21ST CENTURY

01 Pre-Spanish Period of Enlightenment (1872 - 1898)

02 Spanish • Filipino intellectuals educated in Europe called
03 Enlightenment Ilustrados.
04 America Regime • Propaganda Movement - spearheaded by the
05 Japanese Period intellectual middle class
06 Period of Activism
07 Period of the New Society Rizal’s Writings
08 Period of the 3rd Republic • Noli Me Tangere
09 Post of EDSA 1 Revolution • Mi ultimo Adios
10 21st Century Period • Sobre La Indolencia De Los Filipinos
• Filipinas Dentro De Cien Años

Del Pilar’s Writings

• Pag- ibig sa Tinubuang Lupa
Folk Tales • Kaiingat Kayo
➢ These are stories about life, adventure, • Dasalan at Tocsohan
love, horror, and humor.
Jaena’s Writings
The Epic Age • Ang Fray Botod
➢ Epics are long narrative poems in which • La Hija Del Fraile
a series of heroic achievements , usually • Everything is Hambug
of a hero. • Sa Mga Pilipino...
• Talumpating Pagunita Kay Kolumbus
Folk Songs
➢ One of the oldest forms of Philippine
Literature that emerged in the Pre
Spanish period.
The American Regime (1898 - 1944)
The American Regime

• Americans influenced Filipino writers to write

Spanish Literature using the English Language.
➢ religious prose and poetry • Jose Garcia Villa - became famous for his free
verse
1. Spanish Influences on the Philippine
Literature Characteristic
• Alibata - the first Filipino alphabet was replaced • Language used - Spanish and Tagalog
by Roman alphabet • Writers in English imitated the themes and
• Christian Doctrine methods of the Americans
• European legends and traditions

2. Folk Songs
• Leron - Leron Sinta, Pamulinawen, Dandansoy,
Sarong Banggi, Atin Cu Pung Sing - sing

3. Recreational Plays
• Cenaculo , Panunuluyan , Salubong , and
Zarzuela

Filipino Poetry
• Nationalism
• Country
• Love
• life in the barrios
• faith
• religion
• the arts
Three types of poems
• Haiku - a poem of free verse, made up of 17
syllables divided into three lines
• Tanaga - is short, but had measure and rhyme
• Karaniwang Anyo (Usual Form)
Literary Revolution
➢ The youth became vocal with their
sentiments.
➢ They demanded a change in the
government.
➢ It was manifested in the bloody
demonstrations and the sidewalk
expressions but also in literature.
New Society
➢ Started on September 21, 1972. The
Carlos Palanca Awards continued to give
annual awards.
➢ Poems dealt with patience, regard for
native culture, customs, and the beauties
of nature and surroundings.
➢ Filipinos were hooked in reading
magazines and comics
Third Republic
The Philippines became a new nation. Former
Pres i dent Marcos called “The New Republic of
the Philippines' '
Poems were romantic and revolutionary. Filipino
songs dealt with themes that were true- to- life.
Post - EDSA 1 Revolution (19 8 6 - 19 9 5 )
➢ Filipino people regained their
independence. So- called People Power
(Lakas ng Bayan) prevailed.
➢ New Filipino songs, newspapers,
speeches, and even in television
programs . Crony newspapers were The
Inquirer , Mal aya, and People' s Journal .
21st Century Period
➢ The new trends have been used and
introduced t o meet the needs of the new
generation
➢ 21st Century learners are demanded to
be ICT inclined . New Codes or l i ngos
are used to add flavor in the literature
pieces.
Identifying Representative Texts from the
REGIONS
➢ The country's rich repertoire of literary
masterpieces may be rooted in the
diverse cultural heritage of the Filipino
people. They have produced varied texts
because of differences. The mighty roar
of the North and the fiery temperament of
the South blended well. The Filipinos
speak of
the collective experiences from the
people who have gone through
difficulties, triumphs, struggles,
successes, armed conflicts, bloodless
revolutions, and others. It is the reason
why these masterpieces resonated loudly
in the Philippine archipelago.
It is the largest island of the country, divided into
8 regions namely; Ilocos Region, Cagayan Valley
Region, Cordillera Administrative Region (CAR),
National Capital Region (NCR), Bicol Region,
Central Luzon, MIMAROPA (Mindoro,
Marinduque, Romblon, and Palawan), and
CALABARZON (Cavite, Laguna, Batangas,
Rizal, and Quezon
Major Regional Languages
○ Bicolano
○ Ilocano
○ Kapampangan
○ Pangasinense
○ Tagalog
Visayas is the Philippines' smallest island group.
Western Visayas, Central Visayas, and Eastern
Visayas are its three regions. It is composed of
main islands namely; Bohol, Cebu, Panay,
Samar, Negros, and Leyte

Major Regional Languages

○ Cebuano
○ Hiligaynon / Ilonggo
○ Kinaray-a
○ Waray.

It is divided into six regions: Davao Region,

Zamboanga Peninsula, Northern Mindanao,
SOCCSKSARGEN (South Cotabato, Cotabato,
Sultan Kudarat, Sarangani and General Santos),
ARMM (Autonomous Region in Muslim
Mindanao), and Caraga Region

The conflict in Mindanao is mostly because of

two factors: political and religious. Unfortunately,
this conflict extends to their literature, which
seems to be widely invisible or inaccessible.
ILOCOS REGION | Francisco Lopez
(This is one reason why Mindanao literature is
In fact, the earliest known written Iloko poems
limited.)
were the romances he translated from Spanish.

Doctrina Christiana
Augustinian friar who in 1621, published his own
It was an early book of Roman Catholic
lloko translation of the Doctrina Cristiana, the
Catechism, written in 1593 by Fray Juan de
first book to be printed in Iloko.
Plasencia, and is believed to be one of the
earliest books printed in the Philippines.
ILOCOS REGION | Pedro Bucaneg
He was a Filipino poet who is blind since birth
and the "Father of Ilocano literature."
He is the acknowledged author of the Ilocano
epic Biag- ni-Lam-.

ILOCOS REGION | Leona Florentino

a Filipino poet in the Spanish and Ilocano
languages. She is considered as the "mother of
Philippine women's literature" and the "bridge
from oral to literary tradition"
considered by some as the "National Poetess of
the Philippines" wrote Nalpay a Namnama o
Naunsyaming Pag-asa (Blasted Hope)

REGION 2 | Ines Taccad Cammayo

First prize for "People of Consequence", Don
Carlos Palanca Memorial Awards for Literature,
1970
Second prize for "Tears, Melancholy", Focus
literary contest, 1979 Second prize for "On
Friends You Pin Such Hopes", Don Carlos
Palanca Memorial Awards for Literature, 1973

REGION 2 | Fernando Maramag

An excellent poet and journalist in English. He
had a rich style and deep understanding of
human nature
He wrote the poem "The Rural Maid".

REGION 3 | Anicio Pascual

He wrote "Juan Manalaksan".
He is from Arayat, Pampanga, who heard the
story from an old Pampangan woman.
REGION 3 | Macaria Garcia
She did not write these stories, but she narrated
them
She narrated "Suan, the Good Guesser" and
"Suan's Good Luck"
REGION 4 | Reyes and Rizal
Manuel Reyes, from Rizal, narrated "Suan Eket".
Jose Rizal, wrote "Legend of Maria Makiling"
aside from Noli and El Fili
REGIÓN 5 | Mariano Perfecto
"Father of Bikol Literature"
He published the first Bikol newspaper, Ang
Parabareta (The Newsman)
REGION 5| Merito B. Espinas
He wrote Ibalon
The story talks about three stories of Bicol
heroes
NCR | Short Stories and Poems
Magnificence" by Estrella Alfon "Footnote to
Youth" by Jose Garcia Villa
Nick Joaquin wrote the poems "Happy Never
After" and "The Martyr"
REGION 6 | Western Visayas Literature
Also called the PANAYANON LITERATURE;
known for "Tungkung Langit and Alunsina"
The paktakon is a riddle while the hurubaton is a
proverb.
REGION 7 | Vicente Sotto
The Father of Literature. Cebuano
He wrote the first written Cebuano literature,
"Maming".
REGION 8 | Clodualdo del Mundo
He wrote the poem "Ang Kanyang Mga Mata".
Fiction
- Is literature created from the imagination,
though it may be based on a true story.
Some types of literature in fiction include
the novel,short story and novella.
Non-fiction
- Is based on facts and the author’s
opinion about a subject.The purpose of
non-fiction writing is to persuade. Its
examples are biographies and articles
from printed media
Poetry
- Is an imaginative awareness of
experience expressed through meaning,
sound and rhythmic language. It brings
out an emotional response. It is an
authentic and individual mode of
expression.
Drama
- Is a composition in prose or verse that is
presented through dialogue or
pantomime. It has a story involving
conflict. And it has to be acted on a
stage.
What Literary Genres are featured in the 21st
Century?
21st Century Literature
- This literature refers to new literary works
made within the last decade. It is created
by contemporary authors. These literary
works deal with current themes and
issues and reflect a technological culture.
The 21st Century Reader
● Navigates and interprets digital formats
and media messages.
● Possesses technological literacy skills
● Has the ability to evaluate information.
Modern Literature or 21st Century Literature.
Graphic Novel
Graphic novels are narratives presented in
comic book formats. The broad term may
involve non-fiction works and short stories of
the same themes, and other works of fiction.
An example in the Philippines is The
Mythology Class by Arnold Are and Trese by
Budjette Tan and Kajo Baldisimo
Usually includes:
○ Text
○ Word balloon
○ Panels
○ Image
○ Sound effects
DOODLE FICTION
 ➢ Doodle Fiction combines doodle writing,
drawings and handwritten graphics in
place of the traditional text. The Drawing
enhances the story, often adding
humorous elements. An example is The
Diary of a Wimpy Kid by Jeff Kinney.
CHICK LITERATURE
➢ Also known as Chick Lit, this genre of
fiction contains issues about modern
womanhood. The character's femininity
drives the movement of the plot.
Examples are Scarlet Bailey's The Night
before Christmas and Miranda
Dickinson's It Started with a Kiss
➢ The advocacy of women's rights on the
basis of the equality of the sexes. It
pertains to a range of political
movements, ideologies, and social
movements that share a common goal: to
define, establish, and achieve political,
economic, personal and social equality of
sexes.
FLASH FICTION
➢ This is a style of fiction of extreme brevity.
Although there is no standard length and
structure, flash fiction can range from a
few words to a thousand. Examples of
Filipino flash fiction are "Bettina" by
Gémino H. Abad. Cyan Abad- Jugo's
"Earth-bound"
SIX-WORD FLASH FICTION
➢ Also known as Six-word story, it is
popularized by Ernest Hemingway and
Margaret Atwood. It contains six words
that can convey a story
CREATIVE NONFICTION
➢ It is a genre of writing that uses literary
styles and techniques to create narratives
that are based on facts. 1000 Gifts by
Ann Voscamp and Wind, Sand, and Stars
by Antoine de Saint- Exupery are some
examples.
What is Creative Writing?
➢ Informative writing is primarily about
imparting knowledge. Creative writing is
primarily about creating emotional effect
and significance.
Types of Creative Writing
➢ The common types of creative writing a
Poetry Plays Movie and television scripts
Songs Fiction (novels, novellas, and
short stories Speeches Personal essays
SCIENCE FICTION
➢ Science Fiction is speculative fiction
which deals with imaginative potential
consequences of scientific and other
innovations and has been called a
"literature of ideas. HUNGER GAMES
CATCHING FIRE O concepts. It often
explores the COLLINE Suzanne Collins'
The Hunger Games Series and Jose
Maria Espino's Orbit 21
WEBLOG
➢ A weblog is a website containing short
articles called posts that change
regularly. It contains one' opinions,
interests and experiences.
HYPERPOETRY
➢ Also known as Cyberpoetry. Hyperpoetry
uses links and hypertext mark-up. It can
either involve words, phrases, lines, that
look like a traditional poem but has parts
that transform
Context and Text’s Meaning
Context
• originates from the notion of weaving together.
• It is defined as the circumstances that form the
setting of events, statements, or ideas
Writer's context
It is knowing about the writer's life.
• values
• assumptions
• gender
• race
• sexual orientation
Reader’s context
It is about the reader's previous reading
experience, values, assumptions, political and
economic issues
Text’s context
It is about its publishing history. It is part of the
larger text such as newspaper, history, events,
translated in it.
Social Context
It features the society in which the characters
live and in which the author's text was produced
Imagery
It is creating a picture in the reader's mind by
using words that appeal to the senses.
• Visual Imagery - produced by the use of words
that appeal to the sense of sight.
• Auditory Imagery - produced by the use of
words that appeal to the sense of hearing.
• Kinesthetic Imagery - produced by the use of
words that appeal to the sense of action and
movement.
Literary Techniques
These are methods the author or writer of a
literary piece used to convey what they want to
impart to the reader.
Multimedia Formats in
Interpreting Literary Texts
Multimedia Marshall (2021)
• computer-controlled integration of text,
graphics, drawings, still and moving images
(video), animation, audio, and any other media
where every type of information can be
represented, stored, transmitted and processed
digitally
Slideshow Presentation
➢ is created with the use of Microsoft
PowerPoint.
➢ It contains series of pictures or pages of
information (slides) arranged in sequence
Tag Cloud
➢ is a visual, stylized arrangement of words
or tags within a textual content
➢ websites, articles, speeches and
databases
Video
➢ an electronic device used to record, copy,
playback, broadcast, and display moving
visual media
➢ Can be seen in YouTube, Facebook,
Instagram, TikTok, etc
5 Element of Short Story
- The Story elements are what keep the
story running smoothly and allow the
action to develop in a logical way that the
reader can follow.

5 Elements of short story

Formats
○ Setting
○ Blog
○ Character
○ Mind mapping
○ Conflict
○ Mobile phone
○ Plot
○ Slideshow presentation
○ Theme
○ Tag cloud
○ Video
Setting
The setting of your story refers to the actual
Weblog
place and time where your plot takes place.
➢ “weblog” is a website containing
➢ Time
informational articles
○ Time can cover many areas, such
➢ It is about a person’s own opinions,
as the character's time of life, the
interests and experiences
time of day, time of year, time
period such as the past, present,
Mind mapping
or future
➢ is a graphical technique to visualize
➢ Place
connections of ideas and pieces of
○ Place also covers a lot of areas,
information.
such as a certain building, room in
structures information to better analyze,
a building, country, city, beach, in
comprehend, synthesize, recall and generate
a mode of transport such as a car,
new ideas.
bus, boat, indoors or out, etc.
➢ Environment
Mobile Phone/Text tula
○ The environment includes
- It is a traditional Filipino poem.
geographical location such as
- tanaga that consists of 4 lines with 7
beach or mountain, the climate
syllables each with the same rhyme at
and weather, and the social or
the end of each line
cultural aspects such as a school,
theater, meeting, club, etc.
Character
➢ Most stories include these two common Applying ICT Skills in Interpreting
types:
○ The protagonist is typically the Literary Texts
'good guy' in your story - the one Anecdote
the reader is rooting for. This main - Short entertaining or interesting story
character is super important and about a real incident or person. (Nagpal
central to your plot. 2016)
○ The antagonist of your story - It tells about a variety of stories and tales,
doesn't have to be a single since they can be about any topic under
person. It can be any character, the sun.
group, or force that is at odds with - It is a short story about a real person or
your protagonist. event which usually intends to make
listeners laugh or ponder over a
Conflict topic.(Dictionary2020)
➢ There are different types of conflicts you
may choose to use, but the most Purposes of Anecdotes
common are character vs self, character 1. To Bring Cheer
vs character, character vs nature, and - Example: At the dinner, a Grade
character vs society. 11 learner shared his story on his
○ MAN VS MAN first day at school when he got
○ MAN VS NATURE lost and attended a wrong class
○ MAN VS HIMSELF 2. To Reminisce
○ MAN VS SOCIETY - Example: A mother tells her
children a story about her life in
Plot the province when she was
➢ To keep your reader engaged and teenager.
interested, your story should include 3. To Caution
these plot elements: - Example: Before beginning a
○ Exposition lecture on not following traffic
○ Rising Action rules, a father tells his son an
○ Climax incident of collision that caused
○ Falling Action many lives due to ignoring traffic
○ Resolution signs.

4. To Persuade or Inspire
- Example: Before beginning a
remedial class, the teacher tells
the students how a boy who used
to struggle in reading managed to
be a proficient reader.

5 Steps on How to Write an Anecdote

1. Pick an interesting event that happened
with you or with someone.
THEME
2. Categorize the event in the genre such
➢ The idea, belief, moral, lesson, or insight
as interesting, amusing, inspiring or
being discussed here is referred to as the
thought provoking?
theme. It's the author's main point of
3. Structure and outline your ideas and get
contention that they want the reader to
an overview of the plot.
grasp. The theme might be thought of as
4. Be narrative and use sensory elements to
the "why" of the story.
create a scenario of the story.
➢ is what a story all about can be
5. Draw a conclusion from the story and
expressed in one word like "love,"
give your personal views.
"friendship," and "solitude"
➢ is the "central idea" or "main message"
the author wants his readers to
understand and to live by