Full Report

Senior Project Analysis and synthesis of trailer of two wheel tractor
MEKELLE UNIVERSITY
FACULITY OF SCINCE AND TECHNOLOGY

DEPARTEMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
FINAL YEAR PROJECT ON
Adviser: - Mr. Solomon G/her (M.Sc)

Mr. Molalign Mulusew (B.Sc)
Mr. Solomon Assefa (B.Sc)
By:-Mengesha Wudu
ID NO MUNR 620/95
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Mekelle University Mengesha Wudu
Mechanical Engineering Department June, 2008
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I am very glad to thank to my advisors Solomon G/her (MSC) and Molalign Mulusew
(BSC) whose valuable and curious advice right from the beginning has given me the
courage to complete this project on time. In addition I would like to thank to Solomon
Assefa (BSC) mechanical engineering department and my colleagues for their keenest
support and advice and for their great contribution when I am in need of help.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
ACKNOWELEGEMENT………………………………………………………………
i
TABLE OF CONTENTS -----------------------------------------------------------------------ii
GENERAL OBJECTIV-------------------------------------------------------------------------iii
SPECIFIC OBJECTIVE……………………………………………………………… iii
CHAPTER ONE -------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------1

1. BACKGROUND AND JUSTIFICATION..................................................................1
1.1. AGICUTURE IN ETHIOPIA...................................................................................1
1.2. RURAL ECONOMIC DEVELOPEMENT.............................................................3
1.3. COUNTRY AND FILD SITE CHARCTERSTIC...................................................4
1.3.1 NATIONAL ECONOMY ...................................................................................4
1.3.2 AGRICALTURAL SECTOR .............................................................................5
CHAPTER TWO...............................................................................................................8
2. INTRODUCTION.........................................................................................................8
2.1 TABLE: CHARACTERISTICS OF ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT SYSTEMS
FOR RURAL AREAS-------------------------------------------------------------------------------8
2.2. DEFFERENT TYPES OF TRADITONAL CART MODEL ...............................9
CHAPTER THREE.........................................................................................................12
3. LITERATURE REVIEW..........................................................................................12
3.1. DEFFERENT MODERN TYPE OF TRAILER...................................................12
3.2. IRRI TYPE TWO WHEEL TRACTOR WITH TRAILER ......................................13
3.3. DEFFERNT TYPES OF TRAILERS ARE ADOPTED TO
------------------15 3.4. FOUR WHEEL AND TWO WHEEL TYPES OF
TRACKING TRAILER ....................................................................................................18
3.5. BI CYCLE TRALER.................................................................................................19
3.6 DEFFERENT TYPES OF TRALERS ARE ADOPTED TO DEFFERENT
PURPOSES,CARGO REQUIREMENTS,AND
CONDITION-----------------------------21
3.6. MOTER CYCLE TRAILER...................................................................................21
3.6. 1 MID TO FULL SIZE MOTER CYCLE TRAILER KITS (NON TILT ).....21
3.6.2 FOLD- UP MOTERCYCLE TRAILER KITS ...............................................23
3.6.3 MOTER CYCL TRAILER KITS.........................................................................23
3.6.4 FULL SIZE MOTER CYCLE TRAILER BY MAGENTA- MADE IN USA....25
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3.6.5 MOTER CYCLE,DIRT BIKE ,SCOOTER,TOWING AND CARRYING

DEVICES..........................................................................................................................26
3.6.6 SMALL TRAIN FOR TOWING BEHIND MOTER CYCLE...........................27
CHAPTER FOUR...........................................................................................................28
4.1. TRANSPORTING AND ELVATING MATION..................................................28
CHAPTER FIVE............................................................................................................29
5. 1. FORCE ANALYSIS TRAILER ...........................................................................29
5.2 REVERSE DESIGN OF DRAW OF BAR ............................................................33
5.3. REVERSE DESIGN OF CHASSIS (FRAME) .....................................................37
5.4. REVERSE DESIGN OF BED PLATE ..................................................................51
5.5. REVERSE DESIGN OF SHEET METAL ............................................................52
5.6. REVERSE DESIGN OF LEAF SPRING ..................................................................53
5.7. REVERSE DESIGN OF BOLT..............................................................................59
5.8. REVERSE DESIGN OF AXLE..............................................................................67
5.9. REVERSE DESIGN OF INTERNAL EXPANDING BRAKE ..........................71
5.9.1 ANALYSIS OF BRAKE WITH INTERNAL EXPANDING SHOES------------72
5.9.2 WEAR RATE -----------------------------------------------------------------------------75
5.9.3 HEAT TO BE DISSIPATION DURING BRAKING ----------------------------- -76
5.9.4 REVERSING DESIGN ANCHORS SPRING ----------------------------------------77
5.10 REVERSE DESIGN OF COMPRESSED HELICAL SPRING ..................................79
5.11.BEARING LIFE DETERMINATION.........................................................................81
5.12. SELECTION OF DRUM (WHEEL)..........................................................................82
5.13. SELECTION OF TYIR..............................................................................................83
5.14 REVERSE DESIGN OF WELDING ANALYSIS..................................................84
CHAPTER SIX-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
92
6.1 . DESIGN IMPROVEMENT PROPOSAL............................................................92
6.2 . COST ANALYSIS...................................................................................................93
6.3 . MANFACTURING PROCESS............................................................................101
6.4 ASSEMBLY PROCUDER....................................................................................104
CHAPTER SEVEN-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
105
CONCULISTION.......................................................................................................105
RECOMENDATION. ...............................................................................................106
REFERENCES.............................................................................................................107
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GENERAL OBJECTIVE
Trailer of two wheel tractor is imported from china by bough ting a dollars, then cost
of transporting and tax will increased in addition to the fixed price for coming in
Ethiopia .The main intention intension to have of reversing design of this project to
have successful manufacturing in Ethiopia with low cost short time duration by
saving the cost for transporting and tax which considering of our agricultural
economy development and status
SPECIFIC OBJECTIVE
This project reverses design, to have transporting of agricultural products and

equipments .Two wheel tractor trailer mechanism with low cost manufacturing ability
and with in short period with a low forming community to implement s on it .
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CHAPTER ONE
1 Back ground and justification
Ethiopia is one of the least developed countries in Africa compared to other Africa
countries and it is estimated to be the country, with a population of approximately 74.2
million people .Ethiopia is a country in which Christianity and Islam; they are roughly
accounts half of the population and are living together in every whole country with good
relationship The country has along –standing history, with diverse cultural heritage, and a
reasonably good resource potential for development Ethiopia also enjoys a pleasant
climate range from cold to temperature and from sup tropical to tropical out of the total
hand area ,846,100 km2 is agricultural land of which 137,000 km2 is cultivated land
651,000 km2 pasture land ,and 88,000 km2 forest swamps cover 57,800 km2 are barren
land 120,000 km2 water and water courses .The topography consists of high central
plateau ranging in altitude from 1,800 to 3,000m ,the rift valley that divides the country
from south to north with altitude ranging from 1,000 to 1,800m,and the extensive low
land plain areas to the south and south –east with varying altitudes but often less than
1,000m,.These are the areas occupied by nomadic people .The soil vary from black
cotton soils (vertisols) and red soils ( artisols) to desert sands .vegetation cover varies
from rain forest to savanna [1]
1.1 Agriculture in Ethiopia
Agriculture, which constituted 46 percent of GDP and more than 80 percent of

exports in 1998, is by far the most important economic activity in the Ethiopian economy
(1998 est). An estimated 85 percent of the population is engaged in agricultural
production. Important agricultural exports include coffee, hides and skins (leather
products), pulses, oilseeds, beeswax, and, increasingly, tea. Domestically, meat and dairy
production play an integral role for subsistence purposes.
Socialist agricultural reforms conducted by the Derg included land reforms that led to
relatively equitable patterns of land tenure. The state maintained complete ownership of
land, and state marketing boards were created with monopolistic rights to purchase and
sell agricultural commodities. Currently, the government retains the right of ultimate land
ownership in the agricultural sector, though most marketing boards have been abolished.
While marketing boards enabled farmers to sell their crops to the highesbidder, they also
required the dissolution of minimum prices for agricultural commodities. Since the
government normally purchased agricultural commodities at low prices, however, the
abolition of marketing boards may prove to be a positive development.
With 25 percent of all Ethiopians—approximately 15 million people—gaining their

livelihoods from coffee production, the coffee sector is the most important agricultural
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activity. According to the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency World Fact book 2000,
coffee production, Ethiopia's largest source of foreign exchange, contributed US$267
million to the economy in 1999, with export volumes equaling 105,000 metric tons.
Coffee has long held a central role in Ethiopia's export economy and, as early as the mid-
1970s, about 55 percent of the nation's total export earnings derived from coffee exports.
This percentage share remained more or less constant until the mid-1990s, when it
increased to an average of 63 percent of total export earnings between1995to1998.
With the export economy so heavily dependent upon the exportation of a single crop, the
Ethiopian economy is structured into a precarious (insecure and dangerous) position. If
annual production declines as a result of a bad harvest (due to natural factors, such as
drought—a constant threat), export earnings will suffer considerably, exacerbating
(making worse) the country's already negative balance of trade. Similarly, if all coffee
producing countries produce large amounts of coffee in a given year—resulting in an
excessive supply—international prices for coffee will decline and Ethiopia's export
economy will accordingly suffer. Such was the case in 1998, when a glut in the world
supply of coffee reduced Ethiopia's coffee earnings by 22 percent from the previous year.
With 75 million heads of livestock, Ethiopia has the largest concentration of livestock on
the African continent. According to the Country Commercial Guide 2000, however, it is
difficult to calculate the cattle sector's exact value, since a substantial amount of meat and
dairy production is for subsistence consumption. In certain regions, such as the highlands,
livestock is utilized only to support farming. Still, hides and leather products are
Ethiopia's second most important export, though the Commercial Guide states that the
sector's huge potential remains largely untapped, as a result of weather conditions
(drought), diseases, and the lack of a coherent government plan for the development of
the sector. In 1996, Ethiopia produced 8,500 metric tons of leather and leather products
for exportation, thereby earning a total of US$6.5 million.
Ethiopia is also the continent's leading producer and exporter of beeswax and honey. The
country has approximately 7 million bee colonies. Other important agricultural activities
include tea production, which has reached approximately 4,000 metric tons of output in
recent years, and cotton and sugar production. Moreover, there are opportunities for
expanding cultivation and export of dried fruits, cut flowers, and canned vegetable
products.
While the agricultural export economy is constantly subjected to the caprices (whims) of
the weather, so too is agricultural production geared towards domestic consumption. In
1992, for example, IMF statistics indicate that Ethiopia produced 51,850 quintals of
cereals, mostly for domestic consumption, whereas the following year the cereals output
dropped to 47,404 quintals—a decline of 8.6 percent. The decrease was largely the result
of drought. The fact that Ethiopia has an extremely poor infrastructure for agricultural
production does not help the matter. Though there is the potential for Ethiopia to become
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self-sufficient in grain production, the country must currently continue to import grains in
addition to receiving food aid in order to feed the population.
Like many African countries, Ethiopia confronts several environmental issues that are
particularly problematic for the agricultural sector of the economy. Such issues include
deforestation (depletion of forests), over-grazing (depletion of pastures), soil erosion
(depletion of quality soil), and desertification (extensive drying of the land). Since only
12 percent of all Ethiopian land is arable, 1 percent is used for permanent crops, and 40
percent is comprised of permanent pastures, it is essential for Ethiopia to address these
environmental problems in order to maintain the land so fundamental for agricultural
activities. Moreover, according to Girma Kebbede, the author of The State and
Development in Ethiopia, it is precisely these environmental problems—rather than just
the shifting weather patterns—which contribute primarily to the chronic famines that so
frequently plague the country. Quite simply, limited arable land as a result of soil erosion
and other environmental difficulties mean that in times of drought, there are very few
available methods to prevent widespread famine.
1.2. Rural economic development
Rural Development is a corner stone for development in Ethiopia, and its success is
mainly dependent on the performance of the agriculture sector. Contributing to 45% of
the total GDP, 65% of foreign exchange earning, and absorbing 85% of the labor force,
agriculture remains to be the mainstay of the economy. However, recurrent drought,
population pressure, environmental degradation and other manmade factors including
inefficient macro-economic policies have seriously been affecting its contribution to the
economy.
Ethiopia is known for its food security problems. The annual food insecure population is
growing, and the current food insecure population is estimated at 8 million. Despite
massive amounts of food aid assistance over the years, there has been little measurable
impact in reducing food insecurity. Due to this alarming situation most efforts in the rural
areas have been targeted to respond to emergency crisis and the assistance to long-term
development interventions remains low. This leaves the country in a vicious cycle of
poverty and food insecurity. Private sector involvement in the agricultural sector is
showing a growing trend, but its current contribution to revert the food security problem
in the country is yet small.
The majority of the population (85%) is producing its own food requirements, resulting in
unstable grain markets. Only a small increase in production can lead to a dramatic fall of
the prices. The import of food aid is deepening this problem. Other local agricultural
markets are weakly developed as well. Export, apart from coffee, leather and oilseeds is
negligible. This is a disincentive for farmers to invest and boost their production.
Rural and agricultural development is key sectors of the SDPRP (the Ethiopian
nomination of the PRSP). Food security is part of the rural development sector. The
government has issued two major strategy documents in 2002, which describe the
policies and strategies the Ethiopian government is pursuing in this field: the Rural
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Development Strategy (RDS) and the Food Security Strategy (FSS). The latter one has
been followed up by the New Coalition for Food Security Programmed (NCFSP).
The RDS identifies the following priority areas for development: technology generation
and dissemination, food security, agricultural TVET, agricultural marketing, rural
finance, co-operative development and rural land administration and management
Rural economic development is one of the sectors chosen for bilateral development
Cooperation between the government of Ethiopia and the Netherlands The Embassy
emphasis in its programme that improving agricultural productivity alone does not solve
the country's economic and food security problems. It considers that investment in non-
farm activity, improving agricultural market efficiency, support to private sector
including farmers' organizations, and improving rural financial services are essential for
growth and development of the economy. Therefore, in line with the rural development
strategy, the Embassy is focusing its programme on economic development in rural areas.
Several programs and projects are initiated over the last 2 years in different path.
1.3 Country and field-site characteristics
This chapter sets the study in context, reviewing some of the key characteristics of the
economies and agriculture sectors of the seven countries participating in the study and
specific field-site characteristics. Further details about individual field sites are presented
in the case studies in Annex 2.
1.3 .1 National economy
The study includes the two most populous countries in sub-Saharan Africa (Nigeria and
Ethiopia) and some of those with much smaller populations (Malawi and Zambia) (Table
1. Together they are among the poorest countries in the region with only Ghana
exceeding the regional average annual per capita income of US$1 600. Although most
economies grew at about 3 percent a year or more in the 1990s, none matched this growth
in per capita incomes in the same period. Indeed, income per head declined in Nigeria
and Zambia, and remained static in the United Republic of Tanzania. Poverty is
widespread and more than two-thirds of the populations of Nigeria, Malawi and Zambia
survive on less than US$1 per day.
In the last two decades, most of these countries have witnessed a fundamental
restructuring of the role of government within their economies. Exchange rates, interest
rates and markets have been liberalized; trade restrictions removed; many state-owned
industries privatized; government services decentralized and downsized; and private
sector investment encouraged. In some areas, economic activity has also been disrupted
by civil war, and the collapse of markets and prices for major commodities (agriculture
and minerals).
All countries are in the lowest quartile of ranking of the Human Development Index
(HDI), which is prepared annually by the United Nations Development Programme
(UNDP). Ghana achieved the highest HDI ranking among the study group, reflecting its
relatively high per-capita gross domestic product (GDP), high literacy rates and
. 4
reasonable life expectancy, whereas Malawi and Ethiopia were ranked among the
weakest.
1.3.2 Agriculture sector
The significance of the agriculture sector varies considerably. In Ethiopia, Malawi,

Uganda and United Republic of Tanzania, agriculture is the backbone of the economy,
generating more than 35 percent of GDP and employing more than 80 percent of the
workforce; and at least 70 percent of the population live in rural areas (Table 2). In
Ghana and Nigeria, agriculture is still significant but no longer the dominant sector,
generating one-third of GDP and employing less than 60 percent of the workforce; about
40 percent of the total population live in urban areas. The contribution by agriculture to
GDP is least significant in Zambia owing to the dominance of the mining sector;
nevertheless, 70 percent of the work forces still work in agriculture. In all the study
countries, agricultural GDP grew faster in the 1990s than the preceding decade and, in
several places, the rate of growth in the agriculture sector exceeded overall growth in the
economy (most notably in Malawi, Zambia and Nigeria).
TABLE 1: National economies
Ethiopia Ghana Malawi Nigeria United Uganda Zambia

Republic
of
Tanzania
Total 63 19 11 114 35 23 10
population
(millions)
20001
Average 2.6 2.7 3.1 2.9 3.1 3.1 2.9

annual growth
rate in
population(%)
1975 - 20001
GDP per 668 1 964 615 896 523 1 208 780

capita US$
(PPP US$)
20001
Average 4.7 4.3 3.8 2.4 2.9 7.0 0.5
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annual growth
rate in total
GDP(%) 1990
- 20002
Average 2.4 1.8 1.8 -0.4 0.1 3.8 -2.1

annual growth
in per capita
GDP(%) 1990
- 20001
Adult literacy 39 72 60 64 75 67 78
rate (aged 15
and above)
1
2000
Country 168 129 163 148 151 150 153

ranking by
HDI,2002
(out of 173
countries)1
Notes: PPP = purchasing power parity
TABLE 2: Changing role of agriculture in the economy
Ethiopia Ghana Malawi Nigeria United Uganda Zambia

Republic
of
Tanzania
Contribution 50 35 36 32 46 45 17
by
agriculture
to GDP (%
total GDP)
19981
Average 0.2 1.0 2.0 3.3 no data 2.1 3.6

annual
growth rate
in
agriculture
. 6
GDP (%)
1980 -
19902
Average 2.1 3.4 7.6 3.5 3.2 3.7 3.9

annual
growth rate
in
agriculture
GDP (%)
1990 -
20002
Percentage 83 57 84 35 81 81 70
of
workforce
engaged in
agriculture3
Population 82 62 85 56 72 86 56
residing in
rural areas
(% total
population)
20002
Population 18 38 15 44 28 14 44
residing in
urban areas
(% total
population)
20002
Rural 520 325 458 250 640 368 105

population
density
(people per
km2 of
arable land)2
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CHAPTER TWO
2. INTRODUCTION
2.1 Table: Characteristics of Alternative Transport Systems for Rural Areas
Transport Systems/ Characteristics

Vehicles Load Capacity Speed Distance Effective Width of
(Kg) (Km/h) (Km) track
A. Manual system
Human Porter age 40-50 4-6 5 Unlimited
Wheelbarrow 100-120 3-4 3-5 wide/limited
Handcart 400-700 3-4 3-5 wide/limited
Bicycle with carrier 60-100 10-15 40 Unlimited
Bicycle with trailer 100-120 8-12 40 limited
B. Animal system
Pack animal 80-150 3-5 20 Unlimited
Animal (cart) 400-2000 3-5 20 limited
C. Motorized system
Motorcycle 150-200 30-80 100 Unlimited
Motorcycle with trailer 100-250 30-50 100 limited
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Cars 100-200 40-100 100 limited

Pick-ups 1000 40-80 100 limited
Tractor-trailer 2000-3000 25-40 50-100 limited
2.2. Different types of traditional cart models
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CHAPTER THREE
3. LITRATURE REVIEW
3.1 Deferent Modern Types of Trailer
A light weight, stable, maneuverable tractor trailer having a frame with a front end, a
rear end and two side rails. The rear end of the frame is about twice the width of the front
end and the side rails each lie in a vertical plane that is disposed at an acute angle relative
to the central longitudinal axis of the frame. Single tire mount wheel and axle
subassemblies are mounted to the frame. These subassemblies reduce the tare weight of
the tractor trailer and additionally permit the wider frame to be utilized.
1. A stable, maneuverable industrial tractor trailer designed specifically for hauling

maximum heavy loads permitted under the federal interstate maximum gross weight and
federal bridge formula requirements and for dumping such loads in on road and off road
situations comprising:
a frame assembly having: a front end that has a predetermined width and that includes
means for connecting the frame assembly with a truck tractor; a rear end that has a
predetermined width; a predetermined length, taken along its longitudinal central axis
between its front and rear ends; first and second side rail subassemblies that extend from
the front end to the rear end, that are spaced apart one from the other at the front end and
rear ends, and that each are substantially disposed in a vertical plane, with the width of
the rear end being approximately twice the width of the front end, with the length of the
frame assembly being approximately four and one-half times the width of the rear end
and with each of the vertical planes being disposed at an acute angle with respect to the
central longitudinal axis of the frame assembly such that the frame assembly provides a
stable base for hauling and dumping such heavy loads;
first and second pairs of suspension subassemblies mounted to the side rail subassemblies
with the first member of each pair being mounted to the first side rail subassembly and
the second member of each pair being mounted to the second side rail subassembly a
predetermined distance from the first member, with the first pair of suspension
subassemblies being mounted adjacent to the rear end of the body assembly, and with the
second pair of suspension subassemblies being mounted forward of and adjacent to the
first pair of suspension subassemblies, with the distance bet
A utility trailer with a manually operated opening and closing tailgate assembly
comprising:
a cargo container having an anterior end opposite a posterior end; said cargo container
forming a front side opposite a tailgate, a first lateral side opposite a second lateral side
and a bottom; said anterior end, said posterior end, said front side, said tailgate, said first
lateral side, said second lateral side and said bottom intersecting to define said cargo
space;
Mekelle University Mengesha Wudu 13
a wheel assembly, said wheel assembly is of a rectangular, plate like configuration

mounted on said bottom of said cargo container and converging forward to an apex; and
a tailgate opening and closing assembly, said tailgate opening and closing assembly being
manually operated and located underneath and extending a length of said cargo container.
2. The utility trailer with a manually operated opening and closing tailgate assembly of
claim 1, wherein said cargo container is mounted on said wheel assembly via flanges
coupled on V-shaped axle supports slid ably received into channels on an underside of
said wheel assembly; said axle supports secured to say bottom of said cargo container by
fasteners.
claim 2, wherein said wheel assembly further comprises an axle, said axle supporting a
pair of wheels rotatably mounted to said axle; and said axle rotatably mounted on said
axle supports.
claim 3, wherein said axle having one end of a drawbar secured to said axle; said drawbar
is of a linearly elongated cylindrical configuration extending forward from said axle and
medially of said first lateral side and said second lateral side of said cargo container and
further extending through an apex of said wheel support chassis; and said drawbar for
attaching the present invention to a powered vehicle.
3.2 IRRI TYPE TWO WHEEL TRACTOR WITH TRAILER
Carries 5-8 bags (60 kg/bag) of cob maize

and two passengers or 500 kg of bagged
shelled maize.
Capacity
Target client Small- and medium scale commercial
farmers
Advantage Push and pull type,
Easy loading and unloading,
Lightweight and balance load for easy
maneuver,
Carrying bucket can hold water
Disadvantage Is not recommended for highway transport

High investment cost
Repair and Maintenance Regular engine check-up and greasing of

bolts and shafts.
Estimated cost Tractor with 5.5 hp Petrol engine: US$
1500
Trailer alone: US$ 400
Moldboard plow: US$ 165
Market potential / Status Several units have been built and sold by a
local workshop in Kampala and
demonstrated throughout the country. Mid
2000 the equipment was demonstrated and
tested with wheat growers at Mount Elgon
(Kapchorwa district) to assist them with
harvesting and trashing activities
Information provided by: Post-Harvest Handling & Storage Project
(PHHS)
Manufactured by: JBT Engineering, Mr. Baljit Singh,
Makere Road, P.O. Box 11091, Kampala,
Phone: (256)-77- 502709/532861
3.3. Four-wheel and two wheel types of tracking trailer.
TATM
With a capacity of 750 lbs, the TATM trailer is perfect for warehouse applications.
Its 31”W x 54”L deck is durable, made of 14-G diamond-plate steel.
A rear hitch plate is standard – a train of trailers can move great quantities of materials at
once.

A tracking steering system, with front and rear fifth wheels, follows the tow vehicle path
through corners.
Benefits
Benefits
1. Low maintenance:-wheel hubs on roller bearings
2. Durability:-High strength frame 14-G diamond –plat steel deck

3. Maneuverability:-four wheel tracking steering system
TRAM Trailers
Our TRAM trailers are designed with a four-wheel tracking steering system to follow the
path of the towing vehicle and maneuver in factory aisles.
Boarding is easy, and the ride is safe, thanks to a hand rail in front of each seat.
Boarding is easy, and the ride is safe, thanks to a hand rail in front of each seat.
Four configurations are available
TRAM-6: six people, three 44”W rows

TRAM-8: eight people, four 44”W
TRAM-12: 12 people, four 54”W rows
TRAM-11WC: 11 people, one person in a wheelchair.
Benefits

1. Safety:-hand rail in front of each passengers

2. Maneuverability:-four wheel tracking steering system
3. Durability:-tubular frame available in 14-G diamond –plat steel
4. Dependability:-rugged king pins on roller bearing
TB Trailers
TB trailer are built for rugged industrial for application.
The standard deck is 42”W x 76”L. It’s customizable to your dimensions.

.
Easy steering and low maintenance are guaranteed by a knuckle steering system, with
king pins on roller bearing.
The four –wheel tracking option helps maneuver in factory aisles.

TB4 M capacity: 2,000 lbs standard .4, 000 lbs with optional wheels
TB60 capacity: 6,000 lbs.
TB80 Capacity: 8,000lbs.
Benefits
.
1. Easy steering: knuckle type steering
system
2. Low maintenance: king pins on roller
bearing
3. High capacity: automotive hubs on taper
roller bearings.
4. Bur ability: high strength tubular steel
frame.
5. Maneuverability: optional four wheel
tracking steering system.
T-5T Tilt Bed Utility Trailer
5,000 lb. load capacity, single axle (2 wheel) tilt bed

utility trailer. Ideal for scissor lifts, small rollers, lawn
tractors, small skid steers. Good all around utility trailer
with low degree of incline. 12' or 14' deck length, 77"
between the fenders. ST225/75R x 15, 8 ply, load range
"D" tires on 6 bolt, white mod. wheels. Your choice of
ball coupler or pintle ring. 7,000 lb. drop-leg jack
standard. Torflex axle standard. Electric brakes standard

with battery and break-a-way switch. Sealed modular wiring harness with circuit
breakers. Registration holder standard.
745TC-TS45S
utility trailer and steel stake sides 50 x 62" Bed - 1800 lbs. GVW
Easy assembly kit is shipped by FedEx Ground within 1 weekday upon receipt of payment.
In-stock delivery time is typically 1 to 5 weekdays, depending on your ship-to location
Manuf: Long Chih Industrial Co. (Taiwan)

Description: 745TC-TS45S Trailer/Stake
Bed Size (in.): 50 x Bed Size (in.): 50 x Size (in.): 50 x 62 Available: In-Stock
62 62
Overall: 65 x 101 Shpg Wt (lb.): 333 Tires: 5.30 x 12 6- FOB: Azusa, CA

ply
3.4 Bicycle trailer
A bicycle trailer is a motor less wheeled frame with a hitch system designed for
transporting cargo by bicycle. A bicycle trailer expands the cargo-carrying capacity of a
bicycle greatly, allowing point-to-point transport of objects up to 4 cubic yards (3 cubic
meters) in volume and weighing as much as half a ton.

Two-wheel truss-frame trailer

Single –wheel trailer
Two-wheel trailer
Wooden bicycle trailer
Special trailer for bike-trekking –

Shock absorbed with long spring
travel.
A bicycle sidecar (not strictly a trailer, but also
Not rigidly mounted as are motorcycle sidecars
3.5 Different types of trailers are adapted to different purposes, cargo requirements,
and riding conditions.
By number of wheels
Single-wheel: a single rear-mounted wheel. Though of limited towing capacity, this
design tends to be more stable than trailers with two or more wheels. The single wheel

can tilt from side to side when cornering (as the bicycle itself does,) allowing for
coordinated turns at relatively high speed.
Two-wheel: A two-wheel design makes possible much greater load carrying capacity and
a wider cargo bed, but has a tendency to tip over when making very sharp or high-speed
turns. Also, two-wheel trailers tend to be as wide or wider than the handlebars of the
bicycle, increasing the risk of hitting objects (or getting stuck) when riding through
narrow spaces.
By intended cargo
General Cargo: for transporting cargo of all kinds. The load capacity of commercially-
available cargo trailers ranges from 30 to 300 pounds (14 to 140 kg), but much larger
loads have been transported by custom-built trailers or by multi-trailer "trains" attached
to a single bicycle.
Child passenger (as cargo): constructed to enhance the comfort and safety of one or more
small human passengers. These usually have an especially low center of gravity and
widely-spaced wheels to reduce likelihood of roll-overs when cornering, and often have
integrated rain-proof covers, seat padding, and safety belts.
Child passenger (as rider): Trailer bikes, one-wheel trailers with integrated seat, handle
bars, and drive train. These allow small children who can't yet ride a bicycle alone to
accompany adult riders as participants and motive-power producers.
Canoe and Kayak: designed for towing long, thin, relatively light-weight loads such as
canoes, kayaks, and wind surfing rigs. For example, see: Kayak trailer.
Disabled passenger: made for safely towing wheelchairs with persons in them.
Components
Frame
Metal: usually steel alloy or aluminum tubing, assembled by brazing, welding, or nuts
and bolts.
Wood: seldom seen but sometimes used in make-shift and home-built trailers, fastened
with glue, nails, screws, bolts, or a combination thereof. An example is here, another here
bamboo and other improve here
Axle
Most trailers have a separate axle for each wheel, like those used on a bicycle. These
separate axles usually mount directly on the frame using either threaded nuts, or a quick-
release mechanism, or some press fit arrangement. The use of separate axles for two-
wheel trailers allows the load carrying area to be between the wheels with its base below
the axles, so as to keep the centre of gravity relatively low.
Wheel
Traditional spooked bicycle wheel in various sizes. Has the advantage of being light,
strong, and readily available. Pneumatic tires provide some suspension for the load;
larger diameters ride smoothly and have much less drag than many other types of wheels.
Solid metal wheels with solid treads, such as dolly wheels. Extremely durable but rough
riding and usually slow due to small diameter.
Fender/Mud Guard
If included, the fender helps to protect the cargo and the towing bicycle from road spray
and dirt. On heavy-duty trailers, the fender may be designed to be capable of bearing
heavy loads.
Hitch
Single-wheel trailers generally use a special frame hitch which attaches to both sides of
the rear axle, and which incorporates a vertical hinge to allow cornering.
Hitches for two-wheel trailers must incorporate some form of universal joint or flexible
coupling (e.g. rubber tube), both to allow cornering and to allow the bicycle to lean while
the trailer remains upright. Since such couplings must have some slack in order to
function at all, there is the possibility of resonance at certain pedaling speeds and trailer
loads, especially in higher gears; the effect is that the trailer feels as if it is 'bumping' the
bicycle - the simplest remedies are either to slow down or to pedal faster in a lower gear.
Two-wheel trailers which attach to the rear axle or chain stay generally have an angled
tow bar to help keep the trailer more or less centrally behind the bicycle. Trailers tend to
have less effect on bicycle handling when hitched at the rear axle or chain stay, since this
low attachment point doesn't push the bicycle sideways as much as a higher attachment
point can.
Hitch positions:
Seat-post: Temporary or permanent clamp assembly attaching trailer hitch to the seat
post.
Rear axle: Special attachment points, integral to the rear quick release skewer or bolted
on to solid axles, hold dropouts cut into the trailer hitch. (Under patent by the BOB trailer
company?)
Chain stay: Two-piece sandwiching clamp screws tight over left rear triangle, with
protruding socket-and-pin receiver.
Rear cargo or pannier rack: Some improvised hitches attach to the rear cargo rack or
pannier frame. Since rear racks are not structural parts of the bicycle they cannot handle
much weight or torque loading.
Improvised: Ropes, bungee cord, chain, cable, and etc.Usually not dependable, often
dangerous to rider and cargo.
3.6. MOTORCYCLE TRAILER

Motorcycle trailer kits ship by regular ground carrier and are easy to assemble with a few
common hand tools. Motorcycle trailer kits include all parts and documentation for
complete assembly and registration with DMV. Motorcycle trailer kits are listed here in
order of smallest to largest. See also: Motorcycle Towing Guide for motorcycle trailer
kits listed by motorcycle types and motorcycle towing tips and suggestions. To view a
larger picture and product detail, click on the model number link. Shipping and local
sales tax, if applicable, are added in the shopping cart for each item and are listed on each
product detail page. We only ship to the 48 contiguous United States.
3.6. 1. Mid to Full Size Motorcycle Trailer Kits (non-tilt)
Motorcycle Trailer Kit with 6-1/2 Front and 8" Wide Rear Rail on 50 x 62" Bed
Rail sections overlap in the middle and overhang approximately 12" front and rear for
total wheel block and rail length of 86-1/2". For hauling motorcycle with front tire up to
6-1/2" wide, rear tire up to 8" wide and wheelbase up to approximately 66 ". This is a
sturdy and cost effective trailer for hauling one full size street machine or various
combinations of two or three smaller motorcycles, crotch rockets, dirt bikes, or scooters.
Single Rail 745TC-1TS76M

Net Cargo Capacity 1500 lbs
Price $ 439.00
Dual Rails (36" on center) 745TC-2TS76M

Price $ 529.00
Three rails 745TC-3TS76M

Price $ 599.00
3. 6. 2. Fold-up Motorcycle Trailer Kits

Fold-up motorcycle trailer kit with 50x72 "Bed

Rail sections mount independently on front and rear bed sections for total wheel block
and rail length of 88-1/2". For hauling motorcycle with front tire up to 6-1/2" wide, rear
tire up to 8" wide and wheelbase up to about 68". This is a complete, easy to assemble
trailer for hauling anything from one cruiser to three full size dirt bikes
Single rail 746TE-1TS76M
Net cargo capacity 1350 to 1400lb
Price $576.00
With aluminum diamond plate base and stand $767.00
With black powder coated steel base and stand $695.00
Dual Rails (27 or 36" on center) 746TE-2TS76M
Net cargo capacity 1300 to 1350lb
Price $689.00
With aluminum diamond plate base and stand $ 869.00

Three rail746TE_ 3TS76M
Net cargo capacity 7250 to 1300 lb
Price $ 739.00
With aluminum diamond plate base and stand $ 919.00
3.6.3 Motorcycle Trailer Kits
Click each model number or picture for details.

Plywood Not Included
Short Wheelbase Motorcycle or Dirt Bike with Narrow Tires
Motorcycle Trailer Kit with 5" Wide x 73-1/2" Rail, Bed Size 40 x 50"
For hauling motorcycle or dirt bike with tires narrower than 5" and wheelbase up to
approximately 58 ".
Street Racer or Crotch Rocket with Wide Rear Tire
Motorcycle Trailer Kit with 6-1/2 Front and 8" Wide Rear Rail, Bed Size 40 x 50"
For hauling motorcycle with front tire up to 6-1/2" wide, rear tire up to 8" wide and
wheelbase up to approximately 60". This is a good compact trailer for street racers and
crotch rockets.
Single rail 832T-1TS32M

Net cargo capacity 800lb
Price $319.00
Single rail 832TA-1TS32M
Net cargo capacity 1200lb
Price $378.00
Dual rails (29" on center) 832TA-2TS32M
Net cargo capacity 800 lb
Price $395.00
Dual rails (29" on center) 832TA-2TS32M
Price $446.00
Three rails 832TA-3TS32M
Price $501.
3.6.4. Full Size Motorcycle Trailers by Magenta - Made In the U.S.A.
Plywood Not Included

Model UTBL1LP-1MCK1
Bed size 52x100 in
GVW 1200 lb
Price $1136.34
Motorcycle trailer –tilt bed with tie -down system
Low profile 480x8B tires
Delivery time for Magenta Trailers is typically 3 to 4 weeks.
Easy, 4-Bolt Main Frame Assembly!
Model UTB1LPHD_1MCK
Bed size 52x100 in
GVW 1500 lb
Price $1312.16
Motorcycle Trailer - Tilt Bed with Tie-Down System,

Low Profile Torsion Axle, 480 x 12B Tires
Delivery time for Magenta Trailers is typically 3 to 4 weeks.
Model LTB1LP_2MCK1
Bed size 76x100 in

GVW 200 lb
Price $1618.96
Motorcycle Tilt Trailer - Tilt Bed with Dual
3.6.5 Motorcycle, Dirt Bike, Scooter - Towing and Carrying Devices
Model MCK1
Price $349.00
Single Motorcycle Tie down system
Can be used with your existing 8' trailer - Easily attaches to any flat surface.
Comes with quick attach fasteners for easy trailer conversation.
Shown on UTb1LP trailer not included
Model MCK2
Price $ 195.00
Single Motorcycle Tie down system
Can be used with your existing 8' trailer - Easily attaches to any flat surface. Comes with
quick attach fasteners for easy trailer conversion.
3.6.6. Small Trailer for Towing Behind Motorcycle

Model MBT1
Price $899.00
Motor cycle cargo trailer
Aerodynamic Design, Locking Compartment

compartment measures: 34" W x 38" L x 20" D
Delivery time for Magneta fiberglass enclosed trailers is currently 3 to 5 weeks
Model UCT1
Price $1178.82
Motor cycle cargo trailer
Heavy duty leaf spring suspension large capacity.
Compartment measures: 43" W x 48" L x 20" D
Delivery time for Magenta fiberglass enclosed trailers is currently 3 to 5 weeks.
CHAPTER FOUR
4.1 Transport and elevating machines

These also vary considerably in size and complexity ranging, for example,
from a simple wagon comprising merely a platform on wheels to a self-loading
and stacking transport unit. Inclined chain, flight or belt conveyors or other
mechanical handling devices are used to move bulky material (hay, straw, ear
corn and so on) from wagon to storage or from one location in a building to
another. Screw conveyors are used to move granular material and grain from
one level to another, and blowers or pneumatic conveyors are used to move
light materials horizontally or vertically.
Fig. Fort Powered Trailers
CHAPTER FIVE
5.1 Force analysis of trailer
Given data
 Rated speed forward (Km/hr): I 1.4; II 2.5; III 4.1; IV 5.3; V=9.4; VI 5.3;
 Rated speed reversed (Km/hr) : RI 1.0; RII 3.8;

 Over all dimensions (L x W x H) mm: 3610 x 1560 x 1050
 Carrying capacity (Kg): 1000
 Distance from the ground to the draw bar(mm) :480
Assumptions
Slope up and down hill (degrees) :45-50
Rolling resistance is negligible
Coefficient of friction at the wheels :0.2
The speed is constant :15.3Km/hr
Net weight (Kg): 600
Operational weigh (Kg):1600
Vertical and horizontal aerodynamics forces are negligible
Force analysis
Where Fi =inertia force

W=trailer operational weigh
TF= tractive force
RB= vertical reaction force from pined connection
Rw= vertical reaction force from wheel
G=center of gravity
FW=frictional force at the wheel
Taking sum of forces along x- direction
-Fi + TF - Fw=0............................................1)
Taking sum of forces along y- direction
Rw-W+ RB=0.................................................2)
Taking sum of moments at point G
-FW (Y2) + TF (Y6)-RW (Y4) +RB (Y3) =0...........................3)
Taking sum of moments at point B
RB (Y5) -TF (Y1) + Fi (Y2) -W (Y4) =0........................4)
Calculation of centroid distance
The location of centriodal or each piece is determined by indicated
Where, for Segment one -1
X= 2000mm

Y=352mm
Z=1010mm
For Segment one -2 X= 330mm
Y=352mm
Z=650mm
For Segment one -3 X=1570mm
Y=82mm
Z=82mm
Assume the trailer is made of steel: =7850 Kg/mm3
Segment m(Kg)= V (mm) (Kg.mm

)
1 m1= 5.58 x 176 1000 5.58 x 1015 9.82 x 1014

1012
2 m 2=5.93 x 176 165 9.78 x 1013 1.0 x 1014

1011
3 m 3 =8.29 x 41 785 6.51 x 1013 3.399 x 1012

1012
=
6.26 x 1014 5.743 x 1015 =1.09x 1015
Where m = V
m1= 7850Kg/mm3 x 2000mm x 352 mm x 1010mm
=5.58 x 1012Kg
m 2 = 7850Kg/mm3 x 330mm x 352 mm x 650mm
= 5.93 x 1011Kg
m 3 = 7850Kg/mm3 x 1570mm x 82mm x 82mm

= 8.29 x 1012Kg
The center of gravity of the trailer will be at
=9.17.4mm, =174.2mm
But, Fw =µmg=0.2 x 1600kg x 9.81m/s2
W=mg=1600kg x 9.81m/s2=15696N
Y1=480mm, Y2= Y6 +Y1=613.2mm, Y3 = 2692.6mm
Y4=917.4mm, Y5=3610mm, Y6=132.2mm
Substitute the value and solve simultaneously
Fi =3139.2N
TF= 6278.4N
RB=4292N
Rw=11404N
5.2 Reveres design draw hole of bar
Knuckle joint
A Knuckle joint is used to contact two rods if the joint is guided; the rods may support
compressive load .A Knuckle joint may be readily disconnected for adjustments or
repairs. It is use may be found in the link of a cycle chains, tie rod joint for roof truss,
valve rod joint with eccentric rod, pump rod joint, tension link in bridge structure and
lever and rod connections of various types

In the joint (two vies of which are shown) one end of one of the rods is made in to an eye
and the end of other rode is formed in to form with an eye in each of the fork log >the
knuckle pin passes through both the eye hole and the fork holes and may be prevented
from rotating in the fork by means of a small stop ,pin ,peg of snug .In order to get better
quality of joint , the sides of the fork and eye are machined ,the hole is accuracy drilled
and pin turned .The material used for the joint may be steel or wrought iron

Fig. fork and singe eye failer
Methods of failure of knuckle joint

Consider knuckle joint as shown fig
Let P=tensile load acting on the rod
d =diameter of the rod
d1= diameter of the pin
d2 = outer diameter of eye
t = thickness of single eye
t1 = thickness of of the fork
σt, ζ and σc =permissible stresses for the joint material in tension ,shear and crushing
respectively
In determining the strength of the joint for the various methods of failure, it is assumed
that
1. There is no stress concentration and
2. The load is uniformly distributed over each parts of the joint
Known dimension
P = TF=6278.4N
d = 50mm
d1 =21mm
d3 = 25mm
t1 = 15mm
t2 = 10mm
t = 95mm
Modes of failure
1. tensile in bar
σt= σt all
=
=3.199N/mm2 570-665Mpa, which is safe

2. Failure of pin in shear

=9.07N/mm2 but =324Mpa/ (2 x 12)

, which is safe
Also the may be checked in bending
Fig .distribution of load on the pin
σt = BM/Z=
6278.4 / 2(15mm / 3  95mm / 4)

=
 / 32  (21mm) 3
=99.75Nmm2 570-665Mpa, which is safe
3. Failure of single eye in tension
σt = σ t all
=
= 0.5598N/mm2
4. Failure of single eye rode in shear
=
=
=2.29 N/mm2 13Mpa, which is safe
5 .Failure of single eye rode in crushing
σc=
σc =
= 3.15N/mm2 570-665Mpa, which is safe
6. Failure of forked end in tension
σt = σt all
=
=7.22N/mm2 570-665Mpa, which is safe
7. Failure of forked end in shear
=
= 2.95N/mm2 13.5Mpa, which is safe
8 .Failure of forked end in crushing

σc =
σc =
= 9.97N/mm2 570-665Mpa, which is safe
Material:
ISI designations %C %mm Tensile strength Yield strength
C40 0.35-0.45 0.6-0.9 570-665Mpa 324Mpa
medium carbon

5.3 Reverse design of the chassis (Frame)
Vehicle frames
A Vehicle’s frames or body must from a rigid structural foundation and provide solid
anchorage points for the suspension system .There two types of vehicle constriction in
common used to day: body- over –frame concentration, which uses a separate steel frame
to which the body is bolted at various points and uni-body cons traction in which the
body sections serve as structural member , uni-body construction is the most
common ,but body - over –frame construction is still used on pick up trucks and large
cars
Fig .Load is distributed over the area the frame

F/A = 1000Kg x 9.81m/s2/(1.92 x 1.058 m2) = 4.82928KN/ m2
After distributed the area, draw the graph of the all the frame of shear force and bending
moment diagrams
Calculation of bending stress in beams
Structure members maybe subjected to static or dynamics loads which cause bending
stress in the section besides other types of stress such as tension, compressive and
shearing stresses
Consider straight beam subjected beam subjected to bending moment M
Assumptions:
 The material of the beam is perfectly homogeneous

 The materials of the beam obeys Hook’s law
 The transverse sections which where plane after bending also
 Each layer of the beam is free to exposed or contract ,independently ,of the layer ,
above or below
 The loads are applied in the plane of the bending

 Full elastic zone
The bending moment and shear force diagram of the chassis are figure below
Reverse design
of the chassis
Chassis-1
1. Bending
moment

Normal stress (σmax) = (Hook’s law)
Where M max =maximum bending moment
I=moment of inertia
Y= centoridal distance from neutral axis to neutral axis to external point
Yield stress
M max =0.15KNm=15 x 104N.m
Y= Y=
Y = h = 14.22mm

All dimensions in mm
Ixx =
I= = 74190.909mm4 ,
(where h1=H-h)
(σmax) =
(σmax) =
= 28.75N/mm2
Where, FS = σy/σmax=360/28.75Mpa = 12.5
2. Shear stress
1.03N/mm2
= =12.5 x 1.03N/mm2
= 12.36N/mm2
σy= 12.36 x 12x 2=296.64Mpa
The recommended material of the chassis- is
Steel 52, σ y=360Mpa

Discussion: The failures of the two of the bending moment, so shear stress is lower
stress need than bending, there fore we should calculate bending moment only
Chassis-2
Bending moment
Normal stress σ(max)= (Hook’s law)
M max =0.62KNm = 62 x 104Nmm
I=
Y= Fig
Y=
Y = h = 13.36mm
Moment of inertia: the moment of inertia about X and Y axis for part I
For part I
II=
= , but A (area) = 285mm2
= 50979.786mm4
For part II
III =
= 75203.536mm4
The moment of inertia of the entire section
I=II+ III = 126183.322 mm4
(σmax) =
(σ max) =
= 65.64 N/mm2
Steel 52, σy=360Mpa
Where, FS =σ y/σmax=360/65.64 Mpa = 5.48
Chassis-3
Bending moment

Where, M max =2.07KNm = 2.07 x 106 N mm
I and Y is the same for chassis -2
(σmax) =
(σmax) =
= 219.17N/mm2
Where, FS =σ y/σmax=360/219.17 Mpa = 1.64
Chassis-4
Bending moment

Normal stress (σ max) = (Hook’s law)
Where, M max =0.73 K Nm = 0.73 x 106 N mm
I = is the same for chassis -1 = 74190.909 mm4
(σ max) =
= 139.9N/mm2
Where, FS =σ yσ/max=360/ 139.9Mpa = 2.57
Chassis-5
Bending moment

I = is the same for chassis - 1 = 74190.909 mm4
(σ max) =
= 19.167 N/mm2
Where, FS = σy /σmax=360/ 19.167 Mpa = 18.78
Chassis-6
Bending moment

I= =37509.28 mm4
Y= h = = 14.89mm
(σ max) =
= 360 N/mm2
Where, FS =σ y/σ max=360/ 360 Mpa = 1

Chassis-7
Bending moment
M max =1.16KNm = 1.16 x 106Nmm
I=
Y= Fig
Y=
Y = h = 11.68 mm
Moment of inertia: the moment of inertia about X and Y axis for part I
For part I
II=
= , but A (area) = 208.75mm2
=28534.17 mm4
For part II
III =
= 42317.78 mm4
The moment of inertia of the entire section
I=II+ III = 70851.96 mm4
(σmax) =
(σmax) =
= 191.22 N/mm2
Where, FS = σy/σmax=360/191.22 Mpa = 1.88
Chassis-8

Bending moment
Where, M max =1.091K Nm = 1.09 x 106 N mm
= 42.5mm
Ixx=Iyy =
= 2367146.667mm4

(σmax) =
= 19.57 N/mm2
Where, FS = σy / σmax=360/19.57 Mpa = 18.4
5.4 Reverse design of bed plate
The recommended material of sheet metal
= 4.905 x 10-3 235Mpa, which is safe
5.5 Reverse design of side sheet metal
20 % of the total load is shaft to the rear sheet metal
20 % of the total load is = 200Kg

The recommended material of sheet metal is
= 4.86 x 10-3 235Mpa, which is safe
5.6 Reverse design of Leaf springs

Introduction
Leaf springs (also known as flat springs) are made out of flat plates. The advantage of
leaf springs over helical springs is that the ends of the springs may be graduated definite
path as it deflects to act as structural member in addition to energy absorbing
device .Thus leaf springs may carry lateral loads ,brake torque ,driving torque etc.,in
addition to shocks

Fig. semi-elliptical leaf springs
Measured and known data
t=thickness of the leaves =6mm

b=width of the leaves =55mm
n=number of the leaves=8
d= internal diameter of spring eye=29mm
N=number of the springs =2
nf = number of full length=3
ng = number of graduated leaves=5
2L1=length of the span or over length of the spring =780mm
l=distance between the center of u- bolt .it is the ineffective length of the spring =86mm
The length of first leaf=151mm
The length of second leaf=191mm
The length of third leaf=290mm
The length of forth leaf=390mm
The length of fifth leaf=520mm
The length of sixth leaf=800mm
The length of seventh leaf=910mm
The length of eighth leaf=920mm
But, the length of seventh leaf=2L+∏ (d+t) 2=910m

The length of eighth leaf= 2L+∏ (d+t) = 920mm
Analysis
Assumptions
1. The end pivots apply uniform load over the width of the spring end
2. Frailer does not occur at the spring end
3. The central force is aligned so that it does not induce twisting in the spring
4. The spring deflection does not significantly change the geometry ;that is,
deflection is less than 30%of the spring length
Load on each spring
2W=
=13734 2
W =6867 2
W =3433.5N
The effective length of the spring
2L= -l
=2 780mm-86mm
=737mm
As the leaves are initially stressed, fore the final stresses will be relation
σ (design stress) =
= 958.52N/mm2
σ = σy FS
Take FS =1.5
σ = σy FS
=958.52 1.5
=1437.78MPa
Recommended materials are commonly used for leaf spring
material Condition Ultimate tensile Tensile yield Brinell
hardened
number
50Cr1 Hardened and 1680-2200MPa 1540-1750MPa 461-601
tempered
Deflection of the spring
σ=

=281.8mm
Hence, K3=
r =nf=3
n=8
r=nf n=0.875
K3=0.8099
There fore, Deflection of the spring less than 30 % of the over length of the spring, Thus
280mm (10.8%) less than 30 %( 780mm), which is safe
Initial gap
We know that the initial (C) that should be provided between the full length and
graduated leaves before the band load is applied, is given by
C=
=
=137mm
Radius of curvature
Radius to which the leaves should be initially bent
R= Radius to which the leaves should be initially bent

L1=span length
Camber(Y) is usually taken as half of the deflection
Y= 281.8mm/2=140.9mm
Y (2R-Y) =
140.9(2 R-140.9) = (780mm) 4 4
R=610.2mm
Spring rate (stiffness)
K=2F/d
=2 433.5N (281.8mm)
=24.37N/mm2
Since there are two springs, the total stiffness
=24.37N/mm2 2
=48.74N/mm2
The band load (Pb)
The load required to assemble the spring

Pb =
=
=677.67N
Diameter of the eye
The inner Diameter of the eye is obtained by considering the pin in eye bearing, because
the inner diameter of the eye is equal to the diameter of the pin
Let dp=inner diameter of the eye
L1=length the of the pin which is equal to the width of the eye or leaf
(i .e 55mm given)
Pb =bearing pressure on the pin
Load on the pin (P) =
Load on pin (p) =3433.5N/cos45o

=4855.7N
Pb=
=4.41N/mm2
The pin can be checked shear stress
Shear stress=
=4855.7N/mm2 2 p/4 (20mm) 2

=7.73Mpa 1540Mpa (2 FS)
=7.73Mpa 513Mpa, Safe hence Fs=1.5
The pin can be checked crushing stress
σc = σc all Fig. spring eye
20.23Mpa d/2
20.23Mpa 1540Mpa/2
20.23Mpa 770Mpa, Safe
Material: the same materials the leaf spring
The length of the pin under loading

a=b+ (2 clearance)
=55mm+2 10mm
=75mm
The pin can check under bending
Mb=maximum bending moment =
=91044.375Nmm
Assumption
Load on the pin assumed to be distributed uniformly ever length a and

The pin is fixed in the plates
Mb= s bz

= s b p/4 dp3
σ b = Mb ( p/32 dp3),where dp=20mm
= 115.98Mpa s /2(1540MPa 2)
= 115.98Mpa 770Mpa, safe
Material: the same materials the leaf spring
Determining of eye bushing
The longest leaf known as master leaf or main leaf has its ends formed in the shape of eye
through which the bolts are passed to secure the spring to its supports.usaully the eyes,
through which the spring is attached to hanger or shackles, are provided which bushing of
some antifriction material such as bronze or rubber
Material: must be is rubber bushing
 From recommended data
 From shock absorber that is vibration damper is the best material
Fig. Rubber bushing
5.7 Reverse design of bolt
Various parts of the trailer is assembled by bolt and nut, during the load is carry
The bolts and nut face filer of tensile stress, shear stress and crushing stress so we should
check the above filer to design the bolt

Free body
diagram of bolt, nut and trailer assembly

Table:
Limiting dimensions of standards series thread for commercial screw, bolts, and nuts
External thread(bolts) mm
Major diameter Pitch diameter Minor
(mm) (mm) Diameter (mm)
Nominal Pitch,p Basic Tol.class Max Min Max Min Max Min
diameter, mm thread
(mm) designation
8 1.25 M8 6g 7.972 7.760 7.16 7.042 6.439 6.231
1 M8x1 6g 7.974 7.794 7.324 7.212 6.747 6.563
10 1.5 M10 6g 9.968 9.732 8.974 8.862 8.127 7.879
1.25 M10x1.25 6g 9.972 9.760 9.160 9.042 8.439 8.231
12 1.75 M12 6g 11.965 11.701 10.829 10.679 9.819 9.543
1.25 M12x1.25 6g 11.972 11.760 11.160 11.028 10.439 10.217
16 2 M16 6g 15.962 15.682 14.663 14.503 13.508 13.204
1.5 M16x1.6 6g 15.968 15.732 14.994 14.854 14.127 13.879
20 2.5 M20 6g 19.958 19.623 18.334 18.164 16.891 16.541
1.5 M20x1.5 6g 19.968 19.732 18.994 18.854 18.127 17.879
Internal thread(nuts) mm
Minor Pitch diameter (mm) Major diameter
Diameter (mm) (mm
Min Max Min Max
6.647 6.912 7.188 7.348 8.00
6.918 7.154 7.350 7.506
8.376 8.676 9.026 9.206 10.00
8.646 8.911 9.188 9.348
10.106 10.441 10.863 11.063 12.00
10.646 10.911 11.188 11.368
13.385 14.210 14.701 14.913 16.00

14.376 14.676 15.026 15.216
17.294 17.744 18.376 18.600 20.00
18.376 18.676 19.026 19.216
Wheels bolts
Given data
F total=13734N
Number of bolts=12
F each =13734N 12=1144.5N
M16x1.5
dc = core diameter=13.879mm
d=nominal diameter=16mm
Where, Ft=tensile force
Fs =shear force
Fc =crushing force
1. Tensile stress (σt)
σ t=
2. Shear stress=
3. Crushing stress=
Backing plate bolts
Given data
F total=13734N
Number of bolts=8
F each =13734N 8=1716.75N
M8x1
dc=core diameter=6.563mm

σt=
2. Shear stress=
3. Crushing stress=
Side drop bolts
Given data
F total=20 %of the total load shifts to back side
F each =200kg x9.81=1962
Number of bolts=3
F each =13734N 8=1716.75N
M10x1.25x1
σ t=
2. Shear stress=
3. Crushing stress=
Chassis bolt
Given data
F total=6867N
Number of bolts on the sides of the chassis=6
F each =6867N =1144.5N
M12x1.25

1. Tensile stress (s t)
σt=
2. Shear stress =
3. Crushing stress =
Shackle bolt
Given data
F total=3433.5N
Number of bolts one sides of the chassis (6) =1
F each =3433.5N 1=3433.5N
M12x1.25
σt=
2. Shear stress=
3. Crushing stress=
Metric mechanical-property classes for steel Bolts, Screws and Studs

Size range Proof tensile Material Head
strength(Mpa) strength(Mpa) marking
4.6 M5-M36 225 400 Low or 4.6

medium
carbon steel
4.8 M1.6-M16 310 420 Low or 4.8
medium
carbon steel
5.8 M5-M24 380 520 Low or 5.8
medium
carbon steel
8.8 M5-M36 600 830 Medium 8.8
carbon steel
Q and T
9.8 M1.6-M16 650 900 Medium 9.8
carbon steel
Q and T
10.9 M5-M36 830 1040 Low carbon 10.8
marten site
steel
12.9 M1.6-M36 970 1220 Alloy steel 12.9
Q and T
Central bolts of leaf spring
Given data
Number of bolts one leaf spring =1
M12x1.25
Load on center bolt (p) =
=1355.33N
σt=
σt =25.48 dt all (570-665Mpa), which is safe
2. Shear stress=
Shear stress allowable = yield stress/ (2xFS) =324/ (2x1.5)

=54Mpa
17.27Mpa 54Mpa, which is safe
3. Crushing stress=
Crushing stress Yield stress /2

13.38Mpa 324/2=162Mpa, which is safe
U-bolts of leaf spring
Assume u-bolts are normal bolt

Given data
F total=6867N
Number of bolts of one one leaf spring =4
F each =6867N 4=1716.75N
M20x1.5
σt =
σt =6.48Mpa dt all (570-665Mpa), which is safe
2. Shear stress=
Shear stress allowable = yield stress/(2xFS)=324/(2x1.5)

=54Mpa
5.48 Mpa 54Mpa, which is safe
3. Crushing stress=


Rebounds of leaf spring
Given data
F total=6867N
Number of bolts of one one leaf sparing =2
F each =6867N 2=3433.5N
M8x1
1. Tensile stress (σ t)
σt=
σt =98.82Mpa σ t all (570-665Mpa), which is safe

2. Shear stress=
Shear stress allowable = yield stress/(2xFS)=324/(2x1.5)

=54Mpa
34.5 Mpa 54Mpa, which is safe
3. Crushing stress=

Material: from recommended material for rebound, central and u- bolt

ISI designations %C %mm Tensile strength Yield stress
C40 Medium 0.6-0.9 570-665Mpa 324Mpa
carbon steel
0.35-0.45

Standard size of automobile suspension spring recommended data
1. Nominal width=32,40,45,50,55,60,65,70,75,80,90,100,125mm
2. No. of leaves=5 to 10
3. Nominal thickness=3.2,4.5,6,6.5,7,7.5,8,9,10,11,12,14,16mm
4. Eye diameter=19,20,22,23,25,27,28,30,32,35,38,50,55mm
3. Dimensions of central bolts
Width of the leaf in Diameter central Diameter in mm Length of bolt in

mm bolts in mm mm
Up to and including 8or10 12or15 10or11
65mm
Above 12or16 17or20 11
4. Dimensions of clips, rivets and bolts
Spring width (B)in Clips section( bxt ) Diameter of the Diameter of the bolt
mm in mm rivet (d1) (d2)
Under 50 20 or 4 6 6
50,55and 60 245or 5 8 8
65,70,75 and 80 25or 6 10 8
90.100 and 125 32or 6 10 10
5.8 Reverse design of the axle
 Axle is the stationery member supporting rotary parts

 The trailer dead weigh above the axle is estimated to be: 400Kg
 The trailer capacity :
Total weigh =1400Kg x 9.81 Kg/mm3.
Thus,
2W =13734N
W=6867N

Assumptions:
 The axle is originally straight and all displacements are small

 Modulus of elasticity is constant in tension and compression
 The axle is loaded in beam of symmetry
 The shear stress in the axle is uniform across the width at each location from the
neutral axis
 The motion of the trailer of the trailer on flat surface
Analysis
This indeterminate to the second degree is done by SAP _2000 soft ware
The result is RAx = 0, RBy = 0 and RBy = 10133.64 N, RAy = -3266.64N

Ray = -3266.64N
Deflection of the axle
Deflection from A to B and C to D
Y=0
Deflection from B to C is maximum
Ymax=0.0047mm
1. By bending moment

Cross section of the axle
Moment of inertia (I)
Where, I= , C=d/2
=229.44N/mm2
Factor of safety
A factor of safety of 3 is selected because the trailer is exposed to high bending load
during operation .In rural areas, the road is rough and the trailer may face many
difficulties
FS x design stress
= 3 x 229.44N/mm2 = 688.32N/mm2
Shear force
=7.15N/mm2
But V max from the above graph =6874.26N
A=cross sectional area of the axle =
= 9610625N/mm2

Yield stress =2 x
= 2x 7.15 N/mm2
=14.297N/mm2 Yield stress (400Mpa)
Material
thickness
16mm 17-40mm 41-1000mm
C40
Yield stress 460Mpa 400Mpa 350Mpa
Tensile stress 650-800Mpa 630-780Mpa 600-750Mpa
5.9 Internal expanding brake
An internal expanding brake consists of two shoes S1 and S2 as shown in figure .the
outer surface of the shoe are lined with some friction material (usually with Ferodo) to
increase the coefficient of friction and to prevent wearing away of the metal .each shoe is
pivoted at one end about affixed fulcrum O1 and O2 made to contact a cam at the other
end .When the cam rotates, the shoes are pushed out wards against the rim of the drum
The friction between the shoes and the drum produces the braking to torque and hence
reduces the speed of the drum .he shoes are normally held in off position as shown in
fig .The drum encloses the entire mechanisms to keep out dust and moisture. This type of
brake is commonly used in motor cars and light tucks
Analysis of the brake with internal expanding shoes
The following assumption are implied by the producing analysis

1. The pressure at any point on the shoes is assumed to proportional to the
distance from, being at the heel .This should be considered be considered from
the manufacturer are average rather than maxima.
2. The effective of the centrifugal force has been neglected .In this case of the
brakes the shoes are not rotating and no centrifugal forces must be be
considered in writing the equation of the static equilibrium.

3. The shoes assumed to be rigged .since this this can not be true ,some
deflection will occur ,depending up on the load ,pressure ,and stiffness of the
shoe .The resulting pressure distribution may be different from that which has
been assumed
4. The entire analysis has been based up on coefficient of friction which does not
vary with pressure.
Actually the coefficient may vary with a number of condition, including temperature
wear, and environment.
5.9.1 Analysis of brake with internal expanding shoes
Measured dimension
All numbers are in degree

All dimensions are in mm
Fig. Internal expanding brake, force and dimension
b=face width of friction material =51mm

a) The right- hand shoe is self energizing, and so the force F is fond on the basis that
the maximum pressure wills occur on this shoe
=angle to point of maximum pressure
(If >90, then 90o)
o
=21
=147o
a=
=120.52mm
From recommended the friction
Material: is molded asbestos
f= coefficient of friction
Pa=maximum pressure
r =radius of the drum
Moment of friction
Mf =
= (r-r cos - )
Chang all length in meter
= (0.32) (1000x106) (0.051) (.0.1315) { }
=480.53 Nm
Moments of normal forces
MN=
=where sin =1
=1220.93Nm
F=
=3.25KN
The torque applied by the right hand shoe
TR=
= =527.9Nm
The torque contributed by the left hand shoe
MN=
Mf=
F=
3.25= )
Solving gives
Pa=435.61KPa
Torque on the left hand
TL=
=0.32[435.61x103] (0.051) (0.13512) [cos210-cos1470]

=229.96Nm
The braking capacity is the total torque
T=TL+TR
=229.96+527.9
=757.86Nm
In order to find the hinge-pin reactions
Sin a=1 and
Then,
A=
= =0.1483
B=
=
=1.51
Also, let D=
=6.89KN
Where Pa=100Kp for the right –hand shoe
Rx= D (A-Bx)-FX
=6.89[0.1483-0.32(1.51)]-3.25sin140
= -3.094KN
RY= D (B+fA)-FY
= 6.89[1.51+0.32(0.1483)]-3.25cos140
= 7.58KN
The resultant on this hinge pin is
R=
= 8.19KN
The reaction at the hinge pin of the left hand shoe is
Rx=

=1.236KN
The resultant
R=
= 1.648KN
5.9.2 Wear rate
For given total compressive force between the surfaces, the volume of material worn
away is independent of area contact .This another and more commonly used form of the
equation is
Wr=
Where = [10-5-10-6] =wear coefficient
Wr=volume of material worn away (mm3)
F =compressive force between the surface (N) =3.25KN
H=surface hardness (Mpa) =2060Mpa
S=total rubbing distance
Take, k=10-6
S= p.dav= p[di+do]/2=[265+275]/2=847.8mm
The distance of 847.8mm for 3600 of full shoe brake but the brake lining is 2520
3600=847.8mm
2520 =X
X=593.46mm
There for S =593.46mm
Assume, the engagement takes place after 2 rev
S total =2xS
=2x593.46mm
=1186.93mm rev/sec
W rate = = =1.873x10-3mm3/engagement
Now, Assume full engagement takes place at 1 sec
1.873x10-3mm3/engagement x 1 engagement/ sec

=1.87 x 10-3mm3/sec
There for, W rate/hr=Wr x 3600
=6.7428mm3/hr
Assume it works 8hr /day
Wear/ year =8hr/day x 365day/ year x 6.7428mm3/hr
= 19688.976mm3/year
Now, the volume of friction material is
V = p/4(do2-di2) x t
= p/4(2752-2652) x 6
=25434mm3
But, this value for 3600 full brake drum
3600=25434 mm3
2520 =X
X=17803.8 mm3
For 2520 drum brake of friction volume is 17803.8 mm3
Year = =
= 0.9
Discussion: The friction material should be change at the interval of 0.904 year
Material:
Material
: Opposing Dr Wet In Max Max
material(drum/wheel y oil pressure(Kpa temperature(oc
) ) )
Asbestos Cast iron or steel 0.2 0.08 0.06 350-1000 204-260

molded - - -
0.5 0.12 0.09
5.9.3 Heat to be dissipation during braking
Given
Trailer mass=1600Kg
Hill slope 450-500=take average, 470=0.8286
Rated speed =15.3Km/hr
Stopped distance=50mm
Diameter of the tire =780mm
Specific heat =520J/Kg c0
With asbestos block lining =180 c0-225 c0
Friction energy is momentary stored =20Kg
Assumption:

 Neglecting all the friction al energy except for the brake

Kinetic energy of the vehicle
EK=1/2mv2 =0.5x 1600 x (4.25)2
=14450Nm
Potential energy of the vehicle
EP=mgh x slope=1600 x 9.81x 50x 0.8286
=6502.28Nm
There for total energy of the vehicle or the energy to be absorbed by the brake
E=EK+EP
=14450+650286.2Kg
=664735.28Nm
Since the vehicle is to be stopped in a distance of 50mm, there for tangential force
Ft=664735.28Nm/50m
=13294.7N
Average braking torque to be applied to stop the vehicle
TB=Ft x r =132947N x 0.390
=5184.66Nm
Average temperature rise of the drum
Let Dt=Average temperature rise of the drum in c0 absorbed by the brake drum
Hg= energy absorbed by the brake drum
= 664735.28Nm (J)
Hg= energy absorbed by the brake drum

Hg=m x b x c x Dt
664735.28J=20Kg x 520J/Kg c0 x Dt
Dt=63.92 c0
5.9.4 Reversing design Anchors spring

Introduction
A spring is defined as an elastic body, whose function is to distort when loaded and to
Recover its original shape when the load is removed .the various important applications
of spring are as follows
1. To cushion, absorb or control energy due to either shock or vibrations as in
car springs ,rail way buffers ,air-craft handing gears ,shocks absorbs and
vibration damper
2. To apply forces ,as in brakes ,clutches and spring loaded valves
3. To control motion by main ting contact between two elements as in cams
and followers
4. To measure forces ,as in spring balances and engine indicators
5. To store energy, as in watches, toys etc.
Assumptions

 The end plat leads coincide and collinear with the spring axis
 Both ends plates are in contact with nearly a full turn and wire
 No bucking in helical spring
Data measured
Length of the body =29mm
Hook Length =25mm
Outer Diameter Do=20mm
Diameter, d=3.251mm
Free length, LF=66mm
Total number of coil, n, =11
Total number of active coil, n =10
Mean diameter (D)

D = Do-d
= 20-3.251
= 16.749mm
Internal diameter (Di)

Di=D-d
=17-3.251
=13.749mm
Spring index c=D/d= 16.749/3.251
=5.15mm
Pitch of the coil (P)
P=LF/ (n-1) = 29/ (10-1)
3.22mm
Material from recommended data
The diameter the spring wire d=3.251mm, from the recommended s corresponding to the
is diameter
Material: carbon steel
Condition: sever survive
Diameter 2.152 to 4.625mm

Allowable shear stress=385 Mpa
Modulus of rigidity (G) = 80KN/mm2
Modulus of elasticity (E) = 210KN/mm2
a) Considering the effects of curvature
Wahl’s stress factor
K=
=
=1.3
Forces of the spring wire (Ws)
Ws=tmax.p.d2/ (Kx8xC)
=385N/mm2 x p(3.251)2/1.3x8x5.15
=238.55N
Deflection of the spring ( d)
d= = =10.03mm
Spring rate (k)
k=W/d=238.55/10.03=23.77N/mm2
Maximum torque transmitted (T)
T=Ws x D/2=238.55x16.749/2=1997.74N.mm

5.10 Reverse design of compressed helical spring
Data measured
Length of the body =93mm

Hook Length= 12mm
Outer Diameter Do=12mm
Diameter, d=1.626mm
Free length. LF=133mm
Total number of coil, n, =50
Total number of active coil, n =49
Mean diameter (D)
D=Do-d
=12-1.626
=10.374mm
Internal Diameter (Di)
Di =D-d
=10.374-1.626
=8.748mm
Spring index (C)
C=D/d10.374/1.626=6.38
Pitch of the coil (P)
P=LF/ (n-1) = 133mm/ (49-1)
=2.77mm
Material from recommended data
The diameter the spring wire d=1.626 mm, from the recommended s
corresponding to the is diameter is
Material: carbon steel
Condition: sever survive
Diameter up to 2.125mm
Allowable shear stress=420 Mpa
Modulus of rigidity (G) = 80KN/mm2
Modulus of elasticity (E) = 210KN/mm2
Considering the effects of the curvature
Wahl’s stress factor
K=

=1.28
Forces of the spring wire (Ws)
Ws=tmax.p.d2/ (Kx8xC)
=420N/mm2 x p(1.626)2/1.28x8x6.68
=53.37N
Deflection of the spring ( d)
d= = =41.77mm
Spring rate (k)
k=W/d=53.37/41.77=1.28N/mm2
Maximum torque transmitted (T)
T=Ws x D/2=53.37Nx10.37/2=276.83N.mm
5.11 Bearing life determination
Tapered Bearing
Tapered roller Bearings are widely used in roll neck applications in rolling mills,
transmission, and gears reducers geared shafting, steering mechanisms, and machine
tools spindles, where speeds are low, grease lubrications sufficient but for high speeds
demands oil lubrications and for high speeds it require special lubricating arrangements.
Types of specifications WA/WR WA/WR>e e

bearings
Tapered For bores X Y X Y
roller 30-40mm 1 0 0.4 1.61 0.37
Bearings 45-110mm 0.45 0.44
120-150mm 1.35 0.41
For diameter d=35mm
WR=3288.47N
For diameter d=45mm
WR=10148.21N
The dynamic equivalent radial load (W) for radial contact bearing load (WR) and
constant axial or thrust
Load (WA) is given by
W=XVWR+YWA
The rotation factor (V) for the most of bearing is 1
The thrust component of WA produced by a pure radial
Load Fr is specified by the Timken Company as
WA=0.47WR/K
Where K is the ratio of the radial rating of the bearing to thrust rating
Using trail and hit the value of K=1.7

WA= (0.47x3288.47N)/1.7
=909.2N
WA/WR=e=909.2N/3288.47N=0.28
Hence WA/WR
=0.28
W=1x1x (3288.47N+0x (909.2N)
=3288.47N
Basic dynamic load rating
C=W (L10/106)1/K
Where K=10/3 for roller bearings
L10=rating life
Since the average life of the bearing in 5 years at 10hours per a day
There for the life of the bearing in hours
LH=5 yearsx3000days per a year x10 hours
Assuming 300working day per a year
=15000 hours
The maximum permissible speed 6000rpm but the bearing works5000rpm to safe the
bearing
The life of the bearing in revolutions
L10=60xNx LH
=60x5000x15000
=4.5x109rev
Where N is maximum permissible in rpm

C=W (L10/106)1/K
=3288.47Nx (4.5109/106)0.3
=41016.4N
=4181.08Kg<4300Kg (basic rating capacity from table) which is safe
Discussion: there for bearing basic rating capacities to safe and the bearing maximum
permissible speed is 6000 rpm but this bearing works by 5000 rpm to safe the bearing
against life.
Table: Tapered roller Bearings
Bearing d(mm D(mm B(mm T(mm C(mm Basic Max

No. ) ) ) ) ) capacity ,Kg permissibl
(SKF Stati Dynami e speeds
c co c rpm
07 35 72 23 24.25 19 3665 4300 6000
32209 45 85 23 24.25 19 4650 5200 5000

5.12 Selection of the drum (Wheel) brake
The brake drum fits between the wheels and hubs and completely surrounds the brake
shoes assembly It comes very close to the backing plate so that water and dust can not
enter easily .The center section is constructed of stamped steel, with an outer cast iron
braking rim .An aluminum outer rim is sometimes used to aid in cooling. When
aluminum is used a cast iron braking surface is fused to the aluminum rim. The heavy
casting enables the drum to absorb and dissipate heat from the braking process with
destroying cooling fins are often cast in to the rim to assist in heat dissipation .The
braking area of the drum must be smooth ,round ,and parallel to the shoe surface.
When the wheels turn, the drum revolves around the stationery brake shoes
Material for wheel (drum)
Custom wheels
Custom steel made up of aluminum, aluminum alloy, composite (graphite or plastic) or

chromed steel are available as original equipment from many vehicle and after market
manufacturer
Material:
Material
Opposing Dry Wet In oil Max Max
material pressure(Kpa) temperature(oc)
(drum/wheel)
Asbestos Cast iron or 0.2- 0.08- 0.06- 350-1000 204-260

molded steel 0.5 0.12 0.09

5.13 Selection of tire
Tires
Tires serve two main functions. They provide a cushioning action a action that softens the
caused by road irregularities .In this respect, they are actually saving as part of the
suspension system .They also provide proper traction .The traction enables the vehicle to
drive it self forward, provides a means of steering, and allows reasonably fast
stopping .There fore, quality tires are essential to safe vehicle operations
Determining the correct tire for vehicle
Agricultural Tractor Trailer Tires
Our range of tractor-Trailer tires ensure maximum traction due to special tread designing.
These tires are specially designed to suit the diverse agricultural needs. The range is
offered in following specifications:
Agricultural Tractor Trailer Tires
Size Pattern Ply Rim Inflated Dimensions Load Capacity I.P

Rating Width (Kg) (Bar)
+ /- 2%
OD CSW (mm)
(mm)
7.50- 66 14 PR 5.50 813 206 1865 6.90
16
9.00- 67,68 14 PR 6.50 924 247 2130 7.25
16
Available in Various Ply Ratings as per International Standards
Request A Quote

Size : 9.00-16 TR
Size : 7.50-16 Size : 9.00-16
TR 88
Pattern : 66 Pattern : 67 Pattern : 68
5.14 Backing plate
Around, stamped sheet metal or steel plate is bolted to the front spindle, or to the end of
the rear axle housing this backing plate, when used for disk brake, serves as shield for the
caliper and motor .When it is used for drum brakes, it serves as the foundation up on
which the wheel cylinder and brake shoe assembly is fastened .The backing plate is a
rigged and can not move in any direction
Material: is the same as the drum brake
5.15 Welding analysis
Welding is a process of joining members (parts) by fusing the edges of the two parts to be
joined together, with or without the application of pressure and a filler material welding
is extensively used in fabrication as an alternative method for casting and forging and as
a replacement for bolted and riveted joints .it also used as a repair medium.
For shielded metal arc welding,
Covered electrodes for shielded metal arc welding must be stored at normal room
temperatures in dry area. These electrode coatings, of low hydrogen type, are susceptible
to moisture pickup. Once the electrode box has been opened, the electrodes should be
kept in a dry box until used.

Common welding joint types
Fig. (1) Square butt joint, (2) Single-V preparation joint, (3) Lap joint, (4) T-joint
Mild steel elect rode code.
AWS ( filler rode ) I.S Application
E 6020 M452 354 Heavy structural

work ,bridges crane,locofire
boxes,truck chassis
Design stresses of welds made with mild -steel electrode
Bare electrode Covered electrode

Types of weld
U 28-38 Kgf/mm2 U 42.5-53 Kgf/mm2
Steady load Reverse load Steady load Reverse load

(A). Butt welds
Tension(Kgf/mm2) 9.15 3.5 11.25 5.62

Compressive 10.50 3.5 12.65 5.62

force(Kgf/mm2)
Shear 5.60 2.10 7.03 8.5
force(Kgf/mm2)
(B). Filler weld
Shear 7.95 2.10 9.83 3.50

force(Kgf/mm2)
Fatigue –strees concentration factor
Types of weld strees concentration factor (kf)
Rein forced butt weld 1.2
Transverse Filler weld 1.5
Parallel Filler weld 2.7
T – butt joint with sharp corner 2.0
Note: For static loading and any types of joint, stress concentration factor is 1.0
Thickness(mm) 3-5 6-8 10-16 18-24 26-55 Over
Minimum size 3 5 6 10 14 20
of weld (mm)
Material selection
 Mild steel electrode

 Covered electrode
 AWS, E 6020
 I.S, M 452 354
Types of weld
Arc welding
 It needs simple skill

 Low cost
 High effective
Analysis
Let t = throat thickness
The joint, as shown in fig is subjected to
direct shear stress and bending stress
throat area for a circular fillet weld.
A= = 0.707 S x pD
= 0.707 x 3 x 46.5 x p
= 309.69mm2 (where, S = 3mm, from above the ground)
There fore, direct shear stress (ζ) = P/A = 6867N/ (103.28 x 3) = 22.16MPa
From the table ζ=9.83 Kgf/mm2 = 96.4MPa
Bending moment
M = P x e = 6867N x 102.5mm = 703867.5 N mm
Section modulus
Z = ptD2/4 = p x 0.707 S (46.5mm) 2/4 =, there for S = 3mm)
= 3600.1mm3
Bending stress M/Z = 703867.5Nmm/3600.1mm3 = 195.5Mpa
Normal stress
= =

= 197.89Mpa
Maximum shear stress
= = 83.5 96.4Mpa, which is safe
Analysis
Given width = 5mm
Length =65mm
Thickness = 10mm
11.25kgf/mm2 = 110.32 Mpa
Kgf/mm2 = 96.4MPa
The effective length of the weld (L1) for double transverse weld
L1 = 53-12.5 = 40.5 mm (where 12.5mmis for starting and stopping of weld run )
For parallel fillet weld
Static loading
L2 = 65-12.5 = 52.5mm
Load carried by double transverse weld
Stress ( ) = Load (P1)/Area (A)
= 6867N/2 x 0.707 x S x L1 =6867N/0.707 x 6 x 40.5 = 19.987Mpa 110.32Mpa,

which is safe
Where S =6mm
Load carried by the double parallel weld
=P/2A = 6867N/2 x 0.707 x 6 x 52.5 =15.42Mpa 96.4Mpa, which is safe
Fatigue loading
= P/2A = 6867N/2 x 0.707 x 6 x 40.5=19.98 Mpa

Stress concentration factor for the transverse weld is 1.5
= 19.98/1.5 = 13.32Mpa 110.32 Mpa, which is safe
=P/2A = 6867N/2 x 0.707 x 6 x 52.5 =15.42Mpa
15.42/2.7 = 5.7Mpa 96.4Mpa, which is safe
Analysis
Draw bar
Given
Width = length = 50mm
Thickness = 25mm
Butt joint
= 67.50
S = 14mm
ζ=7.03 Kgf/mm2 = 68.4MPa
Maximum shear stress
ζmax =
= =5.4Mpa 68.94Mpa, which is safe
Analysis
Width = 8mm
Length = 25mm
11.25kgf/mm2 = 110.32 Mpa
Kgf/mm2 = 96.4MPa
The effective length of the weld (L1) for double transverse weld
L1 = 25-12.5 = 12.5 mm parallel fillet weld
Static loading
=P/2A = 6867N/2 x 0.707 x 6 x 12.5
=59.2Mpa 96.4Mpa, which is safe
Fatigue loading
Load carried by the double transverse weld
Load = P/2A = 6867N/2 x 0.707 x 6 x 12.5=59.2 Mpa
= 59.2/1.2 = 49.33Mpa 96.4 Mpa, which is safe

CHAPTER SIX
6.1 DESIGN IMPROPVEMENT PROPOSAL

 The chassis sheath metal is changed in to checkered plate to be prevent the

material from sliding during the trailer moves in hill
 The draw hole bare of height should be decreased to be the steering is easily
control above the first gear meshing
6.2 COST ANALYSIS
Question for trailer of two wheel tractor (cost)
Scope of work: Fabricating trailer of two wheel tractor

Fabrications and material cost
A. consumable cost
1. Mild electrode
= 2.5mm = 0.5 set x 60 Birr = 30 Birr
= 3.5 mm = 0.5 set x 85 Birr = 42.5 Birr
2. Painting
Anti-rust = 2 kilo x 34 Birr = 68 Birr
Blue = 1 kilo x 94 Birr = 94 Birr
Black = 1 kilo x 90 Birr = 90 Birr
Stucco = 0.5 kilo x 85 Birr = 42.5 Birr
Thinner= 0.5kilo x 24 Birr = 12Birr
Sub total =379 Birr
B. Labor cost
It needs 2 skill persons
o 4 days for welding (assembly)

o 1 days for painting
Sub total = 2persons x 50 Birr/day x 5 days = 500 Birr
C. Machine cost
1. Drilling machine
= 4 hrs x 15.15 Birr/hr
=60.60 Birr
2. Bending machine
= 4 hr x 27.51 Birr/hr

= 110.04 Birr
3. Shearing machine (manual)
= 101.24 Birr
4. power hack saw machine
= 4hr x 27.51 Birr/hr
= 110.04 Birr
5. Beading machine
= 4hr x 27.51 Birr/hr
= 110.04 Birr
6. Grinder machine
=4 hr x 15 Birr/hr
= 30 Birr
7. Welding machine
= 1 days x 8hr x 20 Birr/hr
= 160 Birr
8. Lathe machine
= 75 Birr
Sub total = 712.80 Birr
D. Material cost
Chassis
U-channel
1 Pcs of 1240 x 37 x 37 x 5mm
1 P1 Pcs of 937 x 37 x 37 x 5mm
1 P1 Pcs of 1010 x 37 x 37 x 5mm
2 P1 Pcs of 1920 x 39 x 39 x 5mm
= 2810 Birr
1Pcs of 630 x 43 x 80 x 5mm
= 273 Birr
Angle iron
2 Pcs of 935 x 49 x 49 x 5mm
= 62.40 Birr
2 Pcs of 390 x 43 x 43 x 2.5mm
2 Pcs of 500 x 43 x 43 x 2.5mm
2 Pcs of 450 x 43 x 43 x 2.5mm
2 Pcs of 430 x 43 x 43 x 2.5mm
= 106.20 Birr
Flat plate
2Pcs of 200x 1000 x 1mm
= 210 Birr
RHS
1Pcs of 2000 x 85 x 85 x 8.5mm
= 600 Birr
Brake rode
2 Pcs of = 10 x 1020mm
= 27.20 Birr
1 Pcs of = 18 x 1060 mm
= 35.40 Birr
Brake nut
2 Pcs of M 16 mm
2 Pcs of M 16.5 mm
= 4 x 1= 4 Birr
Common brake rode
1 Pcs of = 10 x 957 mm
= 25.52 Birr
U- Bolt draw bare
2 Pcs of = 14 x 434 mm (rode)
4 Pcs of M 21 mm (nut)
2 Pcs of 150 x 40 x 11 (cover)
2 x 220 = 440 Birr
Brake spring
Do= 12mm
d = 1.626 mm
n = 50 coils
Length of the body = 93mm
= 10 Birr
Draw bar
1Pcs of 248 x 85 x 85 x 8.2mm
= 72 Birr
Pin of Draw bar
2 Pcs of = 24 x 89 mm
= 5 Birr
Draw bar (solid) = 2 Pcs of = 50 x 410 mm
Draw hole = 2 Pcs of = 50 x = 25 x 95 mm
= 84.20 Birr
Knuckle pin = 1 Pcs of = 21 x 156 mm
= 10 Birr
Sheet rod iron = 8 Pcs of = 14 x 390 mm
= 104 Birr
Rear side
Sheet metal
2 Pcs of 2000 x 352 x 0.8 mm
2 Pcs of 2000 x 352 x 0.8 mm
= 5 x 140 = 140 Birr
Angle iron
2 Pcs of 340 x 40 x 40 x 4 mm
2 Pcs of 1000 x 40 x 40 x 4mm
= 125.50Birr
Rod iron = 2 Pcs of = 16 x 67 mm
= 4.50 Birr
2 Pcs of = 13 x 67 mm
= 4.05 Birr
Flat plate
2Pcs of 280x 43 x 4mm
= 3.80 Birr
Front side
Flat strip
2 Pcs of 280 x 43 x 40 x 4 mm
2 Pcs of 1000 x 40 x 4 mm
2 Pcs of 920 x 40 x 40 x 4 mm
= 29.40 Birr
Shenzhen = 2 Pcs of 1000 x 350 x 0.8 mm
= 140 Birr
Back side
Shenzhen = 2 Pcs of 1000 x 350 x 0.8 mm
= 140 Birr
2 Pcs of 2000 x 190 x 0.8 mm
= 140 Birr
Flat strip
6 Pcs of 280 x 43 x 40 x 4 mm
= 11.20 Birr
Angle iron
4 Pcs of 352 x 40 x 40 x 4 mm
4 Pcs of 2000 x 40 x 40 x 4mm
= 439 Birr
2 Pcs of 2380 x 30 x 30 x 2.5 mm
= 166.70Birr
Foot checkered plat
Angle iron
1 Pcs of 1405 x 40 x 40 x 4 m = 65.60 Birr
Sheet checkered plate
1 Pcs of 500 x 390 x 0.8 mm
1 Pcs of 400 x 500 x 0.8 mm = 300 Birr
Below chassis
Leaf spring = 2 set x 500 Birr = 1000 Birr
Tire = 2 x 900 Birr = 1800 Birr
Wheel = 2 x 500 Birr = 1000 Birr
Brake shoes = 2 x 430 Birr = 860 Birr
Axle = 1 x 120 Birr = 120 Birr
Taper bearing = 4 x 50 Birr = 200 Birr
Total cost of one trailer =13,440.70 Birr

6.3 MANFACTURING PROCESS
Manufacturing process of the axle is
Steeps
 Cutting by Power hack saw

 The Steeped of the axle is by lathe mat ion
 The threaded of the axle is by lathe mat ion
 The hole of the axle is drilled by drilling mat ion

 Finally polish by grinding mat ion
Manufacturing process of the hub (flange) is
 Cutting by circular hacksaw

 The hole of the hub is by drilling mat ion
 Finally welded to the axle
Manufacturing process of the spring hanger is
 Cutting by power hack saw

 The hole of the spring hanger is drilled by drilling by mat ion
 Bending is done by bending mat ion
 Finally welded to its component
Manufacturing process of the shackle is

 The hole of the shackle is drilled by drilling by mat ion
Manufacturing process of the u- channel is

 The hole of the u – channel drilled by is drilling by mat ion

Manufacturing process of the angle iron is
 Cutting by power hack saw(grinder)

 The hole of the angle iron is drilled by is drilling by mat ion
Manufacturing process of the sheet metal is
 Cutting by shearing mat ion

 The hole of the sheet metal is drilled by drilling mat ion
Manufacturing process of the Shenzhen sheet metal is

 The Shenzhen of the Shenzhen sheet metal is beading by beading
mat ion
Manufacturing process of draw bar RHS is
 Cutting by power hack saw(grinder)

 The hole of the RHS is drilled by is drilling by mat ion
Manufacturing process of draw bar (solid) is

 The pin hole of the bar is drilled by is drilling by mat ion

Manufacturing process of draw hole bar is

 The pin hole of the bar is drilled by is drilling by mat ion
Manufacturing process of u- bolt is

 The threaded of the bolt is by lathe mat ion
Manufacturing process of checkered plane is

 The checkered spot is prepared by punching mat ion
Manufacturing process of rod iron is
 Cutting by grinding mat ion

6.4 ASSEMBLY PROCUDER
1. The hub is welded to both sides of the stepped dead axle to fastened the drum
backing plate
2. The drum backing plate is bolted to the spindle through the hub
3. The two internal shoe brake are put on surface of the backing plate
4. The brake drum fits between the wheel and the hub and completely surrounds
the brake shoe assembly .It comes very close to the backing plate so that water
and dust can not enter easily
5. Wheel rims (the assembly on which the tire is mounted
6. Wheel rims are mounted with the drum through the bolts
7. The leaf springs are usually fastened to the axle by the u-bolts
8. The frame and the leaf springs are held in place by two spring shackles .one end
of the spring mounted on a pivoted shackles that will not allow fore –and –aft
movement .The other end of the spring is mounted on a hinge –type shackle that
allows the spring to short ten and lengthen as it flexes up and down.
9. The draw bar is mounted to the two cross frame through the u- bolts.
10. The four sheet metals are mounted on the frame through the u- bolts
11. The driver seat and the trailer pocket is mounted with sheet metals by the bolts
12. The foot checkered plane is mounted through the bolts
13. The draw hole is connected to the two wheel tractor (Knuckle joint) through the
pin
14. The finally the driver seated and drives the two wheel tractor.

CONCLUSION
Ethiopia has great agricultural potential because of its vast areas of fertile land,
diverse climate, adequate rainfall, and large labor pool. Despite this potential,
Ethiopian agriculture has remained underdeveloped. Because of a poor economic
base, low productivity, weak infrastructure (the agricultural tools and
instruments), and low level of technology. I concluded that this project or
reverse design of trailer of two wheel tractor helps to reduce these problems and
avoids the most tedious of (transporting of agricultural equipment, products and
workers) by the farmers with a reasonable cost and performance for farmers.

RECOMMENDATION
1. Manufacturing for one trailer faces a problem of material wastage, this material
wastage that cause increases costs, hence to decrease the costs of material, the next
consquensive trailer must be manufacturing.
2. Warning:-Brake friction materials contain asbestos a known carcinogen .Brake
assemblies can produce small air bone particles of as asbestos during cleaning ,which are
easily inhaled .Breathing these particles may cause emphysema or cancer .The following
safety rules should be absorbed at all times
 Never use compressed air to blow brake assemblies clean .Use
contain vacuum cleaning system or flush with clean or water
 When some exposes might be un avoidable ,wear an approved
filter mask
3. The brake drum flits between the wheel and the hub completely surrounds the brake
shoe assembly .It comes very close to the backing plate so that water and dust can not be
cleaned, regressed, and adjusted.
4. Taper rollers bearings speed are low, grease lubrications sufficient but for high speeds
demands oil lubrications and for a very high speeds it requires special lubricating
arrangements

REFERENCES
1. F.Beer - E.Russel Johnston, Mechanics of materials, Metric Edition, Mc Graw-

Hill, 1992, Singapore.
2. Internet
3. J.E Shigley- Ch.R.Mischke, Mechanical Engineering Design, Mc Graw-Hill
international Edition, 1989, Singapore.
4. J.E Shigley- Ch.R.Mischke, standard handbook of machine design, second
edition, Mc Graw-Hill, 1996, New York
5. J.M. Dominguez- M.G/Sellasie, Teaching Material on Machine Design, Mekelle
University, 2003, Mekelle
6. M.F. SPOTTS- T.E. SHOUP-L.E.HORNBERGER, Design of machine elements,
Eighth edition, PEARSON Prentice Hall, 2004
7. R.Juvinal - K. Marshek, Fundamentals of Machine Components Design, Third
Edition, John Wiley and Sons, 2000, New York.
8. R.S Khurmi-J.K. Gupta, A Text Book of Machine design .
9. S S Bhavikatti, Strength of Materials, Second Revised Edition, Vikas Publishing
House, 2003, New Delhi.


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Senior Project Analysis and synthesis of trailer of two wheel tractor

FACULITY OF SCINCE AND TECHNOLOGY

Adviser: - Mr. Solomon G/her (M.Sc)

TABLE OF CONTENTS -----------------------------------------------------------------------ii

SPECIFIC OBJECTIVE……………………………………………………………… iii

CHAPTER ONE -------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------1

3.6.5 MOTER CYCLE,DIRT BIKE ,SCOOTER,TOWING AND CARRYING

This project reverses design, to have transporting of agricultural products and

1 Back ground and justification

1.1 Agriculture in Ethiopia

Agriculture, which constituted 46 percent of GDP and more than 80 percent of

With 25 percent of all Ethiopians—approximately 15 million people—gaining their

1.2. Rural economic development

1.3 Country and field-site characteristics

1.3 .1 National economy

1.3.2 Agriculture sector

The significance of the agriculture sector varies considerably. In Ethiopia, Malawi,

TABLE 1: National economies

Ethiopia Ghana Malawi Nigeria United Uganda Zambia

Average 2.6 2.7 3.1 2.9 3.1 3.1 2.9

GDP per 668 1 964 615 896 523 1 208 780

Average 4.7 4.3 3.8 2.4 2.9 7.0 0.5

Average 2.4 1.8 1.8 -0.4 0.1 3.8 -2.1

Country 168 129 163 148 151 150 153

Notes: PPP = purchasing power parity

TABLE 2: Changing role of agriculture in the economy

Ethiopia Ghana Malawi Nigeria United Uganda Zambia

Average 0.2 1.0 2.0 3.3 no data 2.1 3.6

Average 2.1 3.4 7.6 3.5 3.2 3.7 3.9

Rural 520 325 458 250 640 368 105

2.1 Table: Characteristics of Alternative Transport Systems for Rural Areas

Transport Systems/ Characteristics

Cars 100-200 40-100 100 limited

2.2. Different types of traditional cart models

3.1 Deferent Modern Types of Trailer

1. A stable, maneuverable industrial tractor trailer designed specifically for hauling

a wheel assembly, said wheel assembly is of a rectangular, plate like configuration

3.2 IRRI TYPE TWO WHEEL TRACTOR WITH TRAILER

Carries 5-8 bags (60 kg/bag) of cob maize

Disadvantage Is not recommended for highway transport

Repair and Maintenance Regular engine check-up and greasing of

3.3. Four-wheel and two wheel types of tracking trailer.

Its 31”W x 54”L deck is durable, made of 14-G diamond-plate steel.

Mekelle University Mengesha Wudu 15

2. Durability:-High strength frame 14-G diamond –plat steel deck

Four configurations are available

TRAM-6: six people, three 44”W rows

Mekelle University Mengesha Wudu 16

1. Safety:-hand rail in front of each passengers

TB trailer are built for rugged industrial for application.

The standard deck is 42”W x 76”L. It’s customizable to your dimensions.

The four –wheel tracking option helps maneuver in factory aisles.

T-5T Tilt Bed Utility Trailer

5,000 lb. load capacity, single axle (2 wheel) tilt bed

Mekelle University Mengesha Wudu 17

Manuf: Long Chih Industrial Co. (Taiwan)

Overall: 65 x 101 Shpg Wt (lb.): 333 Tires: 5.30 x 12 6- FOB: Azusa, CA

3.4 Bicycle trailer

Mekelle University Mengesha Wudu 18

Two-wheel truss-frame trailer

Wooden bicycle trailer

Special trailer for bike-trekking –