Learning from Others and Reviewing

the Literature
LITERATURE REVIEW
➢ a survey of scholarly sources on a specific topic
➢ by doing this, researchers can have the
confidence that he could address questions
related to the gap and variables.
Purposes of Literature:
HYPOTHESIS
➢ tentative prediction about the relationship
between two or more variables in a population
under study.
➢ hypothesis is formulated to ANTICIPATE RESULTS
IN A CERTAIN STUDY

1. Familiarization with the current state of knowledge

on your topic. SIMPLE HYPOTHESIS
2. Ensuring that a researcher will avoid repetition on the
study of others. ➢ a hypothesis formulated when predicting a
3. Identification of gaps in knowledge and unresolved relationship between an IV and DV
problems that one’s research can address.
4. Development of theoretical or conceptual framework
and methodology.
5. Provision of an overview of the key findings and COMPLEX HYPOTHESIS
debates on the topic.
➢ a hypothesis formulated when predicting the
relationship of two or more variables to two or
more DV.
THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
➢ serves as the foundation of the study where the
researcher discusses relevant theories that DIRECTIONAL HYPOTHESIS
shapes the context of the paper.
➢ a hypothesis that specifies not only the
Steps in Writing Theoretical Framework: relationship between the IV and DV.
1. Identify your key concepts.
2. Evaluate and explain relevant sources.
3. Show how your research fits into existing research. NON-DIRECTIONAL HYPOTHESIS
➢ a hypothesis that does not stipulate the
direction of the relationship between the IV and
CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK DV.
➢ when a researcher would combine two or more
theories or if there is not theory at all.
NULL HYPOTHESIS
➢ a hypothesis formulated for the purpose of
PARADIGM OF THE STUDY statistical analysis; always expressed a negative
➢ serves as the visual representation of the study statement; subjected to testing in which the
as it becomes the pattern of the study. decision is either to accept or reject it.

Types of Research Paradigm:

1. IPO MODEL (Input-Process-Output) RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS

2. IV-DV MODEL (Independent Variable-Dependent
Variable) ➢ a hypothesis which states the actual expected
3. PREDICTOR-CRITERION MODEL relationships between variables; always
4. -P MODEL (Proposed Program or Intervention) expressed affirmatively and is called substantive
5. POM MODEL or scientific hypotheses.