BALLISTIC RESEARCH LABORATORIES

REPORT NO. ll83

DECEMBER 1962

THE SIMULATION OF INTERIOR BALLISTIC PERFORMANCE OF

GUNS BY DIGITAL COMPUTER PROGRAM

Paul G. Baer

Jerome M. Frankle

Interior Ballistics Laboratory

This do cur each transmittal

to foreigr Approved for public release- only with prior
approval (
Center, AI
n·IS tn.b ut'.IOD IS. Unhmited
. . .rch and Development

RDT & E Project No. 1M010501A004

AB E RDE E N P R0 V I NG G R 0 U N D, MARYLAND
 ERRATA-BRLR 1183

pg 8 m. specific mass of i th propellant, lb-mol/lb

1

pg 9 R Universal Gas Constant, in-lb/lb-mol-°K

T initial temperature of gun, °K
s
pg 14 c- -c- = m.R
pi v1 1 n
pg 15
dx (in Eq(J4)) v (-~-l_c_i_T_o_i_ _ - T) v2

12 x 0 • 38 c 1. 5 ( xm + 0) ~ c.
A i=l 1
pg 16 Eh = ----------------------------------------------

f (ot:: ::~sm]
and
2
pg 23
+ vm
1
i=l

pg 19
and (1-a )n'+l
0
pg 24

pg 46 Bl6 IF (Yl>O)GOTO(B17)%Yl=O% IF(Y3 etc

J. M. Frankie
 BALLISTIC RESEARCH LABORATORIES

REPORT NO. 1183

PGBaer/JMFrankle/mec
Aberdeen Proving Ground, Md.
December 1962

THE SIMULATION OF INTERIOR BALLISTIC PERFORMANCE OF

GUNS BY DIGITAL COMPUTER PROGRAM

ABSTRACT

When non-conventional guns are to be considered or when detailed design

information is required, interior ballistic calculations become more difficult
and time-consuming. To deal with these problems, the equations which describe
the interior ballistic performance of guns and gun-like weapons have been pro-
grammed for the high-speed digital computers available at the.Ballistic Research
Laboratories. The major innovation contained in the equations derived in this
report is the provision for use of propellant charges made uP of several pro-
pellants of different chemical compositions and different granulations. Re-
sults obtained by the method deacr~bed in this report compare favorably with
those of other interior ballistic systems. In addition, considerably more de-
tail is obtained in far less time. A comparison with experimental data from
well-instrumented gun-firings .is also presented to demonstrate the validity of
this method of computation.
Page intentionally blank
 TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page

LIST OF SYMBOLS 7
INTRODUCTION . . . 11

INTERIOR BALLISTIC THEORY 12

Interior Ballistic System 12

Energy Equation . 13
Equation of State 17
Mass-Fraction Burning Rate Equation . 20
Equations of Projectile Motion 21
Summary of Interior Ballistic Equations 23
COMPUTATION ROUTINE 25
Preliminary Routine . 25
Main Routine . . . . . 26
Options to Routine 28
DISCUSSION . 29
LIST OF REFERENCES . 31
APPENDICES . . • . . 33
A. Form Function Equations 35
B. Computation Routine • 41
C. Input and Output Data . 49
D. Comparison of Experimental and Predic,ted
Performance for Typical l05mm Howitzer Firing .... 65
DISTRIBUTION LIST ........ . .. . ......... 69

5
Page intentionally blank
 LIST OF SYMBOLS

2
a acceleration of projectile, in./sec

a constant defined by Equation (28a), dimensionless

0

A area of base of projectile including appropriate portion of rotating

2
band, in.

bi covolume of i th propellant, in.3/lb

c diameter of bore, in.

c specific heat at constant volume of i th propellant (c is a function

vi ofT), in.-lb/lb-°K vi

mean value of specific heat at constant volume of i th propellant

{over temperature range T toT ), in.-lb/lb-°K
oi
mean value of specific heat at constant pressure of i th propellant
(over temperature range T toT ), in:-lb/lb-°K
oi
initial weight of i th propellant, lb

initial weight of igniter, lb

diameter of perforation in i th propellant grains, in.

incremental time, sec

dT incremental temperature, °K

dx incremental distance traveled by projectile, in.

dz.. -1
~ mass fraction burning rate for i th propellant, sec
dt
Di outside diameter of i th propellant grains, in.

Eh energy lost due to ·heat loss, in.-lb

E kinetic energy of propellant gas and unburned propellant, in.-lb

p
E energy lost due to bore friction and engraving of rotating band, in.-lb
pr
fi functional relationship between Si and zi

Fa resultant axial force on projectile, lb

7
Ff frictional force on projectile, lb

F. "force" of i th propellant, in.-lb/lb

-~

FI "force" of igniter propellant, in.-lb/lb

F propulsive force on base of projectile, lb

p
F gas retardation force, lb
r
2
g constant for conversion of weight units to mass units, in./sec

G functional relationship between p and x

r
K burning rate velocity coefficient, in.
v
sec in./sec

K burning rate displacement coefficient, in.

X
sec-in.

length of i th propellant grains, in.

specific mass of i th propellant, lb-mols/mol

M mass of projectile, slugs/12

n number of propellants, dimensionless

n' ratio defined by Equation (28b), dimensionless

number of perforations in i th propellant grains, dimensionless

p space-mean pressure resulting from burning i propellants, psi

pressure on base of projectile, psi

pressure of gas ·or air ahead of projectile, psi

space-mean pressure resulting from burning of i th propellant, psi

igniter pressure, psi

breech pressure, psi

resistance pressure, psi

Q energy released by burning propellant, in.-lb

linear burning rate of i th propellant, in./sec

r' adjusted linear burning rate of i th propellant, in./sec

i

8
 functional relationship between ri and p
2
surface area of partially burned i th propellant grain, in.
2
surface area of an unburned i th propellant grain, in.

t time, sec
0
T mean temperature of propellant gases, K
0
adiabatic flame temperature of i th propellant, K

0
adiabatic flame temperature of igniter propellant, K
0
temperature of unburned solid propellant, K
two times the distance each surface of i th propellant grains has receded
at a given time, in.

u internal energy of propellant gases, in.-lb

v velocity of projectile, in./sec

v velocity of projectile at muzzle of gun, in./sec

m
v specific volume of propellant gas, in. 3/lb

vc volume behind projectile available for propellant gas, in. 3

volume of an unburned i th propellant grain, in. 3

v0 volume of empty gun chamber, in. 3

w external work done on projectile, in.-lb

wp weight of projectile, lb

X travel of projectile, in.

X travel of projectile when base reaches muzzle, in.

m
fraction of mass of i th propellant burned, dimensionless

fraction of mass of igniter burned, dimensionless

burning rate exponent for i th propellant, dimensionless

burning rate coefficient for i th propellant, in. - 1

sec ps io:

y' effective ratio of specific heats as defined by Equation (27a), dimensionless

ratio of specific heats for i th propellant, dimensionless

ratio of specific heats for igniter propellant, dimensionless

Pidduck-Kent constant, dimensionless

density of i th solid propellant, lb/in.3

10
 INTRODUCTION

The interior ballistician must frequently predict the interior ballistic

performance of guns. In some instances, it is sufficient to calculate muzzle
velocity and maximum chamber pressure for a conventional gun f~om a knowledge
of the propellant charge, the projectile weight, and the gun characteristics.
This calculation is usually referred to as the classical central problem (l)*
of interior ballistics. When non-conventional guns are considered or when
detailed design information is required, it is necessary to know more than
these two salient values. For the more demanding problems, complete interior
ballistic trajectories may have to be calculated. These trajectories consist
of displacement, velocity, and acceleration of the projectile and chamber pres-
sure, all as functions of time.

The literature of interior ballistics contains descriptions of many methods

2
for solving the problem of predicting the performance of guns. (l) ( ) Methods,
varying from the purely empirical to the "exact" theoretical, have been devised
in tables, graphs, nomograms, slide rules, and simplified equations solved in
closed-form. Some of these methods require data from the firing of the gun
being considered or from a very similar gun. All of these methods require some
simplification of the basic equations of interior ballistics.

To eliminate the restrictions imposed by assumptions made only to facil-

itate the mathematical solution of the problem, the interior ballistic equations
have been programmed for high-speed electronic computers. Both analog and dig-
ital computers have been used to calculate detailed interior ballistic trajec-
tories. There are advantages and disadvantages associated with each type of
computer. Several years ago, ( 3) the interior ballistic equations were pro-
grammed for the digital computers** available here at the Ballistic Research
Laboratories. Since that time, considerable use has been made of this program
for studying gun and gun-like systems and for routine calculations.

* Superscripts indicate references listed at the end of this report.

** Although the interior ballistic equations were originally programmed only
for the ORDVAC, ( 4) they have been recently reprogrammed in more general
form (5) for the ORDVAC and the newer BRLESC. ( 4 )

11
 The computer program described in this report has been deSigned to solve
a set of non-linear, ordinary differential and algebraic equations which simu-
late the interior
. ballistic performance of a gun. In this method, the usual
.
set of equations which pertains to the burning of. a . single propellant has been
modified to account for the burning of composite charges, i.e., charges made
up of several propellants of different chemical compositions and different
. *
granulations. The computer program may be suitab~ modified to study non-
conventional guns and gun-like systems. A number of these optional programs
have been devised and used extensively. **
INTERIOR BALLISTIC T.HEORY

Interior Ballistic 8ystem

The basic components of the . interior ballistic system for a conventional
~ are shown 1n Figure 1. A set of equations can be formulated which math-
ematically describes the distribut~on of energy originating from the burning

CHAMBER
TUBE

~:
'
... ' . ' , .. ,
I I ' /
/·- 11
/

PROPELLANT· IGNITION SYSTEM

Figure 1. Basic Components of the Interior Ball.istic

System for a Conventional Gun

* The present ·program can be operated with as many as five different types of
propellant charges for each problem.
** See Section entitled Qptions to Routine.

12
propellant and the subsequent motion of the components of the system. In the
development which follows, two major assumptions are made to account for the
behavior of composite charges:

1. The total chemical energy available is the simple sum of the chemical
energies of the individual propellants.

2. The total gas pressure is the simple sum of the "partial.pressures"

resulting from the burning of the individual propellants.

Energy Equation

Application of the law of conservation of energy leads to the energy equa-

tion of interior ballistics. This may be written as:

Energy.Released Internal Energy + External + Secondary

=
by Burning Propellant of Propellant Gases Work Done Energy Losses
on Projectile (1)

or:

Q = U + W + Losses {la)

In Equation (la) the energy released by the burning propellant (Q) is assumed
to be equal to the simple sum of the energies released by the individual pro~

pellants as previously stated. Therefore:

n T

Q = L [ciz1 /Oo1 cvi dT]

(2)
1=1

Because of gas expansion and external work performed in a gun, the gas temper-
ature is less than the adiabatic. flame temperature (T ). The internal energy
oi
of the gas (U) is then:

(3)
The external work done on the projectile is given by:

{4)

13
 Substituting Equations (2), (3), and (4) into Equation (la) gives:
n T n
L (c z J
i=1 1 1
. 0
01
cv dT)
i
= L (c z f i
i =1
1 1
0
cv dT] +A Jxpb dx +Losses
0

which may be rewritten as:

n T
L[cizi
i=l
J
T
oi cv
i
dT] = A fo X
Ib dx + Losses (5)

As the c do not vary greatly over the temperature ranges from T to T ,

vi oi

they can .be replaced with mean values (c ). Integration of Equation ( 5)

vi
gives:
n

.I =A J 0
X
pb dx + Losses (6)
i;::;1
and solving for T:

Losses

T =
(7)

Next, .the "force" of each propellant is defined by:

F = m RT
1 i oi (8)
and the well-known relations:

(9)

·and:
=

(10)
are introduced.

14
Combination of Equations (9) and (10) gives:
cvi (r1 - 1) = m1R (11)

Substitution of Equation (11) into Equation (8) gives:

F.
=---.;.;..~--

(12)

Finally, substitution of Equation (12) into Equation (7) gives Resal's equation
in the form:

X
( p dx - Losses
Jo b

I
1=1
(:yi - l) T
01 (13)
For most problems, it is convenient to assume the igniter completely burned
(z = 1) at zero-time. Equation (13) may be restated as:
1

[I
i=l
FiCizi] + FICI
r 1 -l0 r 1 -l
A j pb dx - Losses

[f
T =--------~-------~-------------------
FiCizi ] + , FI.CI
)
i = 1 ( r i -1 )To ( r I -1) Toi
. i (14)
X . .
The terms A . J
0
~ dx and Losses of Equation (14) can now be considered

in more detail. The work done on ~he projectile results in an equivalent gain
in kinetic energy of the projectile except for losses. Including these losses
under the general category of energy losses:

·x
A f0 pb (15)

15
 According to Hunt, ( 2 ) the energy losses to be considered are:
{1) kinetic energy of propellant gas and unburned propellant,
(2) kinetic energy of recoiling parts of gun and carriage,
{3) heat energy lost to the gun,
(4) strain energy of the gun,
(5) energy lost in engraving the rotating band and in overcoming friction
down the bore,
and
{6) rotational energy of the projectile.
For discussion of each type of secondary energy loss, see Reference (2).
Types (2), (4), and (6) are estimated to be less than one percent for each
category and have been neglected here.
The kinetic energy of propellant gas and unburned propellant can be repre-
sented by ( 6 )

(16)
The energy losses resulting from beat lost to the gun can be ·est1mated by a
2
semi-empirical relationship described by Hunt:( )

2
v
. 0. )8C 1. 5

~+ (r
0.6c 2.175 d 2
vm
ct) 0.8375
i:;:;:;l (17)

At the present time, the introduction of a more sophisticated treatment of heat

loss, with its attendant complexity, does not seem to be warranted. Such a
substitution can be made if and when it appears desirable.

16
 The final energy losses to be considered here consist of those r esulting
from engraving of the rotating band, f riction between the moving projectile
and the gun tube, and acceleration of air ahead of the projectile . Individual
estimates of these ·are difficult to make , so they have been grouped as resis -
tive pressure i n the f orm:
X

Ep r x
= Afpd
r 0 (18)
The p versus x function is discussed in greater detail in the sect ion concern-
r
ing forces act i ng on the projectile.

Substitution of Equations (15), (16), (17), and (18) into Equation (14)
computer program:

Lf Pr dx-~
T = -------------------------------------------------------------------~o_________________

(19)

Equation of State

The pressure acting on the base of the projectile can be calculated from
a series of equations, once the temperature of the gas i s determined from the
energy equation. Generally, · the equation of state for an ideal gas takes the
form:

(20)

where V
1
= t he volume per un1 t mass of i t h propellant gas .

Now,
. define Vc , the volume behind the projectile which i s available fo r pro-
pellant gas, as:

17
Volume Available Initial Empty Volume Resulting
for Propellant = Chamber Volume + from Projectile
Gas Motion

Volume Occupied Volume Occupied

by Unburned by Gas Molecules
Solid Propellant (covolume) (21)
n n
or: vc = vo + Ax - I ci (l-z ) -I
1 . i=l
Cizibi
1=1 pi (22)
B.y the definitions of Equations (20) and (21),
vc

(23)
Substit ut ing Equations (8) and (23) into Equation (20) and rearranging gives :

(24)

If the b are assumed ·to be constants over the temperature range from T to
1
T , and if the total gas pressure is taken as the simple sum of the "partial
0
pr~ssures" resulting from the burning of the individual propellants as pre-
viously stated, then:

Ii=l
(25)
As before, if it is assumed that the igniter is completely burned (z
1
= l)
at zero-time , Equation (25) may be restated as:

-P= .vT
c (26)

18
 - given by Equation (26) is used in the cal-
The space -mean pressure, p,
culation of t he fraction of propellant burned at any time. This relationship
is discussed in the section concerning burning rates. There is, however, a
pr essure gradient from the breech of the gun to the base of the projectile
which must be considered in developing the equations of motion for the pro-
jectile . This pressure - gradient problem was first considered by Lagrange and
is commonly referred to as the Lagrange Ballistic Problem. Later studies in
this area were made by Love and Pidduck, (7) Kent, ( 8 ) and other s . For this
computer program, the improved Pidduck-Kent solution developed by Vinti and
Kravitz ( 6) has been used:

-
p

1 +
wp 0 (27) *
I n addition the breech pressure , p ., is calculated by the method contained
0
in Reference (6) . This is the pressure usually measured in experimental inte -
rior ball i sti c studies:

p
o =(
1 -a )-n•-1 ·
0
(28)

2 (n'+l)
where: +

(28a)

* In Reference (6), t he determination of B depends on t he ratio of specific

beats, 7• For composite char ges , an effective value n
is used for. t his purpose. '
[..; ciri
r ' = .;;;i=_l.;;;__ __
n

(27a)
19
 1
and n' =
)'I -1 (28b)

Mass-Fraction Burning Rate Equation

Both the energy equation (Equation (19)) and the equation of state (Equa-
tion (26))·are algebraic equations whose solutions depend upon the solutions
of several non-linear, ordinary differential equations. The mass-fraction burn-
ing rate equation expresses the rate of consumption of solid propellant and
hence the rate of evolution of propellant gas. This may be written as:

dz. l
J. = si r.
J.
dt v (29)
gi

where: ri R. (p)
J. (30)

and: (31)

For most gun propellants, Equation (30) may be quite satisfactorily stated as:

For certain propellants, including those plateau ~d mesa types used in

solid-fuel rockets, Equation (32) will not suffice for gun calculations. In
these cases, it is preferable to make use of a tabular listing of r. 1 s and
J.
corresponding p1 s (Equation ( 30 )) and to interpolate for the desired r i. The
r. 1 s calculated by either Equation (30) or Equation (32) are closed chamber
J.
burning rates. As discussed in later sections of this report, these burning
rates may be increased by addition of factors proportional to the velocity and
displacement of the projectile in the following manner:

(32a)

20
 Similarly, the form function described by Equation (31) may be stated
in one of several ways. In many interior ballistic systems, the form function
is chosen for convenience of analytical solution. Where routine nun~rical

computations are handled by use of a high-speed digital computer, the geomet-

rical form of the propellant grain may be used to obtain the functional rela-
tionship, fi, between Si and zi. For the usual grain shapes encountered, these
equations are given in Appendix A. This Appendix also contains the method for
handling such equations in the computer routine. To extend these equations to
include propellant slivering see Reference (9).

Equations of Projectile Motion

The translational motion of the projectile down the gun tube may be cal-
culated from the forces acting on the projectile. Figure 2 shows the axial
forces considered in determining the resultant force.

Figure 2. Axial Forces Acting on Projectile

The propulsive force, F , is that resulting from the pryssure of the

p
propellant gas on the base of the projectile according to:

F
p
= pb A (33)

where-pb is obtained from Equation (27).

The frictional force, Ff, is the retarding force developed by resistance
between the bearing surfaces of the projectile and the ins.ide of the gun tube.
This is usually the resistance between the rotating band and the rifling of
the tube and includes the force required to engrave the rotating band. It ~

be expressed as:

F
f
= pr A (34)

21
 The determination of p is difficult in most cases. Many · interior
r
ballistic solutions use an increased projectile mass (approximately 5~) to
account for its effect. There are several disadvantages inherent in such a
treatment. Although the muzzle velocity may be calculated reasonably well,
the detailed trajector,y Will be altered considerably. It is not possible to
simulate the case where a projectile lodges in the bore (see Reference (10)
for experimental trajectories for this condition). For this computer program,
experimental data of the type given in Reference (11) may be used by insert-
ing a tabulation of the function:

p
r
= G(x) (34a)

The gas -retardation force, F , is that which results from the press ure
:r
of air or gas ahead of the projectile, stated as:

F
r
= p gA (35)

where p is small enough to be neglected except for v~ry high velocit y systems,
g
light gas guns, and other special applications. In the discussion of the Energy
Equation in the Interior Ballistic Theory Section, p was considered a part of p .
g r
The resultant force in the axial direction is then:

F=F-F-F (36)
a p f r

or:

F
a = A(pb - pg - p r ) . ( 37)

The acceleration of the projectile, by Newton's second law of motion,

is: A(pb - p g - pr)
a = -------------
M (38)
or: Ag (p - p - p )
b g r
a=
wp (39)

22
 dv dx
Since a= dt and v = dt' the velocity of the projectile is given by:
t

v = J 0
a dt
(40)

and the displacement of the projectile is given by:

t
X = f V dt
0 (41)

Summary of Interior Ballistic Equations

The equations which are used in the computer program are now summarized
for ease of reference.

Energy Equation
n

F.I Ic
-- - 2
v2 ~W I ci) - A
+ i=1
1 -1 g P T
I I

(19)

v
0.3.8c 1. 5 (xm + Ao)
where:

o. 6c 2.175
2
1 +" ----- v
m
0.8375

(17)

23
Equation of State .

p" ~c [(tl :;:izi) + (26)

where: V =V +Ax-
e o
(22)

-
p
P-o= n
2: c1
i=l
1+
wp 8 (27)

p =- --
0 (l -a )-n'-1
0 ( 28)

Mass-Fraction Burning-Rate Eqaations

dz 1
1 = si ri
crt v ( 29)
gi

a.
ri = 131 (p) ~
(32)

or:

r 1
i
= ri + K
V
v + .K
X
x (32a)
 Equations of Projectile MOtion

a = Ag (pb - pg - pr)
wp (39)

v = / 0
a dt
(40)

x=
/
0
v dt
(41)

CO~UTATION ROUTINE

The set of non-linear, ordinar,y differential and al~ebraic equations,

summarized at the end of the previous section, simulates the interior ballistic
performance of a gun or gun-like system. A numerical computation. routine has
been devised for t he simultaneous solution of these equations. The general-
ized flow-diagram for the routine is presented in Appendix B. Using the FORAST
language, ( 5) the solution has been programmed for the ORDVAC and BRLESC com-
puters.

Preliminary Routine

To reduce computation time and conserve meJOOr,y space, a preliroinar,y routine

has been introduced. Here all data required for the computation are read into
the computer, constant groupings (e.g.,

ci
' ' , etc., are calculated and stored

for subsequent use, and data to permanently identify the computer run are print-
ed out. A complete listing of required input data may be found in Appendix C.

25
Main Routine

The main computational routine is presented in the generalized flow-

diagram of Appendix B. To follow the procedure, consider the three sequential
phases of the problem:

Phase I - From time of ignition until the projectile starts to move.

Phase II - From time of initial projectile motion until all propellants
are consumed.
Phase III - From time of propellant burnout until projectile leaves the
gun muzzle.
At the time of ignition (Phase I begins), it is assumed that the igniter
is completely burned (zi = 1) and none of the other propellants have started
to burn (all z i = 0). The space -mean pressure, cons:l.sting only of the igniter
pressure, is calculated from:
FICI
p = p
I
= v-
c (42)
Equation (42) is derived from Equations (19) and (26) by means of the simpli-
fying ignition assumptions stated above.

The linear burning rate for each propellant can now be determined from
either Equation (30) or Equation (32) in combination with Equation (32a). If
the interpolation indicated by use of Equation (30) is selected, the general-
ized interpolation sub-routine* is employed. The mass-fractions burned, zi•s,
during a small time interval, dt, are determined by integration of Equation
(29). The surface areas of the unburned propellant (see Appendix A) are used
in this initial calculation. The Runga-Kutta method of numerical integration,
as modified by Gill, (l2 ) is commonly used for the solution of sets of or-
dinary differential equations and has been employed here.

Calculation of the temperature, T, from Equation (19) and the volume

available for propellant gas, V , from Equation (22), will allow the calcu-
c
lation of the new space-mean pressure, p, at time, dt, from Equation (26). The
surface areas of the now partially burned propellants are computed from equa-
tions presented in Appendix A. All results of interest are printed-out at this
time ** and these results used as initial conditions for calculations during

* See Reference (18) for interpolation by divided differences.

** See Appendix C for listing of output data.

26
the ensuing time-interval. Those terms in Equations (17), (19), and (22) which
involve velocity or displacement are zero during this phase of the computation.
This calculation-loop is continued until the space-mean pressure exceeds a
pre-selected "shot-start" pressure and the projectile starts to move. Phase I,
which has been arbitrarily defined, ends at this time.

Phase II requires the addition of the equations of motion to the sequence

followed during Phase I. Equations (27), (39), (40), and (41) are used to cal-
culate the values of the acceleration, velocity, and displacement of the pro-
jectile at the end of each time interval. Integration specified in Equations
(40) and (41) is again performed by the Runga-Kutta-Gill method. Values of
velocity and displacement are now available for use in terms of Equations (17),
(19), and (22). To compute values for E- = A [ x p dx, which is one of
· -~r 0 r
the terms in Equation (19), the generalized interpolation sub-routine must be
used to obtain p from the tabular information described by Equation (?4a).
r
This integration is performed by use of the Trapezoidal Rule.*

As time is increased by the addition of small time-interVals, calculations

during Phase II are continued around this expanded loop with print-out of appro-
priate results at the end of each time interval. One at a time, the propellants
are completely consumed and this phase is ended. A series of switches has been
incorporated in the program to circumvent the necessity of introducing propel-
lants in any special order. In fact, it may not always be ~ossible to predict
the exact order in which several different propellants will be burned out. The
combination of the propellant switches and the start-of-motion switch makes it
possible to handle problems where one or more propellants burn out before the
projectile starts to move.

With all propellants consumed, Phase III begins. The mass-fractions burned
have all become unity and the equations concerned with burning (Equations (29),
(31), and (30) or (32)) are eliminated from the loop. As in the other phases,

* Although the Trapezoidal Rule is a relatively crude method for numerical

integration, the accuracy of the pr versus x data available does not warrant
a more accurate and hence more complex method.

27
results are printed-out at the end of each time-interval. A continual check
is made of the displacement of the projectile to determine whether or not it
has reached the muzzle of the gun. When the projectile passes the muzzle,
Phase III has ended and the program is stopped.

It is possible for the projectile to reach the muzzle (and the program
stopped). before Phase II is completed. This would simulate a gun-firing in
which unburned propellant is ejected from the muzzle. It is also possible
for the program to simulate a firing in which the projectile becomes lodged
in the tube. In this case, Phase III is not completed and the program is
stopped when the projectile displacement does not increase.

At each time-interval after the beginning of Phase II, the breech pressure
is determined from Equation (28) and printed out. This result is not used in
the computational routine but is used to compare theoretical and experimental
results. A continual check is made of the calculated pressures and the maximum
breech pressure is stored with its associated time and projectile displacement.
This information is printed-out at the end of the program. Calculations dur-
ing the last time-interval result in a projectile displacement somewhat greater
than the desired distance to the muzzle. A linear interpolation between re-
sults at the last two time-intervals is used to obtain results exactly at the
muzzle. These results are also printed-out at the end of the program.

Options to Routine

A considerable number of options have been designed and coded for special
problems. These include changes which enable the program to be used for guns,
or gun-like weapons, which are not of conventional design (Figure 1) and changes
which vary the treatment of some of the individual parameters. It is expected
that the number of such options will increase as the program is used for a
greater number and variety of problems.

Typical options for non-conventional guns are those for gun-boosted rockets,
traveling-charge guns, and light-gas guns of the adiabatic compressor type.
Examples of options for varied treatment of individual parameters are those for
adjusted burning rates (previously mentioned), inhibited propellant surfaces,
.delayed propellant ignition, variable time-intervals, constant resistive pres-
sure, and resistive pressure as a function of base pressure.

28
 DISCUSSION

No attempt has been made here to present a new and different interior
ballistic theory. The objective was to devise a convenient, flexible scheme
for performing the tedious numerical calculations required to obtain detailed
interior ballistic trajectories. The selection of a program for high-speed
.
digital computers has made it possible to eliminate most of the simplifications
of theory required to facilitate mathematical solutions by other methods.

The theory presented as the basis for the computer routine is well-known
and has only been modified to account for composite charges. There are several
problems present in all interior ballisticcalculations and these also prove
troublesome here. For example, useful propellant burning rates are not gen-
erally available. It is known that burning rates obtained from experimental
firings in closed chambers are usually low. The results obtained from limited
gun-firings by the authors (ll) indicate gun burning rates may be twice closed
chamber burning rates under certain conditions. As previously mentioned, qp-
tional methods of adjusting closed chamber burning rates have been provided
for in this program. One such approach is to consider the burning rate to be
a function of the projectile velocity (and possibly a function of the projec-
tile displacement) in addition to its known dependence on pressure. This
method results in the use of closed chamber burning rates when the gun chamber
is practically a closed chamber (v and x are effectively zero). When the pro-
jectile is moving at higher velocities and is further down tube, reasonable
increases in burning rates are obtained and used. Other equally important dif-
ficulties are associated with the determination·of reasonable values for resis-
tive pressure and .shot-start pressure.
Considerable versatility has been built into the program. Instead of
stopping the computation at the end of Phase III, a new problem can be auto-
matically read into the computer and solved. This multiple-case feature can
be employed to advantage for any number of additional problems during a single
computer run.

Typical interior ballistic problems were used to compare results obtained

from this computer routine with results from other interior ballistic schemes.
(13), (14), and (15). The agreement was generally very good when the other

29
schemes were fairly sophisticated. I n addition, detailed interior ballistic
t rajectories are produced in considerably l ess time than it takes to calculate
maximum pressure and muzzle velocity by other systems . A typical computer
solution for a conventional gun takes only 10 seconds if magnetic t ape output
is used with the BRLESC.

Results from computer s imulat ions have also been compared to experimental
data obtained from well- instrumented gun firings. To demonstrate the adequacy
of the computer routine , data from a typical 105mm Howitzer firing were pro-
cessed by the method described i n Reference (11) . In Appendix D these experi -
mental r esults are compared with the predicted results obtained from a simu-
l at ion of this firing.

PAUL G. BAER

;o
 LIST OF REFERENCES
1. Corner, J. Theory of the Interior Ballistics of Guns. New York:
John Wiley and Sons, Inc., 1950.

2. Hunt, F. R. W. Chairman, Editorial Panel. Internal Ballistics.

New York: Philosophical Library, 1951.

3. Baer, Paul G., and Frankle, Jerome M. Digital Computer Simulation of

the Interior Ballistic Performance of Guns. Ordnance Computer
Research Report, VI, No. 2: 17-23, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Apr 1959.

4. Kempf, Karl, Historical Officer. Historical Monograph - Electronic

Computers within the Ordnance Corps. Aberdeen Proving Ground, Nov 1961.

5. Campbell, Lloyd W., and Beck, Glenn A. The FORAST Programming Language
for ORDVAC and BRLESC. Aberdeen Proving Ground: BRL R-1172, Aug 1962.

6. Vinti, John P., and Kravitz, Sidney. Tables for the Pidduck-Kent
Special Solution for the Motion of the Powder Gas in a Gun. Aberdeen
Proving Ground: BRL R-693, .Jan 1949.

7· Love, A. E. H., and Pidduck, F. B. The Lagrange Ballistic Problem.

Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. 222: 167, London, 1923.

8. Kent, R. H. Some Special Solutions for the Motion of the Powder

Gas. Physics, VII, No. 9: 319, 1936.

9. Frankle, Jerome M., and Hudson, James R. Propellant Surface Area

Calculations for Interior Ballistic Systems. Aberdeen Proving Ground:
BRL M-1187, Jan 1959.

10. Frankle, Jerome M. Special Interior Ballistic Tests of ll5mm XM378

Slug Rounds. Aberdeen Proving Ground: BRL M-1266, May 1960 (Confidential).

11. Baer, Paul G., and Frankle, Jerome M. Redu~tion of Interior Ballistic
Data from Artillery Weapons by High-Speed Digital Computer. Aberdeen
Proving Ground: BRL M-1148, Jun 1958.

12. Gill, S. Runge-Kutta-Gill Numerical Procedure for Solving Systems

of First Order Ordinary Differential Equations. Proceedings of the
Cambridge Philosophical Society, ~' Part I: 96, Jan 1951.

13. Hitchcock, Henry P. Tables for Interior Ballistics. Aberdeen Proving

Ground: BRL R-993, Sep 1956 and BRL TN-1298, Feb 1960.

14. Taylor, W. c., and Yagi, F. A Method for Computing Interior Ballistic
Trajectories in Guns for Charges of Arbitrarily Varying Burning Surface.
Aberdeen Proving Ground: BRL R-1125, Feb 1961.

31
15. Strittmater, R. C. A Single Chart System of Interior Ballistics.
Aberdeen Proving Ground: BRL R-1126, Mar 1961.

16. Scarborough, James B. Numerical Mathematical Analysis. Baltimore:

The Johns Hopkins Press, 2nd ed., 1950.

17. Baer, Paul G., and Bryson, Kenneth R. Tables of Computed Thermodynamic
Properties of Military Gun Propellants. Aberdeen Proving Ground:
BRL M-1338, Mar 1961.

18. Milne, William Edmund. Numerical Calculus. Princeton, New Jersey:

Princeton University Press, 1949.

32
 APPENDICES

A. FORM FUNCTION EQUATIONS

B. COMPUTATION ROUTINE
C. INPUT AND OUTPUT DATA

D. COMPARISON OF EXPERIMENTAL AND PREDICTED

PERFORMANCE FOR TYPICAL 105MM HOWITZER FIRING

33
Page intentionally blank
 APPENDIX A

Form Function Equations

35
Page intentionally blank
 FORM FUNCTION EQUATIONS
Geometrical Equations

1. Initial Volume of a Propellant Grain

V = 4rr (D l.. 2 - Ni di 2 )L (A-1)

gi

where: V =volume of an unburned propellant grain, in. 3

gi

Di = outside diameter of grain, in.

Ni = number of perforations, dimensionless

d. = diameter of perforation, in.

l.

L
i
= length of grain, in.

2. Volume of a Partially Burned Propellant Grain

(A-2)

where: z
i
= mass-fraction of i th propellant burned at a
given time, dimensionless

u
i
= two times the distance each surface has receded
at a given time, in.

3. Initial Surface Area of a Propellant Grain

[ ( Di + N.l. d.l. ) ( L l.. ) +

(A-3)

2
where: S = surface area of an unburned propellant grain, in.
gi
4. Surface Area of a Partially Burned Propellant Grain

S
i
= ·rr

where: s1 = surface area of partially b~rned i th propellant

grain at a given time, in. •

37
 Equations for Newton-Raphson Method* for Finding Approximate Values of
the Real Roots of a Numerical Equation

1. Rear r ange Equation (A-2) to set f(u.)

~
= 0:

- [ 2Li(Di +Nidi)+ (Di2 - Nidi2) ] u1

+ Li (Di2- Nidi2)} · - Vgi (1- zi) (A-5)

2. Differ entiate Equation (A-5) with r espect to u :

1

f ' (ui) o d [ f(ui) l ·~

o { 3(Ni-l)ui2
du1

- 2 [ L1 (N1 -1) - 2 (D1 . + Nidi)] u1

(A- 6)

). The value of the root of Equation (A-2) is then :

f(u 1 )
u1+1 = ui - f 1 (u )
1
(A-7)

wher e: ui+l = the improved value of the root , where the

first esti mate of t he r oot i s ui.

Procedure

1. For each propellant, · determine zi by integration of Equation (29) . In the

initial calculation of each zi, Equation (A- 3) is used to compute each
Si (Si = S when ui = 0) . For subsequent calculati ons of each zi, Equation
gi
(A-4') is used with ui determined as descr ibed below.

* See Reference (16) for a· di scussi on of this method.

2. The zi 1 s obtained from Equation (29) are used to compute the ui's from
Equation (A-7) and then the new Si 1 s are computed from Equation {A-4).
In the initial calculation of ui, the first estimate of its value is zero.

Equation {A-7) is used to calculate the improved value, ui+l" With ui+l
as the estimate, Equation {A-7) is used again to calculate a further-improved
value, ui+ 2 • This procedure is continued until the improvement is less than
10·5 inch.

39
Page intentionally blank
 APPENDIX 'B

Computation Routine

1. Generalized Flow Diagram

2. FoRAST Listing

41
Page intentionally blank
 INTERIOR BALLISTICS PROGRAM FOR GUNS
GENERALIZED FLOW DIAGRAM

COMPUTE COMPUTE AT TIME: T

R PRINT OUT COMPUTE SPACE-MEAN HAVE COMPUTE PROPELLANT COMPUTE
. EAD II 1--...al DENTIFYING 1---41 I STORE PRESSURE INDIVIDUAL No LINEAR SURFACE MASS-
All DATA DATA CONSTANT r---. FROM IGNITER PROPELLANTS ~ BURNING f----t AREAS f.--- FRACTIONS
GROUPINGS AT TIME • 0 / BURNED OUT ? RATES [FORM BURNED BY
(Eq(42l] . [Eq (301 Of' Eq (32l] FUNCTION INTEGRATION
YES SUB-ROUTINE (Eq(29)]

INCREASE TIME TO T+ dtl

TNO
PRIWT
CONDITIONS our lmRPOLATE HAS COMPUTE COMPUT£ HAS
aT uaxluuu FOR PROJECTILE TEMPERATURE VOLUME SPACE- MEAN
111 111 · ~ CONDITIONS .'!!! REACHED OF AVAILABLE FOR No PRESSURE
PRj~RE
"' -
AT GUN PROPELLANT 1-- PROPELLANT ._:.:.:::.... EXCEEDED
AT MUZZLE MUZZLE MUZZLE? GAS GAS SHOT- START
1 j [Eq(19l) (Eq(221] PRESSURE?
NO 1YES CHECK FOR 1 1 YES

N:i~ 0cl~ SPAC~~iEAN HAS PRINT OUT AND STORE COMPUTE COMPUTE
OR ~ PRESSURE .!!2. PROJECTILE - R~~L~sTEfr ~ PR~~~~RUEM l - SPARGE- MEAN BREECH
SroP PROGRAM STOPPED MOVED ? ASSOCIATED P ESSURE PRESSURE
IF LAST CASE INCREASING? TIME•T CONDITIONS [Eq< 26 >l (Eq(28l]

1
COMPUTE
BASE
PRESSURE
(Eq(27)]

1
Page intentionally blank
 Interior Ball istics Program for Guns
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PU NCH ·FORMATI Ol 1>-<1>C yM AX) PMAX)X pMAY >T PMAXIPBMAXI<A>S 119
GOTOINF.~PN lS 1119
822 ~NT[R ( A , PUNC HJ AN89 )1l~ ENT£R (A.P UNCH ! AN97)1)1[NT(N(A .P UNC H!AN81 !1 JS 1 ~0
VMAX=O%P8MAX=Q~TPMAX= T PMAX + l000~ 121
PUNCH • FOHMA TC0111·<1>C VM AX!PMAYIX PM AX>T PMA XI PBM AXI<A>S 122
GOTO<Alll 1 23
Tl=H7 · UOIT?=H8+U0 01~ 7
FU=, 785 4< lJQ U3•H l • !J0 . . 2 +H 2· UO • H3 • H4 I •H 'il 0128
FPU = .7854 ( 3 + U 0•+2+ Hl - 2 + U0 + H2 ·H~It 0 1~9
1 : lJO -F I FP . 01 3
IF' -A BS I CU01 - U(p <=. IJ0001 l GQTOIFF41S IIQ :ll oU 013 1
GQ J OIGAM21! 01 32
S l =3 .1416 ( ( H6·110 l ( H7 -UQ+H9 CHB• UO l l +. S • T 1 + +?. -. 'H H9 0133
CON TtT 2••2>~Sl~J=SI • HlO/h11~Ut~J;UQ~GOTO!pR31S 01S 4
01 FO R ~<1 0 • 10>1 - 7> 132
02 f' Qf;M ( p - ;; - 9 )1. • 1.)l2-3•1 1t )l -:0 3 - ?!12-1 • 6) ;~-1 l 1 2-6 • fjl :~-3 1 1 2-6-f•O I 133
03 FORM<12 · 2 · ~ )1 2 - 7 -91 3 ·2 >1~-1 - 7 l ~ - 1311? · 4 · 6~t5l 134
04 f' O~ M<t 2 • ? · 9)12 - 7 - 913-2>1~ -l- 713 • 4 1 12 · ? -71~ -211c -4· 613-4 lt 2 - 0 •8-201 1S5 '
OS F OR M< 12•913•1 1 12 -6> 3 ·4> 12 -ol 3 - 4l1?-6>~ -41 1?. · 1-7>~ - 511 2·1·3~ 23 1 136
06 F ORM < ~-2 0 1 12 ·3- 613 - 11112-5-7 · 3? 1 137
07 FORMC12 • 713 • 5 l12•1-313- 4>t2 ·9> 3 - 1 ! 12•91 3-5!l?·4 - 613 · 5112 · 1- 7 · t7 l 1 38
08 FORM(J?•?- 8 13• 1 l 1?- 3•8l3·21 12-6· tot 1? • 6 ·1 n>J? · 6-10ll2 - 5· 913 -1l 139
CONT12-4-10 • 9> 1139 · '
09 EOR HC12• 2- RI 3- t 1 1~-3 · 8>3-2 1 12 · ? • 8 1 ~ · 2 1 12·4-813-2132 · 5 - 1011 2·4-713•31 14 0
CONT12-5·9· 1 b> . 114 0
01 0 FORMI12• 2 · 8 )3• J l 1?· 3-8)3 ·2) 12·J • 7 ) 3 •31 12•4-9 13 · 1112·3·8 ) 3• 2112•5 •9· 20 l 1 4 1
011 fORMc1? • 5· 8 13• 5 11 2 -6 -8>3 - 4)12-3-8 >3 · 2 1 J? - ?-713 - 3 >1 2 · 6 - 9 - 2.4J 142
END GOIO IBll~ . 0 1 48
e 105 MM HOWIT ZE R RO 76 5 b
lPROJ I WI. CHAMBER kORE AREA P- K SS PRESS MAX G~N PRE SSUR E 6
1 . Ml PROPEL LANT 6
1 CHAH GE EO ~C£ GAMMA COvOL uME FLAME TEMP DENSITY n
1 BETA ALPHA 0 , 0 , GRAIN OJA, PERF GR.LF.NG.T H NO. PERf, A
1 RESISTANCE 0 i
1 PRQJ , TR AVEL . PRESSURE d
1 M SCELL ANE'OUS 6
1 or NO , PROP, !(X KV
ES T Mll7. VEL . DIAMETER I ll
1 P GRE ATER THAN DESIRED ~ AX PRESSU RE n i
lMUZZl.E VEL , MAX, PRESSuRE X AT PMAX T AT PMAX MUZ PRESSuRE ts
,.,
1~---------------------------z~~~~~~~~----------------------------~~
1 PROJECT IL E STOPPED tJ
soo oo.
33 .
,0429
1• 03
81· 153.
11520 0 0. 1.25
2. 0
t3. 77
20 u0 ,
0
46 00 ~ 3 •. 024 1
?. I I'
15 00 . 3 f
4 500 I 4 i
4 50 0 .
450 0 • .
4 500.
5
6
7
I
.so 45 0(1. 8.

47
I
··-·····-- ------·- -------------------:""-.....-------

2.0 0 450 0 . 10
3, 5 0 5 ll • 1
4, 00 2 8 0 (1 . 12
41 ,25 2~ 0 ll . 13
4.5 0 2 3 Slt . 14
s.o o l QO l) , 15
5 .25 1 6 50 . 16
s.su 140 (1. 17
() ,0U 1.00 0 , 1e
1 0.00 100 11 . 19
3 0 .0 0 1000. 2o
40 0 1.1 • c
so.oo 10 0 lt . 22
6 0 .0 0 1 no (t • 23
,632 5 36 7 lt15 o. 1· 21\ 4 31· 08 2 43 3· .Q 56 7 24
. so79 · o3 ,84 97 , 04/ 8 , Ql94 . 2 4 53 1. 25
2,1 3!:>6 367 (1 1 5 0 , · 1. ?.6 4 3 1 . 0FI 24 3 .~ . • 056? 26
. 5079- 0;:1 .8 4 9 7 .1 344 . 014 2 • 3p 7 7. 2?
PRO S
 APPENDIX C

Input and Output Data

1. Input Data

2. Output Data
3. Sample of Output Format

49
Page intentionally blank
 1. INPUT DATA

Program
Units Symbol

Gun Constants

Weight of Projectile lb WP

Length of Gun Tube in. XM

Empty Volume of Chamber in. 3 vo

2
Cross-sectional Area of Bore in. AP

Shot-Start Pressure psi PE

Pidduck-Kent Constant dimensionless DEL

Resistive Pressures psi PRl,J

Travel of Projectile Corres.ponding to each
of 20 Resistive Pressures in. XCl,J
Diameter of Bore in. D

Propellant Physical Constants

Weights of Propellants lb Cl,J

Weight of Igniter lb CI

Densities of Propellants lb/in. 3 RHOl,J

Outside Diameter of Propellant Grains in. Dl,J

Diameter of Propellant Perforations in. DPl,J

Length of Propellant Grains in. Ll,J

Number of Perforations per Grain dimensionless NPl,J

Number of Propellants dimensionless Nl.

Propellant Thermo~c Constants*

Forces of Propellants in. -lb/lb Fl,J

Force of Igniter in.-lb/lb FI

* See Reference (17) for these data.

51
 Program
Units Symbol

Ratios of Specific Heats of Propellants dimensionless GAl,J

Ratio of Specific Heats of Igniter dimensionless GAI

Covolumes of Propellants in. 3/lb COVl,J

Adiabatic Flame Temperatures of Propellants OK TOl,J

Adiabatic Flame Temperature of Igniter OK TOI
in.
Burning Rate Coefficients --
sec psia
1
BETl,J

Burning Rate Exponents (a 1 s) dimensionless ALPl,J

Burning Rate Velocity Coefficient in. K:-1
sec in./sec

Burning Rate Displacement Coefficient in. K.X

sec-in.
Miscellaneous Constants

Time Interval sec DT

Estimated Muzzle Velocity ft /sec EVP

Maximum Allowable Breech Pressure psi PPMAX

52
 2. OUTPUT DATA

Identifying Data

The complete list of input data is printed out to permanently identify

the computation.

Program
Units Symbol

Trajectory Data

Time millisec '1M

Travel of Projectile in. XI

Travel of Projectile ft XF

Breech Pressure psi PBR

Space-mean Pressure psi PT

Base Pressure psi PB

Velocity of Projectile ft/sec v

2
Acceleration of Projectile ft/sec AF
0
Temperature of Propellant Gas K TEMP

Volume behind Projectile available

for Propellant Gas vc
Resistive Pressure psi PR
. 2
Total Surface Area of Propellants l.n. ST

Mass-fractions of Propellants Burned dimensionless Y),J

Mass Burning Rates of Propellants lb/sec DCZl,J

Linear Burning Rates of Propellants in./ sec Rl,J

2
Surface Areas of Propellants in. Sl,J

53
Page intentionally blank
 OUTRJT FORMAT

~J. WI. A~RRfl cHAMRER 80RF AREA P-K SS PRESS I'IAX BIIN PPBSURF
l3.o ooo o a1. ooooo 1S~. o ouo o t3.77 ooo 3, 02 4 00 46Q Q, SO OQO,

Mi PROPELLANT
Ct1ARGF.: F" ClRCE GAMMA COyOLUME f LAME TEMP DfN S I TY
.0429 0 1152 0 0 0 , 1.2 50 0 ' 2 00 0 . IGNITER
,6 :S 25 o 3 6 7 01 50. lo264 0 u.oa o 243 ,~ I . 0 5670
2. 1 ~56 0 367 0150, 1. 264 0 31. 060 243 3 , . 0 567 00

BE TA ALPHA g ,O. GRAIN UJA, PERF GR,LENGT H NO. PERf,

.oooso79 . 849 7 . 0 4 7& . 0194 ·245 3 1·
,000!) 079 ,8497 ,1344 .014 2 ,J127 7.

RESISTANCE
PRQ ,J . TRAVE L PRESS u RE
.ooo 4 50 0 .
, 00 II
.200 4So n •
• 35 0 45 n
.suo 450 0 ,
. uo o 45 )
2. ooo ~5 oo .
5 00 45 II
4.0 0 0 280 0 ,
4 . 25 0 2~ u
4.~0 0 235 0 .
s.o oo 190 0 .
5.250 165 0 •
• suo 4 00
6.000 100 0 .
10. 0 00 100 0 .
!t,O OO 100 0 ,
40 . 0 0 0 1000 ,
so.o oo 1oo n.
60.000 1000

MISCELLANEOUS
OT NO, PROP, KV KX EST, MUZ, vr. L, DIAMETER
.00010 2. .0 00 0 000 .oooo ooo 15 00 4.1~40

.55
 U!i ~114 ~0·•11 TZFR RFl 76!i
*TM•.t ooa XI•. 0 0 0 PM• 5S9 I 3D pr.. ~29 1 3 0 f'&'ll 5591 3 Q V• . no AF= I 0 0 0 c
TM·~u oo X'I•, 0 0 0 ~r•.ooou~~o5~.?5 . vc... 1 n4 • 1 4 7 Pit• '0 6T• 4 018,93
J'Mo. 1 l) 0 0 x:rw~!IOO 't!l•. n a 1 5 DC~I• 9 o61ll fZI•. 1 a 2 $\-: 1 661 • 8 :s
'1ll1•· 10 0 0 l!U..... noo ~... 0006 OC.~1·13 • 618 ~a.. 11 0? ~2•23 57.10

.2000 • 0 0 ll 6'.)1.34 651.34 61)L 34 • 00 • 0 0 0 ()

.2000 I (j 0 0 • 0Q 00 t~o97.81 104,112 •0 4039158
,2000 • 000 ,0032 101945 ,116 166l.,54
12000 I li 0 () I0 OJ 3 15,5H I 11 ~~ 23~8.04

.3000 • ll 0 u 756.33 7~6.33 776~ 'B • 00 • 0 0 Q0

.3ll00 • 00 u • 0 uu0 ~137.31 104~U72 I0 4020131
• 3 fJ 0 0 1 no o ,0051 12,444 ,132 1661.20
~3uUO • no o ,U0£>2 17.671 ,132 2359,10

.4000 • 000 875166 El75.66 875.1\6 • 00 .oooo

.4000 In oo • on oo LJ1?;dl1fl 1041026 0I 4021.14
I 4 000 I() 00 10073 14.U2 1150 tfl60,82
~4l!UO • 0 0 () • 0031 201055 . 1 5 () 2360,31

.5000 • !i 0 0 1010.97 1010,97 lol0,97 • 00 ,0000

.5000 • 000 I 0 0 0 1.) 2202.89 1031975 •0 4022.07
1SQUD 1 n D0 ,0026 l ~I 21\3 1lZO 366013~
15000 • 00 0 ,0041 22.706 ,l 7 0 23611fl6

16000 I 000 1164102 1164,02 1t64102 I 00 I 0000

.600Q • Q Qu I Du0 Q 2229189 1031917 •Q 4Q23113

,6000 • 000 ,0126 18.015 ,191 1659191
.6i.lOQ • 00Q IOQ53 2,.648 ,191 2363,22

.7ooa I Q0Q t3~~.74 1.336.74 1336174 I QQ I 0 0 Q(l

.7000 • 000 • 0000 2253161 103.851 I 0 4024,32
.7000 t Q Q !J 10126 201283 123!! 1659136'
~7uoo Ill 00 10066 2~.907 .216 2364196

~euoo • no o 1531o26 1531.26 1531.1?6 I 00 10000

.aoua I Q Q0 I 0 0 0Q 2224!43 1Q3~zz:z I Q 402Sdi6
.eooo • 000 10193 22.785 .242 165R~74
1eouo .ooo 100!U 32.513 124? 23!!6191

.9QOO 1 000 1H9.~9 1719.89 1H2dl2 I QQ I QDD0

,9000 d0
• I) • 0 () 0 IJ 2292169 1031695 I 0 4 027.15
o9UOQ I 000 • 0233 2~.542 1272 165B 1 Q5
19000 • 000 • 0 09~ 36,496 127? 2369.10
1.oooo • 000 1995116 1995.16 1995-16 • 00 000 Q
I

11QOOQ I QQQ • DQQ0 23Q8~7Z 1Q3.1'1Q? Q I 4028183

1.0000 I U0 0 • 0278 28.574 ,304 1657128
1.0000 100Q 1 0117 40.6~9 I:~ 04 ii137l.22
1.1000 I 0 QQ 2269.8~ 2269,85 2269.85 1 Q0 • g 0 Q(l
111000 • 000 .• 0 0 0 0 2322.79 10~S.499 0 I 4030170
1·1UQO I 0 QQ 10328 3lo9Q3 1~40 1656142
1.1000 • 000 I 0138 451729 • 340 n74. ?6
---~---

I *See list of Output Data for Program Symbols and Units.

56
 i 115 Crl1!4 t40 I IT lF:R RD U.!io

1,2\)liO I II u ll ;:!577. 111 2~"17.01 2577~01 '[) 0 I o o a p

1.2UOO I (!I)[) , 0 (I 0 U tl3.35115 to~~3A.3 I 0 4032178
1.2uoo 1 (I Q(l I IJ3fl.S 3!>,'5'52 1379 1A52~46
1~2uoo I(! 0 0 lll1.6c 511055 1379 2:sn~-~2

~.3000 I (I(} 0 2919197 29.19,97 2919.97 • u0 10000

1 I :s Ull 0 • (l00 • 0 !l 0 iJ (34C> .1)2 103.255 I 0 4035~09
1,3iJOO ILl 0 () ,U445 ,S9.54d ,4?.? 1654.:~8
1 ,$1j (JI)
I , ou n , !l 1 A 8 56.911 1422 2;~80170

1.4tJOO • (I 00 Hn2.3A 3302.3!:! 33n?.3A 'Q 0 .ooon

1.4000 I Q 0 \) .oooo 235!>.58 1[)3,11?. •0 4037166
1. 4fl 00 • t) 00 • u 51 4 4.Se918 ,469 1653.J9
1.4000 1000 • 0217 6..S.344 1469 2384,46

.1. 51.!0 0 • 0 0 I) 3726·28 3728.28 3728.?8 • 00 0 u0 0

I

1,5LJOO • 000 • 0000 2;~64,00 1021953 0 I 4040150

1. 50 0 0 • 000 • 0 59 0 48.690 ,52(j 1651.87
1.5000 • (J 0 0 ,ll?50' 70.407 .520 238A,62

1.6UOO • 000 4202o09 4:!02.09 4202.09 • 00 • 0000

1.6000 • 000 I 0 0 0 lJ 2371.43 10?.777 •0 4043.64
1.6U00 • 00 0 10674 S.S,898 57(,
1 1650.41
1.6000 • () 0 0 .0286 78.156 ,':J7f., 2393.23

1.7000 • 000 4 726 ··68 4/;i8 .68 4728.68 10 0 • ooa o

1.7000 • 000 • 0 I) 0 0 2371.98 10?.58? •0 4047.11
1.7UOO • 000 ,0767 591574 ,fl37 1648.79
1.7000 • 000 .0326 86.655 ,637 2398.32

1.8000 • 0 0 0. 5384.73 5:H2. 49 5169.30 1,49 8990,2031

1o80(J0 I 000 • 0000 2383.69 10?1:~82 4500.0 4050193
1.8000 • 000 .0870 65.753 .704 1647.00
1.8000 I 000 ,0371 95.972 .704 2403.93

1.9000 .004 6040o79 5959.75 5798.89 2. 77 17452.175

1.9000 I n 04 .ooo3 2388.72 1Q?,H2 45oo.o 4055.14
1.9000 ,004 ,0983 ]';.1457 .777 1645.03
1.9000 .004 .0420 106.156 • 777 ?410.11

2.oooa 09
• (l 6765.89 6675.12 6494.96. 4.94 26804.618
2.oooo t009 ~aoo7 2393.04 1011946 450010 4059.76
2.0000 .oo9 .1106 79.730 ,856 1642185
2.oooo .oo9 , U4?4 117 I 296 • 8 56 241tL91

2·1000 ·016 7565o33 7463,83 7262.38 a.os 37115.875

2o1ll00 .016 .oo14 2396.65 1o,.n9 45oo.o 4064.83
211000 .016 .1245 87.594 ,942 1640.46
211000 .016 • 0 5.34 129.452 ,942 2424.37

2.2000 .o28 8444·01 8330.73 8105.88 1::'.30 48449.250

2.2000. .o28 .oo24 2399.56 101.556 45QO.o 4070138
2.2000 .028 .1395 96.069 1,035 1637.83
2.2uoo .o28 ,0600 142.686 1. 03 5 2432,55

57
 1 II 5 r!M HD•t I IZE Q f;Hl 76\'i

2.3UOO op4t\ 94it6 ·1 (J \J(BQ. tl tJ 9Q;)Q,t;;l 17.7 0 60859.,6~

c,3llUO ol 46 • (I !!39 <:'4 ,j 1. 7 4 1 I) 1 • 41 I) 45on.n 40lt..44
2.3Ll00 • 114(:- • 15~ 0 1 ,, ., • 1 ,., 9 1.1 ~·! 1,., .~ 4. ~ 4
c,3UUO • ;, ~ fi • ,,, 7 2 t5/.o52 1.1~4 /44l. r;o

2,4uoo 'I 11 11)4')~.21 tOH4,94 to n.< fl • ~ 4 ('4,38 969

74:~89.
;2,4UOO ,1'71 , I) (I !:19 ~4u-'•U 1 n 1 , :<1? 11 4'50U,'l 4U83,05
2o4tJOO • [, 7t o174 0 11.4·1:!96 1..;.>4;.;' 1t'd1o78
2,4UOO • lJ 71 , II 7 <, tJ 1/t.S9H 1 • ;.;4? £45j. 28

2. su lj 0 • 1 0., 1. l5C;3. u tt4S7,59 11t:.-8,RQ :if.>. 46 t;9(16fi,99e;

2.St100 • j i) ') • 0 (.88 :!4o.L7o 1o1.:~n4 4?0 n. D 4()90.?4
0!,51)00 • 1 0s , t9.HI 12!)o('41 1.. >;57 t6?.il. :3 2
<:!,5llUO .105 • ill\,, u t89 •.~ "i6 1, .~57 24ft1 ,92

2.6000 ·1 s [) 12A;;>Oo27 t?64R.27 123t•ft. fiQ 4(',()5 104894.83

2.6000 • 1 50 • 01 25 1.4uS...SH lfl1. • :~fl.~ 4.,on.o 4098.04
2,6UOO ,.1.,11 • <-'15(1 U6, t 17 1,471:1 1tl?4,55
2.6UOO .150 , u9.~6 20 I d36 1 't+ 7 A ?4 H, 4d

2.7uoo • fl 0 7 14U4. 6Q 13Y45,Q6 1 ~51'-I'I.MI 5~.?6 121848.41

2.7uoo • ? 07 • () 1 1'2 ?41)2.1?. 10~.579 45uii.O 41o6.47
2,7uoo • '(' Q.7 ,i:'.382 1,4/,66!) 1. Ft a7 t6tJo,4!>
2.7ll00 •? 0l .1Q41 22b.53? t.6fi"l 24Hft,01

2.8000 ,;,;78 15t;~1•68 1532~.1111 149r9.7? 6(:.. 1.9 13986b.91

2.8uOO .27A ·0?32 "3 9 9. fl:~ 101.91ft 4'ill (l, (1 4115.55
2.8000 .?7P • 26.~3 1'3J~oftfl2 1.14? 1 (:. 1". 01
2.8000 .:na ·11'55 24o,A9':1 1.'14? ?.499,55

2.9000 .MJ6 17()il3o23 161/5.11 1.6.~2:?. ~C) 8(1,9.3 151:if14 7. 23

c.9uoo ,366 • 0 .~ 0 'j ;2$96.46 1n~.4?.1 45()0.0 4125 • .31
2.9000 ,366 ,29ulf 171.973 1,882 1611.19
2.9000 .~66 .1?.1<0 268. :~48 1, hR? 2514.12

3oOLIOO ,473 1H5:~7 • 66 t82HA,95 l77t~s.~q 97. 58 1 7A638. 5r'

;s.oooo ,-.·n • Q.~ 94 ?...i91.94 1n3.l?;j 45oo.o 4135.75
:s.ouon ,47~ ..~t96 184.593 2.fl?7 ll'l0ft,01
:s.oooo • 4 7~ .1.415 291). 76 'l 2. fJ?7 25?.9.7,

3,1000 • 6 01 211U9.3u 19849 • .P 1931:.L6,~ 11fl.20 l99Q31LM

3,1000 • tl!) 1' .o?ol ?,586 .?li 104,1)5(1 4500,0 41.46,87
3.1-)00 •6 0l ,35n8 19/, HB 2.175 160Q,43
.J,ltJUO • 6 01 olS61 .313.984 2.17? 2541'1,44

3.2000 , I 5.~ 217;.>8.4~ 214.s6.9:s 2n8 "iB. ~<; 136,82 :?19793. 7t-.
3. 2tl () 0 ,75.:1 • 01'.28 2379,:19 11)5,?.:35 4500,0 4158,~f.l
3.2ooo • 15.~ .3840 210.040 2. ;~?3 1594,47
.So2UOO • /53 ·1719 ,i;~7.7HQ 2. :~?3 2564.18

3•3000 • 931 23341•69 23028.53 224116.98 1 59. 46 240601·50

3.3UOO • 931 • n776 ·r.H0.87 1 (16. 710 45on.o 4171.09
.931 222.so6
3.3000
3,3000 ,931
,4t93
,llltlB 361,1'190 . 2.471
2,471
1588,12
258?,96

58
 1. il i M~ ~0·' JTU:R Rl=l 7~ !i.i

_,1.4000 1 .1 37 24932.4.S 2459719.~ V9.S4 I D3 184110 261119.19

3.4000 1 ,13 7 .Q947 2361.21 tol:l •.51o 45ou.o 4164 .1·2
3.40UO ] • j 37 14566 23'L 232 21616 151:111.39
3.4000 1.ol37 ,t!Qf>B 386,Q06 2.6H 260?.74

3.sueo 1 ! 6 7.5 26471.• 99 26116.83 25411.94 2UI. 6~ 2B0976,6l

3·, so no 1,373 . 11 4 4 1350123 11n (o,f'..7 4500,0 4197,72
3.5000 1. ~n3 ,49'58 245.905 2,75? 1574,29
;s.sooo 1! 3 73 ,(260 409.784 217"il') 26V I 44

316000 1 ! 6 4 .~ 279,q}.86 2755n,p 26812 •.~9 (39. 13 ?99793.2A

3,6000 1,643 ! 1 .~69 2.33'7,93 113,::>17 450010 4:?H, 82
3.6000 1.64.5 ,1)36/ 256.41.7 2,f18(o, l566,A3
.3.6000 1.. 6 4 ~~ • '?.464 432.862 :?,A8f- 2644,99

3.7000 j,948 292/:10.3? ?.81387.48 2A107.81 ?69,U 317198.79

317000 11946 1 jfi 2 1~ ,) .~?.4. 36 116119? 45(1 01 0 42?61:~5
:s.7ooo 1! 948 .5792 ?65.874 3. n nA t552.u5
3 1 7UOQ 1 1948 ,2678 454,872 3,1101:1 2M7 u

:s.euuo ?.?911 3Ll4Y 4 • 1 n :~ouH4.9A 292/2,98 SOl, u6 332854.33

3~8000 ? • ;;9 [) 11908 23o2.6o 11.9.~?'5 45oo~o 4241.23
3.81)00 2! /)9(J 162.~2 274,JQ8 3 1l7
I l55o~97
3,auoo ?,290 ,t19n2 47!:>,458 3,117 2690.26

.,S,91JOO ·?.,671 3154'i·.96 31126.67 3U;>H6,56 334, i:'O 346472.95

~~9000 2,671 ·22?6 22931/5 123,545 45oo.o 4256,38
3.9000 ?,671 ,6683 ?.8U,9R5 :L2t2 1542,63
319000 2. ell 1 ..s 1 •~ 5 4941300 ~~~21>l ?.713.75

4,QUOO :3 1 0 92 324~0.96 3l'J95,85 3:1.1. •~ 2128 36RI50 35'}836,18

4! 0 \) 0 0 3.092 ·2~77 2276.91 1?7.9fl1 45oo.o 4271.70
4,0000 3! 1''92 I /144 286 I 417 3129~ l534~n7
4.0000 3.09;,! ! 3377 5111126 3! ?9 :~ 2737.£..3

4,1UOO 3,555 3:~1?6,3:? 326t:!1.18fl 317Ci9oflf"i 403,76 3668Q!:i,04

4.1000 3,:,55 .;>963 2259123 13?,9'>6 4353.8 4281.1.0
4o1U00 :3 I !:> ':) !:i ! /6j2 ?.9Ud58 3.-'>57 1525.33
4.1000 3.'>55 ,36?6 5;?!:>.7?6 3.~57 2761.77

4,2000 4! 1161 .366:~4.57 3311):~ 132 32?87.70 440,69 38!;.840,0Q

4,2lJOO 4. il61 1331:14 2241.04 13R,493 2710.R 4302,49
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4.-4000 s.2u ,90:'16 296,326 3 ! 4 5:? 1498,44
4.4000 5.2U .44n6 554,862. 3,452 2834.49

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4~5Ull0 511:!61 I 4613 55914.50 314c:i? 2~?A,42

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7.1000 361011 ,9830 287.950 1. 565 3244,44

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7.2000 37 I 521 3.1267 17o5.66 573.304 1000.0 3252,83
712000 37,521 110000 I 000 , no o 10 0
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7.~ooo ~91Q<48. 1~1J3137 U95Q.85 116?8.?9 128Q,Q8 142803.69

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7.4000 4o,592 3.3~?7 1673165 615.268 1000.0 • 00
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7,4000 40.592 1,.0000 I D0 0 • oon • 00

7.sooo 42.153 P.QA4,23 10935.52 1064Q.~7 1306.80 129529.70
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1~93,5 34063, · 5,213 4,4 0 0 4876,0
 APPENDIX D

Comparison of Experimental and

Predicted performance for
T,ypical 105mm Howitzer Firing
Page intentionally blank
 0
0
Q 0

----~
 ERRATA-BRLR 1183

pg 8 m. specific mass of i th propellant, lb-mol/lb

1

pg 9 R Universal Gas Constant, in-lb/lb-mo1-°K

T initial temperature of gun, °K

!5

pg 14 c- -c- = m.R
pi v.1 1 n
pg 15 dx (in Eq(14)) (~c. To.

V
12x0. 38cl. {x +A i=1 c.1
5 0)
n
~
. 1
1=
1 1

-T) v
2

m
pg 16
and
pg 23
E =
h
f
1 + 0 . 6 c 2.175
( ~ C.)0.8375 vm
] 2

1
i=l

pg 19 p
0
= ----=-
(1-a )n'+1
and 0
pg 24

pg 46 Bl6 IF (Y1>0}GOTO(Bl7)%Yl=O% IF(Y3 etc

J. M. Frankie