite the abundance of oil in Nigeria, most Nigerians use fuelwood because
petroleum products are too expensive.
83. Agroforestry has no associated problems.
84. Much deforestation in Africa has occurred to reap exportable hardwoods.
85. African nations have traditionally been major contributors to the buildup of
greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.
86. In Nigeria, which is a major oil producer, most people still use fuelwood for
energy.
87. Commercial agriculture tends to lead to the permanent clearing of fields, which
leads to declined soil fertility.
88. What is the name of the method of farming in which small patches of land are
cleared, often by burning the vegetation, so as to produce fertile soil in the wet
tropics?
Answer: shifting cultivation [Pg. 291]
89. Among the strategies used by longtime cultivators of the wet tropics to maintain
soil fertility is the practice of keeping small patches of land under continuous use for
several decades.
90. Wildlife is particularly vulnerable to the effects of global climate change.
14
Essay
91. Describe the effects of traditional herding and new methods of pastoralism on
the environment?
Many traditional herding areas in Africa are now undergoing desertification, the
process by which arid conditions spread to areas that were previously moist. The
drying out is often the result of the loss of native vegetation; traditional herding may
be partially to blame, but economic development schemes that encourage cattle
raising are also at fault. Cattle need more water and forage than do traditional
herding animals and so can place greater stress on native grasslands than goats or
camels do. Agricultural intensification in the Sahel also contributes to
desertification, as scarce water resources are diverted to irrigation, leaving dry,
vegetation-less soils exposed to wind erosion. [Pg. 294]
92. Explain shifting cultivation. Why is this method of agriculture important to help
tropical soils maintain their quality?
Answer:
To maintain soil quality in a tropical wet or wet/dry climate, subsistence farmers
have long used shifting cultivation, in which small patches of forest are cleared, with
the detritus either burned or left to decay, and the clearings are cultivated with a
wide variety of plants for 2 or 3 years and then are abandoned and left to regrow.
After a few decades, the soil naturally replenishes its organic matter and nutrients
and is ready to be cultivated again. However, when fallow periods are reduced, as is
happening in many rural areas that have increasingly high population densities, the
soil can become degraded. [Pg. 291]
Human Patterns Over Time
Multiple-Choice
93. The original home of the human species is:
a) Asia.
b) Europe.
c) Africa.* [Pg. 297]
d) North America.
94. Modern humans (homo sapiens) evolved in eastern Africa about __________ years
ago.
a) 10,000
15
b) 100,000
c) 250,000* [Pg. 297]
d) 500,000
95. The African culture that developed around 700 C.E., when Europe was
recovering from the collapse of the Roman Empire, was found in what is modern-
day:
a) Botswana.
b) Namibia.
c) Zimbabwe.* [Pg. 297]
d) Zambia.
96. In what part of Africa did the first human species evolve into existence?
a) Southern Africa
b) East Africa* [Pg. 297]
c) West Africa
d) North Africa
97. Which of the following statements does NOT describe Africa before European
contact?
a) China operated multiple colonial operations to obtain African minerals.* [Pg. 297-
298]
b) Wealthy Islamic kingdoms were making pilgrimages from West Africa to Mecca.
c) A slave trade flourished between African cities and Southwest and South Asia.
d) Societies based on mining and iron smelting developed.
98. After they were extracted from their homes, into what service were many
African slaves sold?
a) underground mining in India and South America

b) domestic workers in Europe
c) plantation labor in the Americas* [Pg. 298]
d) factory workers in the Americas
99. The first Europeans to raid Africa for slaves were the:
a) French.
b) British.
c) Dutch.
d) Portuguese.* [Pg. 298]
100. Which statement is NOT true of the African slave trade between 1600 and
1865?
16
a) Europeans paid native African kingdoms to make slave raids into the interior of
Africa.
b) About equal numbers of male slaves and female slaves were sent to the
Americas.* [Pg. 298]
c) About 12 million slaves were sent to the Americas.
d) About 90 percent of the slaves ended up in South America, while about 10
percent ended up in North America.
101. Which of the following is NOT an effect of the European slave trade?
a) Twelve million Africans were captured and sold.

b) Africans continue to enslave each other, even today.
c) Africans were made dependent on European goods and technologies.
d) The Caribbean and North American economies were glutted with too much
labor.* [Pg. 298-299]
102. Which of the following events involving Europe and Africa occurred during the
eighteenth and early nineteenth century?
a) Europeans began selling Africans as slaves in the Americas.

b) Europe established formal colonies in Africa.* [Pg. 299]
c) The Portuguese became the first Europeans to reach West Africa.
d) Europeans brought high-yield agriculture to Africa.
103. By what means did nineteenth-century European powers prevent armed

conflicts among themselves in Africa in their separate colonial efforts?
a) They established distinct boundaries between their territorial claims in Africa to

divide tribal groups and weaken them.* [Pg. 299]
b) They allowed African tribal leaders to arbitrate their territorial disputes.
c) They created a federation of African nations to manage the continent’s resources.
d) They urged the United States to mediate conflicts and enforce resolutions.
104. Which of the following statements is NOT true of slavery in modern-day Africa?
a) It is widely practiced in Swaziland, Lesotho, and South Africa.* [Pg. 299]
b) It is most common in the Sahel.
c) Some slaves have been sold by their parents to pay off debts.
d) Slaves often work as domestic servants or prostitutes.
105. The country once known as Abyssinia is now known as:
a) Nigeria.
b) South Africa.
c) Ethiopia.* [Pg. 299]
d) Somalia.
17
106. The only two European nations NOT colonized by Europe are:
a) Egypt and Libya.

b) Chad and Sudan.
c) Liberia and Ethiopia.* [Pg. 299]
d) Togo and Benin.
107. Which of the following was NOT a result of European colonialism in Africa?
a) National boundaries were sometimes set up to divide and weaken tribal groups.
b) Colonial officials encouraged hostilities between indigenous groups.
c) Food production decreased so that more exportable goods could be produced.
d) Apartheid was declared in all the nations of sub-Saharan Africa.* [Pg. 299]
108. The peninsula that shelters a harbor on the southwestern coast of South Africa
is known as:
a) Gibraltar.
b) the Horn of Africa.
c) Tierra del Fuego
d) the Cape of Good Hope.* [Pg. 299]
109. The Dutch farmers who were among the first European settlers of South Africa
were known as the:
a) Flemish.
b) Boers.* [Pg. 299]
c) Transvaal.
d) Homesteaders.
110. Which two natural resources were discovered in South Africa in the 1860s?
a) coal and bauxite

b) silver and copper
c) gold and diamonds* [Pg. 299]
d) oil and natural gas
111. The home of the Boers following Britain’s outlawing of slavery was:
a) Namibia.
b) the Ivory Coast.
c) the Congo Basin.
d) the Orange Free State and the Transvaal.* [Pg. 299]
112. The official system of racial segregation enforced in South Africa was known as:
18
a) ethnic cleansing.
b) apartheid.* [Pg. 299]
c) the Boer War.
d) Afrikaans.
113. Which statement is NOT true of apartheid?
a) Under apartheid, everyone except whites had to carry identification papers at all
times.
b) Eighty percent of the land of South Africa was reserved for the use of whites.
c) The system was instituted and maintained by the African National Congress.* [Pg.
299]
d) Though apartheid officially ended in 1994, South Africa is still in the process of
dismantling systems of racial discrimination.
114. Which of the following occurred shortly after the Dutch gained control over the
Cape of Good Hope in the 1650s in what is now the country of South Africa?
a) European migration to Africa* [Pg. 299]

b) the first major acquisition of African slaves by Europeans
c) the formal partitioning of Africa into colonies
d) the end of the African slave trade with the Americas came
115. Which of the following statements describes the people known as the Boers?
a) African Bantu peoples who willingly adopted European practices and values
b) British merchants who established early trade between Europe and Africa
c) Dutch immigrant farmers who were among the first Europeans to settle in Africa*
[Pg. 299]
d) African colonial subjects of Germany who resisted the external political control
116. Which of the following secured the economic future of the areas known as the
Transvaal and the Orange Free State?
a) seaport services, including the slave trade

b) coffee and tobacco cultivation
c) European military installations
d) diamond and gold mines* [Pg. 299]
117. Which one of the following statements accurately reflects the circumstances of
the Boer War?
a) Boer nationalists attempted to seize control over British diamond mines.

b) The Dutch attempted to forcibly acquire South Africa from the Boers.
19
c) The British invaded the Orange Free State and the Transvaal.* [Pg. 300]
d) Germany sought to expel the Boers from their native lands in South Africa.
118. Which of the following resulted from South Africa’s policy of apartheid?
a) the assignment of all black people in the country to their so-called “homelands”*
[Pg. 300]
b) the creation of reservations wherein white people could live safely
c) the expulsion of all white people from South Africa
d) the equal distribution of lands according to the population’s racial makeup
119. In what year did the apartheid era in South Africa formally come to an end?
a) 1948
b) 1967
c) 1994* [Pg. 301]
d) 1980
120. In most cases, the colonial period formally came to an end during what decade?
a) 1980s
b) 1960s* [Pg. 301]
c) 1940s
d) 1910s
121. The first African state to achieve independence from Europe was:
a) Ghana.* [Pg. 301]

b) Egypt.
c) South Africa.
d) Botswana.
122. Who was elected leader of South Africa during the first national elections in
which black South Africans could vote?
a) Otto von Bismarck

b) Nelson Mandela* [Pg. 301]
c) Jimmy Carter
d) Ellen Johnson-Sirleaf
123. Which is NOT true of modern Africa?
a) Slavery still exists.

b) Corruption and abuse of power have been the marks of many governments.
c) Africa must import food, and it still produces few of its manufactured goods.
20
d) After the fall of apartheid, South Africa lost its place as the region’s wealthiest
country.*[Pg. 301]
124. Which of the following does NOT reflect the lasting influence of the colonial
period on African societies?
a) Many independent African governments are undemocratic.

b) Europeanized elites usually dominate government and the economy.
c) African economies depend on the export of raw materials.
d) African governments effectively redistribute wealth to an impoverished
majority.* [Pg. 301]
Short-Answer
125. On what continent did the first humans evolve and eventually begin to cultivate
plants?
Answer: Africa [Pg. 297]
126. What present-day African country was a site of a large civilization with many
stone buildings, a mining operation, and agricultural development in the fifteenth
century?
Answer: Zimbabwe [Pg. 297]
127. Africa is thought to be the ancient home of the human race.
128. Less than 324 years ago, European agriculturists were the first to cultivate the
African wet tropics.
129. Prior to European colonization, sub-Saharan Africa was home to several

wealthy and powerful kingdoms and empires.
Answer: TRUE [Pg. 297-298]
130. The Europeans were not the first outsiders to exploit Africa for slave labor.
131. The people of the powerful empires of Ghana and Mali were generally converts
of what religion that was known for making pilgrimages to Mecca/Makkah?
21
Answer: Islam [Pg. 298]
132. Due to trading relations with Southwest and South Asia, society in many
ancient cities in West and East Africa reflected the influence of what religion?
Answer: Islam [Pg. 298]
133. To what use were most African slaves in the Americas put after being
purchased from European slave traders
Answer: plantation labor [Pg. 298]
134. Name the world region that was the destination for most of the slaves extracted
from Africa during the European slave trade.
Answer: Middle and South America [Pg. 298]
135. Name two areas of European interest in the inland areas of Africa.
Answer: extract raw materials; create markets for European goods [Pg. 299]
136. Name one of the only two African countries that retained their independence
during the period of European colonization.
Answer: Ethiopia or Liberia [Pg. 299]
137. What country was Africa’s first republic, founded by freed slaves from the
American South?
Answer: Liberia (1822) [Pg. 299]
138. What was the name of the policy in South Africa, enacted in 1948 and thrown
out in 1994, that fortified the racial segregation of its population, much to the
detriment of blacks?
Answer: apartheid [Pg. 299]
139. In brief terms, what was apartheid meant to accomplish while it was official
government policy in South Africa between 1948 and 1994?
Answer: racial segregation [Pg. 299]
140. By the 1890s, the boundaries of most African states reflected ethnic and not
colonial divisions.
22
141. Although European colonizers seriously disrupted African economies, most

provided a good variety of assistance to indigenous farmers so they might cope in
their new environment.
142. The establishment of apartheid instituted racial segregation in a society that,

for 100 years under the Boers, was largely tolerant and egalitarian.
143. By what name were the first Dutch immigrant farmers to South Africa called?
Answer: the Boers [Pg. 299]
144. Against what colonial power did Boer Nationalists fight in the Boer War?
Answer: the British [Pg. 300]
145. What was the most important organization that fought to end racial
discrimination in South Africa??
Answer: African National Congress [Pg. 300]
146. Who was the first president of South Africa after white minority rule ended?
Answer: Nelson Mandela [Pg. 300]
True-False
147. Slavery was unknown in Africa prior to contact with Islam.
148. Slavery has been eliminated in modern Africa.
149. The national boundaries in modern-day Africa are largely the result of
European colonialism.
23
150. The era of European colonialism in Africa lasted about 80 years.
151. In sub-Saharan Africa, the period of formal European colonization was

relatively short, about 80 years.
Essay
152. At what point did the European slave trade occur in Africa? Explain the main
reason behind the slave trade and the major countries or continents involved.
Answer: Portuguese sailing ships began to appear off Africa’s west coast in the mid-
1324s. By the 1530s, the Portuguese had organized a slave trade with the Americas.
The trading of slaves by the Portuguese, and then by the British, Dutch, and French,
was more widespread and brutal than any trade of African slaves that preceded it.
African slaves became part of the elaborate production systems supplying the raw
materials and money that fueled Europe’s Industrial Revolution. To acquire slaves,
the Europeans established forts on Africa’s west coast and paid nearby African
kingdoms with weapons, trade goods, and money to make slave raids into the
interior. Some slaves were taken from enemy kingdoms in battle. Many more were
kidnapped from their homes and villages in the forests and savannas. Most slaves
traded to Europeans were male because they brought the highest prices and the
raiding kingdoms preferred to keep captured women for their reproductive
capacities. Between 1600 and 1865, about 12 million captives were packed aboard
cramped and filthy ships and sent to the Americas. One-quarter or more of them
died at sea. Of those who arrived in the Americas, about 90 percent went to
plantations in South America and the Caribbean. Between 6 and 10 percent were
sent to North America. [Pg. 298]
II. CURRENT GEOGRAPHIC ISSUES
Economic and Political Issues
Multiple-Choice
153. The key motive of European nations in colonizing Africa was:
24
a) profit.* [Pg. 302]
b) slavery.
c) increased agricultural production.
d) religious reform of native cultures.
154. The only African country with a strong manufacturing base is:
a) Zambia.
b) Tanzania.
c) South Africa.* [Pg. 303]
d) Madagascar.
155. While the economic policies introduced by most newly independent states in
sub-Saharan Africa were generally unsuccessful, what country managed to create a
large and diversified economy during the postcolonial period?
a) Botswana
b) Congo (Kinshasa)
c) Guinea-Bissau
d) South Africa* [Pg. 303]
156. Which of the following is NOT among the accomplishments of structural

adjustment programs in sub-Saharan Africa?
a) opened some sectors of the economy to small-business entrepreneurs

b) released countries from the burden of debt* [Pg. 303]
c) improved the efficiency of tax collections
d) reduced bureaucratic waste and corruption
157. Which of the following was NOT a result of structural adjustment policies in
Africa?
a) Better bookkeeping procedures reduced corruption and waste.

b) They succeeded in reducing debt in most African nations.* [Pg. 303]
c) They made tax collection more efficient.
d) They closed corrupt state-owned monopolies and opened businesses up to
entrepreneurs.
158. Which of the following occurred in sub-Saharan Africa during the period
between 1961 and 2005?
a) Per capita food production declined.* [Pg. 303]

b) Value of African currencies increased.
c) Foreign investment increased.
d) Size of impoverished population declined.
25
159. According to the textbook, the SAPs contributed to the African debt crisis by
promoting which of the following strategies for the African industrial sector?
a) improve production for domestic economies

b) reduce dependence on machine and equipment imports
c) develop export-oriented production* [Pg. 303]
d) raise tariffs on imports to protect domestic producers
160. The introduction of SAPs in sub-Saharan Africa brought about all EXCEPT
which of the following economic effects?
a) rise in unemployment
b) shrinking of the informal economy* [Pg. 303]
c) decrease in wages
d) decline in social services
161. Which of the following reflects a problem associated with the informal
economy in sub-Saharan Africa?
a) Profits have declined as the informal economy has grown. [Pg. 303]
b) It produces more tax revenue for the state.
c) Profits are stable and have led to increased living standards.
d) Incomes of those it employs are increasing.
162. Which of the following is NOT part of the PRSPs that have replaced SAPs in
Africa?
a) They focus on poverty reduction rather than just development.

b) They promote democratic reforms.
c) They aim to reduce the role of government in the economy.
d) They require nations to pay back all their debt as a condition of participation.*
[Pg. 303]
163. The money that immigrants send back to their home country is known as:
a) tax-exempt contributions.
b) remittances.* [Pg. 305]
c) blood diamonds.
d) VAT taxes.
164. Most or all of the Chinese-financed infrastructure projects sponsored in Africa

were built by:
a) native Africans.
b) slave labor.
c) Chinese labor.* [Pg. 305]
26
d) low-paid laborers from India.
165. Which of the following does NOT describe the role of African professionals in
changing Africa’s economy?
a) Remittances are a less stable source of income than foreign direct investments.*
[Pg. 305]
b) Remittances are much more likely to reach poorer communities than foreign
direct investments.
c) Africans living and working abroad support their home economies through
remittances.
d) Educated Africans are increasingly staying home to start small businesses.
166. Which statement is NOT true of current Chinese and Indian direct investment
in Africa?
a) China has been willing to work with corrupt and brutal leaders in the region.
b) Technology transfer from China and India could improve food security in the
region.
c) There is the possibility that trade relationships with China and India could
facilitate trade within Africa.
d) Infrastructure projects commissioned by the Chinese are built by local (African)
labor.* [Pg. 305]
167. Which of the following is true of trade within Africa?
a) It is relatively limited because so many countries produce the same raw materials
for export.* [Pg. 306]
b) It makes up the bulk of each African nation’s GDP.
c) Trade within Africa is high in comparison with other developing regions.
d) Trade within Africa is increasing due to the continent’s high industrial capacity.
168. Which of the following is NOT true of transportation within Africa?
a) Roads linking adjacent countries are often lacking.

b) Footpaths are heavily used for the transport of materials.
c) Governmental and international transportation investment has traditionally
focused on repairing roads.
d) Road systems are the most developed in the continental interior.* [Pg. 306-307]
169. Which is NOT true of regional trade blocs that are developing within Africa?
a) They aim to reduce tariffs between members.

b) They have developed a common currency that is now used throughout Africa.*
[Pg. 306]
c) They aim to upgrade transportation and communication infrastructures.
27
d) Their goal is to reestablish peace in war-torn areas.
170. Which of the following is NOT an African Regional Economic Community

(REC)?
a) Congo Basin Community (CBC)* [Pg. 307]

b) Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS)
c) East African Community (EAC)
d) Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA)
171. An approach to development that consists of small self-help projects that use
local skills to create products or services for local consumption is known as
______________.
a) self-reliant development* [Pg. 307]

b) bootstrap development
c) green development
d) top-down development
172. What is the name of the organization founded to focus on trade, currency,
infrastructure, and political stability in West Africa?
a) OPEC
b) ECOWAS* [Pg. 307]
c) MERCOSUR
d) CARICOM
173. By which of the following means are many of the local transport needs for the
village and domestic units in sub-Saharan Africa satisfied?
a) women in animal-powered vehicles

b) women on foot* [Pg. 307]
c) children on bicycles
d) men in motor vehicles
174. Development activities that focus on women’s roles in the economy have led to
improvements in Africa’s:
a) highway system.
b) footpaths.* [Pg. 307]
c) airports.
d) urban road systems.
Short-Answer
175. A raw material that is traded is known as a(n) _______________.
28
Answer: commodity [Pg. 302]
176. Name one of the two institutions that have promoted the introduction of
structural adjustment programs as a means of solving the debt crisis in sub-Saharan
Africa.
Answer: The World Bank or International Monetary Fund (IMF) [Pg. 303]
177. What term describes when a country’s economy is split between sectors that
are rich and industrialized and poor, relying on informal businesses?
Answer: dual economy [Pg. 303]
178. The formation of SADC and ECOWAS are examples of what type of economic
development strategy?
Answer: regional economic communities [Pg. 306]
179. A program to equip women with low-tech modes of transport such as bicycles
might be an example of what type of economic strategy discussed in the textbook?
Answer: grassroots rural economic development [Pg. 307]
180. By what local means are most goods transported in rural Africa?
Answer: walking [Pg. 307]
True-False
181. Since gaining independence, most African governments have not been able to
reduce their dependence on raw material exports.
182. On the whole, the introduction of structural adjustment programs in sub-

Saharan Africa has reduced the debt burden faced by most countries.
183. Following the introduction of structural adjustment programs in sub-Saharan

Africa, foreign direct investment rose significantly.
29
184. Today, South Africa produces approximately 30 percent of the region’s
economic output
185. Structural adjustment policies in Africa often led to a decrease in the social
services provided by governments to their citizens.
186. Per capita food production actually decreased because of SAPs.
187. Per capita food production increased because of SAPs.
188. Despite some minor setbacks, SAPs were successful in achieving their primary
goal of reducing debt.
189. Some people who work in the informal economy make a living by smuggling
illegal items such as drugs and weapons.
190. The term informal economy is used to describe only socially destructive
activities such as smuggling.
191. Remittances home from Africans living abroad are a less stable form of income
than foreign direct investment.
192. In Africa today, India has more influence than China does.
193. Remittances are more stable than foreign direct investment and are more likely
to reach poorer communities.
30
194. The informal economy in sub-Saharan Africa now provides two out of every
three jobs.
195. Most of the international trade in which African countries south of the Sahara
engage is with other countries in that region.
196. Self-reliant development is a new grassroots strategy in sub-Saharan Africa to

create local jobs in rural areas so that urban migration is lessened.
Matching
Match the country with its membership in an African trading bloc or regional
economic community (REC). [Pg. 307]
197. Botswana [c] a) Central African Economic and Monetary Community (CEMAC)
198. Algeria [d] b) Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS)
199. Ghana [b] c) Southern African Development Community (SADC)
200. Uganda [e] d) Arab Maghreb Union (UMA)
201. Nigeria [a] e) East African Community (EAC)
Essay
202. Explain how Africa’s dependence on exporting commodities has prevented it

from developing at the same rate as other regions.
Commodity prices are usually low because, regardless of where they are produced,
commodities are generally of more or less uniform quality and are traded as such on
a global basis. For example, on the major commodities exchanges, a pound of copper
may sell for U.S.$3 to $5, regardless of whether it is mined in South Africa, Chile, or
Papua New Guinea. Price instability occurs because the global scale of this trade
makes the price of any commodity highly responsive to changes anywhere in the
world that might influence the supply or demand.
Similarly, the unpredictability of the prices of globally traded agricultural
commodities can wreak havoc with farmers’ incomes. Furthermore, because many
African governments depend on revenue from taxes collected on commodity
31
exports, government services can suffer similar disruptions. The result can be
nationwide economic chaos that limits the ability of governments to manage their
economic growth over the long term. When prices are high, farmers may over-
commit to a certain crop and spend anticipated earnings unwisely, leaving them
vulnerable if prices fall. Governments may overestimate revenues and commit to
expensive infrastructure projects. Should commodity prices drop, farmers may have
to take their children out of school (fees are charged for most schooling in Africa),
and governments may need to cut essential services, such as electricity, road
maintenance, or health care.
Another problem with commodities is that they are much less valuable than
the more sophisticated manufactured goods into which they are processed. For
example, copper might be worth U.S.$3 per pound on a global commodity exchange.
But a pound of fine copper wire, used in stereo systems, might sell for U.S.$30.
Hence, commodity exports provide much lower profits than exports of finished
manufactured goods. Very few countries have achieved broad prosperity by
exporting commodities. [Pg. 297]
203. Discuss the structural adjustment programs put in place by the IMF and World
Bank. Why were these programs unsuccessful?
Answer:
By the 1980s, most African countries remained poor and dependent on their volatile
and relatively low-value commodity exports. Attempts at investing in manufacturing
industries failed and governments struggled to make payments on the large loans
taken out for these projects. In the early 1980s an economic crisis swept through the
region and much of the rest of the developing world, leaving most countries unable
to repay their debts at all. In response, the IMF and the World Bank designed
structural adjustment programs (SAPs) to enforce repayment of the loans. SAPs did
have some useful results. They tightened bookkeeping procedures, which curtailed
corruption and waste in bureaucracies. They closed some corrupt state-owned
industrial and service monopolies, opened some sectors of the economy to medium-
and small-scale business entrepreneurs, and made tax collection more efficient. But
overall, SAPs had many unintended consequences, and they failed at their primary
objective—reducing debt.
To facilitate loan repayment, SAPs required governments to sell off
inefficient government-owned enterprises, often at bargain-basement prices. Also,
government jobs in social services, education, health, and agricultural programs
were slashed so that tax revenues could be devoted to loan repayment. If countries
refused to implement SAP requirements, the international banks cut off any future
lending for economic development. As unemployment rose, so did political
instability. Deteriorating infrastructure reduced the quality of remaining social
services, transportation, and financial services, all of which scared away potential
investors. SAPs also reduced food security because agricultural resources were
shifted toward the production of cash crops for export. [Pg. 303]
32
204. Briefly define the informal economy and discuss how the implementation of
structural adjustment programs in sub-Saharan Africa has spurred its growth.
Answer:
The informal economy includes work that the government does not officially
recognize. Hence, production of goods and services in the informal economy is not
taxed and is usually ignored in official statistics. Structural adjustment programs
have been introduced in sub-Saharan Africa to increase economic efficiency and
maximize revenues for the state. Such programs are designed to lessen the state’s
control over the national economy while expanding the power of free-market
mechanisms in the allocation of resources and the general sphere of production. In
line with such programs, governments make efforts to reduce spending by cutting
or downsizing social programs and selling off state-owned assets. This led to rising
unemployment and less support from the state. Faced with such circumstances,
people have increasingly turned to the informal economy to make a living. In Africa,
the informal economy has grown. [Pg. 303]
Power and Politics
Multiple-Choice
205. European colonizers’ policies toward Africa can be summarized as:
a) genocide.
b) local rule.
c) banana republicanism.
d) divide and rule.* [Pg. 308]
206. Among the following, which is the most obvious European legacy at the root of
many armed conflicts in sub-Saharan Africa?
a) national borders* [Pg. 308]

b) ethnic discrimination
c) environmental destruction
d) socialist values
207. Which of the following was an outcome of independence in most countries of

sub-Saharan Africa?
a) A single party came to monopolize power.* [Pg. 308]

b) Ethnic hostilities were resolved.
c) Leaders returned to tribal systems of governance.
d) Freedom of the press and free speech were enshrined in government practices
33
208. Nigeria was once a colony of:
a) France.
b) Italy.
c) Great Britain.* [Pg. 308]
d) Belgium.
209. Nigeria is home to how many indigenous languages?
a) 319* [Pg. 308]

b) 200
c) 135
d) 53
210. In Nigeria, the Hausa and Fulani dominate the _________ and the Yoruba and Igbo
dominate the ____________.
a) north; south* [Pg. 308]

b) south; north
c) east; west
d) west; east
211. Much of Nigeria’s oil wealth lies on lands occupied by the _______ people.
a) Yoruba
b) Igbo
c) Hausa
d) Ogoni* [Pg. 308]
212. Which country did NOT receive economic and/or military aid from the Soviet
Union in the 1970s and 1980s?
a) South Africa* [Pg. 309]

b) Mozambique
c) Namibia
d) Angola
213. The large majority (almost 75 percent) of Africa’s refugees are:
a) men.
b) women and children.* [Pg. 311]
c) immigrants from South America.
d) Muslims.
214. Which statement is NOT true of the refugee situation in Africa?
34
a) Refugees are often trying to escape genocide.
b) The burden of hosting refugees can be severe for the host countries.
c) Large portions of economic aid to Africa have been diverted to meet the
emergency needs of refugees.
d) Refugees are usually migrants who have moved from their home country to
another country in search of work.* [Pg. 311]
215. Which of the following provides the most adequate description of the practice
of genocide?
a) intentional killing of newborn babies and, sometimes, older children

b) illegitimate expulsion of immigrants by agents of a state government
c) deliberate destruction of an ethnic, racial, or political group* [Pg. 311]
d) suppression of a group of people due to their skin color or ethnic background
216. Which ethnic group did Al Qaeda in Mali fight for control of northern Mali?
a) Ogoni
b) Tuareg* [Pg. 311]
c) Hausa
d) Fulani
217. Which of the following does NOT describe the situation surrounding Al Qaeda
in Mali?
a) A faction of Tuareg rebels attempting to seize northern Mali gained support from
Al Qaeda members temporarily.
b) A group calling itself Al Qaeda in Mali formed to take the control of seized lands
from the Tuareg rebels.
c) Tuareg rebels supported Al Qaeda efforts to set up a system based on shari’a law.
* [Pg. 311]
d) The Malian army staged a coup to overthrow the Mali government.
218. Changes in which one of the following countries demonstrate that it is possible
to achieve stable and democratic rule in sub-Saharan Africa?
a) Nigeria
b) Burundi
c) South Africa* [Pg. 312]
d) Congo (Kinshasa)
219. Which country’s democratic elections resulted in violence that left more than 1
million citizens as refugees?
a) South Africa
35
b) Botswana
c) Mali
d) Congo (Kinshasa)* [Pg. 311]
220. There has been a trend toward democracy in all of the following African
nations EXCEPT:
a) Rwanda.
b) Central African Republic.* [Pg. 312]
c) Sierra Leone.
d) South Africa.
221. Which of the following nations was formerly known as Rhodesia?
a) Zimbabwe* [Pg. 311]

b) Nigeria
c) Kenya
d) Central African Republic
222. Over which country did Robert Mugabe serve as a highly corrupt leader for
almost 30 years?
a) Zambia
b) Angola
c) Tanzania
d) Zimbabwe* [Pg. 311]
223. In which of the following countries were a number of female parliamentarians

elected without the aid of quotas?
a) Botswana
b) Mozambique
c) Rwanda* [Pg. 312]
d) Liberia
Short-Answer
224. Many ethnic and regional conflicts in sub-Saharan Africa are in large part the
result of what European colonial legacy?
Answer: the boundaries that define the territorial extent of most African states [Pg.
308]
225. In which oil-rich West African country did British colonial rule reinforce a
north-south dichotomy?
36
Answer: Nigeria [Pg. 308]
226. What two ethnic groups have dominated Nigeria’s government and military
since 1960?
Answer: Hausa and Fulani [Pg. 308]
227. According to the textbook, what country’s history is filled with conflict between
various ethnic groups such as the Hausa, Yoruba, and Igbo, now amplified by oil
profiteering?
228. In what country have the people suffered environmental destruction of their
homeland by oil producers while receiving very little of the actual oil or profits?
229. What term represents the deliberate destruction of an ethnic, racial, or political
group?
Answer: genocide [Pg. 311]
230. Name one of the ways in which the United States involved itself in an effort to
prevent sub-Saharan African countries from siding with the Soviet Union and
adopting socialist policies.
Answer: arming and financing rebel groups; pressuring other governments in the
region to intervene; providing aid in the Horn of Africa [Pg. 309]
True-False
231. European colonizers deliberately sowed the seeds of discord among competing
indigenous tribes in Africa.
232. Nigeria is one of the most ethnically homogeneous countries in Africa.
233. Since independence, the Hausa and Fulani of Nigeria have dominated the high
levels of government and military.
37
234. The Tuareg and the government of Mali resisted efforts by Al Qaeda to set up a
regime based on Islamic Law.
235. Oil-rich Nigeria is the LEAST populous country in sub-Saharan Africa.
236. Nigeria’s oil wealth has been distributed equitably among the people of Nigeria.
237. It is accurate to say that Cold War tensions between the United States and the
Soviet Union were played out in southern Africa.
Sociocultural Issues
Multiple-Choice
238. Which of the following is NOT true of population patterns in sub-Saharan

Africa?
a) Population densities are very high in some places and very low in others.
b) Rural areas are almost always underpopulated.* [Pg. 313]
c) Sub-Saharan populations are growing faster than in any other region on Earth.
d) More people in sub-Saharan Africa are surviving long enough to reproduce, which
is leading to a drastic population increase.
239. Which of the following is NOT a valid explanation for high birth rates in sub-
Saharan Africa?
a) Tropical climates lead to higher fertility rates.* [Pg. 313]

b) Children are perceived as an economic advantage.
c) Due to high infant mortality rates, parents have extra children in the hopes of
raising a few to maturity.
d) Children do much of the work on family farms.
240. In which sub-Saharan country is the demographic transition NOT underway?
a) Seychelles
b) Mauritius
38
c) Botswana
d) Zimbabwe* [Pg. 313]
241. Which is NOT an island off Africa’s east coast?
a) Reunion
b) Sao Tome* [Pg. 313]
c) Mauritius
d) Seychelles
242. Africa’s most populous country is:
a) Nigeria.* [Pg. 314]

b) Egypt.
c) Sudan.
d) South Africa.
243. A major cause of slowing population growth rates in Africa is:
a) changing attitudes toward the value of children.

b) HIV-AIDS.* [Pg. 314]
c) fewer women of childbearing age.
d) widespread use of contraception.
244. Which of the following does NOT explain why birth rates in sub-Saharan Africa
remain high?
a) Children are viewed as a link between the past and future.

b) Children can provide labor on family farms.
c) High infant death rates encourage couples to have more children.
d) Adequate vaccinations for most diseases are now widely available.* [Pg. 313]
245. What circumstance tends to prevail in places in Africa where birth rates have
declined?
a) The circumstances of women improve as reflected in higher literacy rates.* [Pg.

314]
b) Women’s access to education is poor.
c) Infant mortality is relatively high.
d) Males are uneducated and uncommunicative with their wives.
246. What is the rate of contraception use in sub-Saharan?
a) less than 10 percent

b) 22 percent* [Pg. 314]
c) 50 percent
39
d) 68 percent
247. The greatest contributor to the rapid growth of cities in sub-Saharan Africa is:
a) the high birth rate.

b) the low mortality rate.
c) migration.* [Pg. 315]
d) global climate change.
248. The largest city in sub-Saharan Africa is:
a) Lagos, Nigeria.* [Pg. 315]

b) Gaborone, Botswana.
c) Johannesburg, South Africa.
d) Nairobi, Kenya.
249. Uganda’s primate city is:
a) Gulu.
b) Kampala.* [Pg. 315]
c) Kigali.
d) Zanzibar.
250. Which of the following is NOT a waterborne disease common in sub-Saharan

Africa?
a) typhoid
b) dysentery
c) cholera
d) HIV-AIDS* [Pg. 315]
251. Which statement is NOT true of the shantytowns that are now common on the
outskirts of the cities of sub-Saharan Africa?
a) They exist because governments have paid little attention to the need for
affordable housing.
b) People often have to commute long distances from the shantytowns to their jobs.
c) The shantytowns are home to not only the poor, but also to the wealthy who are
looking for cheap domestic labor.* [Pg. 315]
d) Many people in the shantytowns experience disease outbreaks from the bacteria
found in untreated sewage.
252. Which of the following statements describes a typical squatter settlement in

sub-Saharan Africa?
a) communities dating from the colonial period where foreign administrators lived
40
b) villages built on lands set aside for farmers displaced by corporate agriculture
c) dense assemblages of shanties built by poor urban migrants in need of housing*
[Pg. 315]
d) tent villages erected on lands appropriated by the state for export agriculture
253. The African nation with the largest number of immigrants is:
a) South Africa.
b) Kenya.
c) Seychelles.
d) Ivory Coast (Cote d’Ivoire).* [Pg. 315]
254. Slums house what percentage of Africa’s urban population?
a) 10
b) 33
c) 50
d) 72* [Pg. 315]
255. About half of all the deaths in sub-Saharan Africa are caused by:
a) malnutrition.
b) heart disease.
c) stillbirth.
d) infectious diseases.* [Pg. 315]
256. Sleeping sickness (trypanosomiasis) is caused by the bites of:
a) alligators.
b) mosquitoes.
c) tsetse flies.* [Pg. 317]
d) bats.
257. All of the following are common infectious diseases in sub-Saharan Africa
EXCEPT:
a) sleeping sickness.
b) malaria.
c) schistosomiasis.
d) tuberculosis.* [Pg. 317]
258. Malaria is spread by:
a) mosquitoes.* [Pg. 317]

b) snails.
c) tsetse flies.
41
d) crocodiles.
259. The leading cause of death in sub-Saharan Africa is:
a) malaria.
b) dengue.
c) AIDS.* [Pg. 317]
d) narcolepsy.
260. Which of the following statements is NOT true about AIDS in sub-Saharan
Africa?
a) More women than men are currently infected.

b) The disease is spread through contact with sex workers.
c) Only a small percentage of those with AIDS can afford the drugs required for
treatment.
d) Of the nations in sub-Saharan Africa, Botswana has the lowest incidence of AIDS.*
[Pg. 318]
261. What widespread disease in sub-Saharan Africa is associated with standing

fresh water?
a) AIDS
b) ebola
c) influenza
d) schistosomiasis* [Pg. 317]
262. Which of the following is among the social and demographic consequences of
the spread of AIDS in sub-Saharan Africa?
a) Men increasingly choose more mature women as sexual partners.

b) Life expectancy in such countries as South Africa is declining.* [Pg. 318]
c) More than 50 percent of the population has migrated to other continents.
d) Many who succumb to the disease are elderly adults.
263. According to the textbook, which of the following has contributed to the spread
of AIDS in sub-Saharan Africa?
a) fewer people getting married

b) poor transportation networks
c) the dependence on sex work for economic survival* [Pg. 318]
d) rapid manifestation of the disease
264. What is a significant barrier to providing treatment for those with HIV-AIDS in
sub-Saharan Africa?
42
a) The cost of the treatment is too high.* [Pg. 318]
b) The treatment expires before it can be delivered to all regions.
c) Patients are afraid to take Western-style medication.
d) Treatments from the United States do not work on Africans.
265. What was the adult life expectancy in Africa as of 2012?
a) 45
b) 54* [Pg. 318]
c) 63
d) 72
266. The practice of having more than one wife is called:
a) polyandry.
b) monoandry.
c) monogamy.
d) polygyny.* [Pg. 319]
267. All of the following are part of women’s traditional and modern roles in sub-
Saharan Africa EXCEPT:
a) gathering firewood.
b) tending to the children and home.
c) preparing land for cultivation.* [Pg. 319]
d) caring for the sick.
268. According to the long-standing division of labor in sub-Saharan Africa, which

one of the following tasks is typically NOT the responsibility of women?
a) caring for children and elderly

b) obtaining and transporting water for the house
c) gathering and carrying firewood for household use
d) clearing and turning the soil for cultivation* [Pg. 319]
269. In sub-Saharan Africa, in which of the following aspects of agriculture are men
most likely to be involved?
a) cultivating and growing cash crops* [Pg. 319]

b) harvesting and preparing food
c) transporting crops to market
d) sowing and weeding of the family crops
270. Given the nature of gender roles in rural sub-Saharan Africa, which of the
following situations is LEAST likely to occur?
43
a) A male will make long daily or weekly commutes for work.
b) A woman will prepare nearly all food for the household.
c) A woman will migrate looking for an urban job.* [Pg. 319]
d) A man will have fewer domestic duties.
271. Among the various campaigns to end the practice of female genital mutilation,
the most successful appear to be those that emphasize what idea?
a) It poses a threat to women’s health.* [Pg. 320]

b) It amounts to an abuse of human rights.
c) It increases sexual activity among young girls.
d) It undermines respect for women’s fathers and husbands.
272. The cultural reason underlying female genital mutilation is most likely:
a) the desire to keep the birth rate low.

b) to ensure that women are virgins in marriage and have interest in sex only for
procreation.* [Pg. 320]
c) to ease women’s pain in childbirth.
d) to form a bond between mother and daughter.
273. Which of the following is NOT a main source of Africa’s religious traditions?
a) Islam
b) Christianity
c) animism
d) Judaism* [Pg. 320-321]
274. Which of the following is NOT true of animism?
a) It is often found in blended forms with other religions in Africa.

b) It is probably the most ancient heritage of any religion on Earth.
c) Focus of attention is on the individual.* [Pg. 320]
d) Rituals seek to link the living with their deceased ancestors.
275. Which of the following is among the most influential religions that were
introduced from outside Africa?
a) Judaism
b) animism
c) Islam* [Pg. 321]
d) Jainism
276. Which of the following is true concerning Christian missionaries in sub-

Saharan Africa during the colonial period?
44
a) provided education and health services to colonized peoples* [Pg. 321]
b) encouraged to take the Christian gospel to the Muslim territory in North Africa
c) first became active along the coast of East Africa
d) began proselytizing Africans during the sixteenth century
277. All of the following are examples of religions that combine African beliefs and
Roman Catholicism EXCEPT:
a) Candomble.
b) Santeria.
c) Sufism.* [Pg. 321]
d) Voodoo.
278. The belief system that sees spirits, including those of the deceased, as existing
everywhere is called:
a) animism.* [Pg. 320]

b) monotheism.
c) polygyny.
d) tribalism.
279. An example of the blending of Roman Catholicism with African animist beliefs
is:
a) Eastern Orthodoxy.
b) Unitarianism.
c) Voodoo.* [Pg. 321]
d) Satanism.
280. The primary religion of the Sahel is:
a) Islam.* [Pg. 321]

b) Roman Catholicism.
c) animism.
d) Voodoo.
281. Christianity came to Africa by way of:
a) Namibia.
b) South Africa.
c) Ethiopia and Egypt.* [Pg. 321]
d) Kenya.
282. The Anglican Church in Africa tends to attract:
45
a) rural villagers.
b) the urban poor.
c) the educated urban middle class.* [Pg. 321]
d) wealthy elites.
283. Evangelical versions of Christianity in Africa tend to attract:
a) rural villagers.
b) urban migrants.* [Pg. 321]
c) the educated urban middle class.
d) wealthy elites.
284. The term used to refer to the shared language, cultural traditions, and political
and economic institutions of a group is:
a) race.
b) religion.
c) ethnicity.* [Pg. 322]
d) standing.
285. The Rwandan ethnic groups that have engaged in mutual genocide over the last
20 years are the:
a) Zulus and Ohnis.

b) Hutu and Tutsi.* [Pg. 322]
c) Kenyans and Zambians.
d) Nigerians and Egyptians.
286. The country sometimes called the “microcosm of Africa” because it is home to
more than 250 different ethnic groups is:
a) Ghana.
b) Congo.
c) Cameroon.* [Pg. 322]
d) Burkina Faso.
287. The language family spoken by the most people in sub-Saharan Africa is:
a) Nilotic.
b) Bantu.* [Pg. 322]
c) Zulu.
d) Guinean.
288. Which is NOT a lingua franca of sub-Saharan Africa?
a) Spanish* [Pg. 322-323]
46
b) Swahili
c) Arabic
d) Hausa
289. According to the textbook, which of the following shared characteristics is NOT
encompassed in the definition of the term ethnicity?
a) cultural traditions
b) language
c) political institutions
d) race* [Pg. 322]
290. What two languages do most Africans speak?
a) English and French

b) their native language and English
c) their native language and French
d) their native language and a lingua franca* [Pg. 322]
Short-Answer
291. In what type of setting do 65 percent of Africans live?
Answer: a rural or village setting [Pg. 312]
292. Because it attracts virtually all migration in Uganda and is almost 10 times
larger than Uganda’s second largest city, Kampala is an example of what type of city?
Answer: a primate city [Pg. 315]
293. Another name for trypanosomiasis is __________________.
Answer: sleeping sickness [Pg. 317]
294. Name two diseases mentioned in the textbook that present a serious health
risk to Africans, and briefly describe how the disease is contracted.
Answer: Schistosomiasis, standing in freshwater allows for snail larva to enter and
parasitize the body; malaria, anopheles mosquito; sleeping sickness, tsetse fly bites;
and AIDS, sexual contact with an infected person [Pg. 317]
295. Based on its impact on life expectancies and among heterosexual women, the
spread of what disease amounts to the greatest public health issue in sub-Saharan
Africa?
47
Answer: HIV-AIDS [Pg. 317]
296. Identify two factors that have contributed to the spread of AIDS in Africa.
Answer: improvements in transportation; many people do not know they have it

and so do not change their practices; the cost of drug treatments is prohibitively
high;(4) urban lifestyles that bring one into contact with numerous people outside
of traditional cultural restrictions; sex trade; false perceptions among males about
sexual partners [Pg. 318]
297. The form of female genital mutilation in which the vulva is stitched nearly shut
is called ____________.
Answer: infibulation [Pg. 320]
298. In addition to providing care for the sick, the young, and the elderly, name one
activity that typically consumes the time and energy of women in sub-Saharan
Africa.
Answer: obtaining and carrying water; obtaining and carrying firewood; raise
children; ; maintain the house [Pg. 319]
299. In concise terms, describe the practice known as polygyny.
Answer: It is when a man takes more than one wife at a time. [Pg. 319]
300. What custom is found in Central Africa and is primarily intended to limit
women’s interest in sexual activity?
Answer: female genital mutilation [Pg. 320]
301. What is the name broadly applied to all traditional African religions?
Answer: animism [Pg. 320]
302. Name one of the introduced religions that have had a significant effect on the
religious landscape in Africa.
Answer: Islam; Christianity [Pg. 321]
303. So-called “gospel of success” churches, which are growing quickly in Africa,
blend ideas of capitalism with values and beliefs embodied in what religion?
Answer: Evangelical Christianity [Pg. 321]
48
304. Name one characteristic that is shared among people belonging to the same
ethnic group.
Answer: language; cultural traditions; or economic and political institutions [Pg.

322]
305. What term is favored in the textbook to describe culturally distinct groups in
sub-Saharan Africa?
Answer: ethnic group [Pg. 322]
True-False
306. Sub-Saharan Africa is the world’s most rural region.
307. Compared to the rest of the world, sub-Saharan Africa is much more densely
populated.
308. Population growth rates in sub-Saharan Africa have slowed quite a bit in recent
years.
309. The demographic transition is well underway in sub-Saharan Africa.
310. The number of married women in sub-Saharan Africa using contraception is

much lower than the world average.
311. Considering the size of both its population and landmass, the African continent
is sparsely settled.
312. Sub-Saharan Africa’s population is growing faster than any other on Earth.
49
313. The substantial reduction in South Africa’s birth rate can be most likely
attributed to increased economic and educational improvements.
314. More than six out of every ten people in sub-Saharan Africa live in a rural place.
315. Fertility rates are the same for urban and rural populations in the region.
316. The growth of cities in sub-Saharan Africa has been stagnant from the 1960s,
when most states gained independence, through the present.
317. Despite the decades-old flow of rural migrants to cities, African cities have
managed to provide an adequate supply of housing to most.
318. Birth rates in African cities tend to be lower than in African rural areas.
319. The main factor influencing the high growth rate of sub-Saharan cities is the
high birth rate.
320. The vast majority of African migrants move within the continent of Africa.
321. Incidence of malaria has increased as a result of the construction of dams in

Africa.
322. In sub-Saharan Africa, more women than men have AIDS.
50
323. Schistosomiasis and malaria are the most common chronic diseases in Africa.
324. The anopheles mosquito is the main carrier and transmitter of the parasite that
causes malaria.
325. In Africa, more than half of AIDS patients are women.
326. HIV-AIDS is more prevalent in rural areas of sub-Saharan Africa than in urban
areas.
327. Long-standing traditions dictate fairly strict gender roles in the region.
328. Polygyny is more common in sub-Saharan African than in Muslim North Africa.
329. The majority of men in sub-Saharan Africa are in polygynous relationships.
330. The practice of female genital mutilation generally leaves women more
susceptible to contracting AIDS.
331. In sub-Saharan Africa, almost all of the agricultural work is done by men.
332. Women in sub-Saharan Africa are more likely than men to migrate in search of
cash-generating income.
333. Female genital mutilation has been outlawed across the continent.
51
334. It appears that female genital mutilation in sub-Saharan Africa occurs in areas
where indigenous religions prevail but not in places where Islam and Christianity
are practiced.
335. African indigenous religions have declined because they tend to be rigid and
unable to adapt to changing circumstances.
336. When Africans convert from animism to Christianity or Islam, they tend to
retain aspects of their indigenous religious heritage.
337. Santeria is a purely animist faith.
338. Today, Christianity is in rapid decline throughout sub-Saharan Africa.
339. Ethnic groups in Africa usually occupy distinct and exclusive spaces.
340. The meaning of ethnicity is different from the meaning of race.
341. More than 1,000 languages are spoken in Africa.
Essay
342. Briefly explain why women in Africa’s cities still have relatively large families
compared to women living in cities of the other world regions.
52
In Africa, as in all parts of the world, the definition of “urban” varies from country to
country. The great majority of sub-Saharan African urbanites live in towns and
villages of several thousand people, not large cities. Sub-Saharan Africa is
experiencing a massive shift in population from tiny rural settlements of a few
houses to substandard residential facilities in urban areas, and there are major
implications for population growth. On average, rural sub-Saharan African women
give birth to about 6.6 children, while urban African women give birth to 4.7. Town
life strengthens all the factors that influence the demographic transition—increased
economic development, better health care, and more educational opportunities.
While sub-Saharan Africa’s urban fertility rate of 4.7 children per woman is still
almost double the world average and the demographic transition has only just
begun, sub-Saharan Africa’s birth rates will continue to decline.
Part of the reason that urban fertility rates remain as high as they are is that
compared to cities in other regions, sub-Saharan Africa’s cities have delivered fewer
improvements in living standards, especially access to clean water and sanitation.
With poverty and disease still widespread in sub-Saharan Africa’s cities and for a
variety of other reasonslack of access to birth control, religious beliefs, low levels
of education for womenurban families continue to have relatively large families.
[Pg. 314]
343. Describe the traditional and modern gender roles for both men and women in
sub-Saharan Africa.
Longstanding African traditions dictate a fairly strict division of labor and

responsibilities between men and women. In general, women are responsible for
domestic activities, including rearing the children, tending the sick and elderly, and
maintaining the house. Women collect water and firewood and prepare nearly all
the food. Men are usually responsible for preparing land for cultivation. In the fields
intended to produce food for family use, women sow, weed, and tend the crops as
well as process them for storage. In the fields where cash crops are grown, men
perform most of the work, and they retain control of the money earned.
When husbands in search of cash income migrate to work in the mines or in
urban jobs, women take over nearly all agricultural work. They tend to work with
simple hand tools in the fields, and in the home they often labor with a child or
grandchild strapped on their backs. When there are small agricultural surpluses or
handcrafted items to trade, it is women who transport and sell them in the market.
Throughout Africa, married couples tend to keep separate accounts and manage
their earnings as individuals. When a wife sells her husband’s produce at the
market, she usually gives the proceeds to him. Because many men migrate to the
cities or the mines to work for extended periods, women are left to shoulder all
domestic work as well as what was formerly the shared work of subsistence
agriculture. [Pg. 319]
53

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World Regional Geography without

Subregions Global Patterns Local Lives

1. The ratio of Kenyans with mobile phones is:

a) one out of ten.

2. What does the word Ushahidi mean in Swahili?

a) violence during the 2008 elections in Kenya* [Pg. 284]

4. In 2012, sub-Saharan Africa was home to ________ of the ten fastest-growing

5. Which of the following statements does NOT describe sub-Saharan Africa?

Answer: FALSE [Pg. 285]

I. THE GEOGRAPHIC SETTING

8. The capital of the Republic of Congo is:

a) Brazzaville.* [Pg. 286]

9. The Democratic Republic of Congo was formerly known as:

10. The Democratic Republic of Congo was once known as ______________.

Answer: Zaire [Pg. 286]

11. The two largest continents are:

12. More than one-fourth of the African continent is covered by the:

13. Which mountain is located in Africa?

a) Its coastline is home to many natural harbors.* [Pg. 286]

15. Africa’s lack of mountain ranges can be explained by:

16. Which body of water separates Africa and Asia?

a) near the Tropic of Cancer.

a) Sahel.* [Pg. 287]

21. Which desert is NOT located in Africa?

a) savanna.* [Pg. 287]

a) most densely populated

a) It resembles a dinner plate with a sunken interior ringed by weathered

a) Warm westward-moving air comes together with the Mediterranean high-

a) the Sahara and the Namib and Kalahari* [Pg. 287]

Answer: escarpments [Pg. 286]

Answer: intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ) [Pg. 287]

Answer: Horn of Africa [Pg. 287]

Answer: escarpments [Pg. 298]

Answer: the intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ) [Pg. 287]

Answer: the Sahel [Pg. 286]

Answer: FALSE [Pg. 286]

Answer: FALSE [Pg. 286]

37. Africa has no major mountain ranges.

38. Africa’s coastline is home to many rich natural harbors.

Answer: FALSE [Pg. 286]

Answer: TRUE [Pg. 286]

40. Tectonic activity continues today in Africa’s eastern flank.

Answer: TRUE [Pg. 287]

Answer: TRUE [Pg. 287]

42. Only about 25 percent of sub-Saharan Africa experiences a tropical climate.

Answer: FALSE [Pg. 287]

Answer: FALSE [Pg. 287]

44. The continent of Africa is the world’s second largest.

Answer: TRUE [Pg. 286]

Answer: TRUE [Pg. 287]

Answer: TRUE [Pg. 287]

a) carbon sequestration.* [Pg. 287]

a) oil and natural gas

50. Which of the following is a criticism sometimes made of agroforestry?

51. The Green Belt Movement was founded by:

52. The strong promoter of agroforestry founded by Wangari Maathi, designed to

a) asthma* [Pg. 289]

56. Most African famines have been caused by:

a) fuel* [Pg. 289]

59. Which is NOT an agricultural issue currently facing Africa?

a) Mali and Niger* [Pg. 294]

a) clear and plant large patches with one species

a) Men produce most of the food for family consumption.