Gendered Lives 10th Edition Wood Test

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Chapter 6—Gendered Nonverbal Communication

MULTIPLE CHOICE

1. According to research presented in the Gendered Lives text, which of the following is true about
smiling?
a. Women generally smile more than men.
b. Smiling is an example of haptics.
c. African-American women are socialized to smile more than Caucasian women.
d. Men generally smile more than women.
e. Research has shown that men and women smile about the same amounts.
ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: p. 141-142

2. During conversation, Alyssa holds steady eye contact with her friend to indicate she is listening.
Alyssa's eye contact is an example of ____.
a. haptics
b. proxemics
c. kinesics
d. artifacts
e. power
ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: p. 148-149

3. Which of the following statements is true about body image?

a. In general, men and boys are more satisfied with the way they look than are women and
girls.
b. Men increasingly access non-invasive cosmetic treatments such as Botox and Dysport
injections.
c. Men are increasingly seeking to meet body ideals by exercising and taking fitness
supplements.
d. Binge eating seems to be increasing among men.
e. All of the above.
ANS: E PTS: 1 REF: p. 150-154

4. People from which demographic group are most likely to strive to achieve unrealistic body ideals?
a. African American women
b. Caucasian women
c. African American men
d. Caucasian men
e. A and B
ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: p. 150-154

5. According to the Gendered Lives text, women in India were not allowed to inherit property from
parents until the mid-1990s. We could gain insight into the power and status of women in Indian
society by examining this practice as a form of nonverbal communication called ____.
a. kinesics
b. haptics
c. proxemics
d. territoriality
e. environmental factors
 ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: p. 145-146

6. Which of the following has been advanced as an explanation for gender- and sex-related differences in
ability to decode and interpret others' nonverbal communication?
a. Men and women have biological sex-related differences in brain functioning that influence
their ability to understand nonverbal communication.
b. As part of their socialization to be sensitive to and build relationships, females learn to
decode nonverbal communication.
c. According to standpoint theory, women must learn to interpret others in order to survive as
subordinate members of society.
d. All of the above.
e. None of the above. There are no gender- and sex-related differences in ability to decode
and interpret others' nonverbal communication.
ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: p. 156-157

7. After three-year-old Ben misbehaves, his father firmly grasps him by the shoulders and marches him
towards his room. The father's holding of Ben's shoulders to direct him to his bedroom is and example
of ____.
a. kinesics
b. artifacts
c. the responsiveness dimension of relationship level of meaning
d. the liking dimension of relationship level of meaning
e. haptics
ANS: E PTS: 1 REF: p. 147

8. Nonverbal communication can function in which of the following ways?

a. to regulate interaction
b. to establish liking
c. to supplement verbal communication
d. to establish power
e. all of the above
ANS: E PTS: 1 REF: p. 140-143

9. Which of the following is true about how people respond in a crowded situation, like an elevator?
a. Men are likely to stand their ground, refusing to yield territory to others.
b. Men are likely to look up or down as if to say "I'm not trying to intrude your space."
c. Women are likely to look up or down as if to say "I'm not trying to intrude your space."
d. Both A and C
e. Both B and C
ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: p. 147

10. Which of the following statements about haptics are accurate?

a. Men are more likely to initiate friendly touch than women are.
b. Those with more power have more freedom to touch others than those in lower positions
of power
c. Touch is a type of nonverbal that does not differ much at all across cultures.
d. Women tend to be more likely to use physical force than men.
e. Haptics is a type of nonverbal communication that includes how much space a person
uses.
ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: p. 147
TRUE/FALSE

1. Female athletes are less susceptible to developing eating disorders than are the rest of the female
population.

ANS: F PTS: 1 REF: p. 154

2. Men are more likely than women to use eye contact to assert themselves.

ANS: T PTS: 1 REF: p. 149

3. Stace frowns at another boy and turns his back in disgust. Stace's nonverbal communication is
demonstrating the liking dimension of relationship level meaning.

ANS: T PTS: 1 REF: p. 142

4. During a discussion, Bill steps towards Ardis. Ardis steps back so that several feet remain between
them. Ardis' steps backward represent territoriality.

ANS: T PTS: 1 REF: p. 142 | p. 146-147

5. Verbal communication conveys the majority of the total meaning during an interaction.

ANS: F PTS: 1 REF: p. 139-140

6. Paralanguage includes spoken words.

ANS: F PTS: 1 REF: p. 149

7. Women are generally better at reading anger in the faces of others than are men.

ANS: F PTS: 1 REF: p. 156

8. Children's toys are becoming increasingly gender-neutral; many toy stores and toy catalogs no longer
separate "toys for girls" and "toys for boys."

ANS: F PTS: 1 REF: p. 143

9. Women tend to perceive touch from men as more threatening and invasive than men do.

ANS: T PTS: 1 REF: p. 147

10. Artifacts can be a tool to challenge traditional notions of masculinity and femininity.

ANS: T PTS: 1 REF: p. 145

IDENTIFICATION

Instructions: Identify the following:

1. Paralanguage
 ANS:
Paralanguage is a form of nonverbal communication. The vocal cues that accompany verbal
communications include pitch, tone, and volume.

PTS: 1 REF: p. 149

2. Artifacts

ANS:
Artifacts are a form of nonverbal communication. They are personal objects that influence how we see
ourselves and how we express our identities. Artifacts that help us define and express ourselves as
masculine or feminine include toys, clothing, jewelry, make-up, etc.

PTS: 1 REF: p. 143-145

3. Territoriality

ANS:
Territoriality is related to proxemics, a nonverbal form of communication related to physical space and
our use of it. Territoriality represents the personal space that we don't want others to invade. People
with more power tend to enter the space of people with less power.

PTS: 1 REF: p. 142 | p. 146-147

4. Kinesics

ANS:
Kinesics is a form of nonverbal communication that refers to face and body movements. Kinesics may
include gesturing, facial expressions, and body positioning.

PTS: 1 REF: p. 148-149

5. Haptics

ANS:
Haptics refers to the use of touch. Girls tend to be touched more than boys. Those in power tend to
have more control over the use of touch than those who do not have as much power.

PTS: 1 REF: p. 147

6. Proxemics

ANS:
Proxemics refers to space and how we use it. This includes the distance we keep between ourselves
and others.

PTS: 1 REF: p. 145-147

7. Responsiveness

ANS:
 Responsiveness refers to the nonverbal behaviors through which we show attentiveness to others and
interest in what they say or do. We show our responsiveness through eye contact, posture, and facial
expressions. In general, women are more responsive than are men, which may reflect the speech
communities into which they are socialized. Differences in responsiveness also can be attributed to
race/ethnicity.

PTS: 1 REF: p. 141-142

ESSAY

1. What is the relationship level of meaning and how is it conveyed nonverbally? In your answer, be sure
to define the three dimensions of relationship level meaning and give examples of each.

ANS:
The relationship level of meaning is the nonliteral meaning of communication that expresses how a
speaker sees the relationship between self and other. It is conveyed primarily nonverbally. It consists
of 3 dimensions: responsiveness, liking, and power or control.
• Responsiveness: shows attention to and interest in what others say and do. Nonverbal cues
include smiling, inflection, eye contact, leaning forward, etc. In general, women tend to be
more overtly emotionally expressive communicators (e.g. smile more) and maintain more
eye contact than men.
• Liking: signals like or dislike. Nonverbal behaviors include tone of voice, proximity,
touching, and eye contact.
• Power or control: refers to the degree to which we act as if we are equal to, dominant over,
or deferential to others. Nonverbal cues include tone of voice, touch, and use of space (e.g.
who moves aside when two people are walking towards one another, office size).

PTS: 1 REF: p. 141-143

2. The author of your Gendered Lives textbook states, "members of both sexes often feel pressured to
meet current cultural ideals of physical appearance." Discuss what this means. As part of your answer,
be sure to identify and explain the form of nonverbal communication directly relevant to the statement.
Be able to discuss gender and race-ethnic variations (if any) in relationship to physical appearance.

ANS:
The framework for this answer may be found on pages 149-155. You may also wish to have students
address classroom discussion regarding this issue. The answer below represents some of the many
ideas from the text that could be utilized to answer this question.

The form of nonverbal communication relevant to this statement is physical appearance. Physical
beauty is culturally defined and changes over time.

In general, satisfaction with physical appearance varies across gender and race. Typically, men report
being satisfied with their appearance and do not attach their appearance to self-esteem. However, some
gay men have reported linking appearance to self-worth and are more likely to develop eating
disorders. Girls and women, particularly Caucasian, tend to report they are dissatisfied with their
bodies and are more likely to diet. Females report being strongly influenced by media images of ultra
thin models. Popular culture images of an idealized female body may lead to eating disorders.
However, the influence is not limited to females. Males are also developing eating disorders and may
practice extreme workout regimes in an attempt to build an idealized muscular body.
 In general, African-American women report being more satisfied with their bodies, are less prone to
eating disorders, and have less extreme unrealistic body images. Black teens have also emphasized the
importance of the "right attitude" as a part of beauty. Finally, eating disorders are less common among
black girls and women, particularly if they strongly identify with traditional African perceptions of
full-figured beauty.

PTS: 1 REF: p. 149-155

3. Your book states that boys and girls are touched differently as children and become socialized to
believe that touch has different uses and meanings. Discuss the different ways boys and girls are
socialized about touch and the implications of such socialization.

ANS:
The framework to this question can be found on p. 147. However, students may also include
information from the chapter on families. The answer below reflects the information in this chapter.

Haptics refers to the way we communicate through touch. Because daughters tend to be handled more
carefully than sons, girls tend to grow up to be more gentle with their touches, and boys tend to grow
up to be a bit rougher with their touch. Girls receive more touch that communicates affection and care,
and boys tend to receive more touch that communicates power and control, and they often grow up to
use touch in these ways. Women, then, tend to prefer to give and receive softer touch that
communicates liking and to perceive touch as very personal. Men are more likely to invade another's
space more in order to show their status and use their bodies to control others.

PTS: 1 REF: p. 147

4. Explain which nonverbal behaviors may be employed to exert power and control and examine the link
to gender.

ANS:
Power dynamics speak to issues of dominance and subordination. Control references who is in charge−
e.g., who chooses the topic of conversation, who interrupts, and who defers. There are many ways in
which nonverbal behaviors play into power and control; however, Wood argues that three categories of
nonverbal communication are particularly important to this discussion − proxemics, haptics, and
paralanguage. Proxemics refers to space and our use of it. In general, masculine communicators take
up more space when sitting and standing, a difference not attributable to body size alone. Also related
to space, in heterosexual families, fathers are more likely to have their own room and/or sit at the head
of the table than are mothers. Haptics refers to touch, and masculine communicators are more likely to
use touch to direct others, assert power, and express sexual interest than are feminine communicators.
Paralanguage includes the vocal cues that accompany verbal communication. Masculine
communicators typically speak more loudly and for longer periods of time than do feminine
communicators; they also use stronger inflection to highlight their ideas. In all of these ways,
masculine communicators may use nonverbal communication to exert power and control.

PTS: 1 REF: p. 142 | p. 145-147 | p. 150