2016 3rd International Conference on Renewable Energies for Developing Countries (REDEC)

Comparison of Different Types of Generator for Wind

Energy Conversion System Topologies.
Anissia Beainy 1,2, Chantal Maatouk 2, Nazih Moubayed 1, Fouad Kaddah 2
1
CRSI, Faculty of Engineering, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon
2
CINET, ESIB, Saint Joseph University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
Anissia.beainy@hotmail.com, Chantal.maatoukriachi@usj.edu.lb
nmoubayed@ieee.org, Fouad.kaddah@usj.edu.lb

Abstract-- This paper outlines the advantages and the
disadvantages of the most commonly generator used in Wind
Energy Conversion Systems (WECS). The state of art on wind
turbine technology is established by comparison of each type.
Doubly Fed Induction Generators (DFIG), Squirrel Cage
Induction generators (SCIG) are the two types of induction
generators commonly used for geared operation in WECS in
variable speeds and fixed speeds, while the Permanent Magnet
Synchronous generators (PMSG) can operate gearless. Due to
higher demand of power from wind energy, off shore installations
are becoming more popular and new wind turbine designs are
being expected in the near future, with the development of the
improved generators and converter designs.
Keywords –Wind Turbine, DFIG, SCIG, PMSG, Gearbox,
Direct- Drive, Variable Speed, HAWT.
I. INTRODUCTION
Worldwide, Governments have been focusing their attention
in achieving their set targets for power production based on
renewable energies. The latest annual wind reports from the end
of 2011 have stated that the installed wind power worldwide
(239GW) is enough to supply 3% of the world’s demand in
electric power [1]. In many countries around the world, wind
energy has been ranking high in the total annual energy
production. Naming some countries: Denmark (22%), Spain
(15.4%), Portugal (21%), Ireland (10.1%), and Germany (6%)
[2].
Wind energy has long attracted lots of attention as a clean
source of power. Wind power is extracted by Wind turbines
(WTs). Most WT today are onshore or land-based. WTs have
increased in size along the years, starting from a few KW to the
multi MW systems found installed nowadays [3,4]. New and
different combinations and configurations of generators and
convertors help achieve high and stable output power. A major
modification in WTs technologies is the introduction of pitch-
able blades which to enable the control of the wind power input
to the generator system [5,6]. In the near future, a lot of WT will
be moving toward off shore installation where the winds are
stronger and thus the need of WTs of higher rating
WT are usually installed together as wind farms in remote
areas where power supply from grid is scarce and the wind farm
is usually connected to a storage system. Wind farms can also
be directly connected to grid for provision of extra power. [7].
State-of-the-art wind conversion systems that have been
developed and which are currently installed worldwide are still
mainly geared wind turbines. The direct drive type will also be
reviewed in this paper and the most-suitable ones in terms of the
weight, size, and reliability will be referred to.
The paper is divided in to the following Sections. Section II
shows the general configuration and different topologies of a
wind turbine and its conversion equations. In Section III the
three different types of generators commonly in use for WT
systems will be listed and they are; Doubly Fed Induction
Generators (DFIG), Squirrel Cage Induction generators (SCIG)
and Permanent Magnet Synchronous generators (PMSG).
Section IV will highlight the performance and market trend of
each and Section V concludes the most appropriate choice of
generator to be used according to the demand.
II. WIND TURBINE CONFIGURATION AND TOPOLOGIES.
In the history of WT, there were two types of WTs in use; the
fixed speed and the variable speed WT. Until the end of the 90’s
the fixed speed WT was more in use but developed many
shortcomings. They were less that 1kw and were mainly of
SCIG type. Nowadays, a newer technology is in use which is
called the variable speed WT. This type is known to achieve
maximum aerodynamic efficiency over a wide range of wind
speeds as those of the wind [11]. Typically, large scale WTs are
of horizontal axis configuration (HAWT), or three rotor blades,
with the mechanical parts and the generator mounted in a
nacelle. This nacelle is positioned high up on a mast or tower.
The blades of some large scale WTs can reach up to 140 m in
diameter with a rotational speed between 5 and 25 rpm [12]. WT
with Variable-speed operation and pitch control systems seem
to be the current standard nowadays [13].The different geared
and direct wind turbine topologies with their rotor and stator
type are shown in Fig. 2.
As seen in FIG 1 above, WTs are systems that have the ability
to transform the kinetic energy of the wind into electricity. This
process passes by many stages and is characterized by the
following equations [8]:
= ( , ). (1)
1 2 3
= . . . . (2)
2
Where and represent the wind power and the
mechanical power of the wind respectively, is the
performance coefficient of the turbine, R designates the rotor
radius, V represents the wind speed and is the air density.

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 2016 3rd International Conference on Renewable Energies for Developing Countries (REDEC)

III. GENERATORS TYPES

Below is introduced the configurations of three general types

of wind turbines that fall under the induction generator and the
synchronous generator categories and their mathematical
models will be presented. Power quality, reliability and
performance will be technically compared in the end.

a) Induction Generator Modeling:

The Rotor and Stator voltage equations are given as:
dΨ
v = R i sω Ψ (5)
dΨ
v = R i sω Ψ (6)
dΨ
v = R i sω Ψ (7)
dΨ
v = R i sω Ψ (8)
Fig. 1: Wind conversion system layout.

The performance coefficient factor CP(λ,β) is in function of λ The flux linkage and the electromagnetic torque
which is the tip speed ratio (TSR) and β which represents the equations are represented below respectively:
pitch angle of the blade in degrees. Cp is at its maximum value
when β=0 and λ=8.1 The mechanical torque can be Ψ = L i i (10)
determined in the following relations, where is the torque Ψ = L i i (11)
coefficient [9,10]: Ψ = L i i (12)
Ψ = L i i (13)
Ψ i Ψ i (14)
= (3)
Where, v , i and Ψ represent the rotor voltage,
= . . . . . (4) current and flux respectively; , v , i and Ψ are stator
voltage, current and flux respectively.
ω represents the angular velocity; d and q are the
direct and quadrature axis components respectively, L
represents the mutual inductance; and are the
stator and rotor leakage inductance.

Fig. 2: Wind Turbine Topologies

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 2016 3rd International Conference on Renewable Energies for Developing Countries (REDEC)

b) Synchronous Generator Mathematical Model.

The Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator is expressed
by the following equations:
di
= R i L Lω i (15)
di
= R i L Lω i ω Ψ (16)

Where L and R represent the generator inductance and

resistance stator, respectively, ω is the generator rotor speed,
and Ψ is the magnet flux. The electromagnetic torque is given
by the following equation:
• .
= pΨ i (17) Fig.3: Schematic of a DFIG.

d) SCIG (Squirrel cage Induction Generator).

c) DFIG (Doubly Fed Induction Generator).
DFIG is a wound- rotor induction generator. DFIG are the
most commonly used in the wind industry. In the DFIG, the
stator terminals are connected directly to the grid and the rotor
across a partially rated convertor [14]. A gearbox is necessary to
couple the rotor to the generator due to the difference in the rotor
and generator speed ranges. These convertors are usually of
variable frequency (VFC) and back to back AC/DC/AC voltage
source type [15]. They are made up of two IGBT converters:
rotor side converter and grid side converter with a DC-link
connection. This converter decouples the electrical grid
frequency and the mechanical rotor frequency, which in turn
enables variable speed operation. The rotor voltage is applied
from the power converters. The Rotor Side Convertor (RSC)
fully controls the generator like in the control of active and
reactive powers, and controlling harmonics, while the Grid Side
Converter (GSC) controls the power factor and ensures that it is
high enough [16, 17]. A schematic of a DFIG is presented in
Fig.3.
1) Advantages of DFIG:
• Mechanically and electrically simpler than
other generator types. The 3 stage geared DFIG
is the lightest and low cost solution [18],
• Converter Rating is only 25%-30% in DFIG as
compared to 100 % of total nominal power of
the generator,
• Rugged and brushless,
• Can reach to about 30% of synchronous speed,
thus has a wide range of speeds [19],
• The converter compensates the reactive power
and ensures smooth grid integration,
• High efficiency and energy yield.
2) Disadvantages of DFIG:
• For WTs based on DFIGs, gearboxes are still a
necessity since a multiple pole DFIG with low-
speed is not yet technically available [20],
• Difficulties associated in complying with grid-
fault ride-through [21,22],
• Medium reliability and reduced longevity due
to bearings and gear faults.
The SCIG as shown in Fig.4, operates completely minimum
ranges of wind speeds through a gearbox. Variations in the rotor
speed of the SCIG are very small as the only speed variations
that can occur are changes in the rotor slip. Due to this fact, the
SCIG was widely considered as fixed-speed and was the basis
of design for the first Danish WT.
It is very robust and little maintenance is needed only bearings
lubrication. The rotor is composed of metallic bars that are very
effective in resistive vibratory motion and dirt [6, 20]. In some
cases, a SCIG may and it is still used for variable-speed wind-
energy generation with a full-scale power electronic convertor
[23-26]. To extract more power from the wind is difficult
because this can cause generator overload. So to achieve an
optimal power extraction, pitch angle regulation is needed.
1) Advantages of SCIG:
• This machine is a very popular for its
mechanical simplicity and robust construction,
• A SCIG requires no brushes for operation,
which are sometimes necessary for the
operation of DFIG,
• Metallic rotor bars are very well resistant to
vibrations and dirt,
• Completely decoupled from the grid for
variable speed operations,
• SCIG based WT have the advantage of
avoiding short circuit power from the grid
because the control system limits any fault
current from the grid side convertor going into
the system [27].
2) Disadvantages of SCIG:
• Two full scale converters are required for
operation,
• It does not have the advantage using reduced-
size power converters as in the DFIG, for
variable speed operation,
• It can’t function as a multi-pole direct drive
mode (gearless).

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 2016 3rd International Conference on Renewable Energies for Developing Countries (REDEC)
Fig.4: Schematic of a SCIG.
e) PMSG (Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator).
To couple the slow spinning turbine rotor blade to generators
like the DFIG and the SCIG, high speed multiple stage
gearboxes (1:100), medium-speed single-stage gearboxes (1:10)
are necessary. Direct-driven generators are system that do not
need the gearbox altogether and these systems are based on the
PSMG. Today’s WTs high-speed multiple stage gearboxes have
proven to be less reliable than expected by manufacturers thus
requiring replacement at 5 to 7 years from beginning of
operation, and that is a much earlier than their expected design
life of 20 years [28,29,30].
On shore-based wind turbines have a serious issue of
decreased reliability and longevity so this becomes a critical
matter to look into for offshore installations. In this case, main
WT manufacturing companies have started manufacturing WT
with this type of generators for mainly offshore installations [31-
33]. This type is the most efficient generator with power losses
of about 65% of that of a typical DFIG [34]. A schematic of a
PMSG is presented in Fig.5.
1) Advantages of PMSG:
• Lower maintenance cost due to absence of
gearbox,
• Improved reliability and longevity comes with
the elimination of the gears and bearings which
are by themselves the main cause of faults in the
generators [35],
• Lower weight.
• High efficiency and energy yield
2) Disadvantages of PMSG:
• High cost,
• the outer diameter of the direct drive PMSG is
almost twice the size of that of the conventional
geared-drive SCIG,
• Low maturity as it being a new technology,
• Increased mass and weight that can reach to
critical proportions especially for WT above
3MW [30].
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Fig.5: Schematic of a PMSG
IV. PERFORMANCE COMPARISON OF THE DIFFERENT WIND
GENERATOR SYSTEMS AND MARKET TRENDS.
In this Section, comparisons of different wind generator
systems is performed, which includes the performance
comparison and the current market penetration of each type.
Some authors have made comparisons concerning variable
speed and fixed speed generator systems. Some compared the
fixed speed SCIG with the direct drive PMSG [36]. While others
compared two types of direct drive SG with the DFIG [37]. With
rapid development of WT technologies, it is highly probable that
future trends in the industry will be focused on the continuously
improving already existing and established technologies such as
PSMG, SCIG and DFIG.
The outer diameter of the direct-drive PMSG is nearly twice
of the conventional geared-drive SCIG; however, the total
length is three times shorter including the length of high-speed
shaft. Also, the direct-drive PMSG system has its average
efficiency 1.6% higher than the fixed speed SCIG system at the
3 MW rated power [17]. Additionally, due to the variable speed
operation, the direct-drive PMSG system can produce more
energy 10–15% than the fixed single-speed concept.
In comparing the direct drive PMSG with the 3 stage geared
DFIG and considering the part of the WTs, the total weight of
both WT systems may have no big difference, but DFIG 3G is
the lightest in general and low-cost solution with standard
components. In Table I, the Annual energy yield in function of
total cost of these three generator performance parameters is
presented. Table II presents the different manufacturers of these
types of WT and their characteristics. Now considering market
penetration, most manufactures opt for geared-drive WT
concepts. The wind market is predominated by DFIG with a
multiple-stage gearbox, and the predominantly used generator
type is still the IG suhc as DFIG, SCIG and WRIG (Wound
Rotor). Manufacturers like, Vestas, Gamesa, GE wind,
Repower, Nordex and Ecotecnia, manufacture multi stage
geared DFIG WTs. Companies like Enercon are manufacturing
direct drive wind turbines such as PMSG. Fig 6 depicts the
world share of different generator concepts [38], as recorded by
world manufacturers taken from their websites.
 2016 3rd International Conference on Renewable Energies for Developing Countries (REDEC)

Table I: Annual energy yield/ total cost of three different wind As can be seen in Fig 6, types like SCIG have decreased
generator systems [34]. dramatically over the space of a decade in favor of variable
speed types like DFIG. These have had a huge increase to about
COST SCIG DFIG PMSG 50% of the installed type. The direct drive types like PMSG have
(KEURO) been steady and its market penetration has not shown any
Gearbox 220 220 - alteration.
Converter 120 40 120
Generator 287 320 432 V. CONCLUSIONS
cost
Total cost 1837 1870 1982 This paper has reviewed the state of the art technology for
with generators used in WECS. It is very clear that Variable speed
margine for operation is very still attractive due to the fact that machines with
company this technology exhibited reduced mechanical stress and
costs increased power capture. As mentioned above and as can be seen
Annual 6705 7690 7890 in Fig.6, the market share of the fixed speed concept has
energy decreased quickly, whereas the demand for variable speed wind
yield Mwh turbine has increased. The multiple-stage geared-drive DFIG
Annual 3.63 4.11 3.98 with a partial-scale IGBT based power converter is still
energy dominant in the current market. When compared with other
yield/ total variable speed WTs that need a full-scale power converter to
cost operate, the main advantage of the DFIG is that only 30% of the
generated power goes through the power converter and this
alone may have substantial cost advantages even with low cost
of future converters and power electronics. But considering that
DFIG suffer a lot from large peak currents during grid related
faults, variable speed wind turbines like SCIG with a full-scale
power converter that are completely detached from the grid may
be more effective and become a more attractive option to deal
with grid related short circuit problems.

If overall efficiency, reliability and availability are a critical

requirement, the direct-drive PMSG wind generator systems
come into play because of omitting the gearbox. They are
usually larger, but that might not cause any disadvantage for the
offshore wind energy where there is no mater of land and space
hindrance and where there is abundant wind speed.

Fig 6: World share of yearly installed power for different wind

generator systems from 1995 till 2004 [38]

Table II: List Wind turbines Characteristic [39-44]

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 2016 3rd International Conference on Renewable Energies for Developing Countries (REDEC)
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