Introduction to ICT (WEEK 2)
large volumes of data and complex
ICT, or Information and Communication
Technology (or technologies)
- is the infrastructure and components that
enable modern computing.
- The term has no single, universal
definition. It is generally accepted to mean
all devices, networking components,
applications and systems that allow people
and organizations to interact in the digital
world.
Technology
- anything that makes our life easier
Components of ICT
Hardware - components are tangible and
can be touched and manipulated.
Software - constitutes a critical component.
Refers to a set of instructions, programs, or
data that enable computers and other
devices to perform specific tasks or
functions.
Telecommunications - interaction in other
devices to utilize other devices.
- a technology paradigm that involves
delivering computing services, including
servers, storage, databases, networking,
software, and more, over the internet ("the
cloud") to offer faster innovation, flexible
resources, and economies of scale.
Databases - structured collection of data
that is organized for efficient retrieval,
modification, and management. To handle
tasks like data storage, retrieval, updating,
and security.
Data warehouses - designed to handle
analytical queries.
- It integrates data from multiple sources
and provides a centralized repository for
efficient querying and reporting.
Human Resources - users.
Models of Access to ICT
Devices - anything hardware.
Conduits - refer to the channels or
pathways through which individuals or
organizations gain access to ICT services,
resources, and capabilities.
Literacy - It refers to an individual's ability
to access, comprehend, and effectively use
digital information and communication
technologies to participate in society, the
economy, and various aspects of daily life.
History of ICT in the Philippines
● Before 1928 – telecommunications
was segmented.
● Nov. 28, 1928 – PLDT was given the
franchise to establish and operate
telephone services in the
Philippines.
● 1930 – Philippines was first linked to
the outside world via
radiotelephone services.
● Dec. 20, 1967 – PLDT became a
Filipino – controlled corporation
bought by Ramon Conjuangco
● 1970 – PLDT was nationalized by
the government.
● 1981 – PLDT became the country’s
telephone monopoly.
 ● 1986 – PLDT was reprivatized.
● 1987 – Cellular telephone network
● 1993 – Birth of the Philippine
Internet
● 1994 – We have our first internet
connection
-Dr. William Torres became the
Grandfather of the Philippine
Internet.
● 2010 – 29.8M users of the internet.
● 2011 – Philippines was recognized
as the Social Networking Capital of
the World.
● 2012 – Cybercrime Prevention Act of
2012
● 2013 – There is a growth on our
Mobile networks.
● 2014 – Fastest growing connections
● 2017 – Internet connection
penetration
● Today’s ICT – The time we spend
online has an average of 3.2 hours
on mobile phones and 5.2 hours on
desktops.
Uses of ICT in Our Daily Lives
1. Communication
➢ Easier to communicate
➢ Adopt a global perspectives towards
issues and ideas
➢ Engage in ethical decision-making
➢ Cheapest means of communication
➢ Helps a lot to build relationship
➢ Provides students in remote areas
access to education.
2. Job Opportunities
➢ Enables organization to
operate more efficiently
➢ Employing staff with ICT
skills is vital to the smooth
running of any business
➢ Use ICT systems effectively
allows employees more time
to concentrate on areas of
their job role that requires
soft skills
➢ Find jobs in the comfort of
your home
➢ provide you a job that you
can easily do at home.
3. Education
➢ Adds value to teaching and
learning
➢ Helps together information in
an easy way
➢ HOTS
➢ Integral to the teaching
learning interaction
➢ Leave students better
prepared to deal with
ongoing technological
change
➢ ICT tools to communicate,
create, disseminate, store,
and manage information
4. Socializing
➢ Maintain social connections
and support networks
➢ Provide young people with a
range of benefits, and
opportunities to empower
themselves
➢ Enabling people to
communicate and share
interest in many ways
 ➢ Faster and increasingly
accessible to non-technical
communities.
POSITIVE IMPACT OF ICT IN THE
SOCIETY
1. Access to information
2. Improved access to education
3. New tools, new opportunities
4. Communication
5. Information management
6. Security
7. Participate in a wider society
8. Ability to perform “impossible”
experiments through simulations
9. Create interesting jobs
NEGATIVE IMPACT OF ICT IN
THE SOCIETY
1. Job loss
2. Reduced personal interaction
3. Reduced physical activities
4. Cost
5. Competition
HISTORY OF COMPUTER (WEEK 3)
What is a computer?
❖ It is a programmable machine.
❖ It is an electronic device that
manipulates information, or data. It
has the ability to store, retrieve, and
process data.
❖ It is a machine that manipulates data
according to a list of instructions.
❖ Computer is any device which aids
humans in performing various kinds
of computations or calculations.
❖ Is an electronic device which helps
us to store and process our data or
instructions at high speed with 100%
accuracy.
❖ A wide range of problems can be
solved with the help of computers.
The problems may be related to
business, education, medical,
banking, etc.
❖ A computer mainly works on the
principle of Input – Process – Output
cycle.
❖ Most computers rely on a binary
system that uses two variables, 0
and 1, to complete tasks such as
storing data, calculating algorithms,
and displaying information.
Three Principal Characteristics of
Computer
❖ It responds to a specific set of
instructions in a well-defined
manner.
❖ It can execute a pre-recorded list of
instructions.
❖ It can quickly store and retrieve large
amounts of data.
Computers was born not for entertainment Smartphones and Tables
or email but out of a need to solve a serious
number-crunching crisis.

The word computer comes from the Greek

word “compute” i.e. exactly meaning
calculate.

Different types of Computers

Laptops
Desktop Computer

PCs and Macs

Servers ➔ IBM PC Compatible – this is the
most common type of personal
computer and it typically includes the
Microsoft windows operating system.
➔ Macintosh – All Macs are made by
one company, and they almost
always use the Mac OS X operating
system.

This type of computer began with the

Game Consoles original IBM PC that was introduced in
1981.

Other companies began creating similar

computers, which were called IBP PC
Compatible (often shortened to PC)
The Macintosh computer was introduced
in 1984, and it was the first widely sold
personal computer with a graphical user
interface or GUI.
Applications of Computer in our Lives Mechanical Ages
● Business - is when we first start to see connections
● Education between our current technology and its
● Healthcare ancestors.
● Retail and Trade - can be defined as the time between 1450
● Government and 1840.
● Marketing Science - A lot of new technologies are developed in
● Publishing this era as there is a large explosion of
● Arts and Entertainment interest in this area.
● Communication - Technologies like the slide rule (an analog
● Banking and Finance computer used for multiplying and dividing)
● Transport were invented.
● Navigation - Blaise Pascal: invented the Pascaline
● Working from home which was a very popular mechanical
● Military computer.
● Social and Romance - Charles Babbage: developed the
● Booking Vacations difference engine which tabulated
● Security and Surveillance polynomial equations using the method of
● Weather Forecasting finite differences.
● Robotics

Benefits of Computers in Normal
Circumstances
● Computer works fast.
● Computer works consistently.
● Computer remembers a huge
amount of stuff.
● Computers are loyal.
● Computer works hard.
Basic Computing Periods –Ages
Premechanical age
- is the earliest age of information
technology. It can be defined as the time
between 3000B.C. and 1450A.D. We are
talking about a long time ago. When
humans first started communicating they
would try to use language or simple picture
drawings known as petroglyphs which were
usually carved in rock. Early alphabets were
developed such as the Phoenician alphabet.
Electromechanical Ages
- Now we are finally getting close to some
technologies that resemble our modern-day
technology.
- can be defined as the time between 1840
and 1940. These are the beginnings of
telecommunication.
- The telegraph was created in the early
1800s.
- Morse code was created by Samuel
Morse in 1835. The telephone (one of the
most popular forms of communication ever)
was created by Alexander Graham Bell in
1876. - The first radio developed by
Guglielmo Marconi in 1894. All of these
were extremely crucial emerging
technologies that led to big advances in the
information technology field.
Electronic Ages
- The electronic age is what we currently
live in.
- It can be defined as the time between
1940 and right now.
- The ENIAC was the first high-speed,
digital computer capable of being
reprogrammed to solve a full range of
computing problems.
- This computer was designed to be used by
the U.S. Army for artillery firing tables.
- This machine was even bigger than the
Mark 1 taking up 680 square feet and
weighing 30 tons - HUGE. It mainly used
vacuum tubes to do its calculations
Generations of Computer
First Generation
● The first computers used vacuum
tubes for circuitry and magnetic
drums for memory, and were often
enormous, taking up entire rooms.
● They were very expensive to
operate and in addition to using a
great deal of electricity, generated a
lot of heat, which was often the
cause of malfunctions.
● relied on machine language, the
lowest-level programming language
understood by computers, to
perform operations, and they could
only solve one problem at a time.
● Input was based on punched cards
and paper tape, and output was
displayed on printouts.
Second Generations
● Transistors replaced vacuum tubes
and ushered in the second
generation of computers.
● One transistor replaced the
equivalent of 40 vacuum tubes.
● Allowing computers to become
smaller, faster, cheaper, more
energy-efficient and more reliable.
● Still generated a great deal of heat
that can damage the computer.
Third Generations
● The development of the integrated
circuit was the hallmark of the third
generation of computers.
● Transistors were miniaturized and
placed on silicon chips, called
semiconductors, which drastically
increased the speed and efficiency
of computers.
● It could carry out instructions in
billionths of a second.
● Much smaller and cheaper
compared to the second-generation
computers.
Fourth Generations
● The microprocessor brought the
fourth generation of computers, as
thousands of integrated circuits were
built onto a single silicon chip.
● As these small computers became
more powerful, they could be linked
together to form networks, which
eventually led to the development of
the Internet.
● computers also saw the
development of GUIs, the mouse
and handheld devices.
Fifth Generations
● based on Artificial Intelligence (AI).
Still in development. The use of
parallel processing and
superconductors are helping to
make artificial intelligence a reality.
● The goal is to develop devices that
respond to natural language input
 and are capable of learning and
self-organization.
● There are some applications, such
as voice recognition, that are being
used today.

The Web and the Internet (WEEK 4)

What is the Web?

● The World Wide Web – commonly
referred to as WWW, W3 or the
Web.
● It is the part of the internet that
contains websites and webpages.
● It is an interconnected system of
public web pages accessible through
the Internet.
● It is composed of pages linked by
hypertext links that are written in
HTML.
● The software to see the World Wide
Web is called a web browser.
● It was invented by Tim Berners-Lee
in 1989. A British scientist.
● It is a primary tool used by billions of
people to share, read, and write
information to interact with other
people via Internet.
What is Web Site?
- It is a collection of linked web pages that
has a common theme or focus.
Evolution of Web
● Web 1.0 (Read Only Static Web)
● Web 2.0 (Read-Write interactive
Web)
● Web 3.0 (Read-write intelligent Web)
Web 1.0 (Read Only Static Web)
● Most read only web. It focused on
the company's home pages.
● Dividing the world wide web into
usable directories.
● It means web is use as “Information
Portal”
● It started with the simple idea “put
content together”
Web 1.0 (Read Only Static Web)
Disadvantage
● Read only web
● Limited user interaction
● Lack of standards
Advantages
● It was the inception of the WWW as
we see it today was built on top of it.
● It provided single access. It did not
allow malicious content to be
uploaded without permission from
the creator.
Web 2.0 (Read-Write interactive web)
● It is a platform that gives users the
possibility to control their data.
● This is about user-generated content
and the read-write web.
● People are consuming as well as
contributing information through
blogs or sites.
● Allow the user to interact with the
page known as DYNAMIC PAGE;
instead of just reading a page, the
user may be able to comment, or
create a user account.
Web 2.0 (Read-Write interactive web)
Examples
● Social Networking
● Blogs
● Wikis
● Video Sharing Sites
Features
● Folksonomy – allows users to categorize
and classify information using freely chosen
keywords.
● Rich User Interface – content is dynamic
and is responsive to user’s input. An
example would be a website that shows
local content.
● User Participation – the owner of a
website is not the only one who is able to
put content. Others are able to place
content on their own by means of
comments.
● Long tail – services are offered on demand
rather than on a one-time purchase. This is
synonymous to subscribing to a data plan
that charges you for the amount of time you
spend on the Internet.
Web 3.0 (Read-write intelligent web)
● Suggested name by John Markoff of the
New York Times for the third generation of
the web.
● In this generation, all the applications on
web or mobile will be upgraded with more
features. It applies the same principles as
Web 2.0.
● It will be more connected, open, and
intelligent, with semantic web technologies,
distributed databases, natural language
processing, machine learning, etc.
 Web 3.0 (Read-write intelligent web) Uses of Internet
Types of Websites ➔ Look for information
● Business Website ➔ School works, jobs, and home purpose
● Infopreneur Website ➔ Send and receive electronic mail
● Ecommerce Website ➔ Video Teleconferencing
● Educational Website ➔ Buy and Sell product
● Media Website ➔ Social Networking
● Personal Website ➔ Watch and post video
● Nonprofit Website ➔ Games
● Brochure Website ➔ Take College course
● Portfolio Website ➔ Monitor home while away
● Entertainment Website ➔ Financial transactions
● Wiki or Community Forum Website ➔ Download music and movies

What is Internet? Internet Terms and Definition

● Short form is the “net”
● It is a globally connected network system
facilitating worldwide communication and
access to data resources through a vast
collection of private, public, business,
academic and government networks.
● You can access and view websites using a
web browser.
● ARPA – Advanced Research Project Agent,
started an experimental computer network.
● 1982 – the word internet started
● First “free net” created in Case Western
Reserve University 1991.
Major Components of the Internet
Servers
➔ IP Address
➔ Browser
➔ Domain Name System (DNS)
➔ internet Service Provider (ISP)
Types of Servers
➔ Application Server
➔ Web Server
➔ Proxy Server
➔ Mail Server
➔ File Server
➔ Policy Server
● Internet – a global network of thousands of
computer networks linked by data lines and
wireless systems
● Web – a collection of billions of web pages
that you can view with a web browser
● Email – the most common method of
sending and receiving messages online
● Social media – websites and apps that
allow people to share comments, photos,
and videos
● Online gaming – games that allow people
to play over the internet.
● Software updates – operating system and
application updates can typically
downloaded from the internet
● HTML – Hypertext Markup Language is a
coding language used to tell a browser how
to place pictures, text, multimedia and links
to create a web page.
● URL – Uniform Resource Locator is a web
address used to connect to a remote
resource on the world wide web.
● Bit – is a single digit in the binary
numbering system.
● Byte – generally consists of eight bits.
● Upload – to upload is to transfer data from
your computer to another.
● Download – to download is to transfer data
from another computer to your computer.
● HTTP – Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure.
This indicates that the web page has a
special layer of encryption added to hide
your personal information and passwords
from others.
● Router – Combination is the hardware
device that acts as the traffic cop for
network signals arriving at your home from
your ISP.
● Encryption – is the mathematical
scrambling of data so that it is hidden from
eavesdroppers.
● Web bot – a term that applies to programs
used on the internet. It performs repetitive
functions, such as posting messages to
multiple newsgroups or doing searches for
information.
● Search Engine – specialized software that
lets www browser users search for info on
the web.
The Netiquette and the Computer Ethics
(WEEK 5)
What is Netiquette?
● It is the short term for Internet Etiquette.
● It is concerned with the proper way to
communicate in an online environment.
Ten Examples of Rule to Follow for Good
Netiquette
➢ Avoid posting inflammatory or offensive
comments online.
➢ Respect others’ privacy by not sharing
personal information, photos, or videos that
another person may not want published
online.
➢ Never spam others.
➢ Show good sportsmanship when playing
online games
➢ Thank others who help you online.
Rules of Professional Online
Communications Known as Netiquette
➢ Remember the golden rule.
➢ Avoid slang, acronyms, and text talk
➢ Avoid “SCREAMING” in typed messages
➢ Proofread your message before sending
➢ Exercise good judgement when sharing
information with others
➢ Respect diversity in viewpoints
TEN COMMANDMENTS OF COMPUTER
ETHICS
➔ Rule 1: Practice the golden rule
➔ Rule 2: Adhere to the same standards of
behavior online that you follow in real life.
➔ Rule 3: Know where you are in cyberspace.
➔ Rule 4: Respect other people’s time and
bandwidth.
➔ Rule 5: Make sure you look good online
➔ Rule 6: Share expert knowledge
➔ Rule 7: Help keep flame wars under control.
➔ Rule 8: Respect other people’s privacy
➔ Rule 9: Don’t abuse your power
➔ Rule 10: Be forgiving of other people’s
mistakes.
What is Cybercrime?
● It is the characteristics of the culture of
computers, information, technology and
virtual reality.
● A crime in which a computer is the object of
the crime. (Hacking, Phishing, spamming,
and child pornography)
What is Cybercriminal?
● May use computer technology to access
personal information, business trade,
secrets or use the internet for exploitative or
malicious purposes.
Republic Act no. 10175
● Cybercrime Prevention Act of 2012
● Is a law in the Philippines approved on
September 12, 2012 which aims to address
legal issues concerning online interactions
and the internet.
Republic Act no. 10173
● Data Privacy Act of 2012
● Is an act protecting individual personal
information
Common Forms of Cybercrimes
➔ Copyright – the exclusive legal right, given
to an originator or an assignee to print,
publish, perform, film, or record literacy, and
to authorize others to do the same.
➔ Copyright Infringement – is a violation
piracy or theft of a copyright holder’s
exclusive rights through the unauthorized
use of a copyrighted material or work.
➔ Plagiarism – An act or instance of using or
closely imitating the language and thoughts
of another author without authorization
➔ Computer Addiction – offline: generally
used when speaking about excessive
gaming behavior, which can be practiced
both online and online. Online: also known
as internet addiction, which gets more
attention in general from scientific research
than offline computer addiction.
Virtual Self
➔ The persona you create about yourself
virtually
Criminal Activities
➔ Hacking - Unauthorized access of or
interference with computer systems,
servers, or other information and
communication systems. Unauthorized
access to corrupt, alter, steal, or destroy
electronic data using computers or other
information and communication systems
without the computer or system owner’s
knowledge and consent. Infection of IT
Systems with Malware – if the act is
committed against critical infrastructure
of the Philippines the penalty is between
12-20 years reclusion temporal. Six years
up to twelve years of imprisonment also
known as prison mayor.
➔ Computer-related forgery, fraud, and/or
identity theft - An attempt to obtain
sensitive information such as usernames,
passwords, and credit card details and
(indirectly money), often for malicious
reasons. Maximum of Php 200,000 fine or
prison mayor
➔ Cyberbullying - The use of electronic
communication to bully a person, typically
by sending a message of an intimidating or
threatening nature. The Anti-Bullying Act
of 2013 (RA 10627)
➔ Cybersex - Willful engagement,
maintenance, control, or operation, directly
or indirectly of any lascivious exhibition of
sexual organs or sexual activity with the aid
of a computer system for favor or
consideration. Penalty at least Php
200,000 and or prison mayor
➔ Child Pornography - Is a form of child
sexual exploitation. Unlawful or prohibited
acts defined and punishable by Republic
Act No. 9775 or the Anti-Child Pornography
Act of 2009, committed through a computer
system. Penalty of 12-20 years of
imprisonment or reclusion temporal
➔ Cyber Defamation - Is an unprivileged
false statement of fact which tends to harm
the reputation of a person or company.
Penalty of 6-12 years of imprisonment or
prison mayor.
Internet Threats
➔ Hacking - The process by which cyber
criminals gain access to your computer.
➔ Malware - is one of the more common ways
to infiltrate or damage your computer.
Malicious software that infects your
computer, such as computer viruses,
worms, Trojan horses, spyware, and
adware.
➔ Pharming - is a common type of online
fraud. A means to point you to a malicious
and illegitimate website by redirecting the
legitimate URL.
➔ Phishing - is used most often by cyber
criminals because it's easy to execute and
can produce the results they're looking for
with very little effort. Fake emails, text
messages and websites created to look like
they're from authentic companies. They're
sent by criminals to steal personal and
financial information from you. This is also
known as “spoofing”.
➔ Spam - is one of the more common
methods of both sending information out
and collecting it from unsuspecting people.
The mass distribution of unsolicited
messages, advertising or pornography to
addresses which can be easily found on the
Internet through things like social
networking sites, company websites and
personal blogs.
➔ Spyware - Software that collects personal
information about you without you knowing.
They often come in the form of a ‘free'
download and are installed automatically
with or without your consent. These are
difficult to remove and can infect your
computer with viruses.
➔ Trojan Horses - may not be a term you're
familiar with, but there's a good chance you
or someone you know has been affected by
one. A malicious program that is disguised
as, or embedded within, legitimate software.
It is an executable file that will install itself
and run automatically once it's downloaded.
➔ Viruses - Malicious computer programs that
are often sent as an email attachment or a
download with the intent of infecting your
computer, as well as the computers of
everyone in your contact list. Just visiting a
site can start an automatic download of a
virus.
➔ Wi-Fi Eavesdropping - is another method
used by cyber criminals to capture personal
information. Virtual “listening in” on
information that's shared over an unsecure
(not encrypted) WiFi network.
➔ Worms - are a common threat to computers
and the Internet as a whole. A worm, unlike
a virus, goes to work on its own without
attaching itself to files or programs. It lives
in your computer memory, doesn't damage
or alter the hard drive and propagates by
sending itself to other computers in a
network – whether within a company or the
internet itself.