KIoT

SECE

Chapter One
Basics of circuit theory and circuit elements
Lecture # 1

Jemal H. ( Msc )
KIoT, School of Electrical and Computer Engineering
jjemalassen@gmail.com

December, 2022

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 Chapter Contents

1.1 Basic electricity and circuit theory

1.2. Electrical quantities
1.3. Circuit elements
1.4. Resistor Combinations (S, P , S-P, Y-Δ)
1.5. Ohm’s law
1.6. Kirchhoff’s Voltage and Current law

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 Basic electricity and circuit theory

• An electric circuit is an interconnection of electrical elements linked

together in a closed path so that an electric current may flow continuously.
• A simple electric circuit is shown in the Figure shown below.
• It consists of three basic elements: a battery, a lamp, and connecting wires.
• Such a simple circuit has an applications, such as a flashlight, a search light.

Switch

Battery Light bulb

( Source) ( device)

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 Electrical Quantities

● Basic quantities in electric circuits are current, voltage, and power.

● Charge is an electrical property of the atomic particles in a which matter
consists.
● It is measured in coulombs (C).
● The charge e on one electron is negative and equal in magnitude to
1.602 C which is called as electronic charge.
● Charge counts the number of electrons or positive charges present.

Battery

Electric current due to flow of electronic charge in a conductor.

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 Cont…

• Resistors provide resistance

– they oppose the flow of electricity/current
– measured in Ohms ()

• Capacitors provide capacitance

– they store energy in an electric field
– measured in Farads (F)

• Inductors provide inductance

– they store energy in a magnetic field
– measured in Henry (H)

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 Electric Current

● Electric current is the time rate of change of charge.

● It is measured in amperes (A).
● Mathematically, the relationship between current i, charge q, and time t is

dq
i 
dt

● The charge transferred between time and is obtained by integrating

both sides of the above equation. We obtain

t
q  
t0
i ( ) d 

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 Types of Current

• Direct current ( DC) and Alternating Direct Current(DC)

current (AC)are the two types of current.

• A direct current (dc) (I) is a current that
remains constant with time.
Example. Battery

• An alternating current (ac) (i) is a current Alternating Current(AC)

that varies sinusoidally with time.
Such current is used to run the air conditioner,
refrigerator, washing machine.

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 Example 1.1

1. Determine the total charge entering a terminal between and if

the current passing the terminal is .

2. The total charge entering a terminal is given by . Calculate

the current at .

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 Voltage or Potential Difference

• Voltage ( potential difference) is the energy required to move a unit charge

through an element.
• It is measured in volts (V).
• The voltage between two points a and b in an electric circuit is the energy (or
work) needed to move a unit charge from a to b;
mathematically,
where w is energy in joules (J) and q is charge in coulombs (C)
dw The voltage or simply v is measured in volts (V)
v ab 
dq

• The figure shows the voltage across an element

(represented by a rectangular block) connected to
points a and b. The plus and minus signs are used
to define reference direction or voltage polarity.
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 Power and Energy

• Power is the time rate of expending or absorbing energy, measured in watts

(W).
• Mathematical expression:

• Energy, w, is the capacity to do work, measured in joules (J).

• An energy source forces a constant current of 2 A for 10 s to flow through a

light bulb. If 2.3 kJ is given off in the form of light and heat energy, calculate
the voltage drop across the bulb.

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 Circuit Elements

• A circuit elements are basic models of physical devices that are defined by
relationships between their terminal voltages and currents
There are two types of circuit elements found in electric circuits:

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 Cont…

• An active element is capable of generating energy.

• Active elements include generators, batteries, and operational amplifiers.
• Passive elements can not generate energy
• Passive elements are resistors, capacitors, and inductors.
• There are two kinds of sources:
• independent and
• dependent sources.
• An independent source is an active element that provides a specified
voltage or current and its value does not depend on other circuit elements.
• A dependent (or controlled) source is an active element in which the
source quantity is controlled by another voltage or current.

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 Cont…

• There are four possible types of dependent sources :

V I I V

Voltage-controlled Current-controlled Current-controlled Voltage-controlled

Voltage source (VCVS) Voltage source (CCVS) Current source (CCCS) Current source (VCCS)

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 Resistor Combinations (S, P , S-P, Y-Δ)

• Resistors can be connected in series, parallel or combination of the two

A series circuit is a circuit connection A Parallel circuit is identified by

in which the components are the fact that it has more than one
connected to form one conducting conducting (current) path
path (current path). connected to a common voltage
source

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 Resistor Combinations

• The following table summarizes the rules for resistances in series and parallel circuits
Quantity Series Parallel
The total current that flows
The current that flows through each resistance is
through the circuit is equal to the
the same as the total current throughout the
Current sum of the currents in the
circuit. separate resistances.
IT = I1 = I2= I3 = ....= In IT = I1 + I2+ I3 + ....+ In
The voltage drop in each
The sum of all the individual voltage drops
resistance is the same as the
Voltage is the same as the applied voltage.
magnitude of the applied voltage.
VT = V1 + V2+ V3 + ....+ Vn
VT = V1 = V2= V3 = ....= Vn

The reciprocal of the total

The total resistance is equal to the sum of the resistance is equal to the sum of the
Resistance individual resistances. reciprocals of the separate
RT = R1 + R2+ R3 + ....+ Rn resistances.
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
=
𝑹𝑻 𝑹𝟏 𝑹𝟐 𝑹𝟑 𝑹𝒏

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 Example 1.2

● Determine for the following circuit

To get we combine resistors in series and in parallel

Hence, the equivalent resistance for the circuit is

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 Example 1.3

● Determine for the following circuit

The 3 and 6 - resistors are in parallel because
they are connected to the same two nodes c and b

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 Wye-Delta Transformations

● It is a circuit analysis that will be applied when the resistors connection are
neither in parallel nor in series.
● For example, consider the bridge circuit in Fig. below, the resistors through
are neither in series nor in parallel then the circuits can be simplified by
using a terminal equivalent networks.
● These are the wye (Y) or tee (T) network and the delta ( ) network.
● These networks are used in three-phase networks, electrical filters….

a) The bridge network b) wye (Y) network c) delta ( ) network

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 Cont…

• The following are the same type of connections.

Two forms of the same

network: (a) Y, (b) T

Two forms of the same

network: (a) , (b) .

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 Wye to delta(Y-Δ) Transformation

● The figure below shows superposition of Y and Δ networks as an aim in

transforming one to the other.

Delta to wye conversion Wye to delta conversion

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 Example 1. 4

1. Convert the ∆ network in Figure below to an equivalent Y network

Using the previous equation

it can be converted as follows

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 Ohm’s law

• Resistance: ability to resist current (R) and materials have such a properties
• Ohm’s law states that the voltage v across a resistor is directly proportionally
to the current i flowing through the resistor.
v  iR
• The two extreme possible values of R are:
• Short circuit ( R= 0 ) the path is broken and interrupts current flow
• Open circuit (R=∞ ) the path is corrupted in someway and current
does not flow were it is intended.

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 Kirchhoff ’s Laws

• Kirchhoff’s Current Law (KCL) and Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law (KVL) are the
fundamental laws of circuit analysis.
• KCL is the basis of nodal analysis – in which the unknowns are the voltages at
each of the nodes of the circuit.
• Kirchhoff’s current law (KCL) states that the algebraic sum of currents
entering a node (or a closed boundary) is zero or
• The sum of currents entering node is equal to sum of currents leaving node
• Consider the node in the figure.
Then applying KCL gives

Rearranging the above

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 Cont…

● Kirchhoff’s voltage law (KVL) states that the algebraic sum of all voltages
around a closed path (or loop) is zero.

● Sum of voltage drops is equal to sum of voltage rises.

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 Example 1.4

● Determine and in the circuit shown below

● We apply KVL around the loop as shown in Fig. The result is

• Applying ohms law to 6 Ω resistor gives v o   6 i

● Adding and substitute the voltage value,
and v o  48 V

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 Example 1.5

• Find currents and voltages in the circuit shown in the figure

• We apply Ohm’s law and Kirchhoff’s laws,

• At node a, KCL gives

• Applying KVL to loop 1 as in Fig

• We express this in terms of
and to obtain

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 Cont…

● Applying KVL to loop 2

● since the two resistors are in parallel. We express and in terms of

and we get ,

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 End of Slide
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