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PROJECT ON MOVING
COIL GALVANOMETER
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Submitted by:
Name: Jayant
Arora Class: XII-A
Roll no. :
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CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the project entitled “Report on
Moving Coil Galvanometer” is the bona fide work of him
submitted to SALWAN PUBLIC SCHOOL, SEC 15(II)
GURUGRAM for consideration in partial fulfillment of
the requirement of CBSE, Delhi. For the award of Senior
School Certificate in Science.
_______________ _______________
Examiner’s Signature Teacher’s Signature
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
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Index
S.no. Title PAGE No.
1. Certificate 2
2. Acknowledgement 3
3. Index 4
4 Introduction 5
5 Principle and 6-7
Construction
6 Theory 8-9
7 Advantages and 10
Disadvantages
8 Sensitivity and Accuracy 11-13
9 Bibliography 14
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Introduction
A galvanometer is an electromechanical instrument for detecting and
indicating electric current. A galvanometer works as an actuator, by
producing a rotary deflection (of a "pointer"), in response to electric
current flowing through a coil in a constant magnetic field. Early
galvanometers were not calibrated, but their later developments were
used as measuring instruments, called ammeters, to measure the current
flowing through an electric circuit.
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Principle
When a current carrying coil is suspended in a uniform
magnetic field it is acted upon by a torque. Under the
action of this torque, the coil rotates and the deflection in
the coil in a moving coil galvanometer is directly
proportional to the current flowing through the coil.
Construction
The suspended type consists of a rectangular coil of thin insulated copper wires
having a large number of turns.
The coil is suspended between the poles of a powerful horseshoe magnet by a
suspension fibre of phosphor-bronze. A spring is attached to the other end of the
coil. The current enters the coil through the fibre and leaves the coil through
the spring.
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The upper end of the suspension fiber is connected to a rotating screw head so
that the plane of the coil can be adjusted in any desired position.
The horseshoe magnet has cylindrically concave pole-pieces. Due to this shape,
the magnet produces radial magnetic field so that when coil rotates in any
position its plane is always parallel to the direction of magnetic field. When
current flows through the coil it gets deflected.
A soft iron cylinder is fixed inside the coil such that the coil can rotate freely
between the poles and around the cylinder. Due to the high permittivity, the soft
iron core increases the strength of the radial magnetic field.
A small plane mirror M is fixed to the suspension fibre. This along with lamp
and scale arrangement is used to measure the deflection of the coil.
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Theory
Consider a rectangular coil PQRS of single turn having length ‘l’ and breadth
‘b’ suspended in a uniform magnetic field of induction B such that the plane of
the coil is parallel to the magnetic field. Let ‘I’ be the current through the coil.
The sides PS and QR being parallel to the magnetic field do not experience
any force, but the sides PQ and RS being perpendicular to the magnetic
field experience force. The force experienced by each side is given by
F=BIl
By Fleming’s left-hand rule these forces are opposite in direction. As these
two forces are equal and opposite they form what is called as a couple
and due to which a torque acts on the coil which tries to deflect the
coil.
The deflection torque is given by,
Torque = Force x Perpendicular distance between the forces.
τ=Fxb
∴τ=BIl×b
∴τ=BIA
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If the coil has ‘n’ turns, then the deflecting torque is given by
∴ τ = n BIA
Under the action of this torque, the plane of the coil rotates through an
angle θ before coming to rest. Due to the radial magnetic field, the plane
of the coil is always parallel to the direction of magnetic field. Thus at any
position, the deflecting torque has constant magnitude. The rotation of
the coil produces a twist in the fibre which produces a restoring torque
which is
directly proportional to the angle of deflection θ.
τ𝖺θ
∴τ=kθ
Where k is the torque per unit twist (or torsional constant) of the suspension
fiber.
When the coil comes to rest i.e. when it attains equilibrium, the
restoring torque will balance the deflecting torque. So in equilibrium
position of the
coil,
Deflecting torque = Restoring torque.
nBIA=kθ
∴I𝖺q
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Advantages and
Disadvantages
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Sensitivity and Accuracy of
a Galvanometer
Sensitivity of Moving Coil Galvanometer:
The sensitivity of moving coil galvanometer is defined as the ratio of
the change in deflection of the galvanometer to the change in the
current.
Sensitivity = dθ / di
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Limitations to Increase in Sensitivity of Moving Coil
Galvanometer:
If the turns of the coil are increased the length of wire and hence the
resistance of the coil increases.
Increasing the area of the coil beyond limit makes the instrument bulky.
Increase in the number of turns and area of the coil increases the load on
suspension fiber. Hence spring higher value of k should be used which
decreases the sensitivity of the galvanometer.
Increasing the strength of magnetic induction leads to increase in the
weight of the apparatus.
Decreasing the couple per unit twist of the spring leads to decrease in the
strength of the spring.
by
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For greater accuracy of the galvanometer, the ratio di / i should be
small. It is small when the deflection is large. Thus for greater
accuracy, the deflection in the galvanometer should be large for small
current in it.
As the expression of accuracy does not contain the terms n, A, B and k the
accuracy is independent of the number of turns of the coil, the area of
the
coil, the magnetic induction and constant for the spring.
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Bibliography
www.google.com/images
www.wikipedia.com
www.hemantmore.org.in
www.brainkart.com
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