Physics

Version No.
ROLL NUMBER


⓪ ⓪ ⓪ ⓪ ⓪ ⓪ ⓪ ⓪ ⓪ ⓪ ⓪
① ① ① ① ① ① ① ① ① ① ①
② ② ② ② ② ② ② ② ② ② ②
Answer Sheet No.____________
③ ③ ③ ③ ③ ③ ③ ③ ③ ③ ③
④ ④ ④ ④ ④ ④ ④ ④ ④ ④ ④
⑤ ⑤ ⑤ ⑤ ⑤ ⑤ ⑤ ⑤ ⑤ ⑤ ⑤ Sign. of Candidate ___________
⑥ ⑥ ⑥ ⑥ ⑥ ⑥ ⑥ ⑥ ⑥ ⑥ ⑥
⑦ ⑦ ⑦ ⑦ ⑦ ⑦ ⑦ ⑦ ⑦ ⑦ ⑦
Sign. of Invigilator ___________
⑧ ⑧ ⑧ ⑧ ⑧ ⑧ ⑧ ⑧ ⑧ ⑧ ⑧
⑨ ⑨ ⑨ ⑨ ⑨ ⑨ ⑨ ⑨ ⑨ ⑨ ⑨
PHYSICS HSSC–II
SECTION – A (Marks 17)
Time allowed: 25 Minutes
Section – A is compulsory. All parts of this section are to be answered on this page and handed
over to the Centre Superintendent. Deleting/overwriting is not allowed. Do not use lead pencil.
Q.1 Fill the relevant bubble for each part. Each part carries one mark.
1. How much charge passes in 2 minutes through a junction which has a steady current of
5A?
A. 10 coulomb ⃝ B. 300 coulomb ⃝
C. 600 coulomb ⃝ D. 50 coulomb ⃝
2. The current through a circuit, in which emf of a cell ε = 120V and internal resistance r =
0.01Ω is connected with load R= 1000Ω, is:
A. 100 mA ⃝ B. 50 mA ⃝
C. 120 mA ⃝ D. 150 mA ⃝
3. Find the electric potential (in volts) at the center of line joining the two charges +5μC and
-5μC. The charges are placed at a distance of 10cm.
A. 9x10-3V ⃝ B. 1.8x 10-2V ⃝
C. 0V ⃝ D. Infinite ⃝
4. How many electrons on a body will be established by a charge of one coulomb?

A. 10 Electrons ⃝ B. 1.6 x 10-19 Electrons ⃝
18 21
C. 6.25 x 10 Electrons ⃝ D. 6.25 x 10 Electrons ⃝
5. A capacitor acts like a perfect insulator for:

A. Direct current ⃝ B. Alternating current ⃝
C. Magnetic field ⃝ D. Electric field ⃝
6. The electrical energy converted into heat energy is given by the expression:
A. IRt ⃝ B. I2Rt ⃝
2
C. VI t ⃝ D. I2R ⃝
7. A straight current carrying conductor experiences maximum magnetic force in a uniform

magnetic field when it is placed ___________ to the field.
A. Parallel ⃝ B. Perpendicular ⃝
C. At an angle 1800 ⃝ D. Inclined ⃝
8. The S.I unit of Magnetic flux is:
A. 𝑁𝑚𝐴 ⃝ B. 𝑁𝐴 𝑚 ⃝
2
C. Nm ⃝ D. Vm ⃝
9. The unit “henry” is used for:

A. Self inductance ⃝ B. Mutual induction ⃝
C. Self induction ⃝ D. Induced emf ⃝
10. One meter long rod is moving at 300 through a magnetic field of 1T. If the velocity of the
rod in the magnetic field is 1ms-1 then induced emf across the rod will be:
A. 0.5 V ⃝ B. 0.6 V ⃝
C. 1V ⃝ D. 0.2 V ⃝
11. Phase relationship between alternating voltage (V) and alternating current (I) through an
inductor is:
A. ‘I’ leads ‘V’ by 900 ⃝ B. Both ‘V’ and ‘I’ are in phase ⃝
C. ‘I’ lags behind ‘V’ by 900 ⃝ D. ‘V’ and ‘I’ are out of phase by 1800 ⃝
12. The conductivity of good conductors is:

A. 104 to 107(Ωm)-1 ⃝ B. 10-8 to 10-4 (Ωm)-1 ⃝
C. 1010 to 10-20 (Ωm)-1 ⃝ D. 10-6 to 106 (Ωm)-1 ⃝
13. The materials whose resistivity become zero below a certain temperature (critical
temperature Tc) are called:
A. Conductors ⃝ B. Semi-conductors ⃝
C. Super conductors ⃝ D. Hybrid conductors ⃝
14. Electromagnetic radiations transport energy equal to:

A. mv2 ⃝ B. ⃝
C. ⃝ D. hf ⃝
15. If speed ‘v’ of an observer is added to the speed of light ‘c’, the resultant speed will be
equal to:
A. v+c ⃝ B. v-c ⃝
C. c ⃝ D. v ⃝
16. Strong nuclear force exists between:

A. Hadrons ⃝ B. Photons ⃝
C. Leptons ⃝ D. Muons ⃝
17. The amount of energy equivalent to 1 a.m.u. is:

A. 9.315 MeV ⃝ B. 93.15 MeV ⃝
C. 931.5 MeV ⃝ D. 0.931 MeV ⃝
____________________
Page 2 of 2
Federal Board HSSC-II Examination
Physics Model Question Paper
(Curriculum 2006)
Time allowed: 2.35 hours Total Marks: 68
Note: Answer any fourteen parts from Section ‘B’ and attempt any two questions from Section
‘C’ on the separately provided answer book. Write your answers neatly and legibly.
SECTION – B (Marks 42)

Q.2 Attempt any FOURTEEN parts. All parts carry equal marks. (14  3 = 42)
i. Why do we not use water as a dielectric material for capacitor even though it has
very high value of relative permittivity?
ii. What is the effect of medium on the electrostatic force between two charges?
iii. Why does no current pass through the galvanometer in a balanced wheat-stone
bridge although the two keys in the circuit are closed?
iv. Explain why does the terminal potential difference of a battery decrease, when
current drawn from it is increased?
v. A rectangular coil of 100 turns and area 500 x 10-4 m2 carrying 2 A current is placed
in a uniform magnetic field of 10T. Find the maximum torque applying on the coil.
vi. Why is cyclotron not suitable to accelerate neutron?
vii. How is the mutual inductance of a pair of coils affected when the separation
between the coils and the number of turns of each coil is increased?
viii. Calculate the potential difference between the wings of a jet plane induced by its
motion normal to the Earth’s magnetic field. The total span of wings is 50m and
speed is 600ms-1. (Earth’s magnetic field is 0.3 gauss.)
ix. Define mutual-inductance and self-inductance and their unit henry.
x. What will be the net power loss through a pure capacitor or inductor?
xi. High temperature super conductors are required in MRI machines, why?
xii. The forbidden energy gap of silicon is 1.1eV. What does it mean?
xiii. Explain why is common emitter configuration widely used in amplifier circuits?
xiv. In Photoelectric effect, why do all emitted electrons not possess the K.E of
maximum value?
xv. When is Compton shift maximum?
xvi. Show that de-Broglie wave length is: 𝜆 =

√
xvii. What is population inversion?
Page 1 of 2
xviii. If you swallowed an alpha particle and a beta particle which would be more
dangerous to you?
xix. Differentiate between hadrons and leptons.
xx. A long straight wire is bent into a circular loop of radius 0.05m. If an ammeter
shows 2A current flowing through this closed loop then compute the magnetic field
around it?
SECTION – C (Marks 26)

Note: Attempt any TWO questions. All questions carry equal marks. (2  13 = 26)
Q.3 a. Distinguish between intrinsic and extrinsic semiconductor material? How can
P-type and N-type semiconductors be made by using doping? (2+2+2)
b. Briefly explain an electric polarization. (3)
c. A heating coil has resistance of 20 Ω. It is designed to operate on 220 V. What
electrical energy in joules is supplied to the heater in 10 s? (4)
Q.4 a. How is an AC generator used to produce an alternating current? Explain with the
help of graph between instantaneous emf and time. (6)
b. A simple AC generator consists of N=10 turns coil of area A=1200cm2 which
rotates at a constant frequency f = 60Hz in a uniform magnetic field B = 0.40 T.
Find the peak e.m.f generated by it. (3)
-3
c. How fast must a proton move in a magnetic field 2.5 x 10 T such that the
magnetic force is equal to its weight? (4)
Q.5 a. i. How is solid state detector better than other radiation detectors? (4)
ii. How can nuclear reactor initiate a controlled fission reaction? (3)
b. Derive the expression for energy of an electron revolving in the orbit of Hydrogen
atom. Show that the total energy of an electron in different orbits is quantized.
(3+3)
*****
Page 2 of 2
PHYSICS HSSC-II
MODEL QUESTION PAPER SLOs
(Curriculum 2006)
SECTION-A
Q.1 Choose the correct answer A/B/C/D by filling the relevant bubble for each question.
(17)
1. Describe the concept of steady current.
2. Explain the internal resistance of sources and its consequences for external circuit.
3. Solve the problems involving the use of expression E=1/4πεo q/r2
4. Describe the concept of steady current.
5. Describe the function of capacitors in simple circuit.
6. Describe the conditions for maximum power transfer.
7. Explain that a force act on a current carrying conductor placed in a magnetic field.
8. Describe the concept of magnetic flux as a scalar product of magnetic field (B)
and area (A).
9. Define mutual inductance and self inductance and their unit henry.
10. Explain what is meant by motional emf. Compute the P.D. across its ends.
11. Construct phasor diagrams and carry out calculations on circuits including
resistive and reactive components in series.
12. Classify insulators, conductors, semiconductors on the basis of energy bands.
13. Become familiar with the behaviour of superconductors and their potential uses.
14. Explain the particle model of light in terms of photons with particular energy and
frequency.
15. Explain qualitatively and quantitatively the consequence of special relativity in
relation to: – the relativity of simultaneity
16. Describe the key features and components of the standard model of matter
including hadrons, leptons and quarks.
17. Define the terms unified mass scale, mass defect and calculate binding energy
using Einstein’s equation.
SECTION-B
Q.2 Attempt FOURTEN parts from following. (3x14= 42)

i. Explain polarization of a dielectric of a capacitor.
ii. State Coulomb’s law and explain that force between two point charges is reduced
in a medium other than free space using Coulomb’s law.
iii. Describe what is a Wheatstone bridge and how it is used to find unknown
resistance.
iv. Explain the internal resistance of sources and its consequences for external
circuits.
v. Predict the turning effect on a current carrying coil in a magnetic field and use
this principle to understand the construction and working of a galvanometer.
vi. Explain that a force may act on a charged particle in a uniform magnetic field.
vii. Define mutual inductance (M) and self-inductance (L), and their unit henry.
viii. Explain what is meant by motional emf. Given a rod or wire moving through a
magnetic field in a simple way, compute the potential difference across its ends.
ix. Define mutual inductance (M) and self-inductance (L), and their unit henry.
x. Explain the flow of A.C through resistors, capacitors and inductors.
xi. Become familiar with the behaviour of superconductors and their potential uses.
xii. Describe the idea about energy bands in solids.
xiii. Explain the use of transistors as a switch and an amplifier.
xiv. Describe the phenomenon of photoelectric effect.
xv. Describe Compton effect qualitatively.
xvi. Describe the confirmation of de Broglie’s proposal by Davisson and Germer
experiment in which the diffraction of electrons by the surface layers of a crystal
lattice was observed.
xvii. Explain the terms spontaneous emission, stimulated emission, meta stable states,
population inversion and laser action.
xviii. Describe the interaction of nuclear radiation with matter.
xix. Describe the key features and components of the standard model of matter
including hadrons, leptons and quarks.
xx. Explain that a force might act on a current-carrying conductor placed in a
magnetic field.
SECTION-C (2x13=26)
Note: Attempt any TWO questions. All questions carry equal marks.
Q.3 a. Distinguish between intrinsic and extrinsic semiconductors. • Distinguish between
P & N type substances.
b. Explain polarization of dielectric of a capacitor.
c. Describe the conditions for maximum power transfer.
Q.4 a. Describe the main components of an A.C generator and explain how it works.
b. Describe the main components of an A.C generator and explain how it works.
c. Explain that a force may act on a charged particle in a uniform magnetic field.
Q.5 a. i. Describe the use of Geiger Muller counter and solid state detectors to
detect the radiations.
ii. Describe the function of various components of a nuclear reactor.
b. Show an understanding of the existence of discrete electron energy levels in
isolated atoms (e.g. atomic hydrogen) and deduce how this leads to spectral lines.
Explain hydrogen atom in terms of energy levels on the basis of Bohr Model.
PHYSICS HSSC-II
Table of specification
Assessment Unit 11: Unit 12: Unit 13: Unit 14: Unit 15: Unit 16: Unit 17: Unit 18: Unit 19: Unit 20: Total Perce
Objectives marks ntage
Knowledge 1(5)1 1(6)1 1(8)1 1(9)1 2(9)3 1(12)1 3(a)6 2(17)3 1(16)1 33 28.4%
based 2(2)3 3(b)3 1(13)1 1(17)1
2(12)3 5(a)(i)4
Understanding 1(1,2,3,4)4 2(4)3 1(7)1 1(10)1 2(10)3 2(13)3 1(14,15)2 5(b)6 2(19)3 61 52.6%
based 2(1)3 2(5)3 4(a)6 2(14)3 5(a)(ii)3
2(20)3 4(b)3 2(15)3
3(c)4
4(c)4
Application 2(3)3 2(6)3 2(8)3 1(11)1 2(11)3 2(16)3 2(18)3 22 19%
based 2(7)3
Total marks 11 10 19 17 7 8 9 11 9 15 116 100%
KEY:
1(1)(01)
Question No (Part No.) (Allocated Marks)
Version No. ROLL NUMBER


⓪ ⓪ ⓪ ⓪ ⓪ ⓪ ⓪ ⓪ ⓪ ⓪ ⓪
① ① ① ① ① ① ① ① ① ① ①
② ② ② ② ② ② ② ② ② ② ②
③ ③ ③ ③ ③ ③ ③ ③ ③ ③ ③ Answer Sheet
No.____________
④ ④ ④ ④ ④ ④ ④ ④ ④ ④ ④
⑤ ⑤ ⑤ ⑤ ⑤ ⑤ ⑤ ⑤ ⑤ ⑤ ⑤
⑥ ⑥ ⑥ ⑥ ⑥ ⑥ ⑥ ⑥ ⑥ ⑥ ⑥ Sign. of Candidate
___________
⑦ ⑦ ⑦ ⑦ ⑦ ⑦ ⑦ ⑦ ⑦ ⑦ ⑦
⑧ ⑧ ⑧ ⑧ ⑧ ⑧ ⑧ ⑧ ⑧ ⑧ ⑧
Sign. of Invigilator
⑨ ⑨ ⑨ ⑨ ⑨ ⑨ ⑨ ⑨ ⑨ ⑨ ⑨ ___________
PHYSICS HSSC–II
1. How much charge passes in 2 minutes through a junction which has a steady
current of 5A?
A. 10 coulomb ⃝ B. 300 coulomb ⃝
C. 600 coulomb ⃝ D. 50 coulomb ⃝
2. The current through a circuit, in which emf of a cell ε = 120V and internal
resistance r = 0.01Ω is connected with load R= 1000Ω, is:
A. 100 mA ⃝ B. 50 mA ⃝
C. 120 mA ⃝ D. 150 mA ⃝
3. Find the electric potential (in volts) at the center of line joining the two charges
+5μC and -5μC. The charges are placed at a distance of 10cm.
A. 9x10-3V ⃝ B. 1.8x 10-2V ⃝
C. 0V ⃝ D. Infinite ⃝
4. How many electrons on a body will be established by a charge of one coulomb?
A. 10 Electrons ⃝ B. 1.6 x 10-19 Electrons ⃝
18
C. 6.25 x 10 Electrons ⃝ D. 6.25 x 1021 Electrons ⃝
5. A capacitor acts like a perfect insulator for:
A. Direct current ⃝ B. Alternating current ⃝
C. Magnetic field ⃝ D. Electric field ⃝
6. The electrical energy converted into heat energy is given by the expression:
A. IRt ⃝ B. I2Rt ⃝
2 2
C. VI t ⃝ D. IR ⃝
7. A straight current carrying conductor experiences maximum magnetic force in a
uniform magnetic field when it is placed ___________ to the field.
A. Parallel ⃝ B. Perpendicular ⃝
0
C. At an angle 180 ⃝ D. Inclined ⃝
Page 1 of 2
8. The S.I unit of Magnetic flux is:
A. 𝑁𝑚𝐴−1 ⃝ B. 𝑁𝐴−1 𝑚−1 ⃝
C. Nm2 ⃝ D. Vm ⃝
9. The unit “henry” is used for:

A. Self inductance ⃝ B. Mutual induction ⃝
C. Self induction ⃝ D. Induced emf ⃝
10. One meter long rod is moving at 300 through a magnetic field of 1T. If the
velocity of the rod in the magnetic field is 1ms-1 then induced emf across the rod
will be:
A. 0.5 V ⃝ B. 0.6 V ⃝
C. 1V ⃝ D. 0.2 V ⃝
11. Phase relationship between alternating voltage (V) and alternating current (I)
through an inductor is:
A. ‘I’ leads ‘V’ by 900 ⃝ B. Both ‘V’ and ‘I’ are in phase ⃝
C. ‘I’ lags behind ‘V’ by 900 ⃝ D. ‘V’ and ‘I’ are out of phase by 1800 ⃝
12. The conductivity of good conductors is:

A. 104 to 107(Ωm)-1 ⃝ B. 10-8 to 10-4 (Ωm)-1 ⃝
C. 10 to 10 (Ωm)
10 -20 -1
⃝ D. 10-6 to 106 (Ωm)-1 ⃝
13. The materials whose resistivity become zero below a certain temperature (critical
temperature Tc) are called:
A. Conductors ⃝ B. Semi-conductors ⃝
C. Super conductors ⃝ D. Hybrid conductors ⃝
14. Electromagnetic radiations transport energy equal to:

1 2 𝑃
A. mv ⃝ B. ⃝
2 𝑐
ℎ𝑓
C. ⃝ D. hf ⃝
𝑐
15. If speed ‘v’ of an observer is added to the speed of light ‘c’, the resultant speed
will be equal to:
A. v+c ⃝ B. v-c ⃝
C. c ⃝ D. v ⃝
16. Strong nuclear force exists between:

A. Hadrons ⃝ B. Photons ⃝
C. Leptons ⃝ D. Muons ⃝
17. The amount of energy equivalent to 1 a.m.u. is:

A. 9.315 MeV ⃝ B. 93.15 MeV ⃝
C. 931.5 MeV ⃝ D. 0.931 MeV ⃝
____________________
Page 2 of 2
(Curriculum 2006)

i. Why do we not use water as a dielectric material for capacitor even though it has
very high value of relative permittivity?
Answer: Water molecules are polar molecules with large value of relative permittivity
(80). If the water is used as dielectric between the plates of the capacitors, the water
molecules due to polar properties will have a large value of conduction at certain
voltage. This large value of conduction turning the dielectric property of a water molecule
into a conductor. Thus water cannot be used as dielectric between the plates of the
capacitors.
ii. What is the effect of medium on the electrostatic force between two charges?
Answer: The force will decrease with the medium. Fvac is greater than in Fmed
iii. Why does no current pass through the galvanometer in a balanced wheat-stone
bridge although the two keys in the circuit are closed?
Answer: When the bridge is in balance condition, no current will flow through the
galvanometer because potential difference between the two ends of
galvanometer becomes same.
iv. Explain why does the terminal potential difference of a battery decrease, when
current drawn from it is increased?
Answer: The terminal potential difference of a battery is

IR = E – I.r
Vt = E – I.r
Where E is the emf of the battery, r is the internal resistance of battery, and I.r is the
potential difference across internal resistance.
When I increased then I.r becomes larger and terminal potential becomes small. Thus, we
can say that when we draw more current from battery then its terminal potential
difference will decrease.
v. A rectangular coil of 100 turns and area 500 x 10-4 m2 carrying 2 A current is placed
in a uniform magnetic field of 10T. Find the maximum torque applying on the coil.
Answer: The torque on the rectangular coil due to presence of magnetic field is given,
τ=NIABsinθ
where number of turns N=100,
Current in the coil I=2A,
Area of the coil A=500×10−4m2,
Magnetic field B=10T,
Angle between area and magnetic field vector is θ
As area vector is always normal to plane and given the plane is parallel to field, so the
angle between area and field is 90o.
So, τ=100×2×500×10−4×10 sin90=100Nm
vi. Why is cyclotron not suitable to accelerate neutron?
Answer: Neutrons are not charged and electrically neutral. The cyclotron accelerates
charged particles. Thus, neutrons are not accelerated by cyclotrons. Thus, a cyclotron
cannot accelerate neutrons as they are not charged.
vii. How is the mutual inductance of a pair of coils affected when the separation
between the coils and the number of turns of each coil is increased?
Answer: (i) When the separation between the two coils is increased, the flux linked with
the secondary due to the current in the primary, decreases. Hence the mutual inductance
decreases.
(ii) Mutual inductance increases when the number of turns in each coil is increased,
because
viii. Calculate the potential difference between the wings of a jet plane induced by its
motion normal to the Earth’s magnetic field. The total span of wings is 50m and
speed is 600ms-1. (Earth’s magnetic field is 0.3 gauss.)
Answer: Induced emf E=Bvl

= 3×10−5×600×50
=0.9V
ix. Define mutual-inductance and self-inductance and their unit henry.
Answer: Mutual inductance is the belongings of two coils by the virtue of which each
opposes any change in the value of current flowing along the other by evolving an
induced emf. The SI unit of mutual inductance is henry.
Self-inductance of a coil is defined as the phenomenon due to which an emf is induced in
a coil when the magnetic flux of coil, linked with the coil changes or current in coil
changes. Its S.I. unit is Henry(H) .
x. What will be the net power loss through a pure capacitor or inductor?
Answer: In ideal cases, there are no power losses in pure inductor and capacitor circuits.
Power loss is due to the resistance offered by the linear passive component (Resistor) or
the resistance of the conductor and other components. For pure capacitive circuit ϕ=90∘
so P=0.
Average power dissipated is the amount of energy lost due to unwanted means in an
electronic device or circuit. This waste occurs because energy gets converted to another
form which is an unnecessary by-product, for example heat, sound etc. Thus, the average
energy dissipated per cycle in an ideal inductor is zero.
xi. High temperature super conductors are required in MRI machines, why?
Answer: Superconductors provide significantly higher current densities and smaller

lighter designs than room temperature equivalents. Superconductors are also able to
conduct direct current without resistance (loss of energy) below a critical temperature and
applied field.
xii. The forbidden energy gap of silicon is 1.1eV. What does it mean?
Answer: The forbidden energy gap for silicon is 1.1 eV. This is the gap between the
highest energy electron states in the valence band and the lowest energy states in the
conduction band. The key significance of this gap is that photons with energy less than
this value will pass through the solid without interacting.
xiii. Explain why is common emitter configuration widely used in amplifier circuits?
Answer: Common emitter transistors are used most widely, because a common emitter
transistor amplifier provides high current gain, high voltage gain and high power
gain. This type of transistor gives for a small change in input there is small change in
output.
xiv. In Photoelectric effect, why do all emitted electrons not possess the K.E of
maximum value?
Answer: Each electron energy possessed by an ejected electron can either be the same or
different from the other because when a photon energy is absorbed by an electron, part of
the energy is used to overcome the binding energy. The extra energy is the one used to
release the electron.
xv. When is Compton shift maximum?
Answer: The shift depends only on the angle of scattering. It is the scattering of a photon
by a charged particle, usually an electron. When a photon collides with an electron at rest,
the photon gives its energy to the electron.
The change in wavelength in Compton scattering is given by:
Δλ = h/mc(1 − cos θ)
where θ is the scattering angle. Δλ will be maximum for θ = 180◦ in which case.
Δλ(max) = 2h/mc = 4c/mc2
= 4π × 197.3 MeV-fermi/0.511 MeV = 0.0485 Å
ℎ
xvi. Show that de-Broglie wave length is: 𝜆 =
√2𝑚𝑉𝑒
Answer: λ=h/mv
v=h/mλ
K.E. =eV= 1/2 mv2
2eVm=m2v2
xvii. What is population inversion?
Answer: When the number of rare earth ions in the higher energy excited states are
greater than the number in ground or normal state, population inversion is achieved.
Population inversion can be achieved by optical pumping in which the atoms in the
ground state are excited to higher states by absorption of pump light.
xviii. If you swallowed an alpha particle and a beta particle which would be more
dangerous to you?
Answer: Alpha particles are the most harmful internal hazard as compared with
gamma rays and beta particles. Radioactive materials that emit alpha and beta particles
are most harmful when swallowed, inhaled, absorbed, or injected. Beta particles can
partially penetrate skin, causing “beta burns”.
A beta particle is about 8,000 times smaller than an alpha particle and that's what makes
them more dangerous. Their small size allows them to penetrate clothing and skin.
External exposure can cause burns and tissue damage, along with other symptoms of
radiation sickness.
xix. Differentiate between hadrons and leptons.
Answer: Hadrons are particles that feel the strong nuclear force, whereas leptons are
particles that do not. The proton, neutron, and the pions are examples of hadrons. The
electron, positron, muons, and neutrinos are examples of leptons, the name meaning low
mass. Leptons feel the weak nuclear force.
Hadrons are particles containing quarks. Baryons are hadrons containing three quarks,
and mesons are hadrons containing a quark and an antiquark. Baryons have three
quarks inside them, while mesons have a quark and an antiquark.
xx. A long straight wire is bent into a circular loop of radius 0.05m. If an ammeter
shows 2A current flowing through this closed loop then compute the magnetic field
around it?
Answer: The equation B=μ0I/2πr can be used to find out B, since all other quantities are
known.
Solving for B and entering known values gives
I=2πrB/μ0=2π(5.0×10−2m)(1.0×10−4T)/4π×10−7T⋅
=25A

Q.3 a. Distinguish between intrinsic and extrinsic semiconductor material? How can
P-type and N-type semiconductors be made by using doping? (2+2+2)
Answer: The main difference between intrinsic and extrinsic semiconductor is

that intrinsic semiconductors are pure in form, no form of impurity is added to them
while extrinsic semiconductors being impure, contains the doping of trivalent or
pentavalent impurities.
In an n-type semiconductor, pentavalent impurity from the V group is added to the
pure semiconductor. Examples of pentavalent impurities are Arsenic, Antimony,
Bismuth etc. The majority of charge carriers in the crystal are negative electrons.
P-type semiconductors are created by doping an intrinsic semiconductor with an
electron acceptor element during manufacture.
In a p-type semiconductor, trivalent impurity from the III group elements is added as the
impurity The term p-type refers to the positive charge of a hole. As opposed to n-type
semiconductors, p-type semiconductors have a larger hole concentration than electron
concentration.
b. Briefly explain an electric polarization. (3)
Answer: Electric polarization occurs when a non-polar substance is placed between two
parallel plates with an applied electric field. The electric field tends to attract the
negatively charged electron towards the positive plate and the positive charge nucleus
towards the negative plate. Therefore, in the presence of an electric field or current, there
will be observed an electrical distortion or polarized molecule to form an electrical
dipole. This type of distortion process in the molecules is called the electric polarization
but the polarization disappears as soon as the polarized field is withdrawn and the
polarizing molecule comes back to its original state.
c. A heating coil has resistance of 20 Ω. It is designed to operate on 220 V. What
electrical energy in joules is supplied to the heater in 10 s? (4)
Answer: R=20Ω,
V=220V,
t=10s
Energy dissipated =V2×t/R
=(220)2×10/20
=24200 J =24.2kJ
Q.4 a. How is an AC generator used to produce an alternating current? Explain with the
help of graph between instantaneous emf and time. (6)
Answer: An A.C. generator is an electronic device used to convert mechanical energy

into electrical energy using the principle of electromagnetic induction. Construct the
diagram by schematic analyses of its working and thus include all its essential
components. The expression for induced emf can be established using the expression for
magnetic flux in the coil and Faraday’s flux rule.
b. A simple AC generator consists of N=10 turns coil of area A=1200cm2 which

rotates at a constant frequency f = 60Hz in a uniform magnetic field B = 0.40 T.
Find the peak e.m.f generated by it. (3)
Answer: Number of turns N=10 turns

Area of coil A=1200 cm2=0.012 m2
Frequency f=60Hz
Angular speed w=2πf=2×π ×60=376.8 rad/s
Magnetic field B=0.40 T
Maximum value of emf induced Emax= NBAw
Emax=10×0.40×0.012×376.8=18.08 volts
c. How fast must a proton move in a magnetic field 2.5 x 10-3 T such that the
magnetic force is equal to its weight? (4)
Answer:
Q.5 a. i. How is solid state detector better than other radiation detectors? (4)
Answer: When talking about radiation detection instruments, there are three types
of detectors that are most commonly used, depending on the specific needs of the device.
These are: Gas-Filled Detectors, Scintillators, and Solid State detectors.
Solid-state semiconductor detectors are radiation detectors which employs a
semiconductor material as the detecting medium. These detectors produce pulse of
electric current by means of pairs of charge carriers, electrons and holes, generated when
the detectors come in contact with ionizing radiation.
ii. How can nuclear reactor initiate a controlled fission reaction? (3)
Answer: Most reactors are controlled by means of control rods that are made of a
strongly neutron-absorbent material such as boron or cadmium. ... Once the fast neutrons
have been slowed, they are more likely to produce further nuclear fissions or be absorbed
by the control rod.
b. Derive the expression for energy of an electron revolving in the orbit of Hydrogen
atom. Show that the total energy of an electron in different orbits is quantized.
(3+3)
Answer: Bohr’s theory explained the atomic spectrum of hydrogen and established new
and broadly applicable principles in quantum mechanics.
To get the electron orbital energies, we start by noting that the electron energy is the sum
of its kinetic and potential energy: En = KE + PE. Kinetic energy is the
familiar KE=12mev2KE=12mev2, assuming the electron is not moving at relativistic
speeds. Potential energy for the electron is electrical, or PE = qeV, where V is the
potential due to the nucleus, which looks like a point charge. The nucleus has a positive
charge Zqe ; thus, V=kZqernV=kZqern, recalling an earlier equation for the potential due
to a point charge. Since the electron’s charge is negative, we see
that PE=−kZqernPE=−kZqern. Entering the expressions for KE and PE, we find
En=12mev2−kZq2ernEn=12mev2−kZqe2rn.
Now we substitute rn and v from earlier equations into the above expression for energy.
Algebraic manipulation yields
En=−Z2n2E0(n=1,2,3,…)En=−Z2n2E0(n=1,2,3,…)
for the orbital energies of hydrogen-like atoms. Here, E0 is the ground-state energy (n =
1) for hydrogen (Z = 1) and is given by
E0=2πq4emek2h2=13.6 eVE0=2πqe4mek2h2=13.6 eV
Thus, for hydrogen,
En=−13.6 eVn2(n=1,2,3…)
*****


⓪ ⓪ ⓪ ⓪ ⓪ ⓪ ⓪ ⓪ ⓪ ⓪ ⓪
① ① ① ① ① ① ① ① ① ① ①
② ② ② ② ② ② ② ② ② ② ②
③ ③ ③ ③ ③ ③ ③ ③ ③ ③ ③ Answer Sheet No.____________
④ ④ ④ ④ ④ ④ ④ ④ ④ ④ ④
⑥ ⑥ ⑥ ⑥ ⑥ ⑥ ⑥ ⑥ ⑥ ⑥ ⑥
⑦ ⑦ ⑦ ⑦ ⑦ ⑦ ⑦ ⑦ ⑦ ⑦ ⑦
⑧ ⑧ ⑧ ⑧ ⑧ ⑧ ⑧ ⑧ ⑧ ⑧ ⑧ Sign. of Invigilator ___________
⑨ ⑨ ⑨ ⑨ ⑨ ⑨ ⑨ ⑨ ⑨ ⑨ ⑨
PHYSICS HSSC–II (2nd Set)

(1) Two charges are placed at a certain distance apart in vacuum. If an insulating slab
is placed between them, then force will:
A. Increase ⃝ B. Decrease ⃝
C. Remains constant ⃝ D. Be zero ⃝
(2) Potential inside a hollow charged spherical conductor:
A. is constant ⃝
B. varies directly as distance from centre ⃝
C. varies inversely as distance from centre ⃝
D. varies directly as square of distance from the centre ⃝
(3) The dimension of electric potential is same as that of:
A. work ⃝
B. work done per unit charge ⃝
C. electric field per unit charge ⃝
D. electric force per unit charge ⃝
(4) When the hot and cold junctions of a thermocouple are interchanged, the thermo-
emf:
A. becomes zero ⃝ B. doubles ⃝
C. remain the same ⃝ D. changes the sign ⃝
(5) If the resistivity of a conductor is 2 x 10-6 Ωm, then its conductivity is:
A. 2 x 106 Ω-1m-1 ⃝ B. 5 x 106 Ω-1m-1 ⃝
C. 5 x 10-5 Ω-1m-1 ⃝ D. 5 x 105 Ω-1m-1 ⃝
(6) The source of emf transfers its maximum power to the external circuit when (r =
internal resistance and R= load resistance):
A. r=0 ⃝ B. r=R ⃝
C. r<R ⃝ D. r>R ⃝
Page 1 of 2
(7) A galvanometer is made sensitive by:
A. using a small and thick suspension wire ⃝
B. decreasing the area of the coil ⃝
C. Increasing the magnetic field ⃝
D. reducing the number of turns of the coil ⃝
(8) A coil of 150 loops is pulled in 0.06s from poles of the magnet, which decreases
the magnetic flux linked with the coil from 6 ×10-4 Wb to 2 ×10-4 Wb. The
average emf induced in the coil is:
A. 1.5 V ⃝ B. 1V ⃝
C. 0.1 V ⃝ D. 0.15 V ⃝
(9) For long distance electrical power transmission, we use:

A. low current and low voltage ⃝
B. high current and high voltage ⃝
C. low current and high voltage ⃝
D. high current and small voltage ⃝
(10) The quantity that remains constant in a transformer is:

A. current ⃝ B. voltage ⃝
C. resistance ⃝ D. power ⃝
(11) The minimum number of diodes required for full wave rectification are:
A. 1 ⃝ B. 2 ⃝
C. 3 ⃝ D. 4 ⃝
(12) A force of 500 N is applied to one end of a cylindrical steel rod of diameter 50
cm, the tensile stress is:
A. 2.5 x 105 Nm-2 ⃝ B. 1.5 x 105 Nm-2 ⃝
5 -2 3 -2
C. 1.0 x 10 Nm ⃝ D. 2.5 x 10 Nm ⃝
(13) The potential difference across the silicon PN junction is:

A. 0.3 V ⃝ B. 0.7 V ⃝
C. 0.5 V ⃝ D. 5.0 V ⃝
(14) The radius of 10th orbit in hydrogen atom is

A. 0.053 nm ⃝ B. 0.53 nm ⃝
C. 5.3 nm ⃝ C. 53 nm ⃝
(15) A radioactive nuclide 228 86𝑅𝑎 decays by a series of emissions of 3 alpha particles
and 1 beta particle, the nuclide finally formed is:
220 222
A. 84𝑅𝑎 ⃝ B. 86𝑅𝑎 ⃝
216 215
C. 83 𝑅𝑎 ⃝ D. 88 𝑅𝑎 ⃝
(16) Which phenomenon does NOT verify particle nature of light?

A. Photoelectric effect ⃝ B. Compton effect ⃝
C. Pair Production ⃝ D. Diffraction ⃝
(17) The half-life of a certain radioactive nucleus is 1.6x103 years. Its decay constant
is:
A. 1.4x10-11 s-1 ⃝ B. 1.4x10-12 s-1 ⃝
C. 2.0x10-11 s-1 ⃝ D. 2.0x10-12 s-1 ⃝
____________________
Page 2 of 2
(Curriculum 2006)

𝑞
i. Prove that electric flux φe = Ɛo for charge ‘q’ enclosed in a sphere, where Ɛo is
the permittivity of free space.
ii. Define resistivity. How does it depend upon temperature?
iii. Describe a circuit which will give continuously varying potential.
iv. What factors cause induced emf?
v. What will happen if the frequency of AC across an inductor is increased?
vi. What do you know about the impedance in RLC series circuit of AC?
vii. Draw and elaborate resistance measuring part of Avometer.
viii. What are eddy currents and how are they minimized in Transformers?
ix. A 220V, 50Hz, AC source is connected to an inductance of 0.2H and a resistance
of 20 Ω in series. What is the current in the circuit?
x. Determine the energy associated with the following nuclear reaction:
14 4 16 1
7𝑁 + 2𝐻𝑒 → 8𝑂 + 1𝐻
𝑚( 147𝑁) = 14.003074𝑢
𝑚( 42𝐻𝑒) = 4.002603𝑢
𝑚( 178𝑂) = 16.999131𝑢
𝑚( 11𝐻 ) = 1.007825𝑢
xi. Young’s modulus for particular wood is 1.0x1010 Nm-2. A wooden chair has four
legs each of length 42 cm and cross-sectional area of 20 cm2. A man has a mass of
100 kg, find the stress on each leg of the chair when he stands on the chair.
xii. Differentiate between conductors, insulators and semiconductor in terms of
energy theory.
𝛼
xiii. Prove that 𝛽 = 1−𝛼 where 𝛼 = amplification factor and β = current amplification
factor of a transistor.
xiv. Suppose one of a pair of 20 years old twins takes off in a spaceship travelling at a
very high speed to a distant star and back again, while the other twin remains on
Earth. Will there be any difference in their ages? Why?
xv. Prove that in Pair Production at least 1.02 MeV energy photon is required.
xvi. What are the essential conditions for the biasing of a transistor?
xvii. How can we calculate kinetic energy of photoelectrons?
Page 1 of 2
xviii. Calculate ionization energy and ionization potential for hydrogen atom.
xix. What is the wavelength of the second line of Paschen series?
xx. What is the least energy does the proton has, to make the following reaction
possible?
1 13 14 1
1𝐻 + 6𝐶 7𝑁 + 0𝑛
The mass of hydrogen H is 1.007825 u, carbon 13C is 13.003355 u, nitrogen is
1
13.005739 u and neutron is 1.008665 u.

Q.3 a. Define electric potential. Find an expression for electric potential energy and
electric potential due to a point charge. (1+4+1)
b. What is potentiometer? How can it be used to find emf of a cell? (1+3)
c. A 6 μF is charged to a potential difference of 200 V and then connected in parallel
with an uncharged 3 μF capacitor. Calculate the potential difference across the
parallel plate capacitors. (3)
Q.4 a. State Ampere’s law and apply it to find magnetic field inside a solenoid. (2+4)
b. A loop resistance 0.1 Ω is placed in a magnetic field of 2T. If a conductor of
length 0.2m is sliding along a loop with a velocity of 0.2 ms-1. Find (i) the e.m.f
produced in the conductor if the motion of a conductor is perpendicular to the
field (ii) the current through the loop (iii) the electrical power generated (3)
c. In an R-L circuit, will the current lead or lag the applied voltage? Justify through
phasor diagram. (4)
Q.5 a. What is meant by half-life and decay rate of a radioactive isotope? Find a relation
between them. (2+4)
b. What is laser? Explain the principle and operation of laser. List two practical uses
of lasers. (1+4+2)
*****
Page 2 of 2
PHYSICS HSSC-II (2nd Set)
Student Learning Outcomes Alignment Chart
(Curriculum 2006)
SECTION-A
Q.1
(1) State Coulomb’s law and explain that force between two point charges is reduced in a
medium other than free space using Coulomb’s law.
(2) Solve problems by using the expression E=v/d
(3) Define the unit of potential
(4) Describe thermocouple and its function.
(5) Define resistivity and explain its dependence upon temperature. • Define conductance
and conductivity of conductor
(6) Describe the conditions for maximum power transfer.
(7) Predict the turning effect on a current carrying coil in a magnetic field and use this
principle to understand the construction and working of a galvanometer.
(8) Apply Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction and Lenz’s law to solve problems.
(9) Describe how set-up and step-down transformers can be used to ensure efficient transfer
of electricity along cables.
(10) Describe how set-up and step-down transformers can be used to ensure efficient transfer
of electricity along cables.
(11) Define rectification and describe the use of diodes for half and full wave rectifications.
(12) Become familiar of ultimate tensile stress, elastic deformation and plastic deformation of
a material.
(13) Describe a PN junction and discuss its forward and reverse biasing.
(14) Explain hydrogen atom in terms of energy levels on the basis of Bohr Model. • determine
the ionization energy and various excitation energies of an atom using an energy level
diagram.
(15) Describe that an element may change into another element when radioactivity occurs.
(16) Explain the particle model of light in terms of photons with particular energy and
frequency
(17) Describe the term half life and solve problems using the equation λ=0.693/T1/2.
SECTION-B
Q.2
i. State and explain Gauss’s law.
ii. Define resistivity and explain its dependence upon temperature.
iii. Describe the working of rheostat in the potential divider circuit.
iv. Explain that induced emf’s can be generated in two ways. (i) by relative movement (the
generator effect). (ii) by changing a magnetic field (the transformer effect).
v. Explain the flow of A.C through resistors, capacitors and inductors.
vi. Explain resonance in an A.C circuit and carry out calculations using the resonant
frequency formulae.
vii. Describe the use of avometer / multimeter (analogue and digital).
viii. Explain the need for laminated iron cores in electric motors, generators and transformers.
ix. Explain the flow of A.C through resistors, capacitors and inductors.
x. Determine the release of energy from different nuclear reactions
xi. Define and use the terms Young’s modulus, bulk modulus and shear modulus.
xii. Classify insulators, conductors, and semiconductors on the basis of energy bands.
xiii. Describe the operations of transistors.
xiv. Explain the implications of mass increase, time dilation and length contraction for space
travel.
xv. Explain the phenomena of pair production and pair annihilation.
xvi. Describe the operations of transistors.
xvii. Describe the phenomenon of photoelectric effect.
xviii. Determine the ionization energy and various excitation energies of an atom using an
energy level diagram.
xix. Solve problems and analyze information using 1/λ = RH [1/p2 – 1/n2].
xx. Describe energy and mass conservation in simple reactions and in radioactive decay.
SECTION-C
Q.3 a. Define electric potential at a point in terms of the work done in bringing unit
positive charge from infinity to that point. • define the unit of potential derive an
expression for electric potential at a point due to a point charge.
b. Describe the function of potentiometer to measure and compare potentials without
drawing any current from the circuit.
c. Solve problems using formula for capacitors in series and in parallel.
Q.4 a Apply Ampere’s law to find magnetic flux density around a wire and inside a
solenoid.
b. Explain what is meant by motional emf. Given a rod or wire moving through a
magnetic field in a simple way, compute the potential difference across its ends.
c. Explain the flow of A.C through resistors, capacitors and inductors.
Q.5 a. Describe the term half life and solve problems using the equation λ=0.693/T1/2
b. Explain the terms spontaneous emission, stimulated emission, meta stable states,
population inversion and laser action.
PHYSICS HSSC-II (2nd Set)
Table of Specification
Assessment Unit 11: Unit 12: Unit 13: Unit 14: Unit 15: Unit 16: Unit 17: Unit 18: Unit 19: Unit 20: Total Perce
Objectives marks ntage
Knowledge 1(1)1 1(6)1 4(a)6 2(iv)3 1(11)1 2(xii)3 1(13)1 2(xix)3 5(a)2 38 32.7%
based 1(2)1 2(ii)3 2(viii)3 2(xiii)3 5(b)1
1(3)1 3(b)1 2(xvi)3
3(a)1
Understanding 2(i)3 1(4)1 1(7)1 1(8)1 4(c)4 1(16)1 2(xviii)3 2(x)3 56 48.3%
based 2(iii)3 2(v)3 2(vii)3 1(9)1 2(xiv)3 5(b)4 5(a)4
3(a)5 2(vi)3 1(10)1 2(xv)3
3(b)3 2(xvii)3
Application 3(c)3 1(5)1 4(b)3 1(12)1 1(14)1 1(15)1 22 19%
based 2(ix)3 2(xi)3 5(b)2 1(17)1
2(xx)3
Total marks 18 16 10 15 5 7 7 10 14 14 116 100%
KEY:
1(1)(01)
Question No (Part No.) (Allocated Marks)
Note: (i) The policy of FBISE for knowledge based questions, understanding based questions and application based questions is approximately
as follows:
a) 30% knowledge based.
b) 50% understanding based.
c) 20% application based.
(ii) The total marks specified for each unit/content in the table of specification is only related to this model question paper.
(iii) The level of difficulty of the paper is approximately as follows:
a) 40% easy
b) 40% moderate
c) 20% difficult


⓪ ⓪ ⓪ ⓪ ⓪ ⓪ ⓪ ⓪ ⓪ ⓪ ⓪
① ① ① ① ① ① ① ① ① ① ①
② ② ② ② ② ② ② ② ② ② ②
Answer Sheet No.____________
③ ③ ③ ③ ③ ③ ③ ③ ③ ③ ③
④ ④ ④ ④ ④ ④ ④ ④ ④ ④ ④
⑥ ⑥ ⑥ ⑥ ⑥ ⑥ ⑥ ⑥ ⑥ ⑥ ⑥
⑦ ⑦ ⑦ ⑦ ⑦ ⑦ ⑦ ⑦ ⑦ ⑦ ⑦
Sign. of Invigilator ___________
⑧ ⑧ ⑧ ⑧ ⑧ ⑧ ⑧ ⑧ ⑧ ⑧ ⑧
⑨ ⑨ ⑨ ⑨ ⑨ ⑨ ⑨ ⑨ ⑨ ⑨ ⑨
PHYSICS HSSC–II (2nd Set Solution)

(1) Two charges are placed at a certain distance apart in vacuum. If an insulating slab
is placed between them, then force will:
A. Increase ⃝ B. Decrease
C. Remains constant ⃝ D. Be zero ⃝
(2) Potential inside a hollow charged spherical conductor:
A. is constant
B. varies directly as distance from centre ⃝
C. varies inversely as distance from centre ⃝
D. varies directly as square of distance from the centre ⃝
(3) The dimension of electric potential is same as that of:
A. work ⃝
B. work done per unit charge
C. electric field per unit charge ⃝
D. electric force per unit charge ⃝
(4) When the hot and cold junctions of a thermocouple are interchanged, the thermo-
emf:
A. becomes zero ⃝ B. doubles ⃝
C. remain the same D. changes the sign ⃝
(5) If the resistivity of a conductor is 2 x 10-6Ωm, then its conductivity is:
A. 2 x 106Ω-1m-1 ⃝ B. 5 x 106Ω-1m-1 ⃝
C. 5 x 10 Ω m
-5 -1 -1
⃝ D. 5 x 105Ω-1m-1
(6) The source of emf transfers its maximum power to the external circuit when (r =
internal resistance and R= load resistance):
A. r=0 ⃝ B. r=R
C. r<R ⃝ D. r>R ⃝
Page 1 of 2
(7) A galvanometer is made sensitive by:
A. using a small and thick suspension wire ⃝
B. decreasing the area of the coil ⃝
C. Increasing the magnetic field
D. reducing the number of turns of the coil ⃝
(8) A coil of 150 loops is pulled in 0.06s from poles of the magnet, which decreases
the magnetic flux linked with the coil from 6 ×10-4Wb to 2 ×10-4Wb. The average
emf induced in the coil is:
A. 1.5 V ⃝ B. 1V
C. 0.1 V ⃝ D. 0.15 V ⃝
(9) For long distance electrical power transmission, we use:

A. low current and low voltage ⃝
B. high current and high voltage ⃝
C. low current and high voltage
D. highcurrent and small voltage ⃝
(10) The quantity that remains constant in a transformer is:

A. current ⃝ B. voltage ⃝
C. resistance ⃝ D. power
(11) The minimum number of diodes required for full wave rectification are:
A. 1 ⃝ B. 2
C. 3 ⃝ D. 4 ⃝
(12) A force of 500 N is applied to one end of a cylindrical steel rod of diameter 50
cm, the tensile stress is:
A. 2.5 x 105 Nm-2 ⃝ B. 1.5 x 105 Nm-2 ⃝
C. 1.0 x 105 Nm-2 ⃝ D. 2.5 x 103Nm-2
(13) The potential difference across the silicon PN junction is:

A. 0.3 V ⃝ B. 0.7 V
C. 0.5 V ⃝ D. 5.0 V ⃝
(14) The radius of 10th orbit in hydrogen atom is

A. 0.053 nm ⃝ B. 0.53 nm ⃝
C. 5.3 nm C. 53 nm ⃝
(15) A radioactive nuclide 22886𝑅𝑎 decays by a series of emissions of 3 alpha particles and
1 beta particle, the nuclide finally formed is:
220 222
A. 84𝑅𝑎 ⃝ B. 86𝑅𝑎 ⃝
216 215
C. 83𝑅𝑎 D. 88𝑅𝑎 ⃝
(16) Which phenomenon does NOT verify particle nature of light?

A. Photoelectric effect ⃝ B. Compton effect ⃝
C. Pair Production ⃝ D. Diffraction
(17) The half-life of a certain radioactive nucleus is 1.6x103 years. Its decay constant
is:
A. 1.4x10-11 s-1 B. 1.4x10-12 s-1 ⃝
-11 -1 -12 -1
C. 2.0x10 s ⃝ D. 2.0x10 s ⃝
____________________
Page 2 of 2
(Curriculum 2006)

𝑞
i. Prove that electric flux φe = Ɛofor charge ‘q’ enclosed
in a sphere, where Ɛo is the permittivity of free space.
Ans.
Divide the surface into small patches of area
ΔA1, ΔA2, ΔA3 ……………….. ΔAn
Φ1 = E. ΔA1, Φ2 = E. ΔA2, Φ3 = E. ΔA3,… Φn = E. ΔAn(1
mark)
Φe = Φ1 + Φ2 + Φ3 +……………+ Φn
Φe = Ʃsurface E ΔA……………………….(1)
1 𝑄
𝐸 = 4𝜋𝜀 𝑟2 , Ʃsurface ΔA = 4πr2 putting value of E and Ʃsurface
1 mark
ΔA in eq(1)
𝑞
Φe = (1 mark)
ε˳
ii. Define resistivity. How does it depend upon temperature?

Ans. Resistivity or specific resistance is the resistance of a meter cube of a material. Its
unit is Ωm. (1mark)
𝑅𝐴
ρ = 𝐿 since R∝ 𝑇 for conductors so ρ ∝ 𝑅 and ρ ∝ 𝑇( 1 mark )
𝜌𝑡−𝜌𝑜
Temperature coefficient of resistivity = ∝ = (1mark)
𝜌𝑜 𝑡
Hence resistivity increases with temperature.
iii. Describe a circuit which will give continuously

varying potential.
Ans.
A potential divider will act as a continuously varying
potential. (0.5 mark)
𝐸
The total current through circuit is I = 𝑅 . When
contact C is moved from A to B, then resistance
between A and C varies from 0 to RΩ. By Ohm’s
law voltage drop across A and C will be
𝑉𝐴𝐶= Ir. (1
mark)
If r changes from 0 to R then 𝑉𝐴𝐶 changes from 0 to E volts (0.5 mark)
iv. What factors cause induced emf?
Ans. Factors causing induced emf are:
(a) Relative movement speed of bar magnet and coil.
(b) Number of turns of coil.
(c) Rate of change of magnetic flux.
(d) Conductivity of coil.
(e) Area of coil.
(f) Strength of bar magnet. (Students can write any three of them, 3 x1 mark)
v. What will happen if the frequency of AC across an inductor is increased?

Ans. The inductive reactance of an inductor is given by 𝑋𝐿= 2𝜋𝑓𝐿(1 mark)
If the frequency of A.C supply increases then its inductive reactance will increase
(1 mark)
And the current passing through inductor will decrease. (1 mark)
vi. What do you know about the impedance in RLC series circuit of AC?
Ans. The impedance of RLC series circuit is the collective reactance of the circuit in
which capacitors, inductors and resistors etc. are used. (1 mark)
2
It is given by Z = √𝑅 + (𝑋𝐿 − 𝑋𝐶 ) 2 (1 mark)
At resonance frequency 𝑋𝐿 = 𝑋𝐶 and the impedance of the RLC series circuit is
pure resistive. Both voltage and current are in phase.
vii. Draw and elaborate resistance measuring part of Avometer.
Ans. When a battery and a variable resistor are connected in series with a galvanometer
then it behaves as an ohmmeter (resistance measuring device), as shown below :(1
mark)
Condition I: When X and Y are short circuited
by a wire galvanometer shows maximum
deflection which shows 0Ω resistance between X
and Y. (1 mark)
Condition II : When X and Y are disconnected
galvanometer shows 0 reading which represents
∞ 𝛺 resistance between X and Y and its value is
measured by galvanometer (1 mark)
viii. What are eddy currents and how are they minimized in Transformers?
Ans. Due to change of magnetic flux through a solid conductor, the induced current set
up within the body of a conductor in a direction perpendicular to the changing flux
1
is known as eddy current. (12 marks)
Eddy currents can be minimized by using lamination sheets between plates of core
1
material of transformer. (12 marks)
ix. A 220V, 50Hz, AC source is connected to an inductance of 0.2H and a resistance

of 20 Ω in series. What is the current in the circuit?
Ans. Given
Vrms = 220 V
f = 50 Hz
L = 0.2 H
R = 20 Ω
Irms = ?
Formula: Z=√𝑅 2 + 𝑋𝐿 2 = √𝑅 2 + (2πfL)2 (1 mark)

Z = √4344 = 65.91 Ω (1 mark)
Vrms 220
Irms= = = 3.34 A (1 mark)
Z 65.91
x. Determine the energy associated with the following nuclear reaction:

14 4 16 1
7𝑁 + 2𝐻𝑒 → 8𝑂 + 1𝐻
m( 147N) = 14.003074u
m( 42He) = 4.002603u
m( 178O) = 16.999131u
m( 11H) = 1.007825u
Ans. Mass of reactants = 𝑚( 147𝑁) + 𝑚( 42𝐻𝑒) = 14.003074 u + 4.002603 u
= 18.005677 u (1 mark)
Mass of product = 𝑚( 178𝑂) + 𝑚( 11𝐻 ) = 16.999131 u + 1.007825u
= 18.006956 u
Δm = (18.005677 u) - 18.006956 u = -1.279 x 10-3 u (1 mark)
1 u = 931 MeV
Δm = (-1.279 x 10-3 u) x 931 = -1.19 MeV (1 mark)
xi. Young’s modulus for particular wood is 1.0x1010 Nm-2. A wooden chair has four
legs each of length 42 cm and cross-sectional area of 20 cm2. A man has a mass of
100 kg, find the stress on each leg of the chair when he stands on the chair.
Ans. Given
Y = 1.0x1010 Nm-2
L = 42 cm = 0.42 m (1 mark)
A = 20 cm2 = 20 x 10-4 m2
m = 100 kg
W= F = mg
= 100 x 9.8 = 980 N (1 mark)
Stress = ?
F 980
Stress = = = 4.9 x 105 Nm-2
A 220 x 10−4
Thus stress on each leg is 4.9 x 105 Nm-2
xii. Differentiate between conductors, insulators and semiconductor

in terms of energy theory.
Ans. Conductor: They have large number of free electrons for
electrical conduction. In terms of energy band, the valence band
and conduction band are overlapped i.e. there is no distinction
between these bands.
Insulator: Electrons are tightly bound in their valence shells

and they are not free to move in insulators. Here V.B is
completely filled but C.B. is empty. There is a large energy gap
between V.B. and C.B. They can move from V.B. to C.B. (1
mark)
Semiconductor: They have partially filled V.B. & C.B. A very narrow energy gap
between the two bands exists and normally of the order 1eV.
𝛼
xiii. Prove that 𝛽 = 1−𝛼 where 𝛼 = amplification factor and β = current amplification
factor of a transistor.
IC
Ans. β = ……………….(1)
IB
𝐼
𝛼 = 𝐼𝐶 ……………..(2) (1 mark)
𝐸
𝐼𝐸 =𝐼𝐶 + 𝐼𝐵
𝐼𝐵 =𝐼𝐸 − 𝐼𝐶 ………...(3) (1 mark)
Using eq (3) in eq (1)
IC
β=
𝐼𝐸 − 𝐼𝐶
IC /𝐼𝐸 𝛼
β= = 1−𝛼 hence proved (1 mark)
𝐼𝐸 /𝐼𝐸 −𝐼𝐶 /𝐼𝐸
xiv. Suppose one of a pair of 20 years old twins takes off in a spaceship travelling at a
very high speed to a distant star and back again, while the other twin remains on
Earth. Will there be any difference in their ages? Why?
Ans. Yes, there will be difference in their ages. Time for the twin who was on Earth, will
be normal. His age passes normally but apparent time for the twin who had gone to
space ship and came back will pass slowly. As a result, twin on Earth becomes aged
and twin in space ship remains young.
xv. Prove that in Pair Production at least 1.02 MeV energy photon is required.
Ans. Energy required for pair production= 2* rest mass energy of electron or positron.
(1 mark)
= 2m˳C2 = 2 x 9.1x10-31 x (3x108)2
= 16.38 x 10-14 J (1 mark)
16.38 x 10−14
= eV
1.6 x 10−19
= 1.02 MeV (1mark)
xvi. What are the essential conditions for the biasing of a transistor?
Ans. (i) Base emitter junction should be forward biased by battery VBB.
(ii) Collector base junction should be reverse biased by battery VCC
(iii) VCC >> VBB.
xvii. How can we calculate kinetic energy of photoelectrons?
Ans. From Einstein’s photoelectric equation.
E = φ + (K.E)e (1 mark)
Where E= energy of incident light
φ = work function (1 mark)
(K.E)e = E – φ = hf – φ (1 mark)
xviii. Calculate ionization energy and ionization potential for hydrogen atom.
E
Ans. The quantized energy of electron is nth state of hydrogen atom is En = n02 (1 mark)
2𝜋𝑘 2 𝑚𝑒 4
Where E0 = = 2.17 x 10-18 J or 13.6 eV (1 mark)
ℎ2
E0 is the ionization energy of hydrogen atom in its ground state (i.e. an energy which
when electron will get, it will knock out of atom) whereas ionization potential is
13.6 Volt (i.e. a potential difference at which electron knocks out of Hydrogen
atom).
xix. What is the wavelength of the second line of Paschen series?
Ans. For Paschen series
1 1 1
= RH(32 − 𝑛2 ) where n= 4, 5, 6, …………… (1 mark)
𝜆
For second line n = 5

1 1 1
= RH(32 − 52 )
𝜆
1 1 1
= RH(9 − 25)
𝜆
1 16
= RH(225) (1 mark)
𝜆
225 225
λ= = 16 x 1.0974 x 107 = 1.2814 x 10-6 m
16xRH
λ = 1281.4 x 10-9 m = 1281.4 nm (1 mark)
xx. What is the least energy does the proton has, to make the following reaction
possible?
1 13 14 1
1𝐻 + 6𝐶 7𝑁 + 0𝑛
1 13
The mass of hydrogen H is 1.007825 u, carbon C is 13.003355 u, nitrogen is
13.005739 u and neutron is 1.008665 u.
Ans. Mass of reactants = 𝑚( 11𝐻) + 𝑚( 136𝐶)

= 1.007825 + 13.003355 = 14.01118 u (1 mark)
Total mass of Products= 13.005739 + 1.008665 = 14.014404 (1 mark)
Δm = -3.224 x 10-3 u
ΔE = = -3.224 x 10-3 x 931= -3 MeV (1 mark)
SECTION – C(Marks 26)

Q.3 a. Define electric potential. Find an expression for electric potential energy and
electric potential due to a point charge. (1+4+1)
Ans. Electric Potential:
Electric potential at any point is equal to the work done in bringing a unit positive charge from
infinity to that point without producing any acceleration.
𝐖
𝐕=
𝐪
1 Joule
Unit: Unit of electric potential is volt 1 volt = 1Coulomb
Electric Potential Energy:
Consider an isolated charge +Q fixed in space. The electric
1 𝑄
field intensity E is given by the equation 𝐸 = r
4𝜋𝜀 𝑟 2
As the test charge moves q is at infinity which is moved
towards charge as +Q a force of repulsion acts on it. Since
external work is required to be done to bring charge from
infinity to point A therefore negative sign is inserted in
equation.
The work done is
∆𝑊 = −𝑞𝐸. ∆𝑟 = 𝑞𝐸∆𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠180°
∆𝑊 = 𝑞𝐸∆𝑟
Now putting the value of E
1 Qq
∆W = ∆r
4πε˳ r 2
Let the test charge is at distance rA from charge Q. Electric field does not remain constant but
varies as the square of the distance from the charge. We divide the distance between rA and rB
into infinitesimally small displacements so that the field intensity over each displacement
remains constant.
Work done between point rA and r1 is
By division
𝑟𝐴 𝑟1 1 1
(𝑟 − ) = (𝑟 − 𝑟 )
𝐴 𝑟1 𝑟𝐴 1
𝑟 1 𝐴
And
Qq 1 1
ΔWrA r1 = ( −𝑟 )
4πε˳ 𝑟 1 𝐴
Similarly for second small displacement ∆𝑟 = 𝑟1 − 𝑟2. Work done is
Qq 1 1
ΔWr1 r2 = ( −𝑟 )
4πε˳ 𝑟 2 1
And
Qq 1 1
ΔWrn rB = ( −𝑟 )
4πε˳ 𝑟 𝐵 𝑛
The total work done in moving a charge q from rA to rB can be calculated by taking its sum.
Qq 1 1 1 1 1 1
ΔWrA rB= (− + − + − + ⋯ … … + )
4πε˳ 𝑟𝐴 𝑟1 𝑟1 𝑟2 𝑟2 𝑟𝐵
Qq 1 1
ΔWrA rB = ( −𝑟 )
4πε˳ 𝑟 𝐵 𝐴
The work done to move a test charge q from infinity to a distance r from Q is
Qq 1 1
ΔW∞ rB = ( − )
4πε˳ 𝑟𝐵 ∞
Qq 1
ΔW∞ rB = ( )
4πε˳ 𝑟𝐵
The electric potential energy at distance r from Q is
Qq 1
U= ( )
4πε˳ 𝑟
As electric potential at a point in an electric field is defined as the amount of work done in
moving a unit positive charge from infinity to that point with uniform velocity.
The electric potential at distance r from Q is
𝐖 𝐔
𝐕= =
𝐪 𝐪
b. What is potentiometer? How can it be used to find emf of a cell? (1+3)
A potentiometer is a null type resistance network device for measuring potential differences. For
the accurate measurement of potential difference, current and resistance the potentiometer is most
useful instrument. Its principle of action is that an unknown emf or potential difference is measured
by balancing it, wholly or in part, against a known potential difference.
A simplest potentiometer consists of wire AC of uniform cross-section stretched alongside a scale
and connected across battery of potential V as shown in figure. The battery through the rheostat
and slide wire supply the working current. The working current may vary by changing the setting
of the rheostat. A standard cell of known emf Ɛ1 is connected between A and terminal 1 of a two
way switch S.
Slider B is pressed momentarily against wire AC and its position is adjusted until the galvanometer
deflection is zero when B is making contact with AC. Let l1 be the corresponding distance between
A and B. The fall of potential over length l1 of the wire is then the same as the emf Ɛ1. Then move
the switch to 2, thereby replacing the standard cell by another cell, the e.m.f €2 of which is to be
measured.
Adjust the slider B again to give zero deflection on G. If l2 be the new distance between A and B,
then
Ɛ2 𝑙2
=
Ɛ1 𝑙1
𝑙2
Ɛ2 = ∗ Ɛ1
𝑙1
Applications of potentiometer:
Following are the applications of potentiometer:
1. Measurement of small e.m.f (upto 2V) and high e.m.f (say 250V).
2. Comparison of e.m.f of two cells.
3. Measurement of resistance and current.
4. Calibration of ammeter and voltmeter.
c. A 6 μF is charged to a potential difference of 200 V and then connected in parallel with an
uncharged 3 μF capacitor. Calculate the potential difference across the parallel plate capacitors.
(3)
Ans. Given:
Capacitance of charged Capacitor C1 = 6 µF Capacitance of un-charged capacitor C2 = 3 µF,
Potential Difference of Capacitor C1 is V = 200 V
Required:
Potential Difference across the parallel plate capacitors V = ?
Solution:
Charge on capacitor C1 is Q = C1V= 6 x 10-6 x 200 = 0.0012 C
The equivalent capacitance of parallel combination of capacitors is
Ceq = C1 + C2 = 6 µF + 3 µF = 9 µF
The charge 0.0012 C is distributed between the two capacitors to have a common potential
difference
Q 0.0012
V= =
Ceq 9 x 10−6
V= 133.3 V
Q.4 a. State Ampere’s law and apply it to find magnetic field inside a solenoid. (2+4)
Ans.
Ampere Circuital Law
Ampere’s circuital law states that for any closed loop, the sum of the length elements multiplied
by the component of magnetic field parallel to each element is proportional to the current enclosed
by the path.
Σ B. l = µol
Magnetic Field Due To A Current Carrying Solenoid

A coil wounded in the form of a spiral (helix) forms a
solenoid. When current is passed through a solenoid a
reasonably uniform magnetic field can be produced. This field
is strong along the axis of solenoid and weaker outside as
shown in figure.
The magnetic field lines surrounding a loosely wound

solenoid, shows that these lines in the interior are nearly
parallel to one another, are uniformly distributed and are close
together. For a tightly wound solenoid the field in the interior
space is very uniform and strong. The field lines resemble
those of a bar magnet, meaning that the solenoid effectively
has north and south poles. As the length of the solenoid
increases, the interior field becomes more uniform and the exterior field becomes weaker.
Calculations: Consider a closed amperian loop a-b-c-d, with lengths l1, l2, l3 and l4. l1 is inside the
solenoid and l4 is outside the solenoid as shown in the figure. By Ampere’s law
Ʃ 𝐁. ∆𝐥 = µ˳I
Since there are four length elements, therefore
B . l1 + B . l2+ B . l3 + B . l4 = µ˳I
B l1cosθ1+ Bl2cosθ2+ B l3cosθ3+ B l4 cosθ4 = µ˳I
From the figure
θ1 = 0°, θ2 = 90°, θ3 = 180° and θ4 = 270° hence
B l1cos0°+ Bl2cos90°+ B l3cos180°+ B l4 cos270° = µ˳I
Since cos0° =1, cos90° = 0, cos180°=-1 and cos270°= 0
Field ouside the ideal solenoid is weak and hence can be taken
eual to zero.
B l1 + 0 + 0 + 0 = µ˳I
B l1 = µ˳I let l1 = l B l = µ˳I
For N number of turns in a solenoid, the above equation can be written as
N
B l = Nµ˳I or B = l µ˳I
Let n be the number of turns per unit length (n = N/l), hence
B l = µ˳nI
b. A loop resistance 0.1 Ω is placed in a magnetic field of 2T. If a conductor of length 0.2m
is sliding along a loop with a velocity of 0.2 ms-1. Find (i) the e.m.f produced in the conductor if
the motion of a conductor is perpendicular to the field (ii) the current through the loop (iii) the
electrical power generated (3)
Ans.
Given:
Resistance = R= 0.1 Ω
Magnetic Induction =B = 2 T
Length of conductor = L = 0.2 m
Velocity of conductor = v = o.2 ms-1
Motional EMF induced = Ɛ =?
Induced Current = I=?
Electrical Power = P =?
Θ = 90°
Motional EMF induced = Ɛ = vBLsinθ
= 0.2 x 2 x 0.2 x sin9 0°
= 0.08 V
Current = I = Ɛ/R
= 0.08/0.1
= 0.8 A
Electrical Power = P = V x I
= 0.08 x 0.8
= 0.064 W
c. In an R-L circuit, will the current lead or lag the applied voltage? Justify through phasor
diagram. (4)
Ans. R-L Series Circuit
Resistor
In case of resistor, the voltage and the current are in same phase or we can say that the phase angle
difference between voltage and current is zero.
Inductor
In inductor, the voltage and the current are not in phase. The voltage leads that of current by 90o or
in other words, voltage attains its maximum and zero value 90o before the current attains it.
Combined Resistor and Inductor
Phasor diagram reveals that the circuit current lags behind the applied voltage V.
In case of pure resistive circuit, the phase angle between voltage and current is zero and in case of
pure inductive circuit, phase angle is 90o but when we combine both resistance and inductor, the
phase angle of a series RL circuit is between 0o to 90o.
Q.5 a. What is meant by half-life and decay rate of a radioactive isotope? Find a relation
between them. (2+4)
Ans. Half Life:
The time it takes for half of the radioactive nuclei in a sample to
decay is called half-life.
The amount of radioactive isotope in the sample decrease with time
as shown in the figure. The number of nuclei present at t = 0 s is N
= N˳, and the number present at t = T1/2 is N = N˳/2. The number
present at t = 2T1/2 is N = N˳/4 and so on.
Rate of Decay or Activity:
The Rate of decay or activity of radioactive sample is defined as
the number of disintegrations per second.
If ∆N is the number of radioactive nuclei that disintegrate in
time∆t, then
∆N α − N and ∆N α ∆t hence ∆N α − N∆t
∆N = −λN ∆t
Where λ is proportionality constant called Decay Constant. The negative sign shows that N
decreases with time, the above equation can also be written as
∆𝑁
= −λN
∆𝑇
The above equation leads to N = N˳𝑒 −𝜆𝑡 -------------(A)
For half-life, at t = T1/2, N = N˳/2
Putting these values in eq (A)
N˳
= N˳𝑒 −λT1/2
2
1
= 𝑒 −λT1/2
2
ln2
Taking inverse 2 = 𝑒 λT1/2 or ln2 = λT1/2 or T1/2 = λ
0.693
T1/2 =
λ
This is the relation between decay constant and half-life.
b. What is laser? Explain the principle and operation of laser. List two practical uses of
lasers. (1+4+2)
Ans. LASER
A Laser is a device that emits light through a process of optical amplification based on stimulated
emission of electromagnetic radiation. Intense monochromatic and coherent beam of light is
emitted from LASER source.
The term LASER is abbreviation of Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation. To
understand how a LASER works the terms stimulated emission and population inversion must be
understood first.
Spontaneous Emission:
In this kind of interaction, an atom in an excited state makes a transition to a lower state, with the
emission of a photon.
Induced Absorption:
In this interaction an atom in the ground state absorbs a photon and makes a transition to an excited
state.
Stimulated Emission:
This interaction is responsible for the operation of LASER. In this process an atom is in initially
in an excited state. A passing photon equal to the energy difference of the two levels, induces the
atom to emit a photon by making a transition to the lower or ground state. The two photons that
emerge travel in the same direction and are coherent too.
Population Inversion and Laser Action
Let us consider a simple case of a material whose atoms
can reside in three different states as shown in figure.
State E1 which is ground state, the excited state E3 in
which atoms can reside only for 10-8 s and the metastable
state E2 in which the atoms can reside for 10-3s, much
longer than 10-8 s.
The incident photons energy hf = E1 - E3 raise the
atom from ground state E1 to the excited stateE3, but the
excited atoms back to E1. Thus the only alternative for the
atoms in the excited state E3 is to decay spontaneously to
state E2. This eventually leads to the situation that the
state E2 contains more atoms than the state E1. This
situation is known as population inversion. Once the population inversion is achieved, the lasing
action becomes simple to get.
The emitted photons must be confined in the assembly long enough to stimulate further emission
from other excited atoms. This is achieved by using mirrors at the two ends of the assembly. One
end is made totally reflecting and the other end is partially reflecting to allow the laser beam to
escape.
Applications
1. Lasers in the medical field
Used in eye surgery, ulcer removal and disease prevention
2. Supermarket Scanners
These scanners contain a laser, which reads the information on the barcode of the
product.
*****


⓪ ⓪ ⓪ ⓪ ⓪ ⓪ ⓪ ⓪ ⓪ ⓪ ⓪
① ① ① ① ① ① ① ① ① ① ①
② ② ② ② ② ② ② ② ② ② ②
③ ③ ③ ③ ③ ③ ③ ③ ③ ③ ③ Answer Sheet No.____________
④ ④ ④ ④ ④ ④ ④ ④ ④ ④ ④
⑤ ⑤ ⑤ ⑤ ⑤ ⑤ ⑤ ⑤ ⑤ ⑤ ⑤
Sign. of Candidate ___________
⑥ ⑥ ⑥ ⑥ ⑥ ⑥ ⑥ ⑥ ⑥ ⑥ ⑥
⑦ ⑦ ⑦ ⑦ ⑦ ⑦ ⑦ ⑦ ⑦ ⑦ ⑦
⑧ ⑧ ⑧ ⑧ ⑧ ⑧ ⑧ ⑧ ⑧ ⑧ ⑧ Sign. of Invigilator ___________
⑨ ⑨ ⑨ ⑨ ⑨ ⑨ ⑨ ⑨ ⑨ ⑨ ⑨
PHYSICS HSSC–II (3rd Set)

(1) Two charges q1 and q2 are placed in vacuum at a distance d and force between
them is F. If a medium of relative permittivity 4 is introduced between them then
new force will be:
F F
A. ⃝ B. ⃝
4 2
C. 2F ⃝ D. 4F ⃝
(2) Three capacitors of 4F each are connected in such a way that net capacitance of
their combination is 6F. It is possible if:
A. All the three in series ⃝
B. All the three in parallel ⃝
C. Two in series and one in parallel ⃝
D. Two in parallel and one in series ⃝
(3) Slope of I-V graph of a resistor is numerically equal to:
A. Conductivity ⃝ B. Conductance ⃝
C. Resistance ⃝ D. Resistivity ⃝
(4) Which one of the following is correct for an open circuit?
A. Vt = 0 ⃝ B. Vt < E ⃝
C. Vt = E ⃝ D. Vt = E – Ir ⃝
(5) Magnetic flux will be maximum when:
A. Magnetic field is perpendicular to the plane area ⃝
B. Magnetic field lies parallel to the plane area ⃝
o
C. Area is held at an angle of 45 ⃝
D. Magnetic flux density is perpendicular to area vector of the surface ⃝
(6) A proton is moving along the axis of a solenoid carrying a current. The magnetic
force on proton will be:
A. Radially inward ⃝ B. Radially outward ⃝
C. Zero ⃝ D. Parallel to axis of solenoid ⃝
Page 1 of 2
(7) A steady current is passing through a coil, magnitude of self- induced emf in it,
will be:
A. zero ⃝ B. maximum ⃝
I I
C. =L ⃝ D.  = L ⃝
t t
(8) At high frequency in a capacitive circuit, the current will be:
A. Large ⃝ B. Small ⃝
C. Zero ⃝ D. Infinite ⃝
(9) The peak value of A.C source is 20 A, its rms value will be:
A. 14.1 A ⃝ B. 10 A ⃝
C. 20 A ⃝ D. 28.2 A ⃝
(10) The materials in which disordered structure of liquid is frozen are:
A. Amorphous ⃝ B. Crystalline ⃝
C. Polycrystalline ⃝ D. Quartz ⃝
(11) The temperature below which the resistivity of a superconductor falls to zero is
called:
A. Absolute temperature ⃝ B. Kelvin temperature ⃝
C. Limiting temperature ⃝ D. Critical temperature ⃝
(12) In a half wave rectifier, the diode conducts:
A. Only positive half of input cycle ⃝
B. Only negative half of input cycle ⃝
C. Both halves of input cycle ⃝
D. Any one half of input cycle ⃝
(13) The maximum kinetic energy of emitted photoelectrons, from different metal
surfaces, depends upon:
A. Intensity of incident light only ⃝
B. Frequency of the incident light only ⃝
C. Nature of metal surface ⃝
D. Both frequency of incident light and nature of metal surface ⃝
(14) The rest mass of photon is:
A. Infinite ⃝ B. Zero ⃝
C. 1. 6  1027 kg ⃝ D. 3  108 kg ⃝
(15) The type of spectra produced by atoms is:
A. Continuous spectra ⃝ B. Band spectra ⃝
C. Line spectra ⃝ D. Braking radiation spectra ⃝
(16) The shortest wavelength radiation series in Lyman Series have wavelength equal
to:
A. ⃝ B. RH ⃝
C. ⃝ D. ⃝
1
(17) The half-life of a radioactive element which has only 32 of its original mass left
after elapsed of 60 days is:
A. 30 days ⃝ B. 20 days ⃝
C. 15 days ⃝ D. 12 days ⃝
______________
Page 2 of 2
(Curriculum 2006)
Note: Answer any fourteen parts from Section „B‟ and attempt any two questions from Section
„C‟ on the separately provided answer book. Write your answers neatly and legibly.

i. “Electric field is a field of force.” Justify this statement
ii. Define electron volt (eV). Derive its relation with SI unit of energy?
iii. Compare the effects of temperature increase on resistivity of thermistor and
copper wire.
iv. Write full forms of E.C.G. and E.E.G. For what purpose these instruments are
used?
v. What is magnitude of magnetic flux density at distance of 5 cm from a straight
conductor carrying current of 5A?
vi. Galvanometer can be converted into ammeter and voltmeter by connecting
resistance with it. What are basic differences in their construction from
galvanometer?
vii. Why are induction heaters more efficient than conventional gas heaters?
viii. A 2cm diameter ring is moved out of uniform magnetic field of 10T in 0.1s. What
is magnitude of induce emf in the ring if normal to ring is parallel to magnetic
field at all the time?
ix. Name basic forces of nature. Briefly compare electromagnetic force and
gravitational force.
x. Define resonance frequency for RLC series circuit. Why is its power dissipation
maximum at resonance?
xi. How does stator help rotor to rotate in AC motor?
xii. Define elasticity and plasticity of a material. Draw a stress strain curve for ductile
material to represent elastic and plastic regions.
xiii. What do you understand by characteristic X-rays?
xiv. Show schematically, the difference between N-type semiconductor and P- type
semiconductors. Also mention majority and minority charge carriers in them.
xv. For a common base configuration of npn transistor, collector current is greater
than base current. Why?
xvi. Briefly describe three uses of laser in medical field.
xvii. A beam of orange light and a beam of green light have same energies. Which of
these light beams contains greater number of photons?
xviii. How is retentivity and coercive force values in hysteresis loop help to select
material for making permanent magnet?
Page 1 of 2
xix. The opposition to current in a choke coil for direct current is 5 ohm. When
alternating current is sent through it; will its opposition to current increase,
decrease or remains the same? Give reason to your answer
xx. From intensity distribution diagram for black body radiation, state:
a. Wein‟s displacement law b. Stefan Boltzmann law

Q.3 a. Capacitor is an energy storage device. Derive mathematical expression for energy
stored in capacitor in terms of electric field? (5)
b. Describe, how can we determine the e/m ratio (charge to mass ratio) of an
electron. Show that charge to mass ratio of an electron is . (4)
c. Find the current in each loop of the circuit given below: (4)
Q.4 a. What is transformer? Describe its working. Show that ratio of voltages secondary
and primary coils is equal to their turns ratio. (5)
b. State Heisenberg uncertainty principle. Discuss it in detail (4)
c. A 220V, 50Hz A.C. supply is applied to series combination of a 2.5Ω, 6mH
inductor and a 6.5°F capacitor. Calculate (i) reactance of inductor (ii) reactance of
capacitor (iii) impedance of circuit (iv) current in the circuit (4)
Q.5 a. What is mass spectrograph? Show that radius of circular path of isotopes depends
upon its mass. (5)
b. Explain the basic principle of working of CT Scanner. (4)
c. Find the Binding energy of α particle. (Mass of proton = 1.007276 u; Mass of
neutron = 1.008665 u; Mass of α particle = 4.002603 u) (4)
*****
Page 2 of 2
PHYSICS HSSC-II (3rd Set)
Student Learning Outcomes Alignment Chart
(Curriculum 2006)
SECTION-A
Q.1
(1) State Coulomb’s law and explain that force between two-point charges is reduced in a
medium other than free space using Coulomb’s law.
(2) Solve problems using formula for capacitors in series and in parallel.
(3) State Ohm’s law. Define resistivity and explain its dependence upon temperature. Define
conductance and conductivity of conductor.
(4) Explain the internal resistance of sources and its consequences for external circuits.
(5) Describe the concept of magnetic flux (ФB) as scalar product of magnetic field (B) and
area (A) using the relation ФB = B.A
(6) Explain that a force may act on a charged particle in a uniform magnetic field.
(7) Define mutual inductance (M) and self-inductance (L), and their unit henry.
(8) Explain the flow of A.C through resistors, capacitors and inductors.
(9) Describe the terms time period, frequency, instantaneous peak value and root mean
square value of an alternating current and voltage.
(10) Distinguish between the structure of crystalline, glassy, amorphous and polymeric solids.
(11) Become familiar with the behaviour of superconductors and their potential uses.
(12) Define rectification and describe the use of diodes for half and full wave rectifications.
(13) Identify data sources, gather, process and present information to summarize the use of the
photoelectric effect in solar cells & photocells
(14) Elaborate the particle nature of electromagnetic radiation.
(15) Describe and explain the origin of different types of optical spectra.
(16) Solve problems and analyze information using. – .
(17) Describe the term half-life and solve problems using the equation λ=0.693/T1/2
SECTION-B
Q.2
i. Describe the concept of an electric field as an example of a field of force.
ii. Define and become familiar with the use of electron volt.
iii. Define resistivity and explain its dependence upon temperature. State the characteristics
of a thermistor and its use to measure low temperatures.
iv. Describe the use of electrocardiograph (E.C.G.), electroencephalograph (E.E.G)
instruments to study heart and brain disorders.
v. Apply Ampere’s law to find magnetic flux density around a wire and inside a solenoid.
vi. Explain how a given galvanometer can be converted into a voltmeter or ammeter of a
specified range.
vii. Analyze and present information to explain how induction heating is used in furnaces to
provide oxygen free heating environment.
viii. Apply Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction and Lenz’s law to solve problems.
ix. Describe the basic forces of nature.
x. Explain resonance in an A.C circuit and carry out calculations using the resonant
frequency formulae. Explain the flow of A.C through resistors, capacitors and inductors
xi. Describe the main features of an A.C electric motor and the role of each feature.
xii. Become familiar of ultimate tensile stress, elastic deformation and plastic deformation of
a material.
xiii. Understand that inner shell transitions in heavy elements result into emission of
characteristic X-rays.
xiv. Distinguish between P & N type substances.
xv. Describe the operations of transistors.
xvi. Illustrate the use of laser in medicine, industry and holography.
xvii. Solve problems and analyze information using: E = hf and c = f λ.
xviii. Describe hysteresis loss.
xix. Explain the flow of A.C through resistors, capacitors and inductors. • apply the
knowledge to calculate the reactance of capacitors and inductors.
xx. Describe how energy is distributed over the wavelength range for several values of
source temperature
SECTION-C
Q.3 a. Prove that energy stored in a capacitor is and hence

b. Describe a method to measure the e/m of an electron by applying magnetic field
and electric field on a beam of electrons.
c. Apply Kirchhoff’s second law as conservation of energy to solve problem.
Q.4 a. Describe the construction of a transformer and explain how it works. • identify the
relationship between the ratio of the number of turns in the primary and secondary
coils and the ratio of primary to secondary voltages.
b. Describe uncertainty principle.
c. Construct phasor diagrams and carry out calculations on circuits including
resistive and reactive components in series. Solve the problems using the
formulae of A.C Power
Q.5 a. Explain the use of mass spectrograph to demonstrate the existence of isotopes and
to measure their relative abundance.
b. Describe the working of CT scanner.
c. Define the terms unified mass scale, mass defect and calculate binding energy
using Einstein ‘s equation
PHYSICS HSSC-II (3rd Set)
Table of specification
Assessment Unit 11: Unit 12: Unit 13: Unit 14: Unit 15: Unit 16: Unit 17: Unit 18: Unit 19: Unit20: Total % age
Objectives mark
s
Knowledge 2(i)(03) 1(3)(01) 1(5)(01) 1(7)(01) 1(9)(01) 1(10)(01) 1(12)(01) 4(b)(04) 1(15)(01) 2(ix)(03) 33 28.4%
based 1(4)(01) 2(x)(03) 1(11)(01) 2(xiv)(03) 2(xx)(03) 1(17)(01)
2(xii)(03) 1(14)(01)
Understanding 1(1)(01) 2(iii)(03) 1(6)(01) 2(viii)(03) 1(8)(01) 2(xviii)(03) 2(xv)(03) 2(xvii)(03) 1(16)(01) 5(a)(05) 55 47.4%
based 2(ii)(03) 3(c)(04) 2(v)(03) 4(a)(05) 1(13)(01) 2(xiii)(03)
3(a)(05) 2(vi)(03)
3(b)(04)
Application 1(2)(01) 2(iv)(03) 2(vii)(03) 4(c)(04) 5(b)(04) 5(c)(04) 28 24.1%
based 2(xi)(03) 2(xix)(03) 2(xvi)(03)
Total marks 13 12 12 15 12 08 07 12 12 13 116 100%
KEY:
1-1(1)
Question No-Part No. (Allocated Marks)
Note: (i) The policy of FBISE for knowledge based questions, understanding based questions and application based questions is approximately
as follows:
a) 30% knowledge based.
b) 50% understanding based.
c) 20% application based.
(ii) The total marks specified for each unit/content in the table of specification is only related to this model question paper.
(iii) The level of difficulty of the paper is approximately as follows:
a) 40% easy
b) 40% moderate
c) 20% difficult
PHYSICS MODEL QUESTION PAPER (3rd SET SOLUTION)
HSSC-II
SECTION A
1. A
2. C
3. B
4. C
5. A
6. C
7. A
8. A
9. A
10. A
11. D
12. D
13. D
14. B
15. C
16. C
17. D
SECTION B
Ans.2
i. FIELDS OF FORCE
Like to be gravitational field, the origin of electric force is still unknown, while the transmission
of electric force is described by „Michael Faraday‟ by using the concept of electric field.
Electric Field:
“The space or region around the charge in which it exerts electric force on other charges is called
electric field”.
Explanation:
It is intrinsic property of nature that an electric field exists in space around an electric charge.
This electric field is considered to be a force field that exerts a force on a test charge placed in
that region.
Thus, the field of charge q interacts with qo to produce an electrical force. The attraction between
q and qo is accomplished in two steps:
(i) Charge q produces a field
(ii) Field interacts with test charge qo to produce a force on it.
Then the electric field can be represented by dots around the charge q, the density of the dots
shows the strength of the field.
ii. Electron volt (eV): “One electron volt is the amount of energy acquired or lost by an
electron when it is displaced across two points in the electric field between which
potential difference is one volt.”
By definition
(KE) = 1 eV, when q = e = 1.602×10–19 C and V = 1 V.
Thus (KE) = W = q V
1eV= 1.602×10–19 C×1 V
= 1.602×10–19 CV (CV = J)
= 1.602×10–19 J
iii. Resistivity of thermistor: Resistivity of thermistors decreases with increase in
temperature. Thermistors are made up of semiconductors. When its temperature rises,
free electrons and hole pairs are created due to breaking of bonds. As number of charge
carriers increase, so current in it increases and its resistance decreases.
Resistivity of copper wire: Resistivity of copper wire (metal) increases with increase in
temperature. When temperature of copper wire (metal) increases, its free electrons collide
more and more with atoms and decrease the current in it.
I-V characteristics are shown below.
iv. Full forms of E.C.G. is Electrocardiogram.

The electrocardiogram or ECG is worldwide used for diagnosing heart conditions. An
electrocardiogram is a recording of the small electric waves being generated during heart
activity.
Full form of E.E.G. is Electroencephalography.
Electroencephalography, or EEG, is a neurological test that uses an electronic monitoring
device to measure and record electrical activity in the brain.
v. Sol.
( )


vi. Conversion of Galvanometer into Ammeter: To convert galvanometer into ammeter,
we connect a very small resistance (shunt resistance) in parallel with it as shown.
Conversion of Galvanometer into voltmeter: To convert galvanometer into voltmeter,

we connect a very high resistance in series with it as shown.
vii. Working of Induction Heater: Induction heater is basically made up of coil. When a
metallic pot is placed on it. Induction heater produces heat in metallic pot by two ways.
i. Current flows through coil and it produces heat by combustion process.
ii. When alternating current passes through it, it produces changing magnetic field.
This changing magnetic field induces eddy current in the metallic pot.
Due to production of extra heat, food in the pot cooks quickly.
viii. Sol. d = 2 cm
( )
From Faraday‟s law of electromagnetic induction; magnitude of induced emf is:
( ) ( ) )

( )

( )

( )( )( )
 ( )
 ( )(( ) )( )
ix. Basic Forces of Nature

There are four fundamental forces; (1) Gravitational force (2) Strong force (3) Electromagnetic
force (4) Weak nuclear force
Electromagnetic Force:
 The electromagnetic force is about 102 times the strength of the strong force.
 It is a long-range force that decreases in strength as the inverse square of the separation
 between interacting particles just like gravity.
 It causes all chemical reactions, binds all atoms, molecules, crystals, tree, building etc.
 Friction, cohesion and adhesion are due to this force.
Gravitational Force:
 Gravitational force is a long-range force that has a strength of only about 1036 times
that of strong force.
 It is the force that holds the planets, stars, and galaxies together
 It also follows inverse square law.
 Its effect on elementary particles is negligible. Thus, the gravitational force is the
weakest of all the fundamental forces.
x. Resonance Frequency for RLC Series Circuit: It is the frequency of AC in RLC series
circuit at which inductive reactance and capacitive reactance are equal.
At f = fr then XL = XC
By solving, we get resonance frequency as:
1
fr 
2 LC
Power Dissipation at Resonance Frequency: At
resonance frequency of AC in RLC series circuit, V
as XL = XC and they are opposite, so they cancel I

each other. Circuit becomes only resistive. For
resistive circuit, we know that voltage and current
are in phase (θ = 0o).So, power factor “cos θ = cos 0o = 1 (maximum). Hence, power
dissipation will be maximum for RLC series circuit at resonance frequency.
xi. Stator is the stationary part of the motor. Rotor is a coil or permanent magnet inside
stator. The stator consists of a group of individual electromagnets i.e. coils arranged in
such a way that they form a hollow cylinder, with one pole of each magnet facing toward
the center of the group. When alternating current passes through electromagnets of stator,
it produces rotating magnetic field. Remember AC passing through its different coils
have phase differences. That‟s why, when first end of the 1st coil has north pole then 2nd
coil will have south pole at its first end. Rotor will be repelled by 1st coil and attracted by
2nd coil. At the very next moment, 2nd coil of stator will have north pole and 3rd coil will
have south pole. So, now, rotor will be repelled by 2nd coil and attracted by 3rd coil and
this process continues. It is how, stator‟s rotating magnetic field helps rotor to rotate
continuously.
xii. Elasticity: If a material is deformed by applying stress and it returns to its original shape/
size after removing stress then its behaviour is called elasticity and the material is called
elastic.
Plasticity
If a material is deformed by applying stress and it does not return to its original shape and
size after removing stress (it is permanently deformed). Then its behaviour is called
plasticity and the material is called plastic.
Stress Strain Curve for Ductile Material:
xiii. Characteristic X-rays:

When a heavy target material is bombarded with a beam of electrons, that has been
accelerated by several keV. Some of these electrons will collide with inner-shell electrons
of the target and knock them out of their respective atoms.
Let a K-shell electron is removed from an atom creating a vacancy for electrons in K-
shell. Then an electron from either, L, M, or N-shell will quickly jump down to fill the
vacancy in the K-shell emitting the excess energy as x-rays photon.
These x-rays consist of series of specific wavelengths
or frequencies and hence are called characteristic x-
rays.
An x-ray photon due to transition from L-shell to the
vacancy in the K-shell is called K characteristic x-
rays. The transition from M- and N-shell to the K-shell
gives rise to K and K characteristic x-rays
respectively.
xiv.
N-type Materials P-type Materials

1. They are formed by doping of pentavalent 1. They are formed by doping of trivalent
impurity. impurity.
2. Pentavalent impurity such as arsenic, 2. Trivalent impurity such as boron, indium or
antimony or bismuth belongs to 5th group. gallium belongs to 3th group.
3. In these materials, majority charge carriers 3. In these materials, majority change carriers
are free electrons. are holes.
4. In these materials minority charge carriers 4. In these materials minority charge carriers
are holes. are free electrons.
5. Impurity atom is donor atom. 5. Impurity atom is acceptor atom.
xv. As base has very small width and it is lightly doped. Due to these characteristics, only few of free
electrons recombine with holes when the charge carriers move from Emitter to Base region.
As Collector-Base junction is reversed biased by battery voltage VCC, which is very much greater
than Emitter-Base junction battery VBB (i.e., VCC  VBB). So the high voltage VCC swept large
number of charge caries from base to the collector region. Hence the collector current will
increase and base current will decrease considerably.
As IE = IB + IC It is clear from equation when Ic is very large, so IB will be very small.
xvi. Uses of LASER

i. Surgical Tool
Laser beams are used as a surgical tool for welding detached retinas.
ii. Destroy Tissue
The narrow intense beam of laser can be used to destroy the tissue in a particular
area. Tiny organelles with the living cell have been destroyed by using laser to
study how the absence of that organelle affects the behavior of cell. This
technique is also used to destroy cancerous cells.
iii. Seal off the Capillaries
The heat of the laser seals off capillaries and lymph vessels to prevent the spread
of disease.
xvii. Beam of orange light contains greater number of photons
Reason
As energy of a photon is
hc
E = hf = (As v = f)

So energy of a photon is
hc
En = n

En
OR n = hc
As En , h and c are same
So nλ
As orange  green
So, orange beam will have greater number of photons.
xviii.
 Materials which retain their magnetism and difficult to demagnetize are
called Hard magnetic Materials. These materials are used for making
permanent magnetic.
 Coercivity and retentivity values are large.
 Magnetic energy stored is high.
 They have large hysteresis loss due to large hysteresis loop area.
xix. When direct current passes through a choke coil, it only opposes the current due to
resistance of its wire. But, when alternating current is passing through the choke coil, it
not only opposes AC due to its resistance but also due to its reactance for AC. In case of
coil, its resistance and reactance are taken in series. Therefore, impedance i.e. opposition
to flow of current is greater for AC than DC.
xx. Wien’s displacement law: At a given temperature T, the emitted energy has maximum
value for a certain wavelength max and product max × T remains constant.
× T = constant =>
So, the increase in temperature causes the shift the shorter wave length.
This is called Wein‟s displacement law. The value of this constant is 2.9 × 10-3 mK.
Stefan-Boltzmann Law: Boltzmann law states that the amount of energy of all wavelength
radiate per second per unit surface area of a black body is directly proportional to the fourth
power of its absolute temperature T.
T4
T4 ----- (3)
Where is a constant called Boltzmann constant. Its value is 5.67 10-8 W.
SECTION C
Ans 3a.
Energy Stored in a Capacitor:
Let us suppose that initially the capacitor is uncharged when voltage is zero. When
it is connected to source of potential difference V, it is charged. Initially, when the
capacitor is uncharged, the potential difference between the plates is zero (Vi = 0).
Finally when charge +Q and (–Q) are deposited on the plates, the potential difference
between the plates becomes V (Vf= V).
So, average potential difference Vav between plates of capacitor is:

0V 1
V
Vav = 2 = 2
Thus the energy stored in a capacitor, is
Electric P.E. = W = Q Vav
1
= Q ( V)
2
QV
Electric P.E. (UE) = …. (1)
2
Where Q is the charge on a capacitor with a voltage V
applied. Charge and voltage are related to the capacitance C of
a capacitor by Q = CV and so the expression for U can be
written in three equivalent expression as:
QV
UE = 2
( )
=
CV2
UE = …. (2)
2
Put in equation (1), we get:
Q2
UE = --- (3)
2C
Electric P.E. in the Form of Electric Field
We know that
V=Ed
and
Aro
C= d
Substituting these values in Eq. (2), We get
1 A ro
UE = 2× d ×(Ed)2
1
UE = ro E2 × (Ad) …. (4)
2
Ans 3b. Determination of e/m for an electron:

When an electron is thrown perpendicular to the magnetic field, magnitude of magnetic force
FB(max) experienced by charge acts as centripetal force. (i.e. FBmax = qvB sin900 = q v B)
So,
Fc = FB
mv2
r = evB
e v
m = Br
Practically we shot beam of electrons into a magnetic field of known value, so B is known.
Calculation of radius of circular path:
Radius of the electrons can be measured by making their path visible by colliding them with a gas
like hydrogen or helium in a tube place in uniform magnetic field. Electrons excite the atoms of the gas
and their de-excitation causes emission of visible blue light. So, the path becomes visible.
Measurement of Velocity
For the velocity of the electrons, their kinetic energy is measured by passing them through a
potential difference of known value. Since:
K.E. = W
1
mv2 = Ve
2
2Ve
or v=
m
Ans 3c.
Sol.
R1 R3
ε1 I1 I2 R4
R2 ε2
Let I1 and I2 be currents in each loop and both currents are flowing in clockwise direction.
Apply KVL on first loop;
 ( ) ( )





Apply KVL on second loop;
 ( ) ( )
 ( ) ( )





Negative sign shows that direction of current is opposite to our imagined direction of current i.e.
direction of current in second loop is anti-clockwise (not clockwise).
Ans 4a. Transformer:
Transformer is an electrical device which changes a given AC voltage into a larger or
smaller AC voltage.
Principle:
It works on the principle of mutual induction between two coils wound on same iron
Iron Core
Secondary Coil
Primary Coil
core.
Construction
It consists of two coils of copper wire which are magnetically linked to each other
(no electrical connection).
Primary coil: The coil to which A. C input power is supplied is called primary coil.
Secondary coil: The coil which delivers power to the output circuit is called secondary
coil.
Coils are wound on the laminated iron core.
Working:
Current passing through the primary coil creates a magnetic field. The primary
and secondary coils are wrapped around iron core, so that most of the magnetic flux
passes through both the primary and secondary coils. So, the flux through the primary
and secondary coil is same. The changing magnetic flux through the primary coil give
rise to an induced e.m.f „Vs‟ in the secondary coil according to faraday‟s law of e.m.
induction.
Derivation:
Number of turns of the primary coil= Np
Number of turns of the secondary coil= Ns
According to Faraday‟s law of electromagnetic induction the emf induced across the
secondary coil is,

Vs = Ns ____________ (1)
t
Since same magnetic flux passes through primary and secondary coil in an ideal
transformer, therefore voltage across primary coil is given by:

Vp = Np ____________ (2)
t
Transformation Ratio
Dividing equation (2) by (1)

Ns
Vs
 t
Vp 
Np
t
Vs N
 s
Vp Np
This equation is called transformation ratio.
Ans 4b.
Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle
It states that it is impossible to measure the position and momentum of a particle at same
instant with unlimited precision.
Mathematically,
(x)(p)  h
Explanation:
Suppose we want to measure the position and momentum of an electron at a given
instant. Let, light of wavelength „‟ is used light to measure the position and momentum
of electron.
Uncertainty in Position:
When a photon strikes an electron, it will change the position of electron within its own
wavelength.
i.e., x   ……(1)
Where „x‟ is the uncertainty in position of the electron and „‟ is the wavelength of
photon.
In order to reduce the uncertainty in position, we must use light of short wavelength.
Uncertainty in Momentum
In order to measure momentum of electron, when this photon strikes the electron, the
maximum uncertainty of the measurement of momentum P is given by
h
P  …(2)

In order to reduce the uncertainty in momentum, we must use the light of longer
wavelength.
Equation (1) shows that, in order to reduce to uncertainty in position (x), we must use
light of shorter wavelength and eq. (2) shows that in order to reduce the uncertainty in
momentum (P), we must use light of longer wavelength. Thus, there are uncertainties.
Multiplying these two uncertainties, i.e., eq. (1) and eq. (2)
h
(x).(P)    

or (x)(P)  h
This is the mathematical form of uncertainty principle.
Ans 4c.
Given:
Vrms = 220 V
f = 50 Hz
R = 2.5 Ω
L = 6 mH = 6 x 10-3 H
C = 6.5F = 6.5 x 10-6 F
To Find:
(i) XL = ?
(ii) XC = ?
(iii) Z = ?
(iv) I = ?
Solution:
(i) XL = 2 π f L
 XL = (2) (3.14) (50) (6 x 10-3) = 1884 x 10-3 Ω
 XL = 1.884 Ω = 1.9 Ω
(ii) ( )( )( )( )
 Ω
 XL = 490 Ω
(iii) Since X = Xc - XL = 490 – 1.9 = 488.1 Ω
For RLC series circuit
√
√ √ = 488 Ω
(iv) I=
Ans 5a.
Mass Spectrograph
It is a device with the help of which
i. We can separate isotopes of any element can be separated from one another
ii. Their masses can also be determined quite accurately.
Principle: A mass spectrograph is based upon the principle that a beam of ions moving through
electric and magnetic fields suffers a deflection that depends upon the charge and masses of the
ions.
Working: A simple mass spectrograph is shown in (fig). The atoms or molecules of the elements
under investigation, in vapour form, are ionized in the ion source S. As a result of ionization, one
electron is removed from the particles, leaving with a net positive charge +q on the positive ions,
escaping the slit S1 are accelerated through a potential difference V applied between two slits
S1and S2.
The ion passes through slit S2 in the form of a narrow beam. The K.E of single charged
ion at the slit S2 will be given by
K.E. = W
K.E. = Vq
1
or mv 2 = Vq
2
or mv2 = 2Vq
v2 =
v =√ … (1)
The ions are then subjected to a perpendicular and

uniform magnetic field B in a vacuum chamber, where they
are deflected in semi-circular paths towards a detector due
to action of magnetic force on them. The detector records
the number of ions arriving per second. The centripetal force
applied by magnetic fields is given by
Magnetic Force = Centripetal Force
Fm = FC
mv 2
qvB =
r
mv
qB =
r
m= …. (2)
Putting the value of „v‟ from equation (1) in (2) we get
m=
√
Squaring both sides, we get
m2 =
m2 =
2
qr 
m =  B2 … (3)
 2V 
We can therefore, compute the mass m of the ion if r, B, q and V are known.
We can also write (Eq.3) in the form r2 =
Taking square root of both sides
2Vm
r= … (4)
B2 q
This relation shows that if V, B and q to be constant, r depends upon the mass m of the
ion. Thus, ions of different masses will strike the photographic plate at different places, so,
therefore, different isotopes can be separated from one another.
Ans 5b.
CT Scanner
A „normal‟ X-ray gives only limited information because it is rather like a shadow
picture-fine detail within the image may be invisible especially if one organ lies in front of the
region of the body being studies. To give a high-quality image, CT scans are used to identify
internal structures of various part of the human body. CT Scans Machine is 3D machine with
computer model.
In the CT scanner, there is one X-ray source but a large number of detectors.
 The source and the detectors are mounted in a large ring-shaped machine and the patient is
placed inside this on a couch. Each detector records an image and the source and detectors
are then rotated around the patient to give views from a variety of direction. The image is
called a tomogram. The couch and patient are then moved along the axis of the machine
and another set of images is taken.
 This large number of images (many hundreds) are then combined by a computer to give a
composite detailed 3D image of the organs under investigation. The development of the CT
scanner has been of enormous help in the study of the tumours in cancer patients where
images of high quality are essential.
Ans 5c.
Sol.
Mass of proton = 1.007276 u
Mass of neutron = 1.008665 u
Mass of α particle = 4.002603 u
Number of protons = 2
Number of neutrons = 2
B.E. of α particle = ?
Calculation for the Binding Energy of α particle:
mass defect m = Zmp + Nmn  mα
= 2mp + 2mn  mα
= 2 × 1.007276u + 2 × 1.008665u  4.002603u
= 2.014552u + 2.01733u  4.002603u
= 4.031882u  4.002603u
m = 0.029279u
Since 1u = 931 MeV
B.E. = 0.029279 u × 931 MeV/u
B.E. = 27.258749 MeV = 27.3 MeV

Physics

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Physics

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Version No.

4. How many electrons on a body will be established by a charge of one coulomb?

5. A capacitor acts like a perfect insulator for:

7. A straight current carrying conductor experiences maximum magnetic force in a uniform

9. The unit “henry” is used for:

12. The conductivity of good conductors is:

14. Electromagnetic radiations transport energy equal to:

16. Strong nuclear force exists between:

17. The amount of energy equivalent to 1 a.m.u. is:

Time allowed: 2.35 hours Total Marks: 68

SECTION – B (Marks 42)

vi. Why is cyclotron not suitable to accelerate neutron?

ix. Define mutual-inductance and self-inductance and their unit henry.

xv. When is Compton shift maximum?

xvi. Show that de-Broglie wave length is: 𝜆 =

xvii. What is population inversion?

xix. Differentiate between hadrons and leptons.

SECTION – C (Marks 26)

Q.2 Attempt FOURTEN parts from following. (3x14= 42)

Total marks 11 10 19 17 7 8 9 11 9 15 116 100%

9. The unit “henry” is used for:

12. The conductivity of good conductors is:

14. Electromagnetic radiations transport energy equal to:

16. Strong nuclear force exists between:

17. The amount of energy equivalent to 1 a.m.u. is:

Time allowed: 2.35 hours Total Marks: 68

SECTION – B (Marks 42)

Answer: The terminal potential difference of a battery is

vi. Why is cyclotron not suitable to accelerate neutron?

Answer: Induced emf E=Bvl

ix. Define mutual-inductance and self-inductance and their unit henry.

Answer: Superconductors provide significantly higher current densities and smaller

xv. When is Compton shift maximum?

SECTION – C (Marks 26)

Answer: The main difference between intrinsic and extrinsic semiconductor is

b. Briefly explain an electric polarization. (3)

Answer: An A.C. generator is an electronic device used to convert mechanical energy

b. A simple AC generator consists of N=10 turns coil of area A=1200cm2 which

Answer: Number of turns N=10 turns

Thus, for hydrogen,

PHYSICS HSSC–II (2nd Set)

(9) For long distance electrical power transmission, we use:

(10) The quantity that remains constant in a transformer is:

(13) The potential difference across the silicon PN junction is:

(14) The radius of 10th orbit in hydrogen atom is

(16) Which phenomenon does NOT verify particle nature of light?

Time allowed: 2.35 hours Total Marks: 68

SECTION – B (Marks 42)

13.005739 u and neutron is 1.008665 u.

SECTION – C (Marks 26)

Total marks 18 16 10 15 5 7 7 10 14 14 116 100%

PHYSICS HSSC–II (2nd Set Solution)

(9) For long distance electrical power transmission, we use:

(10) The quantity that remains constant in a transformer is:

(13) The potential difference across the silicon PN junction is:

(14) The radius of 10th orbit in hydrogen atom is

(16) Which phenomenon does NOT verify particle nature of light?

Time allowed: 2.35 hours Total Marks: 68

SECTION – B (Marks 42)

ii. Define resistivity. How does it depend upon temperature?

iii. Describe a circuit which will give continuously

v. What will happen if the frequency of AC across an inductor is increased?

ix. A 220V, 50Hz, AC source is connected to an inductance of 0.2H and a resistance

Formula: Z=√𝑅 2 + 𝑋𝐿 2 = √𝑅 2 + (2πfL)2 (1 mark)