Information and Communications accept data, manipulate the data according to specified rules,

produce results, and store the results for future use.

Technology
History of Computer
-Related to technologies that facilitate the transfer of
information and various types of electronically mediated • FIRST-GENERATION COMPUTERS Electronic Numeric
communication. Integrator and Calculator (ENIAC)

The need for devices, such as mobile phones, laptops, and Components of a Computer
tablets, is identified in all instances. This fact is perhaps due
Working with a computer would be ineffective if one does not
to the human need to "belong." According to Baumeister and
intermingle with it because the machine cannot accept and
Leary (1995), the "belongingness hypothesis".
receive instructions and/or deliver an output on its own.

Input devices enter or send data and instructions from the user
IT versus ICT or from another computer system on the internet while output
devices send back the administered data to the user or to
⚫ICT,or information and communications technology, is another computer system.
often used in a more general sense, and is described as using
computers and other digital technology to assist individuals or
institutions in handling or using information.
Input Devices
⚫IT, or information technology, pertains to the industry that
involves computers, software, networking, and other IT
infrastructure to help relay or manage information important System Unit
in modern-day living as seen primarily in large companies or
-The system unit is the enclosure composed of the main
corporations.
elements of a computer that are used to administer data. This
can be referred to as a computer case or tower.

Breakdown of ICT ⚫Storage Devices

ICT is made up of three words, namely information,
communications, and technology.
Information Information refers to the knowledge obtained
from reading, investigation, study, or research. Not to be
confused with data, information is regarded as processed data.
Processed information is called know ledge.
Communication Communication is an act of transmitting
messages. It is a process in which information is exchanged
between individuals through verbal and non-verbal means.
Technology Technology has evolved in ways that improve
people's daily activities.
-A computer can be utilized with only processing, memory,
input, and output devices. To make it very valuable, however,
a computer also needs a place to hold program files and all
related files when they are not in use. The goal of using a
storage is to keep data permanently.
the flash disk drive, a small portable storage device often
referred to as pen drives, thumb drives, or jump drives.
hard disk drive, most personal computers have at least one
non-removable hard disk that is regarded as a non-volatile
memory which permanently stores and retrieves data Another
storage device is the compact dise. It is a flat, round and
portable metal disc. (CD-ROM & DVD-ROM)

Why Computers Are Powerful

Evolution of Technology  SPEED

 RELIABILITY AND CONSISTENCY
The concept of technology always starts with the basic tool.
 ACCURACY
By combining a set of tools, people have come up with  COMMUNICATION
machines that can do the tasks faster and more efficiently.

• Another type of machine that is considered a necessity is the

computer. A computer is an electronic device, operating under
the control of instructions stored in its own memory that can
Classifying Computers 3. Machine Learning

 Personal Computer A11 BIONIC

 Workstation
FACE ID
 Minicomputer
 Mainframe WIRELESS CHARGING
 Supercomputer
AUGMENTED REALITY
Types of Computers

 Desktop Computer
4. Automation
 Laptop
 Tablet 5. Big Data
 Smartphone
 Wearables 6. Physical - Digital Integration
 Smart V 7. Everything on Demand

Digital Age, Information Age, and Computer Age
Media in the Digital Age
The Message
-Media is considered to be the message itself for those who
create and own the rights of content. The forms of content can
be user- generated or professionally-produced.
Below is one of the many examples of media tools used
especially by millennials to generate content.
• Blog
Ethical Issues in ICT
The following are some of the ethical issues in ICT:
1. PLAGIARISM - It is an act of theft in which a person copies
another person's ideas, words, or writings, etc. and pass them
off as his or her own. Those who committed such action may
lead to serious legal and ethical defilements.
2. EXPLOITATION - It is an action in which one deals with a
person dishonestly, unethically, and dishonorably, in order to
take advantage of the latter's works and/or resources. This
leads to unlawful actions.

-Maine Mendoza (THE PESSIMISTIC OPTIMIST BELLA)
- The Medium - refers to the tool or tools used in sending a
message from the source to the destination.
- The Messenger - is the one who delivers the message. This is
why broadcasters, for example, being the messenger of news
are called "media."
Evolution of Media
The media has transformed itself based on two things (1) how
information is presented; and (2) how the connection is
established.
 15th century - Woodcut printing on cloth or on paper
 1436 - relief printing and a molding system
 1800s - telegraph was developed followed by the
telephone
 1900s - broadcasting and recorded media were
introduced
 Present - combination of both audio and video
information
3. LIBEL - It can either be an insult, slur, or slander. Either
written or spoken or even through actions, it may lead to libel
if the accusation is not true and without any piece of evidence.
The basic parts of a computer are the Central Processing Unit
(CPU), memory, a keyboard or other input device, and a screen
or other output device. How does a computer add or subtract,
and how can its memory remember the answers it computes?
A computer does not have a human brain inside but acts in
many ways as though it does have a real one.
However, while we understand human language, the
computer can understand machine language. When a person
types on the computer's keyboard, the human brain identifies
the letters, numbers, and characters combined to create
words and sentences. But the computer does not recognize
letters as letters of the alphabet; it sees the letters as a series
of O's and 1's called the binary language.
Computer Number Systems
Humans use the decimal number system-to count, measure,
and compute. The decimal number system has ten digits, such
as 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9. A computer, on the other hand,
can only understand two digits a 0 and a 1. These two numbers
play an important role in the way computers communicate
with one another. This type of number system is called the
binary number system, with the prefix bi, which means 2.
There are other types of number systems, such as the octal
number system (from the prefix octa, meaning it uses 8 digits)
and the hexadecimal number system (hexa means 6; deci
means 10; meaning it uses 16 digits to represent its values).
However, these special number systems are merely a way to
bridge the computer's binary language to a somewhat
understandable human (decimal) language since computer
data can be complicated.
With the different types of number systems, it is important to
understand how computers interpret the letters on the
keyboard through a series of O's and 1's. This is normally done
through the number system conversion. Depending on the
standard used, computer systems convert characters from the
keyboard and later display them on the monitor.
Refer to the following steps:
1. From the keyboard, pressure pads are typically found
underneath each key. Upon typing a letter, the pressure pad
sends information to the CPU for processing.
2. The information is then transmitted in the form of O's and l's
using the ASCII code.
3. The CPU determines what character has been typed and
sends the information to the computer monitor, again in O's
and 1’s.
4. The monitor displays the information in its equivalent
character, this time readable and understandable by humans.
A Majority of computer systems use the American Standard
Code for Information Interchange (ASCII) for converting
characters into 0's and 1's. The ASCII code is a 7-bit code used
to represent letters, numbers, and basic special characters.
The uppercase character 'A' as seen on the left is represented
in ASCII as 0100 0001 in binary, 101 in octal, or 41 in
hexadecimal system.
Notice how the characters are represented in decimal, octal,
and hexadecimal formats. Computer programmers create
programs so that computers can do specific tasks. People who
write programs are programmers. Depending on the skills set
of the programmer, a program can be developed based on the
programming language the programmer is familiar with.
Another term used for a program is codes. Writing programs is
called programming or coding.
However, looking at a long string of O's and I's (binary format)
might be considered too confusing for the programmer,
causing errors during coding. Take a look at the word
"computer" in binary code as seen by a computer:
01100011 01101111 01110100 01101101 01110000
01110101 01100101 01110010
A bit hard to read, right? The programmer might miss out on a
few digits while creating a program. Thus, to make it easier,
machine codes are made "more human" by making them
readable and similar to the human language. This is identified
with the different levels of programming languages which will
be discussed later in this chapter.
So how does the computer know that 01100011 01101111
01101101 01110000 01110101 01110100 01100101 01110010
is the same as the word "computer"? Each character is
converted from the ASCII table's hexadecimal, octal, or
decimal presentation into binary language. For example, the
letter 'c' is equivalent to 63 in hexadecimal which when
converted into binary is equal to 0110 0011.
HOW COMPUTERS COMMUNICATE WITH ONE ANOTHER?
Notice how computer uses different ways to connect to certain
devices. The computer monitor uses a wire to connect to the
computer unit while the mouse wirelessly connects to the
laptop, etc. Depending on the situation, computers use
different connection
methods to do their tasks.
System bus
A computer system,
on its own,
communicates
through what is
called a system bus.
A system bus is a
pathway composed
of cables and
Figure 1Figure 2.2 Simplified diagram of a connectors used to
computer system implemented with a single
carry data from a
system bus. This modular organization was
popular in the 1970s and 1980s. computer's
peripheral devices-
monitor, keyboard, mouse, etc.-to the CPU and the main
memory. There are three types of buses: the data bus, address
bus, and control bus.
For example, how does the computer know that the printer
needs more ink? How does the mouse cursor move along with
the actual mouse? And how does the speaker produce sound
in time with the video displayed on the monitor?
System bus
A computer system, on its own, communicates through what
is called a system bus. A system bus is a pathway composed of
cables and connectors used to carry data from a computer's
peripheral devices-monitor, keyboard, mouse, etc.-to the CPU
and the main memory. There are three types of buses: the data
bus, address bus, and control bus.
For example, how does the computer know that the printer
needs more ink? How does the mouse cursor move along with
the actual mouse? And how does the speaker produce sound
in time with the video displayed on the monitor?
Data bus
A data bus can transfer data to and from the memory of a
computer, or into or out of the CPU. Examples of pieces of
information that traverse the data bus include files transferred
from a flash drive to the computer's hard drive and a document
sent to the printer for printing.
Address bus
The address bus is used by the CPU to specify a physical
address for instructions, files, and other devices within the
computer system. For example, in a given computer unit, there
are typically 6 to 8 USB ports. The address bus is responsible
for checking which of the USB ports has a printer connected to
it, along with the mouse, keyboard, speakers, and, sometimes,
even external drives.
HOW COMPUTERS COMMUNICATE WITH ONE ANOTHER?
Control bus
A control bus is used by CPUs to communicate with other
devices within the computer system. As the address bus carries
the location of the data being sent and the data bus carries the
actual data being processed, the control bus carries the
commands or instructions from the CPU. It also sends status
signals from the devices, identifying if it is ready or not. The
typical read/write commands are identified through the
control bus. For example, if one tries to save a file to a flash
drive that is already removed from the computer, the
computer will notify the user with an error message saying that
the folder or drive where the file is intended to be saved is no
longer existing.
This is because the original destination or location can no
longer be sent through the address bus because of the
disconnection. Therefore, the CPU sends a halt instruction via
the control bus, stopping the data to be sent through the data
bus, often seen as an error message prompt.
The amount of data sent throughout the system bus depends
on the size of the bus. Latest computer systems use a 64-bit
bus; however, the majority still use a 32-bit computing size for
their computer systems. Take note, however, that the
mentioned computing size is on a hardware level. Having an
operating system or software application that is 32-bit or 64-
bit is different. Again, the hardware is different from the
software. It is advised that ifyour computer hardware uses a
32-bit bus (hardware), use only software programs running 32-
bits. This is to avoid the hardware. from overheating. Imagine
a 32-bit bus computer working double time to make up for the
excess 32-bits from a 64-bit application software. A 64-bit bus,
on the other hand, can process either a 32-bit or a 64-bit
software application.
HOW COMPUTERS CONNECT TO OTHER COMPUTERS
The next step in knowing how a computer is able to connect to
other devices is to understand how a computer connects to
another computer. Earlier, computer peripherals using wired
or wireless connections are mentioned. It is also similar when
a computer wants to connect to another computer-with or
without wires.
Computer Network Systems
Computers are able to communicate with one another over
networks. A computer network is an interconnection of two or
more computers. This interconnection gives these computers
the capability to share information and resources. There are
several types of networks, mostly depending on the number of
computers in it, how they are used, and what type of
technology is used in its connectivity. Below are some of the
computer network systems:
• Personal area network (PAN) is a type of connection which
is often limited to an individual person and his or her personal
devices. Normally, these devices must be within the range of
10 meters with each other. For example, a person traveling
with a laptop, a smartphone, and a portable printer could
interconnect the devices without having to plug anything in,
using some form of wireless technology.
Local area network (LAN) is a connection in which a group of
computers and other devices, such as network printers, share
a common communications line within a certain area such as a
building or a small campus. LANS are often found in schools
and offices to secure the organization's information. This is
done through a computer server in which user's access may be
restricted to avoid unwanted users. For example, some schools
use LANS within their campuses so that students can connect
to the internet to do online research. Students are required to
login their information (such as their student ID) to connect to
the internet. However, through the school's campus server,
restrictions to sites such as online games, pornographic
materials, and the like are implemented. This means that
students will not be able to access these websites inside the
campus.
Wide area network (WAN) - may be less restrictive than LAN
as rules and policies may differ within its coverage. A WAN may
be made of several LANs and PANS. A WAN can also be made
up of several more WANs. This is why WAN is considered
synonymous to the internet. There are many different types of
connection media that are used in contemporary society to
connect computer networks to one another. Connections are
often categorized generally into two-wired communication
and wireless communication.
Methods of Communication
There are many different types of connection media that are
used in contemporary society to connect computer networks
to one another. Connections are often categorized generally
into two-wired communication and wireless communication.
→ Wired communication
Different types of cables are used to connect to a given
network. There are coaxial cables, fiber-optic cables, Ethernet
cables, and traditional telephone lines. These will be discussed
at length in later chapters. This chapter focuses on a stand-
alone computer system and the types of wired connections
that are available.
Living in the main Technology
Local area network (LAN) is a connection in which a group
of computers and other devices, such as network
printers, share a common communications line within a
certain area such as a building or a small campus, LANs
are often found in schools and offices to secure the
organization's information. This is done through a
computer server in which user's access may be restricted
to avoid unwanted users. For example, some schools use
LANs within their campuses so that students can connect
to the internet to do online research. Students are
required to login their information (such as their student
ID) to connect to the internet. However, through the
school's campus server, restrictions to sites such as
online games, pornographic materials, and the like are
implemented. This means that students will not be able
to access these websites inside the campus.
⚫ Wide area network (WAN)
may be less restrictive than LAN as rules and policies may
differ within its coverage. A WAN may be made of several
LANs and PANS. A WAN can also be made up of several
more WANs. This is why WAN is considered synonymous
to the internet.
Methods of Communication
There are many different types of connection media that
are used in contemporary society to connect computer
networks to one another. Connections are often
categorized generally into two-wired communication
and wireless communication.
→ Wired communication
Different types of cables are used to connect to a given
network. There are coaxial cables, fiber-optic cables,
Ethernet cables, and traditional telephone lines. These
will be discussed at length in later chapters. This chapter
focuses on a stand- alone computer system and the types
of wired connections that are available.
Computer systems have different connections which
usually depend on the motherboard's form factor.
Popular wired connections nowadays include the
following:
USB
Universal Serial Bus (USB) is a connection or interface
that allows the computer to communicate with system
peripherals such as keyboard, mouse, printer, etc. as well
as other devices like digital cameras and portable fans.
FireWire It is a type of connector that can transmit data
to and from devices which have typical high data rates,
such as external hard drives. The transfer speed of a
FireWire is faster than that of a USB.
Ethernet cable An Ethernet cable transmits signals
between a computer and network devices such as a
router, switch, or other computers.
HDMI High-definition Multimedia Interface (HDMI) is a
connector for transmitting audio/video data which are
compatible to computers, projectors, and digital
televisions.
Older computer units have connections that include the
following:
VGA The 15-pin Vicco Graphics Array (VGA)
connector has been provided on many video cards,
computer monitors, laptop computers, and projectors. It
is now slowly being phased out in favor of the faster and
more compact HDMI connector.
Serial An RS-232 serial connection was once a standard
feature of a personal computer used for connections to
modem, printer, mouse, and other peripheral devices.
Now, it has been replaced by USB connections.
Parallel Similar to the serial connection, parallel
connections were used before to connect other
computer peripherals such as printers. It has also been
replaced since then by the USB connections.
PS/2 The PS/2 is a 6-pin connector used to connect the
mouse and keyboard to a computer. It is color-coded to
identify which peripheral will be connected to which
port. Purple is for keyboard and green is for the mouse.
→ Bluetooth
Bluetooth uses radio waves to connect to other devices.
The connection via Bluetooth is called pairing. Once
paired, devices are able to send and receive information
provided they are within a given range which is typically
10 meters.

Audio Jacks
How Humans Communicate with Computers
The audio jacks are the 3.5mm jacks used for
microphones (as input), and speakers (as output). It uses Humans communicate with computers using various input and
color codes as well to indicate the type of input and output devices, as well as programming languages.
output lines. Computer Software
Pink Mic in Blue: Line in
Green: Front speakers out The computer software is a combination of instructions, data,
and programs that the computer needs in order to do a specific
Black (or dark blue in some older boards): Rear speakers
task. Another term used for computer software is computer
out
programs. Everything the computer does can basically be
Orange: Center/subwoofer out controlled through these programs. Programs are a set of
Gray: Middle speakers out codes or instructions which are usually designed or written by
These connections are now being computer programmers using a specific programming
replaced by USB and HDMI connections. language. The most common type of programming language
used by programmers. is called object-oriented programming.
This programming Janguage includes Microsoft's C#
→ Wireless communication (pronounced as 'see-sharp'), Sun Microsystem's Java, and an
Wireless communications include microwave open-source programming language, PHP (Hypertext
transmission, satellite communication, cellular Preprocessor).
transmission, and radio transmission such as WiFi
Programmers have developed two types of computer
connectivity. Wireless technologies differ hugely from
software-the system software and application software.
one another, but the most popular types are Bluetooth
and Wi-Fi. The Institute of Electrical and Electronics People might be more familiar with the application software as
Engineers (IEEE), a professional technical association most of the day-to-day tasks done in front of a computer
with members all across the globe, identified standard involve the use of application programs (eg, typing a school
assignment using Microsoft Word, editing a photo using Adobe
802.11 for Wi-Fi and 802.15 for Bluetooth in the wireless
Photoshop, browsing through Facebook using Google Chrome,
standards.
or listening to music using Apple's iTunes). The system
software also called an operating system (OS) is the most
important software running on a computer since it manages
→ Wi-Fi the computer's memory and instructions and has the ability to
control all the connected hardware and installed software
Wi-Fi uses radio waves to wirelessly transmit information applications.
across a network. Wi-Fi's signals are transmitted in
frequencies of between 2.5 and 5 gigabertz (GHz), which The OS allows a person to interact with the computer-from the
are higher than radio and TV signals to avoid hardware components and peripherals to all the installed
software applications and files one has stored on the
interference. Wi-Fi is often used in schools, companies,
computer. The interaction can occur in two ways:
and business establishments, among others. This is to
provide network connections to multiple users without 1. By using a command-line operating system (e.g., DOS) in
the need for cables. Majority of Wi-Fi users use mobile which the computer responds according to the text command
devices, such as tablets, laptops, and smartphones to that is typed
connect via an access point or Wi-Fi hotspot. 2. With a graphical user interface (GUI) operating system (e.g.
Windows) such as pictures and buttons through mouse clicks
and keyboard entries
System Platforms
Desktop systems differ from mobile systems in terms of how
each platform treats the application software installed in the
system. A desktop or a laptop computer usually needs an
application program to run a certain application on it, or
possibly. multiple ones at the same time. A typical example is
that of a web browser capable of running multiple web sites
with different "applications" all at the same time. In this
scenario, Google Chrome is open as the user waits for an email
from a friend via Gmail, while another browser tab has
YouTube open as he or she watches video tutorials. Another
browser tab with Wikipedia open is possible as the user is also
researching on different computer peripherals. All of these
websites are accessed using a single web browser. A web
browser is considered to be an application software. However,
this scenario is typically played within a desktop platform.
With today's trend leaning towards mobility, more and more
mobile devices are now capable of doing things which typical
desktop computers can do. This is why companies that develop
smartphones, for example, have identified specific system
software and application software for these mobile devices
(Hope, 2017).
Using a smartphone in accessing the same websites is a
different experience. Instead of using a web browser to access
all three web sites, mobile applications are used. Mobile
applications have the capacity to run directly on top of the
operating system without using web browsers. Facebook,
YouTube, and Gmail are typical examples of desktop
applications that have mobile counterparts.
System Software
Two of the most popular desktop system software or OS
nowadays are Microsoft's Windows and Apple's macOS. In
mobile devices, Apple uses iOS for their devices' system
software. But while Microsoft is also using Windows for their
mobile devices' operating system, it is not the leading mobile
OS in the world, compared to its desktop counterpart.
According to the International Data Corporation (IDC), the
most popular mobile operating system as of 2016 is Android
OS, acquiring 85% of the global market (IDC, 2017).
Applications Software
The table below identifies the different types of application
programs and their corresponding software that are available
in the market.
Online Applications Software
As previously discussed, application software consists of
programs that are designed to perform specific tasks for users.
Specific application software products, called software
packages, are available from different vendors. Usually, these
software packages cost money although a lot of application
software is now being made available for free. Often called
shareware, freeware, or public-domain software, this software
can be downloaded for free but usually with fewer capabilities
compared to the ones sold.
As such, online application software is now introduced with
the improved internet speed being made available to
consumers. There are various products available including
software tools that were previously identified only as
computer applications.
Office productivity tools such as Microsoft Office Suite were
only available offline, but now, Microsoft has developed
Microsoft Office 365 which has been made available to
students and teachers for free via their Office 365 Education.
Numerous web and mobile applications are also made
available to users which oftentimes feature the same
functionalities as the offline version. Google introduced its
online applications capable of doing the same thing as
Microsoft's Office Suite. Google Docs, Google Sheets, and
Google Slides are the online counterparts of MS Word, Excel,
and PowerPoint, respectively.
Other online productivity tools are also available for
organizations, such as data collection and analysis, especially
for those in the marketing industry. PCMag.com has listed
down available online survey engines for 2017 and analyzed
the top contenders. Included in the list are Zoho Survey, Survey
Gizmo, Campaign Monitor GerFeedback, Checkbox Survey,
Fluid Surveys, Survey Monkey, WorldApp KeySurvey, Outside
Software eSurveysPro, SoGoSurvey, and Survey Planet. Survey
Gizmo is the Editors' Choice getting a 4.5 rating and is said to
be best for small to midsize businesses (Schindler, 2017). Not
only can an organization easily disseminate its survey
questions to its clients, but data trends and analysis are also
automatically done by the tool, providing faster results.
Tisguide.com has also listed down several popular applications
available in the App Store and Google Play that can increase
productivity, improve efficiency, and provide convenience.
Below are just some of the apps on their list:
I. Any.do-a scheduler and reminder notification app
2. Microsoft Office Word, Excel, and PowerPoint - available for
free download in both Android and iOS
3. WPS Office - another office productivity suite that does the
same as Microsoft's Word, Excel, and PowerPoint
4. Adobe Acrobat Reader - a PDF reader and annotation app
which less you view and sign PDF forms
5. Microsoft Outlook
contacts, and calendar
for reading emails, managing
6. Newton Mail - for accessing all email accounts in one
"unified inbox"
7. Forge - a mobile drawing app that allows the user to create
sketches and edit photos
Lastly, people who have no IT background can now create their
own blogs and websites through online tools which provide
web hosting and web content management. They do not need
to learn programming languages, although some knowledge in
programming will be an advantage to further customize the
web Layout.
Wix.com and WordPress.com are two of the most popular
website creation tools available online. Both tools offer
blogging and website content management system (CMS).
Users do not need to be programmers due to the simple and
easy-to-use design of the CMS.
How Computers Impact Everyday Life
The advent of technologies specifically the development of
information and communications technology has changed the
lives of people. Computers, for example, permeate everyday
life as they are used in various fields-in schools, malls, and
hospitals, among others. The following areas show how
computers have made such an impact.
Education
Today, most elementary and secondary schools (public and
private) and higher education institutions (HEIs) have
computers in their classrooms. ICT in general has made things
convenient and efficient for teachers, students, researchers,
and school administrators.
With the use of computers, teachers can do research and
enhance their teaching materials. They can join online forums
and conferences and gain new ideas and learn from the latest
research findings and trends.
Students use computers with internet access as one of their
reference tools. They can communicate and collaborate with
their peers while working in their own homes.
School administrators use computers for administrative work
to ensure that the entire operation of the school runs
proficiently. An access to all school documents is made easy
and always available with the use of a so-called server
Electronic learning (e-learning) is the newest teaching
methodology in which students and teachers can
communicate and collaborate with each other through online
discussion of their lessons, activities, and examinations. Such
examples are Blackboard, Edmodo, Moodle, etc.
Banking
The computer has made all banking transactions around the
world easier and more secure. It manipulates the entire
banking system as it includes 24-hour electronic banking
services. The services include:
• Automated teller machine (ATM)
• Cheque deposit
• Electronic fund transfer
• Direct deposit
Pay by phone system
• Personal computer banking/internet banking
Workforce Industry
Workers, researchers, and administrators benefit from ICT.
Computers are used to expedite production planning and
control systems, to support chain management, and to
facilitate product design in the industrial sector. Machines that
are fully computer- operated are now used. Researchers use
computers to gather and analyze data for hypothetical
reference while administrators use computers to manage the
entire operations of the plant or factory to detect or anticipate
explicit errors or deficiencies that transpire in the process.
Some of the large industrial companies that implement ICT
include Toyota Philippines, Honda Philippines, and San Miguel
Corporation.

However, the use of ICT can be perceived as a threat to

assembly-line and factory workers as robots or machines take
over their jobs.

Electronic Commerce

Electronic commerce or simply e-commerce helps boose the

economy. With computers, internet, and shared software as
the main tools needed, buying and selling activities are made
easier, more efficient, and faster. Customers, sellers, and
suppliers all benefit from the capabilities of ICT. Some of the
known e-commerce markets are Zalora, Lazada, Shopee,
Metrodeal, Takatack, Amazon, OLX.ph, AirBnB, Booking.com,
Agoda.com, and many others.

Customers or clients use computers to communicate with

sellers. This method can save time and cost as consumers do
not have to go physically to any outlets or department stores.
Suppliers, on the other hand, use computers in keeping track
of their transactions which include the monitoring of
inventory.

Hospitals

The use of computers in hospitals offers many benefits to both

doctors and patients. Hospitals are creating patients databases
of health records, treatment records, and medical records.
Also, with the help of ICT, doctors use computers and various
medical applications not only for research advancement but
also for faster diagnosis of patients' illnesses. Through
computing and monitoring technologies, tests administered in
hospitals such as blood test, urine test, brain testing,
ultrasound, echocardiography. complete blood count (CBC),
mammography, bone density study, magnetic resonance
imaging (MRI), X-rays, and body scanning, among others are
made possible. With the development of databases and other
applications, ICTs prevent medical errors in particular and
improve the efficiency of the health system in general.