Professional Documents
Culture Documents
WNWJ Lab Report 2
WNWJ Lab Report 2
2F.>.M4:8.16NM-5-9&JF.-0O<I:&.**II-)'=%4:)IK+24H(;5>)>89+)0,7
;89K.;;+F/G(0M1
KN+1+O)6OL*=):>F>711=
5(J4%%=(')97MO'5%*4G64(;LN=+6O)HFOH'G*JH>K(70G2J5N7<J9>%+-)+
&/O*&6:,=2
=F>'>7I82O
0,<&96:.*1N48*7,&+
+'8<6*3:MGN=%35<IL(5>I%LH+6(3G,=
OG46>*
&5N4FI77=:L..'.F-;H:H%/K=:NFM322G,M%O52L8G;;=7)<0
)(>7JF<:((I(:1<514./8K>.O4J1J;.O7+0/<K(69HJ&8
N'5+.&0O2*-8,>6
3*M1(NJ4<+=9)NL-.*L'>%&)2
>O-F+N<.''6I26+<H06
',/IML(<*OF/0,8G5:%54''8.-='(9=')83,H>:(9-5%5)G7<8=,652&;>:8I%M2254&1
%4%=%M0H'36:F<9.=IFK)).13K,MN'G1.M+'8J
4G6.7,K)'0&%954'(H+'*-2<7,;OLI461.K;35O5H<8;L462GNJ>KJI.MK0
<&H<*84M2F=2,I:19+N,92J:J/IG(=2)8&O&'38:&9'LFO(HK)K&:*'JLM2H19
3=+)J'9=N(+5-O*>%3:I.I,4F&8>JF974):,(IN(:&:341-2%>OM42/-MM0
+9<&+8&6)%,1I,N<0J+NO679,75-M.HI574G>O.(=,(23697448.
)(1N58H3J>H9H';<O:44)<%67J876F'5M,+1>3
)6<5*64+,J%%J
:+O1K8-9
JMHM4
HIG73+4)2OO6.
,%'KH(9;60F7>)49%M2/(8I7.,/&7/'F)K<GG'
:%5)5.':L4/1=1/I
+GO%N,73;GK&J8066'*J=+1:+'KL%;M/OOO9H)5'IN72I%-;LJNN*&K6(()M
/=;2,.4<0N4*2HL
F-%FM
K>(=
,5FL4
KF5<+>&0:JOJ;,%MG'N'%-KNM)1&5(L*8,
*G&1OJ1397N1(+IHF1.4I+5*;NJ=633,7G%=>H54/+'O2O0JI-7M
+.HM*M,1H*:O.H-JOJG3>%'J
J-&*)29F,(/L*+&L1%5)<*>&%.F19OL-=J</(&>1)=J'HN,9*<
7L9-.
%6<61/HH7*1+GN36-:;=M7,I3.+IHG'%FI5L>::3I+9&ONM&(().-FK(I>I.J:(L6H&>:
7(8<GJG4M&6O'M91%K<:'3.M7KL6+:G&&L0;
<6'6..N-K5HH
9-6J.4./:.(:KM535I3F9(&KK>G<JF-O+L&L-6HL<&1.3=5I(.H:
/8F/HN4(K8FK-.I11>O<FKF<<46M08
56M&14J85G>.(9F*G%:1:.%F5%0&>
%2J396=.506<*4'*15+=L:
,G4,I2<9<)'6,7820;L;'N-G;/N,=H-;6F*&G/4N')*82;*NNO+9N/:-%%5+F(L)(+
.98;7)IG:'3H3:1)=N;GL&82**++&77N65;1'MH4'KH7&6O=I5OO-NM<%80*
K)693*<NI<HG/3'O<H8;8'7%5;M15-&:J2G(78%.FO'6%M==*I-K5
86H;===9MH=423G
)>*J5L83-//I,=G>7+3&/23LO;31G%LLO02955G9&0(+3:24;5(.9K
16FO:&6,*>;+-F.0&HOF8OLJ*K4%L<9
6;&>0&J:)I:;*5G;%MH47<:J+I.,5<+.;I6
K&4/=88/
'OOJ:L,I3+%79G79,*J>L0H=6-.>1/:GNI<
1LO6:-,07M%LK-40528(>-6'+6G
.')<>:.;(,HN1&4(5N:IH;4OF
6.0M;M7M,OH:H9%J.
9=G44-N2L.(2HNG9%
;)036+/(L,3N5*.L<.<5M.,(76H>8
:76H3,<J<<52LO:0.:N/NM+-6I7=
G/&O6>:7-8*:8))>I6+8>&9*/JF2&/9:+'M(>IK*FK6F7='3(F+9*FL;FK+6=&3
,/6F&
N/N
+4O><O000G&H%%IN2N((::I)6<%*%0%;>GJ7:F3)O2/'LN
)L->;G1%%-;H>G%1GI6L.O%9J90N.</,(<L1G9I,L7+O2:F.1%GHN-,G
LOI/2.,
K)I-(('-FG-O;:N(&>((H69;
4.F0>FF;&J:>--*M=G9FG/5827M+.2K>I(:IH;2I&(
9HNHM
M*'*,;3=:6;=+LN+7/F,'9+<(
O)K,30%98IM.H51*LN1<F=->K7%6=9'12K'6/)80&=37O<90):(O,:>O&9
;H-OJ;46
OJ<L
J*1-2>:KM8,N)(%<%2O1H=L2I,<4*+22,7+=1F-GI
'7O3%+9(()0N>24K7/,(.JKJF1M7&%26;L306I)-9.7*:55.J*I-/2-O;&H&/'O::+6F
3N+J&2%9:&51H1I.L<
JK;NOG106.MO*487:<I%N'3444;9&+();.)*;M1-F>38<3(5,2
29>N)0GFLG.1=.(<G5N.0=)L+588:<<-I8+0;.>=%0.+=*'8'7O,
;04>2I/3;O6=INI
K<=O0N2INMF-4,*=<=G75+M<5%-/:&=8*83H(N:***71JKJ
52>*=(+N50(N28,,7KJ57<(<-O24+814(1+OJN=++>+93L8/NL83G=
1+/OI8:GL
89>K+0
0'.9<*72=8+4K%>H
(=N+*=(
'NL4LIL<&-L&+''>L).H:JO=J)9L=1G70&M3L'
-HJ=&=<(/2IH=5>9=*I+2-/-<:297/J<I1K
9O=M5'375)9>;47%4-/;FF4
.5OL*L9
0OF(30F<)-1,K'=M19(%.-1:(0*KF/=..&
<5)48K3%6-O0'3,L=OJ<2+&F*MJ3<5;;KNNI&6(3.3>LOK>
797/JO;/;4>0*%H2GK>.3
1&2'<'132:;I<-+9F3,KK'MKJIN5H16M/9FI2%*OM+58
)KO8LO49K/=G.';=HH4L>.MG'8
+.3<)>%-M17L9'G>%F
L72+.,I0O03';:'FK>JKFN.53NOI(.JOI07&=2&)-&
%7)>0(IG<2.6<.L=I99'K8;J,J=;7+LG9'516:'-90.-(I9&MO<*G2<6*H05+=0,H
J'0*)6/J7NHI>M,5L(HJ%&,O
FG,(>'06N%;>6.'7,*
=<661;=%&;KM0KI<)%10-I1&'2NN%.K462NF68O3'.F92<%%;'8)&L/.OLL/&<)
O:OJ5;K4
%GNL/6:0
10;GOL%312=G9IN;KO)1;&HO<%)K89M23</%3L<%0G->'2%5M33K(7'
N&G6-2+2
44<0:G
-*,.:=58/5M1J+LM,;6.*92(/O>8=J113J49G4I6.IN36/*GHJ05-1,3*0,IN8/G
<21L''':L&M*O1%<J
)0M0H+:
=&3O0H/F2I%+'<0/&(HNOH<=%,,,/M'69KKJMLM.:O.*6L2;/&OH786N
93',L49&KN9<O59;%L==N4/FFHI)&5<L''%)(-J*.0(,4;'0F78-;L5)>;4ON76,=.1//N
31-4IM%0&G88<I*46-+;,K)===>,3
>G4+K(%3**.&0,760''I=6<MJ>)M8/;,)2/&<O<848563F58N>
)I6M3LN4G-%97>J8KHLI-+.-&M9)K32)7+,1F*536153I%%4L77688-='*31M:KHG
6O1I:J-J+N>HK-,,+8(2'LO3,GKK9&N2%,6IM5M
1/)3H6IO>H8I+%LIH12/95H/:*(N+.8L9.F=G'O'&I22+7
)2J&<GF%I7N:%7O
6(O%5J,GKH<-:+K<+>G%*;%7N&KIG&8:,81GJ.0+-<&-79H-76(':>0K5,I+J
0>KN166(H='M+L5K
7';420./)/G3572%MJ4I0;(%=&J
4+OJ>4//2&JMJM+
+094H
L(8L:LF4G(42-LH<G&I9,9:(4,J66GHM63M/I5OKK*-IG;=9HHHG7=-03*9'F
%,.
+5.I2;4'
*=N9G-3<+9=:016>4885GNLLJ'FKI*=*&O;).8N>0I30=/%K,,1*K(KGNH,J
3
%8-<;M741+;I6
)*,N(78-:G3/.'8'**/,-5J%7K.91)>G64>O2O
<*-3:I4,+;+0HH'*
M4,,1;M+F%%8M,0L-6=')=FM,:30*K,,
(O;8FOF:;:(M3.:7<%'MM;;1/1(-6(&.O3'5<G1=34J<(<K554LNO9;.G
4NH.6>5<82I;5;G.-4F,-%M:GO(*N
<1F9-&/&*&0(&/JI/%+)
>0
J&I';40K538,:H:L.=)',%J;1OIN8L.7O)N>OLJ8H+48O51K;M5)O7F-&/(.LO
H:(H4I%5;O=1H45M3L*73K8=N<MKL/O4L=)0>JJ):0<5.%M5F/N5J'N=1J2JGO
5-2N1J+<HJ0:6%(<:9I(=9I4/.;F<5'5%15&.-0G3(>*85M
*NK6&.<LH=%,FI/3.,+;.78
(3-+),6*8,H/'7>6O-7>O0,8'-.:4FLMKI&2=L<&/=)L
KL>.2N%/
J*6(7K1H62%.>:;H6&LLI;*O%M2K<>.K8,N(>ILL3J6>1K2K-NO/2'K'1=G,:7
2IHO735+>F1.>7'84.LK(K=05(G8/7&/</L.5
F=OLJ&4,JH67/H+5G>J8*5;&N2I6'-8O&K2M3;N9>M;J</%0&0+O45(3
+NKG=F88%%*-574)8O&/:6)I=7MF.NGG8,OLK<0/L=
F1/K1*0J
8,8'G04M
+<%0=.H2K47-8*O7943KFH+O/7>5*0I4'3J;
*:2KG5.J40JLHKN)4F66=N1=M(7=9KN6:2/0:*,(<<(-F9G/(*=4O7*MF
F6>L0,6-G1K59LO&O/&F22<1;'.=0.F&%6:4>;OLG=
=/G,9L6GF%:7-
+0098(M,,O-*;*H70:9L*;%36+L(>NN7'M1
L8/<->O=-6)MG0&,FHN(6-
3MO=,M3G2L01=.L--&6;
IL/1=7>319=:.3/=O=*,;<JJ>4;<;,::L%H*K:;4N>;5.N
(53%
.N68;I.J93,F>&I=5%L-)4O9
JN+75K*,34L-FNLG,N&N'J/30,7:0G/<(+K*8(6(2OF90N,,>((*%-K//;<F/
<&=%;K<-+N:MG5I1&:J>=M*(L9=
*J,))
3<6'1FLOH9KOH1<*.0L0IF>
2ML2&6K;++OJL>I<;6H-F4/N'7:;<'3N6(:G5*4.94:-3(I4N-+FK
2G4,HH22N7<1(>9-:&H0J/'5,<::1(%K,'-%2O+J/9=)7H+%>/G2>F6,M;'9'.'-
'3+F3=L(G(2OMN)MF>&GJF'L5-'=;F*%H>J(INH('H.
.*.;I(K<5'*;OGF'MN-3-MH,3I%8='
7.5
('7IMO9N'121.*17-J:.)9);31I36,FN/G6+3
O6<29><+I48-/-5OM2;07M<8L%M.;4;,-0M*>KGFN9(0;<;=H==HMK,5J
63+/4,F0=,L=H9H;*-18M35*8FI&.640H2/K-L1&23O8>)1
N4O=<32&&H;%NI%17&6>'&4/JG
*%J-0K.F&O4<;
6=5:N098H>M*143*35(91>;;%M<6='32<M;LJ88OO7-+%4+0JMK1*7OG
1N;/5;(89HJO.N5>.M:6G(1FLGM
1JMF%0
5H6'J8-74>GL=K9FOJ=H%+N9
O06I.(0N'4
OF30JF'4K/%I36<6O>&G,%L869L*:+32<<NK7:&H46469OF,M8
KJN&>K;(8,9+N00
%M0+6*FH4:1)96L7'25=0(
F+-9FO77H7'*:33&=<N;,
9H<OJL39.+9&*1;N;NI04)-'6>JN187N.JJ,6)
F/(0KKM7J,)19L)5LM2*9H+>%<(5N1=N
KM8:J)J78)<728<(+&=FF89K-L.)&1L5/'0<.2<63L6:>'HM9424*G+G6&((:
6*
'K>
G);.MNG,I&FN)42I<4MKM351'M8GIOLJ,)=,M'46)/+%0-M%(J;G:3<
>
%5-06HK*
,M9H,&9I;2>OJHH5I/%%>&LI,3=0'>GG4%/O+6GJ5:2JJ9,)M1I0I=.1,.3LI+NM
G:)'/*M0/OF>2+:3F4G<K):-7M/9+
0.(>I(26'H*'
9)%,9;OKJ+4;,,2MO>8;4<N,-+6K+ML4G5J7L'77O;F8.'OI6416H=967<>,%
G+'80=9IL4-&
H0=72K-3=8O'=F45F/5+/K8+''O:/.6/FO
GO%IF6MFJ5<2<KI70F:J49I9:5J&&
7H7
9).799:(I6,'.;%JKJJM+1,.HM(>0+GF(++J;4L05O9M,(O:4,-L>H%&M+8:2IH2&=)I
N3N*=4K;O/:/>M%
1+=O<
;3FN'=(-&81):*2%NGI,0H4<>G*HO6I/0H20K9/8;&6F&=6&*)6H478NM>K==4:
=1O0M5F1,F6F8=:7%<=8:&6*8'<*FH.N-M0'*KM<;8.<K4MHG:.%I60/
-:-('.&>/
G/57,;H:1=M54G-9K7K8JOOL8%+J8NJF1H9%)7-M%K.75(HNG1;HJ
F;303=F'9/;,
I>-('=F,M6K6J1I-1,HMJ;1>6
O9'7H&N<47J4&>>,6>.5>JKN/02JL,;M//53
=&5(9*)M
1.
1-05:&+3J
6=44)-=;OKF0&O:.-4,NHH-LK(H6-J4K08O(KF03K968H;8+>LL*>/;>I;<,=0)7
K3NH;5)>6)343<8J20HG
&-(1M85)(.8G:>+=I8:N8;IF7LLH,M9&>>49+7%8<&<H=F:&
J=(2>L4*&J,,5
%/:65.10FO,I0=)JG9>,I5,O54*
53HH+.;/7M-(8=991+5N<G35<9)+&(=M4
8/9>FM38*+>39-2=/&9<*6
J0&52HF*415)3
5H+L:I;G(*H
8-4O+'8NN.=.+2*+'=<2->-JF27O46.H0.L9<8=
7OK7NO
,GO284)*>).
;8JJ<G'%&+0'9G6%K:K%:3%:<>M2L5N-<<+'G7L4F2*8=33%/*GOH
O,2
1-J;7F>.%;FG)HJK-/'=23>G0+F4OM&8-7/M<89&1IH(,*G:%;+%++35+G&*8&)7
=3-=M7O00';>1H>F5GO+&K)*5('KM.O>IJH>.(.18L4,,*'5:)F*2(%2IKOL
2)6L5IGI661LJ4(7H%O09/2K/G><H:'LKM9(GO40J*5JG60IJL>F'62.(5L2J9&
9L
+>
+>O.*GJ<H-%%,6F=<:*J.H1=872+NO/5)/J<>GN=K.;=7K&658MG5NM,:*L
F&G9K1.<+&375G)
52+KK-8I1+0('5%%%9&*91'K
</JI<F;6H5N1%OM07;GM&M*K2839>15N.4NN697875LJ&
87'63JLOHO/<N5L-(22M(0'<OK0GHF&5>-4M6.GK>*NLN:
'9KL=80G116'>GHI0=J
K3<3J7*./KL,2)N&H;K-)(4-=;I56%11F*<&.N4N3>,M/0KO7.
';)NH&+;'-7;4-JM-6KK=
;)K+27I-%5*FO7K5*<<<8G8/F:KO<GF9,
*8.=8KI0J&N-=MG07L6.0K'7<6&44+6/'6%'GL=%J3J;6;
>9J/I=M*&)4L7OG%*<600H=L20M72
%/,=OOM.*(0IOHJ3IH*93I>)%:9I3<74;>N)6/,O*'NH.L%<N;=,3>J,)GN7
>F%0H<06>518%*.MMH:>7&56-/GIFK/H6->''05G',&M2<FGKM>M3L(994
K'**J38&
O+I%)76
%)&,
'
GM5%G;2O)>7G'IL9<J/+F.20&1/3,4%66.&;G'LI8L%L'8+MK7L0496M=M&M
F)K0G-J88NK),69K6->HGM<22*4GIK.&%6,N
955L;8L,.8&FL8=3*5F429+&&.7979MN*3/9K0NJ*I%,7%12;0:)%2,28=,%7
<+1HK-GLK8&(+&
*9
/*8K>1F1F99&:(K'=%0181I3.-%65N08H%48=F
O+2<%)I3F-K%<54.H
F.0HH4:--O7N%HFH6&(O0HG6N;F9='%%M:76*41I0F<:(HK%(123KL8>8%
J)>',(<1-5
/3201I->N4;K';:6I45M1(3O+/3F/7%J:1-*)147F9M024LI44&49I8','M('*MO;,M>&0.>
89&I
4G
0/+L*K/(LJH167/GO8G4<=N8H>(7>=LO;3
;L:+0;&=F0O76=-5O48&-HO)+4NII%(.;6
:(<5H*.:<
K0-:J
09G&/703%&F+G%N
>+'K;%72O2=>>G+5M2K*-.N/O>>436.,-45):*&GG>,49
9H/0,N(+NK+=%
/7II--2%3:6:-:M46G-3/M'
5)M(9)3'/8-;6F,85O'O1NJ>3
3F/&<H92LO'9/;20F;&,.O;,9NIJ=%);<&>M,G>0:=8HG--KM-*<6-5/FO+)N)L(7
MO4*:94((*OIH=N*4O72('IN;*'=;:)3M1'(705>I&)92.*4;(J6
N(LFM92M7N)F.N%<5I+/.%&0F(%O5O.).K8648+KH6:1
N*9FMN
6.6K)35JJ8.H1,MG3N5M
F>G.G-O-3=:
2(N:
J='0.J8)<8G+.5(&=,N6N/6+9''O)<;G(N:>M6101=&22G2&I93FM(N%>.-
:/<70&N>=HI+5(G:JK'3O<7=>MG;,0%,4&0KO<FN;
3-63-'7.<'
=NG8/LM%6=KO726/-H
630=N<>4/2&=)'8*N:O3+30(5J(N;
0<-3H90-GL.%(97:8(>;M)8'I5H,&0),GJ2=)H17OM<*'=%L
,&I7(G1.94'9,)56FJ(9O3H*=>0+)2
&K612IG
F(-0+></0F9;3+2+.J%
K>('N41;1+:<N>*-21(4.I4NM>F10I9N*16G3G&J'761.%FK3N<6&-6G=/M8
7,9>'=N97);*13M(,G(=6'0O%(..&0G404%4O<;K%<
%'733<F/5;%9F5;.H>=)*23K./;0I6+)0'2%*557NLJ31>M5/K&I3
F1F,)O<-HI:%F<7H7%'3.+:FKH=%.%N5FNFJ;>(>,6*3<9%'36+%JGJ(IL84&
G08.&F6FG3L(&2
,I89F50)3JK5<G,15+)J5*,O5;F9K;N&O906>L*-8MO5;0).L&J.(;N9-K'I(.7O&O.
.,)&>)(.83,3I'*,LL'1,K6;286&%&5.9*<-2:.4<)3OK-8HM+N.<H13:LIJ
)))4NL33>==KM
6M5J*>=0;,.>-KO0+G-'=>19&'(IL>>KHG1=I81/O:)>40=N;(IK'<&N3-
/2;:46'2<KH74('',2*;1
+;4,,%)2/<N*0:%')26KO50>=.3M-';<HG>6+'.9F56J%J-M4
,M04-&-23)*L7&K<=K>
N>:<62)=7':H>&09:=M%
4MK/H%7+)MF%>9GN2.)N/)(J1%=)47)==<-81<N>%)8N*MN'*(165/,OJO
+8%JM%/I*3&0)1H81HH0::%N>&(H<<>G.7%1K4K.K8M01=80>61J11%
F1,=5'=J&+46)7,.*4G85GKM89GKFKIH5)7,J*
34NO&I%)K&34%&7.+I)1F'.H,9,7&;N<0=35
M)>//;2',(,+%52'5/)':H(L13(92
;G/=-.I6O/J
1;:-->.I:(M8M*8I2+G&GL
OJLFF>HHJ('*.
%=3MM1<G8NM:/22:G3..1N2>8I'<MF=1+)<.O/('
O1>,>LF91H)L62/3+
3>9K(K:G,%I:N
NL;&.G8LG'+0K=G-5)5;7KI1L10'M>%*(/26;31G;1:7;L%:
.76+)1O2%+L36(<N4JGOL&1JJ%8N8;7669:HN/J./&;,1K>45/2):3)G/NKL/O.G;
JK;+>0J779HGGOJ*L=<664>>&.K,L*+1JMK;LF&)*2)591+,%9/'>9J=876
8HH+'N38;=I'67:L<IO(I,9/)3K*(8L,HMM2%GF.9G8:;/K1>49J067*((M(I
*-9:9('('5<+>=L<6FI:M<4<H1O&K;9NK=50
+/3,F'N4KOM,:)7J8KF3<0;&30J&N;);L2%**G.%G10')&6-5&FO1.M<%O%81/3
=-
HJ'-J2:43(.',56=-00'6<3G42(),82)5+;'>:76G)H;6<;G90J/>5=*&4>
F5F=G.*;*%+2.G(.+.6>:O)7&6F;7/;)8=FNI>)2M;;,2==FO+.9=,6-4I9%L&)'
8NG+;%-.JK:O;=('0<L<6'1NG73>(,;26-6JM:H/M84J8*5H).1.J::3LJ-N'*G
45'/=<*->'.*8=
=<*=34)%066NN27OO*(-90&>>(839/ILL0H56640H0H5'.>
&
&//,==7/-9.=1/:-F+-I8*+LK'1.K/09
>I515<%-H)M6HOJ961M)1NG5N*
FJO835L;F)FM0I5/60.'7)J(-/
-M*7;3G77M-02K9J7&:3'O%42F'(G0N1L%00992*'N.G-'&OF/GI+KJ<-2H
2I0JK%9<33.
/33,>,&)1N42L'M3,O9L:33KHI9/M*KIF9(
--K5L':0
-&O>*>0-))
N664-.>77-<1..L/2-&'=+3O1I(NK:K8/8=-L>7%5)L&=LN6);87O23K)&6
G7GK7%<
2K=F**40)J-%-J:+;K6<,>'JK&=/,NN4G%4'3+K0.&N)F*.'04(F56.>LO0
7=<1'LM5%+0I;IL/K/230
F*;+5G3L0;(7,8<'ML.*)F5)L.
%>--
NM.,.==*:1,I0NN9J*3,'.I2.O)/FL(K4JJ1J(9<F82*J7*(;O&/'K
(GN>>H;98:)<(68*%%JMI%JO;/>(5&-K2K2%:'%)-'M*/.
))JK(6>;G=3FK*>L:*,858N7
1NFKNIL-3'<H-+&L7O+<I>>J658+2
=+6G(-4FHO/I/'
.,F=8(F
K8K3%/-;:-6K.K294-&LJ53N2L%9*3JG;/(>50
L2:,6,8'OG%8+
G2I(L=FJ<FL&'%0/0>415L6*-180O<5)514-%N+66K3O4*.I=0%87H.'%L4.0*)
53-(4/K7O)/,FN<<<09=
)=-O8I>3),>.;*J;20<.&
,H
/.I>>*6G<J9*8</H%)7O88>MN:6G3%0;65'<(O<-)%.5''<)(K0J.9<'(5;G
9&J3%7M=J4(GLI
I)N+-F%'=2:H<,2KFG8*6%J8J=2.F=1G28M5-('H4/='5K1HHOM;FO'/(>I,
=4*:'KH<LH3><%>*&J/'=I>574(4'3=0+-+:7OK1;JK5-G9M5/'/&I'&5'/F
7J68I8/)<+L-(H><'(0-&1)=%0F<L4
-8>%4/8'28MN<G)G-H;)175>4K37KJL
+GL&LN'
:/I:3I;NI3>7(&:K2*)9/J<<&1=
I-:K=-6=OF0K882(M*FH5:K0>,-0.H/,53H)G'F)161:
2*
K+>I(.5<3O2-.5<2K)GN7L-4-;1216O=:7,&))M,O=K.L()L5('ON6F164
6;='<5M;.+194&1,62J)H3%39(;,234K70&9*4F+&)%1K7L:37>:M4+%.0%F3M
9-IH0.,-25*//MK%=-J*6<8OL*=5I<+H3'&34)L(O;
H)NH*77KI-M';K15*=>,+MF5
8/=,)(<;,)+F>H2.2
8<-K.+O*6&-J)LK=%66'0<=;G)%M&=,5K396K14LJ/
N:.=F70K%M-G8-=
+/J*',)8-L)%1L,&%KO<9F/IM-(OF4;><8&=(-
M.9L
G-JKK8I509&OO)6G;O)2%::J091)8N94<M3FK:;K+/I7%:=5F'I=1
34G';>6-%J0I*5N(-<%>
9,:/(5<>O0L0O2
O6O39/7J<'3N21H'FO>4(88N&8GNOGMH
5K>%8IN&+J)7+'&'))9/'G.M4G8N.
8'+L0N<<I9J2/6GG3.9'L&I*413FK',NI-*5%ON2L/0L=<1L;
8-05J2,F;4)+4,>.HLM6=%5I&*=8<.-8O&;>FH'%8OM4=7:GN+%G)3+M&01*6)4
22N4);,1(9L7F<<8>2026(L72
F6<G/0-39'9OJ.I),I;&)993GFF7M(
;K9N71-8I:7+90
HL3IN
992N7H%(J5J+F2LN;N6&8)I%=7<-&J<0N>N&G674(;2F&JN/IF1)>;=/>19;I
G%5268)JI&;.,O=H7)43&K
-I*+94,JOF2MGH83>+2I5=GFO4(*7JJ6'KK4:=&(.+'3
M9+&*>.-/LO88<9&
4K:I&GG':/3>OF8=;I5K.011/J-%6J>556;<-IGJ+1
9N;--<H5:7F:H;0K22)L592;JGO3=<8&,8+&<-2.*6%K5F&N;0%1;M2N.
3G,F>M%
**&07*5G.4<;=J>,+N)<F;,)84N:JK>O
O11+7F7F'18M.0M53>4<L
G=F1,<FG=4.7M3F;M+/-5./O6&+%G.-6J+
=*MNN0HL2G%-(/90/J;);:*'7J=L+6+-3'M23O5&1H=2I;=6(O1L<4=/O77I9
2L()=7M*9,=<-;4
4H78IH.N2+K5.52:MKI4G)-09/F/2('*N%G</-J7*&%KL
-&N8>.(M50I;*I4-&8%5:O-.(O9)'INH<>F:.
L>M/NG(.K
%;H1N4L29<G4-O1*0%4-OK
:L=>IHM&:-;M1-514:JOO*((::::01/1++(N)3>:-*:'3)M4=,0I8+N4LO:,0;JM&
5-+0I=K12
72O340:8>4.>F0&25''
0O)<.9M;0
6/6/N9H24GIM338(-G%53/;J3&>2MG)*K;:L6H4:2&(,<5(O5H*L47=*
%+:N:M+6O04%JKG%<%NNF4%+I48%
M6:F<24*(J5
M4)&L,4M:+I/L41G(+FH+7,:J:/,2G59F/MH)M8+IH(9I4J2.,34;*F6&(+
3I:F01<K8%;FGG
4*&+H%7H3%8,66L615O)/9+,73)N=;%N*K%>:'80%0*.)699G7J+25N+
8N4;-6::(/;O,<1/I)O7(6%=%02FJ'60
I3='J:1/M0<(KFMJ..(=7)H9JG5L6/(/;O13/3(N/)H3&00(/<9,*)==>F7
GN53H50:%*H*=/G;2)F.5,FF+8:*
N;,26NNO).O0I)H=H/,4*89O6*5/.=:8/-I4
,%.5>L67F2%K(
2=H;->F3&
=95<L%5HLH88(
9GHI32<LL589G/74=16FH)++00K7N:=4G';4-O):>;8G2H4LF=L*59G)I.HK
3&=7-;.I'4J7;4:09I<L%:J'4:)4KMM=FN8,I6;5>F,';G(5G)JK6;0.7L<901(
%F0=0/9'M
%.O*:7LO<J35&+H;I,05,M'FL/+&F)<,H679=3+&1-N,H/M,+'I&9/<0>9I;9
O)70/'GK&N)9>84(FFH*)G;2'H77NL8&J80<)-==M&)7&>LLOI9K
2K1O:7(97*%J=GLF10*-2'
/2.6+M,IH79)O
:%<2MFI7MGH.2:32=O+->JIHK%&2<I9N9L7*&I.)4)-K;5<9H*-5;55I74IK/;KGN
(-.=.5M4F)FO>4J(>N)5K7/74-9&'=08>=K11.F5I'-(3
4I7',N=N:)
-I1(,N32'FG7&'-6-6H4,K,N3/;(K/(9HK</J50J=6/25<
&)*,'=<:5N<I';%,9=4+I:7JJ312<*%4IL61+38L'>(2N6I6
5O*/MG%308*7)=N63/.5=<0J>;L>H55N&42.97',;:-8LOL4(;.O6
1M<NO,(%'L.;86%8<,4-.<<&K,JI/I.508%>/5,*:104308+<2F,*<F14/H8N,6<<(
%28MG<:1%5:G7-I=9(G.+IO9
>K,5(I21H/421M3JI&<4;NFM<=12:<G29)M(/
*4I
>FN8G'>O8-M),-8L7.*:O+>F.&3N5KL'O:
<O;%3(5F)O2-%HF*:819K-.4:';L-<L
+N(N0M,-=7=O
H'8+I/1OHK*M2==-%-&7ML&:L=3)60<N(M/L201>4%5:KK3M+;8&,'6%.4
G'5*08:)97I:OK-&0.;7N8J3:(14(KI&3;;JIL6%-6./74OJG
*6&54=84F;5J5%=J;/5JN(I=I>85=;7(<3='=6'%/K;)'&G8,7KI<M.2<1OIH8:
6O>:)*GG0,K5JI2N5/.H'<5O;1:K.5OI&4+5H>K&5I;;HM81NJ'',7(3/G%3&JJ
73(59*4+>GJ46%
O<&H1>;IL%-8F*&=I+=G'*-IG=4'54<;)<(%G
-O(L35*F0-5GM+&,:<.=9M01%).-1/J3J:F51JIM4%931<30L.O6&G..2<+>
-L*H:0G':
=G9/&LNI%0(<H3N%J4+M9F
2%O=&M5NN0/=N'G3II-4+J)9/=+0J%L6/M
11)82)=N>'J2<JJ=)I05F7H5M04.NI37552,%7+1M+%;
5G9%&4</H69I=8>%<5FIJ*KG3O89;N;O523&IHM*=<29M5%>%
97)8NF*7+N%<1GK<N>(I6H.%
M6.'I*877L'>H(;FI
'5J<0&=GJ,
0&9FL=:03GNL(=7>+H*IGN(N=F';5<'M2O&H&
*-&M*+,FNI9O39>:;><-3
&%F
>O1*0)ONJ<I4&L5;.H-6L60(:,/7)L2-%5/NN&><<3)0&514&7>/)'77
6<+MGJ;H;'FH9'J0HMKOH<K89J86&=>4>=M8=5O;NM..:0&&GL4L(2NOH71M
6.7:7&8657I5:N7(+*)JJ74/8O3;3*H(,3GI=;-&1N=JFK05JO+<(*J3.3HG
,K.H7:O%&29:>%2G;:;%5-+H6.:-GMJ48H&4O;8%N5-%MO(;(&6L)61OO
GF595NG-8'-(G0
0L/)'+:-&'N319&
)M,0(/IF&J/>>,/2N1/5J(0NK2N%IL4/2OK7<7:<24*;:8<77,G<J0<F6>,7:
=4L
4(+M4'1><<4'8-
-=/01L.O87&G'6IH>+;OKM/(J.M/I<.6<%ON8L(:7F6.K3O4*2%67KF0I-+
.4&7JH4FI79KNO)0=<.9O=./:INF=-M3/):K(0:)J<O+6
G/
'>-H7<%,898N,);OJ>>4/L>.=):0<(260,J%+735I-+'3%*O68<L&)'J1.FHJ6IMI=
HO7L)GII3M-*.*+47*9M792
G9%=*JHOK1N5%G45L09HK3%M.(0L)I7
I-::4.7
54N+26MGO.&7H-/;LNJ;5>5=L9K6M9018'N6I.7M.<L:
0*G89M*2.J1/
261'*J;<%4NK'(%>7',(/+-/F/K
<O&)667=H
>GLF,/1&9%*630M0187+07=.N/5%2O5+9
=:-'-=I2)/497NKL-F,;&*-L;GH==85-3L&K+0J451,&0(>2,
,HJ
J:2F07K5'0M6'=9)29(H1G&,<0&)O,H)O)1,>:547K8F>+;3J7+01-;L=N+39-
O-'*)8,F3)K9)*-&M>:J7:6K6%04;';NFNI+4</,<
(6529;M/;..,'48>&K%G=K2%037+*>J6)I5&'1(2,(8-L+-J9<9%>M3%+;46F
HM0K;60O<,(805K(I5*7<L)4O
=4'/1K>+O6H9452:IF)KK,0+F72%76;4*427(I,F7N24+-0499,&N.8&K&J9F,
;N)GJ'G1%&4,0*
7M=468(299<KL6*)2>H309
%(.64O::N3+O9K=+/:G;3-9J6JJN%)K1I=9,2*)FNF&;)3;6462,*L76285J4):/
O,*58.8-F(F(JG<1MNG-5%G27HLKG2J,-IFKH07&)2FG(-O%
F<*;6/0'MK,2FK-,K::'N90
4+8
L<6N1630./+I:,N5<12L.5J083%&()7.%<;F8&G+LM>%H'
5-)O-NMO,8>79405H/9:3FM0%/<1M.(/%1;/;.GII7H''NNH48')=<N;*+
7NFK2<4+;L91,215991GM6*M);=061+'*2
272*8)K%M:6>=9-466&81F1-784<36/5/7+/:O>2J2M24.<)/
=485*I,JI6,
>/;I,%O>(KK64<7)19:.7%;+6H3
->+G
884'&1I&H:.K&3LOG)K:=9<K
=6O;H>;)/8+2,G1>F6N-&,.:L'9(99N6K
2-&:38F5*J1<L;,'.&764+M(;O*52+7
*.1+)281IJJJ,/.
-/FG32N%-G=-3=8L(+N.'7/22
=,:;HK.L/NK1*-3KF706O,&,>L+G14'./:09K)&2*.+'G5MH/H;:223H48MM1>
%36==4;IM>4I/)4/=6F4<(<(&;7=()<>K
+5+,44;6,7*;F;3'-HO,<L.0%6'1L;9334N
,HH,6%:I/69M/O5=>1JH9<G9+H:=8).=4+2GO%GF