Reviewing the related literature

Formulating and stating a hypothesis/ research

questions

Designing the theoretical framework

by group 4: Jamiatul Khoiriah Hsb
 1. HOW TO REVIEW THE RELATED
LITERATURE
A literature review is a survey of scholarly sources on a specific topic. It provides an
overview of current knowledge, allowing you to identify relevant theories, methods, and
gaps in the existing research that you can later apply to your paper, thesis, or
dissertation topic.
 Steps to follow when reviewing related
literature:
Here are some steps to follow when
reviewing related literature:
1. Choosing a review topic
2. Searching and selecting appropriate articles
3. Analyzing and synthesizing the literature
4. Organization of writing the review
a. Introduction
b. Main body
c. Conclusion
 2. How to Formulate the
Hypothesis A good hypothesis must possess the following main characteristics (Ary Donald at

The word hypothesis consists of two words: Hypo +

al, 2010):

thesis = Hypothesis. ‘Hypo’ means tentative or

a. Is in agreement with the observed facts.

subject to the verification and ‘Thesis’ means

b. Is does not conflict with any law of nature which is known to be true.

statement about solution of a problem. The word

c. Is stated in the simplest possible term.

meaning of the term hypothesis is a tentative

d. Is permits of the application of deductive reasoning.

statement about the solution of the problem.

e. Shows very clear verbalization. It is different from what is generally called hunch.

f. Isensures that the methods of verification are under control of the investigator.
 2. How to Formulate the
Hypothesis
Procedure for/ Steps of Hypothesis:

YPES OF RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS

1. Assumption

• Simple Hypothesis
2. State the Hypotheses

• Complex Hypothesis
3. Set up a Statistical Significance Leve

• Directional Hypothesis
4. Determination of a Suitable Test Statistic

• Nondirectional Hypothesis
5. Determine the Critical Regio

• Associative Hypothesis
6. Doing Computation

• Inductive and Deductive Hypotheses

7. Interpret the Results

• Null Hypothesis
8. Making Decision
 How to Formulate the Research Questions
Types of research questions:
● Existence: designed to systematically rule out rival
explanations.
A Research Question is a statement that
● Description and classification: Usually call for more
identifies the phenomenon to be studied. A than a simple description.
● Composition: Call for analysis or breakdown of the
research question is a clear, focused, whole into its component parts.
● Relationship: Complex questions about relationships
concise, complex and arguable question among several variables
● Descriptive-Comparative: Expected that researcher
around which any research is centered. will ensure that all is same between groups except
issue in question.
● Causality:Usually this can’t be done in
● exploratory research.
 How to Formulate the Research Questions
Types of research questions:
1. Review prior Research
2. Determine Research Hypothesis and its Purpose

● Explore – an attempt to generate ideas about educational phenomenon,

● Describe – an attempt to describe the characteristics of educational phenomenon,
● Predict – an attempt to forecast an educational phenomenon,
● Explain – an attempt to show why and how an educational phenomenon operates
3. Consider research implications
 3. HOW TO DESIGN THE
THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
A Theoretical framework is the structure that supports and
describes a theory. A theory is a set of interrelated concepts and
definitions that present a systematic view of phenomena by
describing the relationship among the variables for explaining
these phenomena.
 How to design Theoretical Framework :
general steps can help those wondering how to write a theoretical
framework:
1. How to make a theoretical framework
2. Specify research objectives.
3. Note the prominent variables under the study.
4. Explore and review the literature through keywords identified as prominent variables.
5. Note the theories that contain these variables or the keywords.
6. Review all selected theories again in the light of the study’s objectives, and the key variables identified.
7. Search for alternative theoretical propositions in the literature that may challenge the ones already
selected.
8. Ensure that the framework aligns with the study’s objectives, problem statement, the main research
question, methodology, data analysis, and the expected conclusion.
9. Decide on the final framework and begin developing.
 References:
• BANDARA, W., FURTMUELLER, E., GORBACHEVA, E., MISKON, S. & BEEKHUYZEN, J. J. C.
O. T. A. F. I. S. 2015. ACHIEVING RIGOR IN LITERATURE REVIEWS: INSIGHTS FROM
QUALITATIVE DATA ANALYSIS AND TOOL-SUPPORT. 37, 8.
• KUMAR R. 1999. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY: A STEP-BY-STEP GUIDE FOR BEGINNERS.
LONDON: SAGE PUBLICATIONS LTD.
• ADOM, K., Hussein E. “Theoretical and conceptual framework: mandatory ingredients Of a quality
research”. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH volume-7, no.1 (2018)
• Ramdhani., at.al. “Writing a Literature Review Research Paper:
• A step-by-step approach”. International Journal Of Basics Applied Sciences Vol. 03, No.
01 (2014).

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Thanks
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