Chemistry

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Chapter
1 Nature and composition of substances
Substance (or chemical substance): A “substance” is a kind of matter that can not be separated into other
kinds of matter by any physical process. e.g. gold, silver, iron, sodium chloride, calcium carbonate etc.
Pure substance: is one that is a single substance and has a uniform composition. Such a substance always have
the same texture and taste. e.g. water, salt, sugar etc.
Types of pure substances :

Two different types of pure substances are
(i) Element: An element is a substance which can not be split up into two or more simpler substances by usual
chemical methods of applying heat, light or electric energy. e. g. hydrogen, oxygen, sodium, chlorine etc.
(ii) Compound: A compound is a substance made up of two or more elements chemically combined in a fixed
ratio by weight e.g. H2O (water), NaCl (sodium chloride) etc.
Mixture: A mixture is a substance which consists of two or more elements or compounds not chemically
combined together. e.g. Air is a mixture of nitrogen, oxygen, inert gases, water vapour, carbon dioxide etc.
Types of mixtures : Mixtures are impure substances. They are of two types:
(i) Homogeneous mixture: It has a uniform composition throughout and its components can not be
distinguished visually.
E.g. A well mixed sample of vinegar.
(ii) Heterogeneous mixture: It is one that is not uniform throughout. Different samples of a heterogeneous
mixture may have different composition. e.g. a mixture of salt and pepper.
Solution : It is a homogeneous mixture of two or more substances whose composition can be varied.
e.g. Solution of common salt in water, solution of ammonia in water.
Separating the components of a mixture : Various methods are used for separating the constituents of a
mixture.
1. Insoluble solid in solvent - Sedimentation followed by filtration. In case of a fine solid centrifugation is used
instead of filtration
2. Solution of solid in liquid - Evaporation, crystallization, distillation
3. Miscible mixture of liquids - Fractional distillation
4. Immiscible mixture of liquids - Separating funnel
5. Mixture of two solids one of which is sublime - Sublimation
6. Mixture of substances in solution - Chromatography
Solute : The component of solution that is dissolved and present in smaller quantities in a solution is known as
solute. e.g. common salt in case of solution of common salt in water and ammonia in case of solution of
ammonia in water.
Solvent : The component of solution in which solute is dissolved is known as solvent. It is always present in
larger amount in a solution. e.g. water in case of the solution of common salt or ammonia in water.
Saturated Solution : A solution in which no more solute can be dissolved at the same temperature is called
Saturated solution.

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Unsaturated Solution : It is a solution in which more solute can be dissolved at the same temperature.
Super-saturated Solution : It is a solution which contains more mass of the dissolved solute than the saturated
solution at the same temperature and pressure.
Alloys : Alloys are homogeneous mixtures of metal and can not separated into their components by physical
methods.
e.g. Brass is a mixture of copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn).
Concentration of a solution : Concentration of a solution is the amount of solute present in a given amount
(mass or volume) of a solution or the amount of solute dissolved in a given mass or volume of a solvent.
Amount of solute Concentration = Amount of solvent
Solubility : It is defined as the amount of solute dissolved in 100g of solvent to form a saturated solution.
Suspension : It is a non-homogeneous mixture in which solids are dispersed in liquids. In it the solute particles
do not dissolve but remains suspended through out the bulk of the medium.
Colloids or colloidal solution : Colloid is a heterogeneous mixture. The size of particles of a colloid is
intermediate between true solutions and suspensions (i.e between 1nm and 100 nm). The particles of a colloid
can not be seen with naked eye.
Types of colloidal solution : Since colloidal solution is heterogeneous mixture it consists of two phases. These
are
(i) dispersed phase (colloidal particles)
(ii) dispersion medium (The medium in which colloidal particles are dispersed).
Emulsion : Emulsions are liquid-liquid colloids.

Types of Emulsion : Emulsions are of two types :
(i) water in oil
(ii) oil in water
Emulsifiers are those substances that help in forming stable emulsions of oil and water, e.g. milk, cod-liver oil,
cold creams, vanishing creams, moisturising cream, paints, etc.
Elements - Elements are a type of pure substances. An element is a substance that can not be split into two or
more simpler substances by usual chemical methods of applying heat, light or electric energy.
Types of elements : Elements have been divided into metals and non-metals. All metals (except mercury) are
solids. e.g. sodium, potassuim, gold, silver etc.
All non-metals are solids or gases (Bromine is an exception as it is a liquid non-metal) e.g. hydrogen, oxygen,
carbon, bromine, chlorine, iodine etc.
Compound : A compound is a substance made up of two or more elements chemically combined in a fixed
ratio by weight. e.g. water (H2O) is a compound made up of two
Elements. Hydrogen and Oxygen chemically combined in a fixed proportion of 1: 8 by weight.

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Chapter
2 Acid, Base and Salts
1. Acid
• An acid is a compound, produce hydrogen ions, H+(aq), in solution, which are responsible for their
acidic properties.
• According to Bronsted-Lowry theory, an acid is any species that can donate a proton to another species.
• Hydrogen ions cannot exist alone, but they exist after combining with water molecules.so, on
dissolving in water yields hydronium ions (H3O+) as the only positive ions.
• The presence of hydrogen ions make acids strong and good electrolytes
trong Acid: Examples of strong acids are: hydrochloric acid, sulphuric acid, nitric acid etc.
Weak Acid: Examples are: acetic acid, formic acid, carbonic acid etc.
• Acids are generally sour in taste and corrosive.
• Indicators: Test whether a substance is acidic or basic.
Eg: Turmeric, litmus, china rose petals (Gudhal), etc., are some of the naturally occurring indicators.
• Litmus is extracted from lichens a plant belonging to the division Thallophyta. It has a purple colour in
distilled water. When added to an acidic solution, it turns red and when added to a basic solution, it turns
blue.
• The solutions which do not change the colour of either red or blue litmus are known as neutral solutions.
These substances are neither acidic nor basic.
• Olfactory indicators: There are some substances whose odour changes in acidic or basic media.
Uses of Acids
Acids are obtained from two different sources. They can be organic or mineral acids. All acids have some
common characteristic properties.
Sources of the acid Name of the acid

Vinegar Acetic acid
Citrus fruits Citric acid
Grapes, tamarind, gooseberries Tartaric acid
Sour milk Lactic acid
Apples Malic acid
Curd Butyric acid
Tea, tomatoes Oxalic acid
Sting of red ants and bees Formic acid
Proteins Amino acids
Guava, oranges Ascorbic acid
Note: The process of dissolving an acid or a base in water is a highly exothermic one. The acid must always be
added slowly to water with constant stirring.
2. Bases and Alkalis
• A Base is a substance that gives OH-ions when dissolved in water. Bases are usually metal hydroxides
(MOH).
• According to Bronsted-Lowry theory, a base is a proton acceptor.
• Bases are soapy substances with a bitter taste.
• The strength of a base depends on the concentration of the hydroxyl ions when it is dissolved in water.
• Bases soluble in water are called alkalies. All alkalies are bases but all bases are not alkalies.

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Strong Base:
Examples: Sodium hydroxide: NaOH (caustic soda), Potassium hydroxide: KOH(caustic potash), Calcium
hydroxide: Ca(OH)2.
Weak Base:
Examples: Magnesium hydroxide: Mg(OH)2, Ammonium hydroxide: NH4OH.
3. Salt: A salt is an ionic compound that can be formed by the neutralization reaction of an acid and a base.
USES OF SALTS IN INDUSTRIES:

(i) Sodium chloride is used in the manufacture of chlorine, caustic soda, washing soda and baking soda.
(ii) Ammonium salts are used as fertilizers.
(iii) Potassium nitrate is used in the manufacture of gun powder and fire works.
(iv) Silver bromide is used in photography.
(v) Potassium Chlorate is used in the match industry.
(vi) Aluminium sulphate is used in preparing alums.
pH SCALE
The p in pH stands for ‘potenz’ in German, meaning power. The scale that measures the strength of an acid or
a base is called the pH scale. This value lies between 0 and 14.
▪ Higher the hydronium ion concentration, lower is the pH value.
▪ The pH of a neutral solution is 7. Values less than 7 on the pH scale represent an acidic solution. As the
pH value increases from 7 to 14, it represents an increase in OH– ion concentration in the solution, that
is, increase in the strength of alkali.
▪ Most food crops grow best at a PH of 7-7.8. If the soil is too acidic then its pH can be raised by adding
lime (or slaked lime) which neutralizes the excess acid in the soil. Similarly, if the soil is too alkaline
then its pH can be lowered by adding gypsum or some other substance which can neutralize the excess
alkali present in the soil.
▪ The medium in our stomach is highly acidic and has pH around 1.2. Our stomach produces
hydrochloric acid which helps in digestion of food. Magnesium hydroxide (Milk of magnesia), a mild
base, is an antacid which neutralises the excess acid.
▪ Tooth decay starts when the pH of the mouth is lower than 5.5.
▪ Acid Rain- When pH of rain water is less than 5.6, it is called acid rain.
▪ Gastric juice - 1.2
▪ Lemon Juice - 2.2
▪ Pure water - 7.4
▪ Milk of magnesia - 10
▪ Sodium hydroxide solution - 14
▪ Blood pH : For proper functioning our body needs to maintain blood pH between 7.35 and 7.45. Values
of blood pH greater than 7.8 or less than 6.8 often results in death.
▪ Note - The atmosphere of venus is made up of thick white and yellowish clouds of sulphuric acid.

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Chapter
3 Structure of Atom
The atomic theory of matter was first proposed by John Dalton.Fundamental particles of an atom are Electron,
Proton and Neutron.
1. Proton(p): Discovered by E. Goldstein

• Protons are positively charged.
• The absolute charge on the electron to be + 1.6 × 10–19 C.
2. Electron (e): Discovered by J.J. Thomson when he was studying the properties of cathode ray.
• Irish physicist George Johnstone Stoney named this charge 'electron' in 1891.
• Electrons are negatively charged.
• The absolute charge on the electron to be – 1.6 × 10–19 C.
• e/me as: = 1.758820 × 1011 C kg–1
• The charge of an electron was measured by R. Millikan in Oil drop experiment.
3. Neutrons(n) - Discovered by J. Chadwick

• It has no charge and a mass nearly equal to that of a proton
• The mass of a neutron is taken as one unit each
Atomic nucleus – Discovered by E Rutherford

The fast moving alpha (α)-particles (doubly-charged helium ions) were made to fall on a thin gold foil.
The mass of an atom is the sum of the masses of protons and neutrons present in the nucleus.
Valency
The number of electrons gained, lost or shared so as to make the octet of electrons in the outermost shell,
is called valency.
The atoms of elements, having a completely filled outermost shell show little chemical activity,their valency
is zero.
An outermost-shell, which had eight electrons is said to possess an octet. Atoms would thus react, so as to
achieve an octet in the outermost shell.
The chemical behavior of an atom depend upon the number of electrons orbiting around the nucleus.
Atomic Number
The atomic number is defined as the total number of protons present in the nucleus of an atom. It is denoted
by "Z".
Mass number
The mass number is defined as the sum of the total number of nucleons (protons and neutrons) present in the
nucleus of an atom.
Isotopes
Atoms which have the same atomic number but different mass numbers. The chemical properties of isotopes
are similar but their physical properties are different. But some isotopes have special properties which find
them useful in various fields. Some of them are:
(i) An isotope of uranium is used as a fuel in nuclear reactors.
(ii) An isotope of cobalt is used in the treatment of cancer.
(iii) An isotope of iodine is used in the treatment of goiter

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Radioactive isotopes
Arsenic–74 → detect tumors
Sodium–24 → Blood clot
Iodine–131 → Activity of thyroid gland
Cobalt–60 → Treat of cancer
Isobars - Atoms of different elements with different atomic numbers, which have the same mass number, are
known as isobars.
Isotones – Atoms having same number of neutrons.
Isoelectronics – Isoelectronic refers to two atoms, ions or molecules that have the same electronic structure and
same number of valence electrons.
Mass defect - The mass defect is the difference between the rest mass of a nucleus and the sum of the rest
masses of its constituent nucleons.

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Chapter
4 Elements & their Compounds
1. Carbon:
• Carbon exhibits allotropy and shows maximum catenation.
• Carbon occurs both in free state as diamond, coal etc. and also in the combined form as CO2.
• Diamond is one of the allotropic forms of carbon and is the purest form of natural carbon. It is the
hardest natural substance.
• Graphite is also an allotropic form of carbon, which is very soft and slippery. Graphite are prepared
artificially by Acheson process.
• Fullerene (C60) looks like a soccer ball. It contains 20-six membered and 12-five membered rings of
carbon atoms.
• Graphene is an allotrope of carbon. It is a strong substance and used as a conducting material for touch
screen, LCD and LED.
Compounds of Carbon
Carbon monoxide (CO)
Carbon monoxide (CO) combines with haemoglobin to form carboxyhaemoglobin which is not able to
absorb oxygen and as a result of this, suffocation takes place (Asphyxia).
The death of persons in closed rooms with wood, coal or coke fires and in closed bathrooms with gas geyser
is due to the formation of carbon monoxide.
Carbon dioxide (CO2)

0.03-0.05 percent in atmosphere.
Solid CO2 is known as dry ice. It is used in refrigerators under the name drikold. It is used in transport of
perishable food materials as it provides cold as well as the inert atmosphere.
Carbides
They are the compounds of carbon with metals or electronegative elements.
• Destructive distillation of coal gives products like coal gas, gas carbon, coal tar and ammonical liquor.
• Lamp Black is also known as Soot.
2. Nitrogen:
• Nitrogen is a neutral gas and is neither combustible nor a supporter of combustion.
• In air - 79% of Nitrogen is present (by volume). In combined state, nitrogen is found as nitrates (Chile
saltpetre—sodium nitrate (NaNO3), Indian saltpetre—potassium nitrate (KNO3)
Ammonia
• It is prepared from nitrogen and hydrogen by Haber’s process. It has pungent odour.
• Ammonia is used in manufacturing fertilizers and explosives etc.
• Nitrogen fixation involves the fixation of atmospheric nitrogen into nitrate by lightning and by nitrogen
fixing bacteria called Rhizobia.
3. Oxygen:
• Oxygen is an important constituent of atmosphere (21% by volume). Supporter of combustion.
• Liquid oxygen mixed with freshly divided carbon, is used in place of dynamite in coal mining.
• Ozone(O3) - It protects the life on the earth by not allowing UV rays to reach the Earth. The common
refrigerants, chlorofluorocarbons deplete this ozone layer.
• Its bleaching action is due to its oxidizing action.
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• Ozone is also used as a germicide and disinfectant, for sterilizing water.
4. Phosphorus (P):
• It is highly reactive non-metal, so it occurs only in combined state.
• Phosphorus is an essential constituent of bones, teeth, blood and nerve tissues. Bone ash contains about
80% of phosphorus.
5. Sulphur (S):
• It occurs in free state in volcanic region.
• Rhombic sulphur is the most stable form at ordinary temperature and all other forms gradually change
into this form.
6. Compounds of Sulphur
• Sulphuric acid is also known as oil of vitriol or king of chemicals. It has a great affinity for water and
thus it acts as a powerful dehydrating agent. Corrosive action of sulphuric is due to its dehydrating
action.
• Hypo (Sodium thiosulphate) It is mainly used in photography as a fixing agent. It is used to remove •
undecomposed silver halide on photographic paper or film.
7. Halogens:
Halogens are highly reactive elements and therefore, they do not exist in free state but exist only in
combined form.
Halogens have highest electron affinity so they act as strong oxidizing agent.
Their oxidizing power decreases from fluorine to iodine.
Chlorine:
Chlorine was first discovered by Scheele (1774)
Chlorine is used as a germicide, disinfectant, oxidizing agent, bleaching agent in paper and textile industry.
Chlorine being an acidic gas turns moist blue litmus paper to red and then bleaches it.
Iodine (I2)
Chile saltpeter or caliche contains iodine as sodium iodate (5-20%).
It turns starch solution blue. Solution of KI/I2 is used in the treatment of goiter. It is used as an antiseptic as
tincture of iodine.
8. Noble Gases
• Helium (He), Neon (Ne), Argon (Ar), Krypton (Kr), Xenon (Xe) and Radon (Rn) are known as inert
gases or noble gases or rare gases.
• These elements have completely filled valence shell.
• It atmosphere, argon is most abundant noble gas but in universe, helium is most abundant gas.
• Natural gas in the most important source of helium.
• The mixture of helium and oxygen is used for artificial breathing of asthama patients.
• 85% helium + 15% hydrogen is used for filling in balloons and airships.
• Mixture of helium and oxygen is used for respiration by sea divers.
• Helium is used as pressuring agent in rockets to expel liquid oxygen and liquid hydrogen.
• Xe is also known as stranger gas and Xe-Kr is used in high intensity photographic flash tubes.
• Radon is used in the preparation of ointment for the treatment of cancer.
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Water (H2O):
• Water is called the “Universal Solvent”.
• Hardness of water – Two types of hardness
Temporary hardness - Water is said to be temporarily hard when it contains bicarbonates of calcium and
magnesium (or hydrogen carbonates). This type of hardness can be easily removed by boiling.
Permanent hardness - Water is said to be permanently hard when it contains sulphates and chlorides of
calcium and magensium. This hardness cannot be removed by boiling.
• Degree of Hardness - It is defined as the number of parts of CaCO3 or equivalent to various calcium or
magnesium salts present in 106 parts of water by mass.
• Heavy water is prepared either by prolonged electrolysis or by fractional distillation of ordinary water.
Heavy water (D2O) is colourless, tasteless and odourless liquid. Fission in uranium-235 is brought by slow
speed neutron. Heavy water is used for this purpose in nuclear reactors as moderators.
Hydrochloric Acid (HCl): Hydrochloric acid is prepared by dissolving hydrogen chloride gas in water. It reacts
with metals to form their respective chlorides and liberates hydrogen.
Hydrochloric acid is used in the production of dyes, drugs, paints, photographic chemicals and in the
preparation of aqua-regia. Aqua regia is a mixture of nitric acid and hydrochloric acid, optimally in a molar
ratio of 1:3. Aqua regia is a yellow-orange fuming liquid because it can dissolve the noble metals gold and
platinum.
Nitric Acid (HNO3): It is manufactured by the Ostwald’s Process by the reaction of ammonia and air in
presence of platinum as catalyst.
• Nitric acid is colourless in pure form. Commercial Nitric acid is yellowish due to the presence of dissolved
nitrogen dioxide.
• Nitric acid is a strong monobasic acid. It ionizes in water readily.
• Nitric acid is a strong oxidizing agent. When it undergoes thermal decomposition, it yields nascent oxygen.
BAKING SODA
Chemically Baking soda is sodium hydrogen carbonate, NaHCO3.
Baking soda is manufactured by Solvay process.
USES
1. Used for cooking of certain foods.
2. For making baking power (a mixture of sodium hydrogen carbonate and tartaric acid). On heating during
baking, baking soda gives off carbon dioxide. It is this carbon dioxide which raises the dough. The sodium
carbonate produced on heating the baking soda gives a bitter taste. Therefore, instead of using the baking
soda alone, baking powder is used. The tartaric acid present in it neutralises the sodium carbonate to avoid
its bitter taste.
3. In medicines Being a mild and non-corrosive base, baking soda is used in medicines to neutralise the
excessive acid in the stomach and provide relief. Mixed with solid edible acids such as citric or tartaric acid,
it is used in effervescent drinks to cure indigestion.
4. In soda acid fire extinguishers.
WASHING SODA
1. Chemically, washing soda is sodium carbonate decahydrate, Na2CO3.10H2O.
2. Washing soda is manufacturing by Solvay process.

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USES
1. It is used in the manufacture of caustic soda, glass, soap powders, borex and in paper industry.
2. For removing permanent hardness of water.
3. As a cleansing agent for domestic purpose.
PLASTER OF PARIS
1. Plaster of Paris, also called POP.
2. Chemically, it is 2CaSO4.H2O or CaSO4.1/2H2O (Calcium Sulphate Hemi Hydrate)
3. Gypsum, (CaSO4.H2O) is used as the raw material
USES
1. In making casts for manufacture of toys and statues.
2. In hospitals for making plaster casts to hold fractured bones in place while they set. It is also used for
making casts in dentistry.
3. For making the surface of walls and ceiling smooth.
4. For making ‘chalk’ for writing on blackboard.
5. For making fire proof materials.
BLEACHING POWDER
1. Bleaching is a process of removing colour from a cloth to make it whiter.
2. Chemically, it is calcium oxychloride, CaOCl2.
3. It is manufactured by Hasen-Clever Method.
USES
1. For bleaching of cotton, linen and wood pulp.
2. In making wool unshrinkable.
3. Used as disinfactant and germicide for sterilization of water.
4. For the manufacture of chloroform.
5. Used as an oxidizing agent in chemical industry.

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Chapter
5 Chemistry in Everyday life
Synthetic Materials
The materials created by man using the natural materials, are known as synthetic materials.
Cement
• It was discovered by an English Mason, Joseph Aspdin in 1824. He called it Portland cement because he
thought that it resembled the limestone found in Portland.
• Approximate Composition of Portland cement
Calcium oxide (CaO) 60-70%
Silica (SiO2 ) 20-25%
Alumina (AI2 O3 ) 5-10%
Ferric oxide (Fe2 O3 ) 2-3%
• Raw materials are limestone (provides lime), clay (provides alumina and silica), gypsum (reduces the
setting time of cement).
• When water is mixed with cement and left as such for sometime, it becomes a hard mass. This is know as
setting of cement. It is an exothermic process, therefore cement structures have to be cooled upto 7 days by
sprinkling water.
• Mortar is a mixture of cement, sand and water. It is used for plastering walls and binding bricks and stones.
• Concrete is a mixtures of cement, sand, gravel or small pieces of stone and water. It is used for the
construction of floors.
• The structure having iron rods embedded in wet concrete, is known as reinforced concrete.
Glass (𝐍𝐚𝟐 𝐎. 𝐂𝐚𝐎. 𝟔𝐒𝐢𝐎𝟐 )

• It is a supercooled liquid of silicates.
• Raw material used for the formation of glass are sodium carbonate, calcium carbonate and sand.
• Finely powdered mixture known as batch, is mixed with cullet (broken glass pieces) and then fused in a
tank furnace at 1673 K. After few hours, molten glass is obtained.
• Molten glass is cooled slowly and uniformly. The process of slow and uniform cooling is known as
Annealing
• Different addition may produce different coloured glasses.
Substance used Colour of glass

Cuprous oxide Red
Cupric oxide Peacock blue
Potassium dichromate Green or Greenish yellow
Ferrous oxide Green
Ferric oxide Brown
Manganese dioxide Light pink, in excess black
Cobalt oxide Blue
Gold chloride Ruby
Cadmium Yellow
Carbon Amber colour

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Variety of glass and Uses
• Soft glass - It is a mixture of sodium or calcium silicates. It is used in making window glass, mirrors and
common glass wares etc.
• Hard glass - It is a mixture of potassium and calcium silicates. It is more resistant to the action of acids for
making hard glass apparatus.
• Flint glass - It is mainly a mixture of sodium, potassium and lead silicates. It is used in making bulbs and
optical instruments.
• Pyrex glass (Borosilicate glass) - It is used in making pharmaceutical containers, lab apparatus and over
ware.
• Quartz glass (Silica glass) - It is used in the preparation of chemical apparatus and optical instrument.
• Crookes glass - It is used for making lenses for spectacles.
• Photochromatic glass - On exposure to bright light, photochromatic glass darkens temporarily. So, it is
very useful as a Sun shield.
• Safety glass - The three layers are joined together by the action of heat and pressure. It does not break
easily under impact and is used in auto vehicle wind shield.
• Optical glass - It is used for making lenses for microscope, telescope and spectacles.
• Glass fibres - used as insulating material in oven, refrigerator etc.
• Optical fibres - are extensively used in telecommunication surgical operations etc. Optical fibres can
transmit images round corners.
• Lead crystal glass - Lead glass has a high refractive index. So, it is used for making expensive glass ware.
• Etching of glass - Glass is attacked by hydrofluoric acid (HF), therefore it is used in the etching of glass.

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Chapter
Chemistry in Agriculture & Medicine
6
CHEMICALS IN AGRICULTURE
Fertilizers
• Urea is the best fertilizer as it leaves only carbon dioxide after ammonia, has been assimilated by plants.
• It has 46.6% Nitrogen and it does not alter the pH of the soil.
• Mixture of Ca(CN)2 and C is known as nitrolim. Commerically, calcium nitrate is known as Norwegian
saltpetre.
• The mixture of nitrogenous, phosphatic and potash fertilizers in suitable amounts, is called NPK fertilizers.
Pesticides
Pesticides are the chemicals which are applied to crops, e.g. DDT and malathion.
Difethialone
Vitamin K has been suggested and +successfully used, as antidote for pets or humans accidentally or
intentionally exposed to anticoagulant poisons.
Chemicals in medicines
Analgesics (Pain relievers)

These reduce pain. Aspirin and paracetamol are non-narcotic analgesics. Aspirin reduces fever, prevents
platelet coagulation.
Narcotic analgesics are chiefly used for the relief of post operative pain, cardiac pain and pains of terminal
cancer and in child birth.

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Chapter
7 Polymerization
Polymerization
• Polymers are defined as high molecular mass macromolecules, which consist of repeating structural units
derived from the corresponding monomers.
• Polymers occur in nature also. Cotton, for example, is a polymer called cellulose. Cellulose is made up of a
large number of glucose units.
On the basis of intermolecular forces Polymers are classified as:

1. Elastomers- rubber, buna-S, buna-N, neoprene etc.
2. Fibres – polyamides (nylon 6, 6), polyesters (Terylene), etc.
3. Thermoplastic polymers - Such plastic which gets deformed easily on heating and can be bent easily are
known as thermoplastics. Polythene and PVC, Polythene, Polystyrene, Polyvinyls, etc.
4. Thermosetting Polymers - some plastics which when moulded once, can not be softened by heating. These
are called thermosetting plastics.eg: bakelite, melamine etc.
Few important polymers are:

(a) Polythene
(i) Low density polythene-polymerisation of ethene under high pressure in the presence of traces of
dioxygen or a peroxide initiator (catalyst).
(ii)
High density Polythene - polymerisation of ethene in the presence of a catalyst such as
triethylaluminium and titanium tetrachloride (Ziegler-Natta catalyst).
(b) Polytetrafluoroethene (Teflon)- Teflon is manufactured by heating tetrafluoroethene with a free radical or
persulphate catalyst at high pressures.
(c) Polyacrylonitrile - polymer of acrylonitrile in presence of a peroxide catalyst.
Condensation Polymerisation
(a) Polyamides - possess amide linkages
(i) Nylon 6, 6 - prepared by the condensation polymerization of hexamethylenediamine with adipic acid
under high pressure and at high temperature
(ii) Nylon 6 - obtained by heating caprolactum with water at a high temperature.
(b) Polyesters - polycondensation products of dicarboxylic acids and diols. Polyester is another synthetic fibre.
Fabric made from this fibre does not get wrinkled easily. It remains crisp and is easy to wash. So, it is quite
suitable for making dress material.
Eg: Terylene is the best known example of polyesters. It is prepared by ethylene glycol and terephthalic
acid. It can be drawn into very fine fibres that can be woven like any other yarn.
(c) Phenol - formaldehyde polymer (Bakelite and related polymers)

Prepared by the condensation reaction of phenol with formaldehyde in the presence of either an acid or a
base catalyst.
The initial product could be a linear product – Novolac used in paints. Novolac on heating with
formaldehyde undergoes cross linking to form an infusible solid mass called bakelite. It is used for making
combs, phonograph records, electrical switches and handles of various utensils.
Eg. Melamine – Melamine formaldehyde polymer is formed by the condensation polymerisation of
melamine and formaldehyde. Melamine is a versatile material. It resists fire and can tolerate heat better

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than other plastics. It is used for making floor tiles, kitchenware and fabrics which resist fire. It is used in
the manufacture of unbreakable crockery.
Copolymerisation.
Natural rubber - Natural rubber may be considered as a linear polymer of isoprene (2-methyl-1, 3-butadiene)
and is also called as cis - 1, 4 - polyisoprene.
Vulcanisation of rubber-This process consists of heating a mixture of raw rubber with sulphur and an
appropriate additive at a temperature range between 373 K to 415 K so that rubber gets stiffened.
Synthetic Rubbers -
(i) Neoprene - by the free radical polymerisation of chloroprene.
Rayon - rayon or artificial silk. Although rayon is obtained from a natural source, wood pulp, yet it is a
man-made fibre.
Nylon - Nylon is also used for making parachutes and ropes for rock climbing. A nylon thread is actually
stronger than a steel wire.

571
Chapter
8 Classification of Elements
Mendeleev’s Periodic Table (1869)
States that, “the physical and chemical properties of elements are the periodic function of their atomic masses.”
Modern Periodic Law

“The physical and chemical properties of the elements are periodic function of their atomic numbers.”
Long Form of Periodic Table

Long form of periodic table or Bohr’s table is based on Bohr-Burry concept of electronic configuration. It
contains 7 periods (horizontal rows) and 18 groups.
Periodic Properties
The properties which are repeated at regular intervals are known as periodic properties, i.e. periodic properties
show a regular order along a group and period. Some important periodic properties are
Ionisation Enthalpy
It is the minimum energy required to remove an electron from an isolated gaseous atom of an element to form
a positive ion.
Electron gain enthalpy

It is the energy released by an element when an extra electron is added to its neutral gaseous atom.
Electronegativity
It is the ability of an atom to attract the shared pair of electrons towards it.
Metallic character
It is the tendency of an element to form cation by the loss of electrons.

572
Chapter
9 Chemical Reactions and Equation
Physical Change
• The change that only affect physical properties, but the chemical compositions remains unchanged, are
called physical change.
• These can be reversed by changing the conditions of temperature and pressure, boiling, cutting of trees,
dissolving common salt in water burning of wax.
Chemical Change
• The change which affect the composition as well as chemical properties of matter and result in the
formation of a new substance is called a chemical change.
• Chemical changes are generally irreversible. Some examples of chemical changes are burning of candle
(gases), photosynthesis, ripening of fruits, electrolysis of water.
• A chemical reaction involves bond breaking or bond formation between any two atoms to produce new
substances.
Laws of Chemical Combination - There are three laws of Chemical combination. They are:
1. Law of conservation of mass: This law was stated by Lavoisier in 1744. It states that “In all physical and
chemical changes, the total mass of reactants is equal to total mass of products.”
2. Law of constant proportions (or constant composition): This law was first stated by Proust in 1797.
According to the law “a chemical compound is always found to be made up of the same elements combined
together in the same proportions by weight” e.g. the ratio of hydrogen and oxygen in pure water is always
1 : 8 by weight. This law is also called law of definite proportions.
3. Law of multiple proportions: This law was given by John Dalton (1803) and states that "when two elements
combine to form two or more compounds, the different mass of one of the elements and the fixed mass of
the one with which it combines always form a whole number ratio". This law explains the concept of
formation of more than one compound by two elements.
Types of Chemical Reactions

Exothermic and Endothermic Reactions
Reactions in which heat is released along with the formation of products, are called exothermic reactions.
Burning of fuel is an example of exothermic reaction.
Reactions in which heat is absorbed, are known as endothermic reactions.
Oxidation and Reduction

• Oxidation is removal of electrons.
• Reduction is the addition of electrons.
▪ Oxidation means
(a) addition of oxygen
(b) removal of hydrogen.
▪ Reductions means
(a) Removal of oxygen.
(b) Addition of hydrogen.
• The substance that causes oxidation is called the oxidizing agent.
• The substance that causes reduction is called the reducing agent.
Oxidising agent
573
1. Acceptors of electrons.
2. It is a substance which removes the electron from an atom.
3. It brings about oxidation.
Reducing agent
1. Donors of electrons.
2. It is a substance which adds electrons to an atom.
3. It brings about reduction.
REDOX REACTION
A reaction which involves oxidation and reduction occurring simultaneously together are called redox reaction.
Photosynthesis in plants digestion of food in animals; dry and wet batteries and corrosion of metals are diverse
examples of oxidation and reduction reactions.
Electrolysis
• Electrolysis is carried out in an electrolytic cell.
• A simple electrolytic cell consists of two copper strips dipping in an aqueous solution of copper sulphate.
• On applying DC voltage to the two electrodes, copper metal is deposited on cathode and copper is
dissolved at anode.
• Used In the purification of impure metals.
• In the extraction of metals
• The blocks used in typing industries are prepared by electrolysis.
• Steel is coated with zinc metal during the process of galvanization.
Batteries
These convert chemical energy into electrical energy. Mainly two types of batteries are used, i.e. primary and
secondary.
Primary Batteries
In the primary batteries, reaction occurs only once and after a period of time battery becomes dead.
Dry Cell or Leclanche Cell

It consists of a zinc container that acts as anode and the cathode is a carbon (graphite) rod surrounded by
powdered manganese dioxide and carbon.
A moist paste of ammonium chloride (NH4 CI) and zinc chloride (ZnCI2 ) is used as an electrolyte. Dry cell is
commonly used in our transistors and clocks.
Mercury Cell
It is commonly used in low current devices such as hearing aids, watches etc.
The electrolyte is a past of potassium hydroxide (KOH) and zinc oxide (ZnO).
Secondary Batteries
Lead Storage Battery

It consists of a lead as anode and a grid of lead packed with lead dioxide (PbO2 ) as cathode.
A 38% solution of sulphuric acid is used as an electrolyte. On charging the battery, the reaction is reversed and
lead sulphate gives lead on anode and cathode is converted into lead dioxide respectively.
Nickel Cadmium Cell

574
It has longer life that the lead storage cell. It consists of a cadmium as anode and nickel dioxide as cathode. The
electrolyte is a potassium hydroxide (KOH) solution.
Fuel Cells
Fuel cells convert energy from the combustion of fuels such as hydrogen, carbon monoxide, methane directly
into electrical energy
A fuel cell with hydrogen and oxygen has been used for electric power in Apollo Space Programme.
Corrosion
• When iron is exposed to moist air for a long period of time, its surface acquires a coating of brown flaky
substance called rust.
• Rust is mainly hydrated iron (III) oxide (Fe2 O3 . xH2 O).
• In corrosion, a metal is oxidized by the loss of electrons to oxygen and form oxide.
• The rusting of iron can be prevented by painting, oiling and greasing, galvanizing (by coating iron objects
with zinc), chrome plating etc.
Catalysis
• A catalyst is a substance which alter the rate of reaction.
• The catalyst itself does not alter during the reaction.
• The phenomena in which the rate of reaction is altered by the presence of a substance (catalyst) is known
as catalysis.
• Catalysts are specific in their action.
• A catalyst does not change the equilibrium state of a reversible reaction, only brings it quickly.
• The main function of a catalyst in a reaction is to decrease the activation energy.
Applications of Catalysts in Industrial Processes

• Haber process for ammonia—Iron is used as a catalyst and molybdenum is used as a promoter of catalyst
iron.
• Contact process for Sulphuric acid—Vanadium pentoxide is used as a catalyst.
• Ostwald process for Nitric acid—Platinum gauze is used as a catalyst.
• Deacon process for Chlorine—Cupric chloride is used as a catalyst.
• Synthesis of petrol—Nickel, iron, cobalt and alumina is used as a catalyst.
Enzyme Catalysis
The increase in the rate of reaction by the enzymes is known as enzyme catalysis. They are biocatalysts, all are
proteins in nature.
The rates of enzymatic reactions are very much affected by pH change
ome important enzyme catalysis reactions are as follows
Diastase
• Starch → Maltose
H2 O
Maltase
• Maltose → Glucose
H2 O
Zymase
• Glucose → Ethyl alcohol
Invertase
• Sucrose → Glucose + Fructose
Urease
• Urea → Ammonia + Carbon dioxide
H2 O

575
Chapter
10 Matter & Its Nature
• Matter can exist in three states-
I. Solid
II. Liquid
III. Gas.
• The forces of attraction between the particles (inter-molecular force) are maximum in solids, intermediate
in liquids and minimum in gases. The spaces in between the constituent particles and kinetic energy of the
particles are minimum in the case of solids, intermediate in liquids and maximum in gases.
• The states of matter are inter-convertible. The state of matter can be changed by changing temperature or
pressure.
• The process of melting, that is, change of solid state into liquid state is also known as fusion.
• Evaporation is a surface phenomenon. Particles from the surface gain enough energy to overcome the forces
of attraction present in the liquid and change into the vapour state. The rate of evaporation depends upon
the surface area exposed to the atmosphere, the temperature, the humidity and the wind speed.
Evaporation causes cooling.
• Burning of coal, wood or leaves is a chemical change. Explosion of a firework is a chemical change. If you
leave a piece of iron in the open for some time, it acquires a film of brownish substance. This substance is
called rust and the process is called rusting. The process of rusting can be represented by the following
equation: Iron (Fe) + Oxygen (O2, from the air) water (H2O) rust (iron oxide-Fe2O3) For rusting, the presence
of both oxygen and water (or water vapour) is essential. It is a chemical change.
• Prevent iron articles from coming in contact with oxygen, or water, or both. One simple way is to apply a
coat of paint or grease. Another way is to deposit a layer of a metal like chromium or zinc on iron. This
process of depositing a layer of zinc on iron is called galvanisation.
• Stainless steel is made by mixing iron with carbon and metals like chromium, nickel and manganese. It
does not rust.
Metals & Nonmetals

▪ Metals are generally good conductors of heat and electricity.
▪ Silver is the best conductor of heat followed by copper.
▪ Mercury offers a very high resistance to the passage of electric current.
▪ Metals are generally hard but sodium and potassium are so soft that they can be easily cut with a knife.
▪ Metals are malleable and ductile. Gold and silver are most malleable and best ductile metals.
▪ Metals are solids at room temperature except mercury (melting point 39°C) which is liquid, caesium
(melting point 28.4°C) and gallium (melting point 29.8°C) are liquid above 30°C.
▪ Metals are electropositive in nature, they ionize by the loss of electrons and form positive ions.
▪ Almost all the metal oxides are basic in nature but zinc oxide and aluminium oxide are amphoteric.
▪ Lithium, sodium, potassium, rubidium and caesium are alkali metals. Alkali metals are stored under
kerosene or liquid paraffins to protect them from action of air.
▪ Metallic sodium is prepared by the electrolysis of molten mixture of 40% sodium chloride and 60% calcium
chloride in a Down’s cell.
Sodium bicarbonate(NaHCO3 ), baking soda is used in effervescent drinks and fruit salts in fire extinguishers
and it is also used in the form of sesquicarbonate. It is used for wool washing.
Sodium carbonate (Na 2CO3 . 10H2 O) washing soda is used in the manufacturing of glass, soap, washing
powder and for softening hard water.
Mixture of sodium carbonate and potassium carbonate is known as fusion mixture.
Sodium sulphate (Na 2 SO4 . 10H2 O) is Glauber’s salt. It is used as purgative.

576
Sodium thiosulphate (Na 2 S2 O3 . 5H2 O) or Hypo. It is used in the photography as a fixing agent.
Potassium super oxide (KO2 ) used in space capsules, submarines and breathing masks as it produces oxygen
and removes carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide.
Potassium cyanide (KCN) is used in the extraction of silver, gold and as a germicide in agriculture. KCN is
more poisonous than sodium cyanide.
Potassium hydroxide (KOH) is known as caustic potash used in the preparation of soft soap. Its aqueous
solution is known as potash lye.
Potassium carbonate (K 2 CO3 ) is potash or pearl ash.
De-icing of Roads after snowfall

De-icing in the process of removing ice from a surface by using salts on the surface. Now-a-days, liquid CaCl2
and MgCl2 are also used for this purpose.
Alkaline Earth Metals and their Compounds

Beryllium, magnesium, calcium, strontium, barium and radium are collectively known as alkaline earth metals.
Be(OH)2 is amphoteric in nature. Mg(OH)2 is called milk of magnesia and used as an antacid.
Calcium oxide (CaO) is also called quick lime. It is used in the manufacturing of glass, calcium chloride,
cement, bleaching power, calcium carbide, slaked lime, in the extraction of iron and as a drying agent for
ammonia and alcohol.
Calcium hydroxide, slaked lime [Ca(OH2)] is used in the manufacturing of caustic soda, sodalime and for
softening of hard water.
Calcium sulphate, gypsum (CaSO4 . 2H2 O) loses a part of its water of crystallization when heated upto 120°C
to from [CaSO4 ]2 . H2 O which is known as plaster of Paris.
Plaster of Paris is a white powder, which sets into hard mass on wetting with water and it is used in making
statues, toys, etc., in medical applications of setting fractured bones in right positions and indentistry.

577
Chapter
11 Some Important Metals & their Uses
Some Important Metals and their Uses
Aluminium (Al)
It is a third most abundant element of Earth’s crust. It is extracted from bauxite (AI2 O3 . 2H2 O). Aluminium
powder is used in fireworks, flash light powder, thermite welding.
Ammonal (a mixture of aluminium powder and ammonium nitrate) is used as an explosive.
Ruby and sapphire are essentially AI2 O3 . Ruby is red due to the presence of Cr and sapphire is blue due to Fe
and Ti. Emerald is green, it contains Ca/Cr and aluminium silicates (AI2 SiO3 ).
Tin (Sn)
The important ore of tin is cassiterite (SnO2 ) or tin stone. In cold countries, white tin is converted to grey tin
(powder), the process is known as tin disease or tin plague. Tin plating is done to prevent the rusting of iron.
Tin amalgam is used in making mirrors. Pentahydrate of stannic chloride (SnCI4 . 5H2 O), is called butter of tin
used as mordant in dyeing.
Lead (Pb)
Lead is mainly found in the form of sulphide ore called galena (PbS). Red lead (minium or sindhur) is Pb3 O4
used for making protective paint for iron and in match industry.
Zirconium (Zr)
It is used for making core of nuclear reactors and for making pumps, valves and heat exchangers.
Vanadium (V)
Vanadium pentoxide (V2 O5 ) is a very good catalyst for manufacturing of sulphuric acid by contact process.
Tungsten
Tungsten filaments are used in electric bulbs. Calcium tungstate is used in X-ray tube.
Iron (Fe)
It is extracted from its haematite ore.
Cast iron It is the most impure form of iron and contains 2.5–4% carbon.
Wrought iron or Malleable iron is the most purest form of iron and contains minimum amount of carbon (0.12–
0.5%)
Iron (II) is present in haemoglobin (blood).
Mild steel contain 0.25%–0.5% carbon while hard steels contains 0.5%–1.5% carbon. Soft steels contain carbon
upto 0.25%
tainless steel is an alloy of iron (Fe), chromium (Cr) and nickel (Ni). Ferric chloride (FeCI3 ) is used as stypic
to stop bleeding from a cut. Ferrous sulphate (FeSO4 ) is used in making blue black ink.
Copper, Silver and Gold (Cu, Ag and Au)

These are called coinage metals. Silver is used as amalgam for filling teeth and in silvering mirrors. Silver
bromide (AgBr) is used in photography. AgNO3 is called lunar caustic used in preparing marking inks and
hair dyes.
CuSO4 . 5H2 O is called blue vitriol or nila thotha and CuFeS2 is called fool’s gold.

578
Mercury (Hg)
Mercuric sulphide (HgS) is used as a cosmetic in Ayurvedic medicine as Makardhwaja.
Zinc (Zn)
It is used in galvanization to prevent rusting of iron. Zinc sulphide is used in the preparation of X-ray screens.
Zinc oxide is known as philosopher’s wool. Zinc sulphate (ZnSO4 . 7H2 O) is white vitriol.
Metallurgy
The process of extraction of metals from their ores is called metallurgy.
Minerals, Ores and Gangue

The natural substance in which metals and other impurities found in combined state, are called minerals.
The minerals from which metal can be extracted conveniently and beneficially, are called ores. Gangue or
matrix are the impurities associated with the ore.
Metal Ores Chemical composition

Sodium Rock salt NaCl
Chile saltpetre NaNO3
Borax Na 2B4O7 . 10H2 O
Potassium Carnallite KCI. MgCI2 . 6H2 O
Sylvine KCI
Magnesium Carnallite KCI.MgCI2. 6H2 O
Magnesite MgCO3
Asbestos CaSiO3 . 3MgSiO3
Calcium Lime stone CaCO3
Gypsum CaSO4 . 2H2 O
Fluorspar CaF2
Aluminium Bauxite AI2 O3 . 2H2 O
Cryolite Na 3AIF6
Feldspar KAISi3 O8
Manganese Pyrolusite MnO2
Manganite Mn2 O3 . H2 O
Manganese blende MnS
Iron Haematite Fe2 O3
Magnetite Fe3 O4
Iron pyrites FeS2
Siderite FeCO3
Copper Copper glance Cu2 S
Copper pyrites CuFeS2
Malachite Cu(OH)2 . CuCO3
Azurite 2CuCO3 . Cu(OH)2
Silver Silver glance Ag 2 S
Horn silver AgCI
Ruby Silver Ag 2 S. Sb2 S3
Gold Calverite AuTe2
Sylvanite AuAgTe4
Zinc Zinc blende ZnS
Calamine ZnCO3
Zincite ZnO
Franklinite ZnO.Fe2 O3
Mercury Cinnabar HgS
Tin Cassiterite SnO2
Lead Galena PbS
579
Cerrusite PbCO3
Anglesite PbSO4
Non-Metals
These may be solid, liquid or gas (bromine is the only liquid non-metal).
These are soft, non-lustrous, brittle, non-sonorous and non-conductor of heat and electricity. These have low
melting and boiling points. These from oxides with oxygen which are generally acidic. Their examples include
noble gases, i.e. helium (He), neon (Ne), argon (Ar), krpton (Kr), xenon (Xe) and some other p-block elements
like chlorine (CI2 ), bromine (Br2 ) and phosphorus (P) etc.
ALLOYS - Alloys are homogeneous mixtures of metals and cannot be separated into their components by
physical methods.
Pure metals have poor mechanical properties. Hence, they are not used in their pure form in industry. Their
properties are modified by adding other elements.
Characteristics of alloys:
Alloys are harder and tougher than the base metal and are resistant to corrosion.
They are inert to commonly used chemicals and are magnetisable and ductile.
Alloy is considered as a mixture because it shows the properties of its constituents and can have variable
composition.
Amalgams
Alloys of mercury with other metals like sodium, potassium, gold and zinc etc. are called amalgams. Amalgams
stored in iron bottles as iron cannot form amalgam with mercury.
Brass
Composition- zinc 30%, copper 70% uses- In making of utensils, pipes and radiator statues etc.
Yellow Brass
Composition - Cu 67%, Zn 33% uses - Hardware items.
Bronze
Composition - Copper 90%, Tin 10%
uses - In making of coins, ornaments, utensils and statues.
Stainless steel
Composition - Fe 82%, (Ni + Cr) 18 %.
Uses - In making of surgical instruments, watches and utensils etc.
Magnalium
Composition- Al 95%, Mg 5%
Uses - In making light articles and physical balance etc.
Duralumin
Composition- Al 95%, Cu 4%, Mn 0.5%
Uses -In making parts of aeroplane and ship etc.
Alnico
Composition - Al 8-12%, Ni 15-26%, Co 5-24%, Cu 6%
Remaining: Fe, Ti
Uses - It is useful in making of magnets.
German silver
580
Composition - Cu 60%, Zn 20%, Ni 20%
Uses - It is useful in electroplating and making of utensils.
Sterling Silver
Composition - silver 92.5%, copper 7.5%
Uses - jewelry, art object
Gun metal
Composition - Cu 88%, Sn 10%, Zn 2%
Uses - It is useful in making of guns, machine parts and canons.etc
Solder metal
Composition - Pb 50%, Sn 50%
Uses - It is mainly useful to join electric wires.
Bell Metal
Composition - copper - 77%, tin - 23%
Uses- casting of bells
Coin metal
Composition - copper 75%, nickel 25%
Uses - U.S coins
Wood's metal
Composition - Bi 50%, Pb 25%, Sn 12.5%, Cd 12.5%
Uses - fuse plugs, automatic sprinklers.
Monel
Composition - Ni 67% and copper, with small amounts of iron, manganese, carbon, and silicon.
Uses - It is resistant to corrosion and acids and thus used for making valves, pumps, shafts, fittings, fasteners,
and heat exchangers.
Plumber's solder
Composition - Pb 67%, Sn 33%
Uses- soldering joints.

581
582
Chapter
12 Chemical Bonding
Chemical Bonding
Constituents (atoms, molecules or ions) of different elements except noble gases, do not have complete octet so
they combine with other constituent atoms by chemical bonds to achieve complete (stable) octet. The process
of their combination is called chemical bonding. Chemical bonding depends upon the valency of atoms.
Types of Chemical Bond

They are divided in the following types depending upon the mode electron transferred or shared electrons or
forces of attraction
- Electrovalent or ionic bond - Covalent bond
- Coordinate or dative covalent bond - Hydrogen bond
- Van der Waal’s forces
Electrovalent Bond
The bond formed by the transfer of electrons from one atom to another is called electrovalent bond and the
compound is called electrovalent compound or ionic compound. These bonds are formed between metals and
non-metals.
These conduct electricity when dissolved in water and also soluble in water. These are insoluble in organic
solvents like alcohol etc.
Some Electrovalent Compounds (Ionic Compounds)

Name Formula Ions present
Aluminium oxide AI2 O3 AI 3+ and O2−
(Alumina)
Ammonium chloride NH4 CI NH4+ and CI −
Calcium chloride CaCI2 Ca2+ and CI −
Covalent Bond
The bond is formed by the sharing of electrons between two atoms of same (or different) elements, is called
covalent bond.
Covalent bond may be single, double or triple depends upon the number of sharing pairs of electrons.
Covalent compounds are usually liquids or gases having low melting point and boiling point. These do not
conduct electricity and are insoluble in water but dissolve in organic solvent.
Some Covalent Compounds

Name Formula Element's part
Alcohol (Ethanol) C2 H5OH C, H and O
Ammonia NH3 N and H
Acetylene (Ethyne) C 2 H2 C and H
Coordinate or Dative Bond

The bond is formed by one sided sharing of one pair of electrons between two atoms. The necessary condition
for the formation of coordinate bond is that octet of one atom should be complete, having atleast one lone pair
of electrons and other atom should have a deficiency of atleast one pair of electrons.

583
The atom having complete octet which provides the electron pair for sharing, is known as donor. The other
atom which accept the electron pair, is called the acceptor.
Bonding between A and B is predominantly

– lonic if there is large difference in electronegativity.
– Covalent if both A and B have approximately same value of electronegativity.
– Coordinate if lone pair on A (or B) is donated to electron deficient B (or A).
Compounds Containing Ionic and Covalent Bonds

Name Formula
Potassium cyanide KCN
Sodium hydroxide NaOH
Calcium carbonate CaCO3
Compounds Containing Covalent and Coordinate Bonds
Name Formula
Carbon monoxide CO
Ozone O3
Dinitrogen oxide N2 O
Dinitrogen trioxide N2 O3
Nitric acid HNO3
Compounds Containing Electrovalent, Covalent and Coordinate Bonds
Name Formula
Ammonium chloride NH4 CI
Ammonium bromide NH4 Br
Hydrogen Bond
The electrostatic force of attraction between hydrogen atom (which is covalently bonded to a highly
electronegative atom) and any other electronegative atom which is present in the same or different molecules,
is known as hydrogen bond.
It is maximum in the solid state and minimum in the gaseous state.
Intermolecular H-bonding (e.g. HF, water ( 𝐻20 ) molecule) It occurs between different molecules of a
compound and results in increasing solubility in water and high boiling point.
Intramolecular H-bonding (e.g. o-nitrophenol) It occurs within different parts of a same molecule and results
in decreasing solubility in water and low boiling point.
Van der Waals’ Forces

The ability of geckos (lizard) which can hang on a glass surface using only one toe to climb on sheer surfaces
had been attributed to the Van der Waals’ forces between these surfaces and their foot-pads.

584
Chapter
13 Pollution
Atmospheric pollution
The substance which causes pollution is known as pollutant.
Pollutants are of two types
— Primary pollutants persist in the environment in the form, they are produced, e.g. sulphur dioxide (SO2),
nitrogen dioxide (NO2) etc.
— Secondary pollutants are the products of reaction of primary pollutants, e.g. peroxyacetye nitrate (PAN),
ozone(O3 ), aldehyde etc.
Major Gaseous Air Pollutants

Major gaseous air pollutants are oxides of sulphur, nitrogen, carbon and hydrocarbons.
Sulphur dioxide (SO2 )

It is highly toxic for both animals and plants, bronchitis, asthma, emphysema. It also causes eye and throat
irritation and breathlessness.
Sulphur dioxide reduces the rate of formation of chloroplast and thus, causes chlorosis. SO2 is highly
corrosive and damage buildings, marbles (Taj Mahal) and textiles
O2 is oxidized to SO3 which reacts with water to give H2 SO4 . H2 SO4 remains suspended in the air as droplets
or come down in the form of acid rain.
Oxides of nitrogen
Among the oxides of nitrogen, nitric oxide (NO), a colourless, odourless gas and nitrogen dioxide (NO2 ), a
brown gas with pungent odour act as tropospheric pollutants.
NO2 is highly toxic for living tissues causes leaf fall. It is a corrosive oxide and helps in the formation of smog.
In the presence of oxygen, NO2 reacts with water or moisture and produces nitric acid (HNO3 ) which is an
important factor for making acid rain.
Carbon monoxide (CO)

From more stable carboxyhaemoglobin complex with haemoglobin due to which the delivery of oxygen to the
organs and tissues is blocked.
Hydrocarbons
Out of the hydrocarbons, methane (CH4 )is the most abundant hydrocarbon pollutant. Higher concentrations
of hydrocarbons given carcinogenic effect, i.e. are cancer producing. They cause ageing of plants, breakdown
of plant tissues and shedding of leaves.
Consequences of Atmospheric Pollution

Green house gases such as carbon dioxide, methane and water vapours trap the heat radiated from Earth. This
leads to an increase in Earth’s temperature. This heating up of Earth and its objects due to the trapping of
infrared radiation by green house gases in the atmosphere, is called green house effect.
Green house effect is very essential for the existence of life because in its absence, Earth would be converted
into extremely cold planet. When concentration of green house gases increases, green house effect also
increases. This is known as global warming.
Acid rain
585
It is caused by the presence of oxides of nitrogen and sulphur in the air. These oxides dissolve in rain water
and from nitric acid and sulphuric acid respectively. The rain carrying acids, is called acid rain.
Particulates
Diseases caused by particulate
Diseases Cause
Pneumoconiosis Due to inhalation of coal dust
Silicosis Due to inhalation of free silica (SiO2)
Black lung disease Found in workers of coal mines
White lung disease Found in textile workers
Byssinosis Due to inhalation of cotton fibre dust
Smog
It is two types:
Classical smog
These occur in cool, humid climate. Sulphur dioxide (SO2 ) and particulate matter from fuel combustion are
the main components of classical smog.
Photochemical smog
These occur in warm, dry and sunny climate. It consists of a mixture of primary pollutants (nitrogen oxides
and carbon monoxides) and secondary pollutants (ozone, formaldehyde).
Peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN) and aldehydes present in smog causes irritation in eyes. PAN has the highest
toxicity to plants. It attacks younger leaves and causes bronzing and glazing of their surfaces.
Stratospheric Pollution - In stratosphere, ozone layer absorbs the ultraviolet radiation of the Sun which are
harmful to living organisms.
Depletion of ozone layer causes skin cancer and cataract in human and reduction of planktons in ocean and
depletion of plants. Depletion of ozone layer is caused by chlorofluoro carbons which are used in refrigeration,
fire extinguishers and aerosol sprayers.
In stratosphere, the depletion of ozone layer leading to ozone hole has been mainly observed in the stratosphere
of Antarctica. The formation of this hole occur due to the accumulation of special clouds in the region called
Polar Stratospheric Clouds (PSCs) and inflow of chlorofluoro carbons (CFCs).
Water pollution
In some part of India, drinking water is contaminated by the impurities of arsenic, fluoride, uranium, etc.
In water, some dissolved Oxygen (DO) is also present. For a healthy aquatic life, the optimum value of DO is
5-6 ppm. If DO is below 5 ppm, the growth of fishes is inhibited.
Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) is the total amount of oxygen (in mg) required by microbes to decompose
the organic matter present in 1L of water sample while Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) refers to the total
amount of oxygen (in ppm) consumed by the pollutants in a water sample.
Amount of oxygen required (in mg)
BOD =
Volume of water sample (in L)
For clean water, BOD is less than 5 ppm while for highly polluted water, it is 17 ppm or more.

586
Chapter
14 Gases
PROPERTIES OF GASES
1. Properties of Gases
• Gas has no definite volume or shape.
• The other outstanding characteristic of gases is their low densities, compared with those of liquids and
solids.
• All gases expand equally due to equal temperature difference.
• Diffusion of gases: The phenomenon in which a substance mixes with another because of molecular
motion, even against gravity- is called diffusion.
• The pressure of a gas: The molecules of a gas, being in continuous motion, frequently strike the inner
walls of their container
• Temperature and Temperature Scales: Temperature is defined as the measure of average heat.
Temperature is independent of the number of particles or size and shape of the object.
• Compressibility: Particles of a gas have large intermolecular spaces among them. By the application
of pressure much of this space can be reduced and the particles be brought closer. Hence, the volume
of a gas can be greatly reduced. This is called compressing the gas.
Gas Laws - All gases, irrespective of their chemical composition, obey certain laws that govern the relationship
between the volume, temperature and pressure of the gases. A given mass of a gas, under definite conditions
of temperature and pressure, occupies a definite volume.
When any of the three variables is altered, then the other variables get altered. Thus these Gas laws establish
relationships between the three variables of volume, pressure and temperature of a gas.
• Boyle’s Law: “The product of the volume and pressure of a given mass of dry gas is constant, at
constant temperature”.
• Charles Law: “At constant pressure, the volume of a given mass of gas increases or decreases by 1/273
of its original volume at 32˚F, for each degree centigrade rise or lowering in temperature.”
• Pressure Law: Volume remaining constant, the pressure of a given mass of gas increases or decreases
by a constant fraction (=1/273) of its pressure at 0˚C for each degree Celsius rise or fall of temperature.
• Avogadro’s Law: This is quite intuitive: the volume of a gas confined by a fixed pressure varies directly
with the quantity of gas. Equal volumes of gases, measured at the same temperature and pressure,
contain equal numbers of molecules. Avogadro’s law thus predicts a directly proportional relation
between the number of moles of a gas and its volume.
• Gay-Lussac’s Law: When different gases react with each other chemically to produce gaseous
substances, then under the same condition of temperature and pressure, the volume of the reacting
gases and product gases bear a simple ration among one another.
• Avogadro Number: From Avogadro’s hypothesis, we know equal volume of all gases contain equal
number of molecules at normal temperature and pressure.
The number is known as Avogadro Number and is equal to 6.06X10 23.
• The ideal gas equation of state: If the variables P, V, T and n (the number of moles) have known values,
then a gas is said to be in a definite state, meaning that all other physical properties of the gas are also
defined. The relation between these state variables is known as an equation of state.
• An ideal gas is an imaginary gas that follows the gas laws and has 0 volume at 0 K i.e., the ideal gas
does not exist.

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Chapter
15 Organic Chemistry
Organic Chemistry
Organic chemistry is defined as the study of hydrocarbons and their derivatives. Most atoms are only capable
of forming small molecules. However one or two can form larger molecules.
Urea was the first organic compound prepared in laboratory. It was prepared by Wohler (1828) from inorganic
compound i.e. ammonium cyanate.
Acetic acid was the first organic compound synthesized from the elements by Kolbe.
Functional group is responsible for the chemical properties of the molecules ex. OH is alcoholic group
Isomers Compounds having the same molecular formula but different structures, e.g. C2H6O can have the
structure, i.e. CH3OCH3 (dimethyl ether) and C2H5OH (ethanol).
Hydrocarbons
These are the compounds of only carbon and hydrogen.
Saturated hydrocarbons They contain only single bonds. These are also called alkanes or paraffins and
have general formula Cn H2n+2. Methane is the first member of this group.
Unsaturated hydrocarbons They have general formula 𝐶𝑛 𝐻2𝑛 for alkene and 𝐶𝑛 𝐻2𝑛−2 for alkynes. These have
atleast one double (=) or triple (≡) bond and are called alkenes and alkynes respectively.
Aromatic hydrocarbons They have ring structure with alternate double bonds and (4n + 2) 𝜋𝑒 – (Huckel’s rule)
e.g. benzene.
Important Hydrocarbons and their Uses

Methane (CH4) It is also known as marsh gas or damp fire. Natural gas contains mainly 90% methane along
with ethane, propane, butane etc. Rice agriculture is a big source of atmospheric methane.
• It is the cause of occurrence of the explosions in mines.
• It is used as a fuel gas in making carbon black.
Biogas
Produced during decay of biomass in the absence of oxygen. Methane (75%) is the main constituent of biogas).
Ethane (C2 H6 )
Natural gas contains approx. 10% ethane. Its hexachloro derivative 𝐶2 𝐶𝐼6 is used as an artificial camphor.
Butane (C4 H10 )

It is the main constituent of LPG (liquefied petroleum gas).
Ethylene (CH2 = CH2 )
In World war | (1914-18), it was used for the manufacturing of mustard gas (poisonous gas). It is used as an
anesthetic for the preservation and artificial ripening of green fruits.
Acetylene (CH ≡ CH)
Benzene (C6 H6)

It is the simplest aromatic hydrocarbon. It was discovered by Faraday in 1825. It is also used as a motor fuel
under the name benzol.
Toluene (C6 H5 CH3)
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It is used as a commercial solvent in the manufacturing of explosive (TNT), drugs (chloramines-T) and
dyestuffs. Used in the manufacturing of saccharin and printing inks. toluene is used as antifreeze.
Naphthalene (C10 H8 )
It is used for preventing moths in clothes, as an insecticide.
Halogen Derivatives of Hydrocarbons

Chloroform (CHCI3)
▪ It was discovered by Sir James Young Simpson.
▪ It is stored in closed dark coloured bottles completely filled because it is oxidized by air in the presence of
sunlight to an extremely poisonous gas phosgene (COCI2 ).
▪ It reacts with conc. HNO3 and form chloropicrin (CI3 C − NO2 ). Chloropicrin is an insecticide and also used
as poisonous gas at the time of war.
▪ The major use of chloroform today is in the production of the Freon refrigerant, R-22.
Iodoform (CHI3 )
It is used as an antiseptic due to liberation of free iodine.
Carbon tetrachloride (CCI4 )

used as a fire extinguishers under the name pyrene.
Dichloro diphenyl trichloro ethane (DDT)

It was the first chlorinated organic insecticides and originally prepared in 1873.
Alcohols
Methyl alcohol (CH3 OH)
• It is also known as wood spirit or wood naphtha.
• Methyl alcohol is poisonous in nature and when taken internally it can cause blindness and even death.
• It is used for denaturing alcohol (methylated spirit is denatured ethyl alcohol).
Ethyl alcohol (C2 H5OH)

It is simply known as alcohol, spirit of wine or grain alcohol.
Glycerol (CH2 OH. CHOH. CH2OH)

• It is an important trihydric alcohol known as glycerine.
• It is sweet in taste and very hygroscopic in nature. It is used in the manufacturing of cosmetics and
transparent soaps.
Phenol (C6 H5 OH)

It is a monohydric benzene derivative. It is commonly known as carbolic acid or benzenol.
Methyl isocyanate (CH3 NCO)

Leakage of this gas is responsible for Bhopal gas tragedy.
Coal
• It is believed that is was formed by (carbonization). Different varieties of coal are anthracite (90% carbon),
bituminous (70% carbon), lignite (40% carbon) and peat (10-15% carbon).
• On heating at 1270-1675 K in the absence of air, coal decomposes and gives the following products.
• Coke is the solid residue left after the distillation.

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• Coal tar It is a mixture of about 700 substances.
• Now-a-days bitumen, a petroleum product, is used in place of coal tar for metalling the roads.
• The most significant characteristics of Indian coal are its high ash content, entrained gasifires and low
sulphur content.
• The process of separation of various constituents/ fractions of petroleum is known as refining.
• Knocking - In a petrol engine, vapours of petrol and air are first compressed to a small volume and then
ignited by a spark. If the quality of petrol is not good, it leads to the pre-ignition of fuel in the cylinder. This
gives rise to a metallic sound known as knocking. Tetraethyl lead (TEL) and Benzene – Toluene – Xylene
(BTX) are common antiknock compounds.
• Octane number - The antiknocking property of petrol is measured in terms of octane number. Higher the
octane number, better is the quality of fuel. Gasoline used in automobiles has an octane number 80 or higher
while in aeroplane, it has an octane number 100 or over higher.
Fuels:
• Producer gas is a mixture of carbon monoxide and nitrogen. Water gas in mixture of carbon monoxide and
hydrogen.
• Coal gas is a mixture of hydrogen, methane, carbon monoxide, ethane, acetylene, carbon dioxide, nitrogen
and oxygen.
• Oil gas and petrol gas is a mixture of methane, ethylene and acetylene etc., and is obtained by cracking of
kerosene.
• LPG (Liquefied Petroleum Gas) the mixtures of hydrocarbons such as propane, propene, n-butane,
isobutene and various butane with small amount of ethane. The major sources of LPG are natural gas.
• CNG (Compressed Natural Gas) It is highly compressed from of natural gas, octane rating of CNG is 130.
• Gasohol It is a mixture of ethyl alcohol (10%) and petrol (90%).
Flame:
It is the hot part of fire and has three parts.
• Innermost region of flame It is black because of the presence of unburned carbon particles.
• Middle region It is yellow luminous due to partial combustion of fuel.
• Outermost region It is blue (non-luminous) due to complete combustion of fuel. It is the hottest part of
flame and is used by the Goldsmith to heat the gold.
Rocket Fuel:
• The fuel used in rockets is called rocket propellant.
• Liquid propellants are alcohol, liquid hydrogen, liquid ammonia (NH3 ), kerosene oil etc
olid propellants are polybutadiene and acrylic acid used along with oxidizers such as aluminium per
chlorate, nitrate or chlorate.

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1. Which among the following is white (a) Carbon Dioxide (b) Sulphur Dioxide
phosphorus? (c) Carbon Monoxide (d) Nitrous Oxide
(a) P1 (b) P6 13. What is the full form of PVC?
(c) P4 (d) P5 (a) Phosphonil vinyl Carbonate
2. Alkali metals can - (b) Polyvinyl S Carbonate
(a) Be highly unstable at room temperature (c) Polyvinyl Carbonate
(b) Vaporize at room temperature (d) Polyvinyl Chloride
(c) Easily gain electrons 14. Aromatic hydrocarbons contain at least _____
(d) Easily lose electrons benzene like ring in their molecules.
3. What does a catalyst do in a reaction? (a) Four (b) Three
(a) Changes potential energy of reactants (c) Two (d) One
(b) Changes kinetic energy of reactants 15. Chromite is an ore/mineral of -
(c) Changes potential energy of products (a) Zinc (b) Uranium
(d) Changes activation energy (c) Chromium (d) Titanium
4. Adding which substance gives green colour to 16. Which among the following has the maximum
glass? density?
(a) Calcium oxide (b) Iron oxide (a) Water (b) Ice
(c) Chromium oxide (d) Manganese oxide (c) Ethylene (d) Acetone
5. Which among the following is present inside 17. What happens in an oxidation reaction?
the nucleus of an atom? (a) Protons are lost.
(a) Protons and Neutrons (b) Electrons are lost
(b) Electrons and Protons (c) Neutrons are lost
(c) Neutrons and Electrons (d) Electrons are gained
(d) Neutrons, Protons, Electrons 18. The reactions in which oxidation and reduction
6. What is baking soda? occur simultaneously are called _______.
(a) Aluminium bicarbonate (a) Feral reactions (b) Redox reactions
(b) Sodium isolate (c) Demug reactions (d) Kerol reactions
(c) Sodium bicarbonate 19. Who discovered Nitrogen?
(d) Aluminium sulphate (a) Faraday (b) Heisenberg
7. Which among the following elements is a (c) Hooke (d) Rutherford
liquid at room temperature? 20. Device used for the detection and measurement
(a) Phosphorus (b) Mercury of all types of radiation (alpha, beta and
(c) Sodium (d) Aluminium gamma)-
8. Which among the following is an endothermic (a) Geiger counter (b) Polarimeter
reaction? (c) Calorimeter (d) Radiometer
(a) Respiration 21. Haematite is an ore/mineral of
(b) Combustion (a) Zinc (b) Iron
(c) Sweating (c) Lead (d) Manganese
(d) Burning of natural gas 22. Which among the following is false about alpha
9. Name the catalyst used in the conversion of particles?
milk into curd? (a) They have high ionizing power
(a) Pepsin (b) Invertase (b) They have high penetrating power
(c) Lactase (d) Diastase (c) They have high kinetic energy
10. _______ fiber is used in making bristles for (d) They are positively charged heliu m nuclei
brushes. 23. Which among the following is not a
(a) Kevlar (b) Nylon-66 characteristic of oxidation reaction?
(c) Terylene (d) Lexan (a) It involves addition of hydrogen
11. Acids turn ______ litmus _______. (b) It involves addition of oxygen
(a) red, blue (b) green, yellow (c) It involves loss of electrons
(c) blue, red (d) yellow, green (d) It involves addition of electronegative
12. Automobile exhaust leads to a poisonous element
pollutant 24. Soda water was invented by -

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(a) Tivadar Puskas (c) Cement production
(b) Joseph Priestley (d) Deforestation
(c) Petrache Poenaru 36. Carnotite is an ore/mineral of _________.
(d) James Leonard Plimpton (a) Beryllium (b) Chromium
25. The mass of proton and mass of ________ is (c) Uranium (d) Copper
same. 37. There is a protocol signed to reduce production
(a) Neutron (b) Electron of CFC, known as -
(c) Isoprone (d) Alpha particle (a) CFC Protocol (b) IR Protocol
26. Using which of the following processes can one (c) Montreal Protocol (d) UV Protocol
separate a solute from its solution? 38. Malachite is an ore/mineral of -
(a) Lead (b) Manganese
(a) Sedimentation (b) Evaporation
(c) Mercury (d) Copper
(c) Filtration (d) Condensation 39. Which among the following will be a negative
27. Which among the following is not a ion?
characteristic of transition metals? (a) If it has more electrons than protons
(a) Tendency to gain electrons (b) If it has more electrons than neutrons
(b) Low electronegativity (c) If it has more protons than electrons
(c) Low ionization energy (d) If it has more protons than neutrons
40. Why metals conduct electricity?
(d) Malleability
(a) Because of low melting point
28. Ethylene is a ______ molecule.
(b) Because of high tensile strength
(a) polar (b) ionic
(c) Because of free electrons
(c) covalent (d) nonpolar
(d) Because of high atomic density
29. _________ gets converted to phosgene, when
41. Which atmospheric layer contains ozone layer?
exposed to sunlight.
(a) Troposphere (b) Mesosphere
(a) Chloroform (b) Acetone
(c) Stratosphere (d) Ionosphere
(c) Benzene (d) Propylene
42. _______ fiber is used in making bulletproof
30. Who discovered benzene?
vests.
(a) Hal Anger (b) Michael Faraday
(a) Nylon-66 (b) Terylene
(c) Bruce Ames (d) Nicolas Appert
(c) Kevlar (d) Lexan
31. Which among the following is false about
43. Manganite is an ore/mineral of -
acids?
(a) Beryllium (b) Chromium
(a) They give H+ ions in aqueous solution
(c) Manganese (d) Copper
(b) Most acids contain hydrogen
44. Pentane has _____ structural isomers.
(c) They turn blue litmus red
(a) 1 (b) 2
(d) They are bad conductor of electricity in
aqueous solution (c) 3 (d) 4
32. Which among the following is used in making 45. Sphalerite is an ore/mineral of -
liquors, medicines and as a fuel in aircrafts? (a) Mercury (b) Molybdenum
(a) Propyl alcohol (b) Dimethyl alcohol (c) Silver (d) Zinc
(c) Ethyl alcohol (d) Methyl alcohol 46. Which drug is used to cure Hypertension?
33. What is used to prevent freezing of fuel in (a) Risedronate (b) Diazepam
space crafts? (c) Folic Acid (d) Hydralazine
(a) Benzene (b) Glycol 47. Acetic acid is commonly known as _________.
(c) Acetylene (d) Ester (a) Caustic soda (b) Spirit
34. _________ is the major component of natural (c) Banking soda (d) Vinegar
gas. 48. __________ is a polar covalent bond.
(a) Acetone (b) Methane (a) P-Cl (b) Ne-Ne
(c) Chlorine (d) Hexane (c) Cl-Cl (d) Ca-Cl
35. Carbon dioxide is produced by all of the 49. Which chemical is used in ripening mangoes
following except - artificially?
(a) Burning fossil fuels (a) Sulphur Dioxide (b) Nitrous Oxide
(b) Global warming (c) Calcium Carbide (d) Phosphorous

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50. What is the pH of water? 61. Which drug is used for Pain Relief?
(a) 7 (b) 5 (a) Risedronate (b) Tramadol
(c) 3 (d) 1 (c) Folic Acid (d) Bupropion
51. Solid carbon dioxide is known as ________. 62. Which of the following is a Synthetic rubber?
(a) Hypo (b) Borax (a) Leoprene (b) Monoprene
(c) Neoprene (d) Isoprene
(c) Alum (d) Dry ice
63. NaCl has ______.
52. Beryl is an ore/mineral of - (a) Nonpolar bonds
(a) Nickel (b) Beryllium (b) Polar covalent bonds
(c) Lead (d) Tin (c) Metallic bonds
53. DNA stands for _____. (d) Ionic bonds
(a) Di Nucleic Acid 64. Hemoglobin has the highest affinity with
(b) Deoxynucleic Acid which of the following?
(a) SO2 (b) CO2
(c) Diribonucleic Acid
(c) CO (d) NO2
(d) Deoxyribonucleic Acid 65. Vitamin A is also known as _____.
54. Which among the following is false about (a) Thiamine (b) Riboflavin
natural rubber? (c) Retinol (d) Calciferol
(a) It is an elastomer 66. Which of the following elements has the lowest
(b) It is a monomer of cisisoprene melting point?
(c) Natural rubber is a polymer of chloroprene (a) Bromine (b) Zinc
(d) It is heated with sulphur compounds to (c) Lead (d) Calcium
improve its properties 67. Ethane gas has a slightly ______ taste.
55. Why does Carbon Tetrachloride have no dipole (a) Sweet (b) Bitter
moment? (c) Sour (d) Salty
(a) Because of same size of carbon and chlorine 68. What does Trypsin do?
atoms (a) Breaks down Carbohydrates
(b) Because of regular tetrahedral structure (b) Synthesizes proteins
(c) Because of planar structure (c) Breaks down fats
(d) Because of similar electron affinities of (d) Breaks down proteins
carbon and chlorine 69. Name the source from which Aspirin is
56. Which drug is used as an Antidepressant? produced?
(a) Oxybutynin (b) Tramadol (a) Willow bark (b) Oak Tree
(c) Sumatriptan (d) Bupropion (c) Acacia (d) Eucalyptus
70. Name the acid present in lemon?
57. The orange colour of carrot is because of -
(a) Phosphoric acid (b) Carbonic acid
(a) It grows in the soil.
(c) Citric acid (d) Malic acid
(b) Carotene 71. The conversion of hard water into soft water by
(c) It is not exposed to sunlight. boiling or adding calcium hydroxide is called
(d) The entire plant is orange in colour. _______.
58. Snake venom is highly modified saliva (a) Baker's process (b) Temp's process
containing _________. (c) Clarke's process (d) Lake's process
(a) Prototoxins (b) Neutrotoxins 72. Concentration of water vapour in troposphere
(c) Zootoxins (d) Electrotoxins is -
59. Heavy water is _________. (a) 0-4% (b) 10-14%
(a) Monoterium oxide (c) 20-24% (d) 30-34%
(b) Polyterium oxide 73. First country to impose carbon tax is ________.
(c) Deuterium oxide (a) Australia (b) Iceland
(d) Trisium oxide (c) USA (d) New Zealand
60. Which among the following elements has 74. Which drug is used as an Anti-Inflammatory?
highest Electronegativity? (a) Metformin (b) Diazepam
(a) Gallium (b) Sodium (c) Latanoprost (d) Prednisone
(c) Arsenic (d) Caesium

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75. Adding which substance gives blue colour to (d) ethane and propane
glass? 88. What happens when one S and one P orbital is
(a) Manganese oxide (b) Cobalt oxide hybridized?
(c) Chromium oxide (d) Iron oxide (a) We get three orbitals in a plane
76. The (O-H) bond in CH3OH is _____. (b) We get two orbitals at 180 degrees
(a) Polar covalent (b) Ionic (c) We get two mutually perpendicular orbitals
(c) Non polar covalent (d) Cationic (d) We get four orbitals directed tetrahedrally
77. Name the drug that is yielded from Cinchona 89. The Chemical formula of Acetic acid is _____.
tree and is used to cure malaria. (a) CH3COH (b) CH3COOH
(a) Camptothea (b) Acuminata (c) CH3COCH3 (d) CH2COOH
(c) Quinine (d) Bomodol 90. The common name of sodium tetraborate
78. Which of the following elements has the lowest decahydrate is _____.
melting point? (a) Epsom salt (b) Gypsum
(a) Platinum (b) Carbon (c) Borax (d) galena
(c) Cobalt (d) Krypton 91. Who invented Antibiotics?
79. Which among the following compounds has (a) Joseph Lister (b) William Harvey
the strongest hydrogen bond? (c) Robert Knock (d) Alexander Fleming
(a) HI (b) HCl 92. The Chemical formula of Methanol is _____.
(c) HF (d) HBr (a) C2H5OH (b) CH3(OH)2
80. Ozone hole is caused by chemicals like _____. (c) CH3OH (d) CH4OH
(a) Nitrogen Oxide 93. Why do atoms bond?
(b) Hydrogen Sulphide (a) To reduce potential energy and gain
(c) Chloro Fluoro Carbon stability
(d) Carbon Monoxide (b) To make atoms
81. The poisonous gas accidentally released in (c) To increase potential energy and lose
Bhopal Gas Tragedy is - stability
(a) Methane (b) Nitrous Oxide (d) To increase potential energy and gain
(c) Methyl Isocyanate (d) Cyanogen stability
82. Release of which among the following is the 94. Which of the following is present in Nail polish
primary reason for depletion of the ozone remover?
layer? (a) Citric acid (b) Acetone
(a) Nitrous oxide (c) Ethylene (d) Benzene
(b) Hydrogen dioxide 95. What is the formula of potassium ion whose
(c) Chlorofluro carbon configuration is same as the noble gas state?
(d) Carbon monoxide
(a) K+ (b) K2+
83. Which of the following molecules is joined by a
(c) K2- (d) K-
double covalent bond?
(a) Cl2 (b) O2 96. Which of the following is made up of Carbon
(c) N2 (d) He only?
84. Which of the following elements has the lowest (a) Kevlar (b) Lexan
melting point? (c) Graphene (d) Spider silk
(a) Iodine (b) Lead 97. Which of the following is not a nitrogenous
(c) Tin (d) Mercury fertilizer?
85. The common name of sodium bicarbonate is (a) Ca(CN)2 (b) CaCN2
_____. (c) NH4NO3 (d) Urea
(a) baking soda (b) borax 98. Which of the following elements has the lowest
(c) bleach (d) epsom salt melting point?
86. Which drug is used as an Antidiabetic drug? (a) Sodium (b) Tin
(a) Metformin (b) Zolpidem (c) Radon (d) Radium
(c) Promethazine (d) Hydralazine 99. Atomic number of which of the following
87. LPG is a mixture of _______.
elements is greater than that of Fluorine?
(a) methane and butane
(a) Sodium (b) Beryllium
(b) butane and propane
(c) methane and propane (c) Nitrogen (d) Boron

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100. Which of the following induces souring of (c) 2 (d) 1
milk? 113. What is the net charge on Calcium fluoride?
(a) Acetic Acid (b) Citric Acid (a) 1+ (b) 0
(c) Ascorbic Acid (d) Lactic Acid (c) 1– (d)2–
114. Which of the following is a greenhouse gas or a
101. The Chemical formula of Cadmium nitrate is
gas which can deplete the ozone layer?
_____.
(a) B2H6 (b) NF3
(a) Cd(NO3)2 (b) CdNO3 (c) CCl3F (d) C6H6
(c) Cd2(NO3)2 (d) Cd2NO3 115. For what is Mohs scale used?
102. The common name of hydrogen peroxide is- (a) To measure brightness of a substance (b)
(a) Borax (b) Bleach (liquid) To measure viscosity of a liquid
(c) Baking soda (d) Gypsum (c) To measure elasticity of a material (d) To
103. Which glass is used to make sunglasses? measure hardness of minerals
(a) Crook's glass (b) Potash glass 116. The Chemical formula of Urea is
(c) Jena glass (d) Soda glass (a) (NH4)2CO2 (b) (NH2)CO
(c) (NH4)2CO (d) (NH2)2CO
104. Beryllium loses ____ electrons to achieve noble
117. Atomic number of which of the following
gas electron configuration.
elements is greater than that of Magnesium
(a) 1 (b) 2 (a) Neon (b) Fluorine
(c) 3 (4) 4 (c) Sodium (d) Aluminium
105. The Chemical formula of Ammonium 118. Oxide of which of the following will turn red
dichromate is _____. litmus blue?
(a) (NH4)2Cr2O7 (b) (NH4)CrO3 (a) Magnesium (b) Phosphorus
(c) (NH4)Cr2O3 (d) (NH4)2Cr2O3 (c) Sulphur (d) Carbon
106. The residual attractive or repulsive forces 119. Which of the following are highly
between molecules or atomic groups that do not compressible?
(a) Solid (b) Liquid
arise from a covalent bond, or ionic bonds is
(c) Gas (d) Solid and Liquid
called _____ .
120. ___________ gases absorb long wave (infrared)
(a) Neutral Bond radiation from the earth and emit it again
(b) Non Polar Bond towards the earth.
(c) Electro Valence bond (a) Methane (b) Nitrogen
(d) Van der Walls bond (c) Carbon di oxide (d) Ozone
107. Ozone is represented as _____. 121. Metals react with sodium hydroxide to produce
(a) O3 (b) H2O2 ___________.
(c) Cl2O (d) N2O (a) Oxygen gas (b) Sodium
108. Who invented Neon Lamp? (c) Water (d) Hydrogen gas
122. Which base is present in lime water?
(a) Vint Cerf (b) David Chaum
(a) Sodium hydroxide
(c) Georges Claude (d)Josephine Cochrane
(b) Magnesium hydroxide
109. Which of the following is the main end product (c) Calcium hydroxide
of carbohydrate digestion? (d) Ammonium hydroxide
(a) Fats (b) Lipids 123. Rusting is _____.
(c) Glucose (d) Cellulose (a) Electrolysis (b) Oxidation
110. Which of the following elements has the lowest (c) Redox (d) Reduction
melting point? 124. Which amongst the following is not a Cation?
(a) Aluminium ion (b) Copper ion
(a) Titanium (b) Tungsten
(c) Sulphate ion (d) Zinc ion
(c) Argon (d) Nickel 125. Which of the following is not a component of
111. The common name of sulphur is Smog?
(a) Freon (b) Galena (a) Volatile organic compounds
(c) Lime (d) Brimstone (b) Nitrogen Oxide
112. Atomic Number of Hydrogen is _______. (c) Sulphur dioxide
(a) 4 (b) 3
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(d) Chlorine oxide (d) None of the option is correct
126. Magnesium (Mg) + Oxygen (O2) =? 139. What is the chemical formula for Sodium
(a) Mg2O (b) MgO4 Chloride (Salt)?
(c) O2Mg (d) MgO (a) NaCl2 (b) NaCl
127. What is the reaction between an acid and a base (c) Na2Cl (d) Na2C
called? 140. Which of the following gas contributes the
(a) Desalination (b)Crystallisation maximum to the phenomena of global
(c)Neutralisation (d)Sublimation warming?
(a) Methane
128. Which among the following metal is used for
(b) Chlorofluorocarbon (CFC)
galvanization?
(c) Nitrogen dioxide
(a) Zinc (b) Copper
(d) Carbon dioxide
(c) Iron (d) Silver
141. In which industry Potassium Nitrate is used
129. What is dry ice? commercially?
(a) Solid Carbon dioxide (a) Glass Manufacturing
(b) Solid Nitrogen dioxide (b) Electroplating
(c) Solid Sulphur dioxide (c) Fire Cracker Manufacturing
(d) Solid Water (d) Leather Industry
130. In an acid base reaction which product is 142. Which of the following is not an example of
produced along with a salt? Allotrope?
(a) Hydrogen gas (b) Oxygen gas (a) Diamond (b) Graphite
(c) Carbon dioxide (d) Water (c) Ozone (d) Steel
131. What is the process of melting also called? 143. PET is a very familiar form of _____________. It
(a) Fusion (b) Galvanisation is used for making bottles.
(c) Crystallisation (d) Evaporation (a) Nylon (b) Acrylic
132. Which of the following is the most abundant (c) Polyester (d) Rayon
metal on Earth's crust? 144. Which of the following gases is heavier than
(a) Magnesium (b) Iron oxygen?
(c) Copper (d) Aluminium (a) Carbon dioxide (b) Ammonia
(c) Methane (d) Helium
133. Soil having high content of aluminum and iron
145. Which acid is released when an Ant bites?
oxide is also known as _____.
(a) Hydrochloric Acid (b)Formic Acid
(a) Meadow soil (b) Pedalfer soil
(c) Acetic Acid (d) Phosphoric Acid
(c) Chernozen soil (d) Podzol soil
146. Which among the following is an example of
134. Which of the following is an Inert Gas? solid sol?
(a) Hydrogen (b) Nitrogen (a) Milk of magnesia
(c) Oxygen (d) Argon (b) Foam
135. Ozone is an ______ of oxygen. (c) Coloured gemstones
(a) Allotrope (b) Isotope (d) Rubber
(c) Isobar (d) Isotone 147. Process of loosing electrons is known as _____.
136. Which of the following bonds are weakest in (a) oxidation
nature? (b) reduction
(a) Single bond (b) Double bond (c) radiation
(c) Triple bond (d) Hydrogen bond (d) both oxidation and reduction
137. In the following reaction, fill in the blank. 148. Anions are formed by _____.
Acid + Base → _______ + Water (a) losing of electrons
(a) Carbon dioxide (b) Metal Oxide (b) gaining of electrons
(c) Hydrogen Gas (d) Salt (c) gaining of neutrons
138. Which of the following is a characteristic of an (d) losing of neutrons
exothermic reaction? 149. Which among the following is the major cause
(a) Release of heat of acid rain?
(a) Carbon dioxide (b) Carbon monoxide
(b) Absorption of heat
(c) Nitrogen dioxide (d) Oxygen
(c) Doesn't involve any change in temperature
150. What are isobars?
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(a) Elements with same atomic number but 161. What is the common name of CaOCl2?
different mass number (a) Baking Powder (b) Baking Soda
(b) Elements with different atomic number but (c) Bleaching Powder (d) Washing Soda
same mass number 162. What is the common characteristic of the
(c) Elements with different atomic number and elements of the same group in the periodic
different mass number table?
(d) Elements with same atomic number and (a) Electrons in outer most shell
same mass number. (b) Total number of electrons
151. Which of the following pairs is INCORRECT? (c) Total number of protons
I. Haematite : Iron (d) Atomic weight
II. Pitchblende : Copper 163. Which disease is caused by Nickel?
III. Monazite : Thorium (a) Itai Itai (b) Dermatitis
(a) Only I (b) Only II (c) Learning disability (d) Asthma
(c) Only I and II (d) Only I and III 164. Most liquids that conduct electricity are
152. What is an endothermic reaction? solutions of acids, bases and ______.
(a) Reaction in which heat is released. (a) Copper (b) Aluminium
(b) Reaction in which heat is absorbed. (c) Salts (d) Iron
(c)Reaction in which neither heat is released 165. Which base is present in milk of magnesia?
nor absorbed. (a) Magnesium hydroxide
(d) None of these (b) Ammonium hydroxide
153. Which of the following is an ore of (c) Sodium hydroxide
Aluminium? (d) Calcium hydroxide
(a) Galena (b) Cryollite 166. Which among the following is used to treat
(c) Cinnabar (d) Epsom Salt Indigestion?
154. Process of gaining electrons is known as _____. (a) Antacid (b) Antiseptic
(a) oxidation (c) Analgesic (d) Antibiotic
(b) reduction 167. Which of the following cannot be beaten into
(c) radiation Sheets?
(d) both oxidation and reduction (a) Gold (b) Silver
155. Which of the following metal (shown by its (c) Potassium (d) Aluminum
symbol) is generally used for making filaments 168. Minamata disease is a nervous disorder caused
of bulb?
by eating fish, polluted with _____ .
(a) Fe (b) An
(c) Ag (d) W (a) Iron (b) Mercury
156. Who invented Dynamite? (c) Lead (d)Nickel
(a) J B Dunlop (b) Alfred Nobel 169. Which of the following is also known as
(c) James Simons (d) Peter Hargreaves Carbolic Acid?
157. A radio-active substance has a half life of six (a) Phenol (b) Hydroxide
months. Three-fourth of the substance will (c) Sulphuric Acid (d) Ethanol
decay in ______.
170. Who discovered electron?
(a) Six months
(b) Ten months (a) E. Goldstien (b) J. J.Thomson
(c) Twelve Months (c) Ernest Rutherford (d) J. Chadwick
(d) Twenty four months 171. Fog, clouds, mist are examples of _______.
158. pH of the human blood is ______. (a) Aerosol (b) Solid sol
(a) Slightly Acidic (b) Highly Acidic (c) Foam (d) Gel
(c) Slightly Basic (d) Highly Basic 172. Which of the following is a chemical formula of
159. What is nature of pH of Milk? quicklime?
(a) Slightly Acidic (b) Slightly Basic (a) Ca2O (b) Ca2CO3
(c) Highly Acidic (d) Highly Basic (c) CaO2 (d) CaO
160. Which among the following is not an example 173. What is the name of the acid in grapes?
of emulsion? (a) Lactic acid (b) Formic acid
(a) Chocolate-Milk (b) Butter
(c) Acetic acid (d) Tartaric acid
(c) Whipped Cream (d) Curd
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174. Which fibre is also called as artificial silk? (c) Ash (d) Vinegar
(a) Nylon (b) Rayon 187. The salt concentration (measured as salinity in
(c) Polyester (d) Acrylic parts per thousand), is less than ______ % in
inland waters.
175. What is an exothermic reaction?
(a) 5 (b) 20
(a) Reaction in which heat is released. (c) 50 (d) 75
(b) Reaction in which heat is absorbed. 188. ___________ is obtained by evaporation of sea.
(c) Reaction in which neither heat is released (a) Sugar (b)Iron
nor absorbed. (c)Salt (d)Steel
(d) None of these 189. The passage of an electric current through a
176. What are the main components of Brass Alloy? conducting liquid causes ___________.
(a) Copper and Zinc (a) Galvanisation (b) Evaporation
(b) Copper and Strontium (c) Physical Reaction (d) Chemical Reaction
(c) Copper, Zinc and Nickel 190. Chemical formula for Sulphurous acid is:
(a) H2SO4 (b) H2SO3
(d) Copper and Nickel
(c) H3SO3 (d) H3SO4
177. What are the main components of Bronze 191. Brownish film formed on iron when left in
Alloy? open is called?
(a) Copper and Zinc (a) Dust (b) Shovel
(b) Copper and Tin (c) Spade (d) Rust
(c) Zinc and Nickel 192. The substances which have very low ignition
(d) Aluminium and Nickel temperature and can easily catch fire with a
178. Which of the following causes fly ash? flame are called _____________ substances.
(a) Hydroelectric Power Station (a) Hazardous (b) Perilous
(b) Coal Combustion Power Plant (c) Incombustible (d) Inflammable
(c) Nuclear Power Plant 193. Blue Vitriol is another name for which of the
(d) Tidal Power Plant following?
179. What is the common name of Oil of Vitriol? (a) Copper Sulphate (b) Sodium Chloride
(a) Sulphuric acid (b) Washing Powder (c) Cuppric oxide (d) Magnesium Oxide
(c) Acetone (d) Isopropyl alcohol 194. The rubbing surface of a matchbox has
180. Which of the following is an ore of iron? powdered glass and a little red
(a) Dolomite (b) Epsom Salt ________________.
(c) Siderite (d) Galena (a) Antimony (b) Arsenic
181. What is the process of rust forming on iron (c) Silicon (d) Phosphorus
called? 195. Crystallisation is an example of?
(a) Rusting (b) Crystallisation (a) Physical Change (b) Chemical Change
(c) Shovel (d) Spade (c) Chemical Reaction (d) Galvanisation
182. __________ acts as a shield absorbing 196. Vinegar and Baking Soda together produce
ultraviolet radiation from the sun. ____________.
(a) Troposphere (b) Stratosphere (a) Copper (b) Carbon Dioxide
(c) Mesosphere (d) Ionosphere (c) Copper Sulphate (d) Magnesium Oxide
183. ________ is made by mixing iron with carbon 197. The salt concentration (measured as salinity in
and metals like chromium, nickel and parts per thousand), is _______% in sea.
manganese. (a) 10-20 (b) 30-35
(a) Ship (b) Stainless Steel (c) 40-50 (d) 60-70
(c) Rust (d) Ozone 198. Fabric made from_________ does not get
184. The melting point of ice is ____ K. wrinkled easily.
(a) 253.16 (b) 263.16 (a) Cotton (b) Flax
(c) 273.16 (d) 283.16 (c) Silk (d) Polyester
185. Fire extinguishers emit which gas? 199. What is formed when Carbon Dioxide is passed
(a) Carbon monoxide (b) Chlorine
through Lime Water?
(c) Carbon dioxide (d) Nitrogen
(a) Copper Sulphate (b) Calcium Carbonate
186. What is formed when Magnesium is burnt?
(a) Baking Soda (b) Calcium Carbonate (c) Magnesium Oxide (d) Baking Soda

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200. What is the largest component of lower 213. Heat is transmitted from higher temperature to
atmosphere, by total volume? lower temperature through the actual motion of
(a) Oxygen (b) Nitrogen the molecules in -
(c) Helium (d) Water Vapour (a) Conduction (b) Convection
(c) Radiation (d) Both conduction and
201. Acetic Acid is another name for which of the
convection
following?
214. Silver gets corroded due to ________________
(a) Vinegar (b)Baking Soda in air.
(c) Copper Sulphate (d) Magnesium Oxide (a) Oxygen (b) Hydrogen Sulphide
202. The reaction of Copper Sulphate and Iron (c) Carbon dioxide (d) Nitrogen
produces Iron Sulphate and __________. 215. Which of the following is a radioactive
(a) Vinegar (b)Ash element?
(c) Baking Soda (d) Copper (a) Cobalt (b) Uranium
203. A __________ thread is actually stronger than a (c) Argon (d) Chromium
steel wire. 216. Silica gel is a -
(a) Wool (b) Cotton (a) Moisturizer (b) Flavouring agent
(c) Jute (d) Nylon (c) Drying agent (d) Delicious food
204. The process of depositing a layer of any desired 217. Ultraviolet radiation in the stratosphere is
metal on another material by means of absorbed by -
electricity is called ___________. (a) SO2 (b) Ozone
(a) Electroplating (b)Galvanisation (c) Oxygen (d) Argon
(c) Rusting (d) Crystallisation 218. All isotopes of the same element have
205. Highest percentage of carbon is found in which _________.
(a) different atomic numbers and different
form of coal?
atomic mass
(a) Anthracite (b) Bituminous (b) different atomic numbers and the same
(c) Peat (d) Lignite atomic mass
206. Bee sting contains ___________ (c) the same atomic number but different
(a) An acidic liquid (b) a salt solution atomic masses
(c) an alkaline liquid (d) a corrosive liquid (d) the same atomic number and the atomic
207. Which of the following is not a donor atom? mass
219. Nitric acid does not react with -
(a) Phosphorus (b) Antimony
(a) Gold (b) Copper
(c) Arsenic (d) Aluminium (c) Zinc (d) Iron
208. 0 K is equivalent to - 220. Which of the following gases is known as
(a) 273°C (b) – 273°C
"Laughing Gas"?
(c) 0°C (d) 100°C
209. ___________ gives hardness to stainless steel. (a) Nitrous oxide (b) Nitrogen peroxide
(a) Zinc (b) Lead (c) Nitrogen (d) Nitric oxide
(c) Carbon (d) Tin 221. The 'solid waste' is also known as
210. Which of the following is not soluble in water? (a) Sedge (b) Toxic waste
(a) Lead sulphate (c) Sludge (d) Scrubber
(b) Zinc sulphate 222. The antiparticle of an electron is -
(c) Potassium sulphate
(a) Positron (b) Proton
(d) Sodium sulphate
(c) Alpha particles (d) Beta particles
211. Activated Charcoal is used to remove colouring
223. Which of the following is used as non-stick
matter from pure substances by_______.
coating for cooking utensils?
(a) Bleaching (b) Oxidation
(a) Perspex (b) Styrofoam
(c) Adsorption (d) Reduction
(c) Polystyrene (d) Teflon
212. Chernobyl disaster is the result of pollution
224. Particulates (< 1 μm size) remaining suspended
by_____________.
in air indefinitely and transported by wind
(a) Oil spill (b) Acid rain
currents are called
(c) Carbon dioxide (d) Radioactive waste
(a) Mists (b) Fumes

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(c) Aerosols (d) Smoke (a) 6.5–7 (b) 7.35–7.45
225. The least preferred technique in the disposal of (c) 8–9 (d) 4.5–5
Municipal Solid Waste is : 236. Sour taste of ‘Coca Cola’ is due to the presence
(a) Incineration (b) Composting
of -
(c) Land filling (d) Briquetting
(a) Acetic acid (b) Phosphoric acid
226. Which one of the following takes place during
(c) Hydrochloric acid (d) Formic acid
a nuclear fusion?
237. CaC2 on treatment with water gives -
(a) a heavy nucleus bombarded by neutrons
(a) Methane (b) Ethane
breaks up
(c) Ethylene (d) Acetylene
(b) a heavy nucleus breaks up spontaneously
238. Greenhouse effect is caused by -
(c) two light nuclei combine to form a heavy (a) Nitrogen (b) Carbon dioxide
nucleus (c) Carbon monoxide (d) Nitrogen dioxide
(d) a light nucleus breaks up spontaneously 239. Which acid is present in lemon ?
227. The most abundant metal in the Earth's crust is (a) Formic acid (b) Citric acid
the following ? (c) Lactic acid (d) Tartaric acid
(a) zinc (b) copper 240. Tear gas used by the police to disperse the mob
(c) aluminium (d) iron contains -
228. Name the gas used in preparation of bleaching (a) Carbon dioxide (b) Chlorine
powder - (c) Ammonia (d) Hydrogen sulphide
(a) Oxygen (b) Hydrogen 241. Formation of ozone hole is maximum over -
(c) Nitrogen (d) Chlorine (a) Africa (b) India
229. The depletion in Ozone layer is caused by (c) Antarctica (d) Europe
___________. 242. The tip of the match-stick contains -
(a) Nitrous oxide (a) Phosphorus pentoxide
(b) Carbon dioxide (b) White phosphorus
(c) Chlorofluorocarbons (c) Red phosphorus
(d) Methane (d) Phosphorus trichloride
230. When water itself combines chemically with 243. Zinc phosphide is commonly used as -
some element or mineral it is called - (a) Fungicide (b) Herbicide
(a) Carbonation (b) Desalination (c) Rodenticide (d) Deodorant
(c) Hydration (d) Oxidation 244. Aspirin is common name of -
231. Ozone consists of - (a) Salicylic acid (b) Salicylate
(a) oxygen only (c) Methyl salicylate (d) Acetyl salicylic acid
(b) oxygen and nitrogen 245. According to kinetic theory of gases, at the
(c) hydrogen and carbon temperature absolute zero, the gas molecules-
(d) oxygen and carbon (a) start movement (b) become mass less
232. Name two elements that find wide application (c) start emitting light (d) stop movement
in transistor industry. 246. In its reaction with silver nitrate, C2 H2 shows -
(a) Silicon and Germanium (a) oxidising property
(b) reducing property
(b) Carbon and Platinum
(c) basic property
(c) Iridium and Germanium (d) acidic property
(d) Tungsten and Platinum 247. Hydrogen bomb is based on the principle of -
233. Which one of the following is known as the (a) controlled fission reaction
‘brown coal’? (b) uncontrolled fission reaction
(a) Anthracite (b) Bituminous (c) controlled fusion reaction
(c) Coke (d) Lignite (d) uncontrolled fusion reaction
234. The main constituent of biogas is - 248. The technique of calculating the age of fossil
(a) oxygen (b) methane organisms is -
(c) acetic acid (d) methyl alcohol (a) Radiocarbon dating
235. The pH of human blood is between - (b) Electroporation

600
(c) Counting the annual rings (a) Nickel (b) Zinc
(d) Micro Manipulation (c) Copper (d) Silver
249. Who had role in the discovery of the atom 260. Which of the following imparts a blue colour to
bomb? glass?
(a) Madam Curie (b) Pierre Curie (a) Cobalt Oxide (b) Copper Oxide
(c) Otto Hahn (d) Albert Einstein (c) Iron Oxide (d) Nickel Oxide
250. Major gaseous pollutant of the thermal power 261. Formation of ozone hole is maximum over -
station is - (a) Africa (b) India
(a) H2 S (b) NH3 (c) Antarctica (d) Europe
(c) NO2 (d) SO2 262. Taj Mahal is greatly affected due to -
251. A substance which readily forms colloidal (a) Tourists (b) Acid rain
solution in contact with water is called - (c) Deforestation (d) Sound pollution
(a) Extrinsic colloid 263. Which one of the following is not a ‘greenhouse
(b) Associated colloid gas’?
(c) Hydrophobic colloid (a) Chlorofluorocarbons
(d) Hydrophilic colloid (b) Methane
252. Radioactive disintegration of uranium (c) Carbon dioxide
ultimately results in formation of - (d) Nitrogen
(a) Radium (b) Thorium 264. Which of the toxic heavy metals is found in
(c) Polonium (d) Lead modern tannery industries?
253. Which of the following metals has least melting (a) Nickel (b) Zinc
point? (c) Chromium (d) Lead
(a) Gold (b) Silver 265. The main source of carbon monoxide is -
(a) Industrial process
(c) Mercury (d) Copper
(b) Agricultural activities
254. The nuclear force is - (c) Combustion of fossil fuels
(a) short range repulsive force (d) Solid waste disposal
(b) short range attractive force 266. Which of the following is used to decolourise
(c) long range repulsive force Brown Sugar Solution is -
(d) long range attractive force (a) Coal (b) Hydrochloric Acid
255. The purest form of iron is - (c) Charcoal (d) None of these
267. Iodised salt is beneficial for -
(a) Cast iron (b) Steel
(a) Lowering of blood pressure
(c) Pig iron (d) Wrought iron (b) Prevention of dehydration
256. Now-a-days yellow lamps are frequently used (c) Thyroid function
as street lights. Which of the following gases is (d) Salivary glands
used in these lamps? 268. Submarines move under water. They have
(a) Sodium (b) Neon engines that run on -
(a) Solar energy (b) Diesel
(c) Hydrogen (d) Nitrogen
(c) Batteries (d) Steam
257. Burning pyrites ore gives out -
269. The residue left after extracting juice from
(a) Carbon dioxide gas
sugar beet and sugarcane is called -
(b) Sulphur dioxide gas
(a) Molasses (b) Bagasse
(c) Nitrogen dioxide gas
(c) Whey (d) Biomass
(d) Nitric oxide gas
270. White coal is -
258. A balloon filled with helium rises in air
(a) Uranium (b) Hydro electricity
because-
(c) Diamond (d) Ice
(a) air exerts an upward force on the balloon
271. The resources which can be used continuously,
(b) the balloon is weightless
year-after are called -
(c) helium is less dense than air
(a) Biotic (b) Abiotic
(d) helium pushes down on the air below the
(c) Non-renewable (d) Renewable
balloon
272. The tip of the match-stick contains -
259. German silver, an alloy, does not contain the
(a) Phosphorus pentoxide
metal -
(b) White phosphorus
601
(c) Red phosphorus (c) Teflon Polymer containing fluorine
(d) Phosphorus trichloride (d) Fullerene Organic compounds containing
273. The anode in a dry cell consists of - fluorine
286. The pH of lemon juice is expected to be—
(a) Copper (b) Zinc
(a) more than 7
(c) Cadmium (d) Graphite (b) equal to 7
274. What is the most commonly used substance is (c) nothing can be predicted
fluorescent tubes? (d) less than 7
(a) Sodium oxide and Argon 287. Vinegar is chemically known as:
(b) Sodium vapour and Neon (a) Acetic acid (b) Butyric acid
(c) Mercury vapour and Argon (c) Formic acid (d) Tartaric acid
288. Gasohol is a mixture of:
(d) Mercury oxide and Neon
(a) Gasoline and Butanol
275. Which is the most abundant element after (b) Gasoline and Ethanol
Oxygen? (c) Gasoline and Propanol
(a) Silicon (b) Carbon (d) Methanol and Ethanol
(c) Sodium (d) Chlorine 289. The plants receive Nitrogen in form of:
276. Chemically “Plaster of Paris” is: (a) Nitric oxide (b) Nitrate
(a) Calcium Sulphate (b) Calcium Carbonate (c) Ammonia (d) Nitride
(c) Calcium Oxide (d) Calcium Oxalate 290. Actinides are the elements with atomic
277. Bronze is an alloy of copper and- numbers from
(a) Tin (b) Aluminum (a)89 to 103 (b) 101 to 115
(c) Silver (d) Nickel (c) 97 to 104 (d) 36 from 43
278. Which of the following alloys has a maximum 291. Isotones is that nuclei of atomic nucleus in
percentage of Copper? which-
(a) Brass (b) Bronze (a) Number of neutrons is same but number of
(c) German Silver (d) Delta Metal protons is different
279. Which metal exists as a common component in (b) Number of protons is same but number of
Brass, Bronze and German Silver? neutrons is different
(a) Antimony (b) Copper (c) Number of both protons and neutrons is
(c) Tin (d) Zinc same
280. The important metal used with iron to make it (d) Number of both protons and neutrons is
rust free- different
(a) Aluminium (b) Carbon 292. The technique of chromatography is used to-
(c) Chromium (d) Tin (a) Identify colour substances
281. Which one of he following catalysts is used in (b) Determine the structure of substances
hydrogenation of vegetable oils? (c) Dry distillation of colouring substances
(a) Zinc (b) Platinum (d) Separate the substances from a mixture
(c) Nickel (d) Iron 293. The gas usually filled in the electric bulb with
282. What is the shape of Sulphur hexafluoride Argon is -
molecule? (a)Nitrogen (b) Hydrogen
(a) Trigonal pyramid (b) Octahedral (c) Carbon dioxide (d) Oxygen
(c) Planar (d) Tetrahedral 294. Which one of the following metals is accessed
283. Which is not a Lewis acid? in the native state?
(a) AlCl3 (b) BF3 (a) Aluminium (b) Gold
(c) NH3 (d) FeCl3 (c) Chromium (d) Zinc
284. The chemical formula of baking soda is: 295. Which of these consists carbon?
(a) Ca(OH)2 (b) NaHCO3 (a) Lignite (b) Tin
(c) CaCO3 (d) Na2CO3 (c) Silver (d) Iron
285. Which one of the following pairs is not 296. What is Teflon?
correctly matched? (a) Fluorocarbon (b) Hydrocarbon
(a) Dry ice Solid carbon dioxide (c) Microbicides (d) Insecticide
(b) Mustard gas Poisonous liquid used in 297. What is laughing gas?
chemical warfare
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(a) Nitrous Oxide (b) Carbon monoxide (a) Iron and steel (b) Toys
(c) Sulphur dioxide (d) Hydrogen peroxide (c) Glass and pottery (d) Electrical
298. RDX was invented by 310. Which of the following is mainly used for the
(a) Alfred Nobel (b) Soddy production of Aluminum?
(c) Bergillins (d) Henning (a) Hematite (b) Lignite
(c) Bauxite (d) Magnetite
299. The two elements that are frequently used for
311. Solder used in soldering metal pieces consists
making transistors are
of any alloy of:
(a)Boron and aluminium
(a) Tin and Zinc
(b)Silicon and germanium
(b) Tin and Lead
(c)Iridium and tungsten
(c) Tin, Zinc and Copper
(d)Niobium and columbium
300. Brass gets discoloured in air because of the (d) Tin, Lead and Zinc
presence of which of the following gases in air? 312. Which of the following do not consist carbon?
(a) Oxygen (b) Hydrogen sulphide (a) Diamond (b) Graphite
(c) Carbon dioxide (d) Nitrogen (c) coal (d) None of these
301. Rodenticide is the chemical which is used to 313. Which one of the following fuels causes
control. minimum air pollution?
(a) Bats (b) Monkeys (a) Kerosene oil (b) Hydrogen
(c) Mouse (d) Rabbits (c) Coal (d) Diesel
302. Which of the following is a non metal that
314. Which gas is used in the purification of
remains liquid at room temperature?
(a) Phosphorous (b)Bromine drinking water?
(c) Chlorine (d) Helium (a) Helium (b) Chlorine
303. Isotope 14C6is associated with- (c) Fluorine (d) Carbon Dioxide
(a) For cancer diagnosis 315. Which is used as laughing gas is-
(b) Determining the age of the earth (a) Nitrous Oxide
(c) Determining the age of fossil (b) Nitrogen dioxide
(d) For traler technology
(c) Nitrogen Trioxide
304. Which one of the following pairs is correctly
(d) Nitrogen Tetra Oxide
matched?
316. What is Nila thotha?
(a) Silver Iodide Horn Silver
(a) Copper Sulphate (b) Calcium Sulphate
(b) Silver Chloride Artificial rain
(c) Iron Sulphate (d) Sodium Sulphate
(c) Zinc Phosphide Rat poison
317. Which is the fundamental element of all
(d) Zinc Sulphide Philosopher’s wool
organic compounds?
305. In atom, neutron was discovered by:
(a) Nitrogen (b) Oxygen
(a) J.J. Thomson (b) Chadwick
(c) Rutherford (d) Newton (c) Carbon (d) Silicon
306. Change of water into the vapour is called- 318. Which acid is found in Vinegar?
(a) Natural (b) Physical (a) Lactic Acid (b) Citric Acid
(c) Chemical (d) Biological (c) Malic Acid (d) Acetic Acid
307. Which one of the following is the hardest 319. To avoid ‘knocking’ of the engine of a car,
metal? which one of the following is used as an anti-
(a) Gold (b) Iron knocking agent?
(c) Platinum (d) Silver (a) Ethyl alcohol (b) Butane
308. These days yellow lamps are frequently used as (c) Tetra Ethyl Lead (d) White Petrol
street light. Which one of the following us used 320. In a car battery, electrolyte substance used is-
in these lamps: (a) Hydrochloric acid (b) Sulphuric acid
(a) Sodium (b) Neon (c) Nitric acid (d) Distilled water
(c) Hydrogen (d) Nitrogen 321. The energy, found in dry cell is-
309. In which of the following industries is mica (a) Mechanic (b) Electric
used as a raw material- (c) Chemical (d) Electromagnetic

603
322. A pungent smell often present near the urinals (a) Electron (b) Proton
is due to- (c) Neutron (d) Photon
(a) Sulphur-di-oxide (b) Chlorine 336. What is the mass number of an element, the
(c) Ammonia (d) Urea atom of which contains two protons, two
323. Which chemical substance is used for making neutrons and two electrons?
rat poison? (a) 2 (b) 4
(a) Ethyl Alcohol (b) Methyl Isocyanate
(c) 6 (d) 8
(c) Potassium Cyanide (d) Ethyl Isocyanide
337. Pasteurization is a process by which-
324. Which gas is used in fire extinguisher?
(a) Milk is preserved at a very low temperature
(a) Carbon dioxide (b) Hydrogen
(c) Oxygen (d) Sulphur dioxide for 24 hours
325. Which one of the following is used in the (b) Milk is heated for 8 hours
manufacture of soaps? (c) First milk is heated up to a longer time and
(a) Vegetable oil (b) Mobil oil then cooled suddenly within specified time
(c) Kerosene oil (d) Cutting oil (d) None of these
326. Milk openly placed for sometime becomes sour 338. Which is the purest form of water?
due to- (a) Tap water (b) Sea water
(a) Carbonic acid (b) Lactic acid (c) Rainwater (d) Distilled water
(c) Citric acid (d) Acetic acid 339. Which gas is known as ‘noble gas”?
327. Which one of the following substances is used (a) Hydrogen (b) Oxygen
in the preservation of food stuff? (c) Helium (d) Carbon dioxide
(a) Citric Acid (b) Potassium Chloride
340. Which one of the following is coated on the
(c) Sodium Benzoate (d) Sodium Chloride photographic plate?
328. Which one of the following gases, released (a) Silver oxide (b) Silver bromide
from biogas plant is used as a fuel gas? (c) Silver chloride (d) Silver iodide
(a) Butane (b) Propane 341. Methane gas producing field is-
(c) Methane (d) Ethane (a) Wheatfield (b) Paddy field
329. Which of the following is a fossil fuel? (c) Cotton field (d) Groundnut field
(a) Alcohol (b) Ether 342. A polymer used for making nonstick surface
(c) Water gas (d) Natural gas coating for utensils is-
330. Which one of the following pairs is not (a) Polyvinyl chloride (b) Teflon
correctly matched? (c) Polystyrene (d) Polypropylene
(a) Ascorbic acid Lemon 343. ‘Nobel Oil’ is the name of which one of the
(b) Maltos-Malt following explosives?
(c) Acetic acid-Curd (a) TNG (b) TNP
(d) Formic acid-Red Ant (c) TNA (d) TNT
331. Which one of the following polymers is used 344. Which of the following fossil fuels in the
for making bullet-proof windows? cleanest fuel?
(a) Polycarbonates (b) Polyurethanes (a) Coal (b) Petrol
(c) Polystyrene (d) Polyamides (c) Natural gas (d) Diesel
345. Aspirin is obtained from-
332. The gas used to inflate the tyres of an aircraft
(a) Petroleum
is-
(b) Earth
(a) Hydrogen (b) Nitrogen
(c) A tree
(c) Helium (d) Neon
(d) Chemical reaction of acids
333. Which of these consists carbon?
346. Which one of the following chemicals had been
(a) Lignite (b) Tin
in use till now for making artificial clouds?
(c) Silver (d) Iron
(a) Potassium Nitrate (b) Heavy Water
334. Of how many carats is the pure gold?
(c) Sulphur Iodide (d) Silver Iodide
(a) 22 (b) 24
347. Which of the following main elements is used
(c) 28 (d) 20
in making matchbox?
335. Which of the following is not a part of an atom?
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(a) Graphite (b) Phosphorous (a) A gel (b) A foam
(c) Silicon (d) Sodium (c) An emulsion (d) A suspension
348. ‘Humus’ is an example of- 357. CNG used in automobiles to check pollution
(a) Soil structure (b) Crystalloids mainly consists of-
(c) Organic colloids (d) None of the above (a) CH4 (b) CO2
349. Which of the following chemicals is used in (c) N2 (d) H2
358. Which of the following is the procedure for a
foam fireextinguishers?
biogas plant-
(a)Aluminium sulphate
(a) Fermentation (b) Reduction
(b)Copper sulphate
(c) Hydrogenation (d) Polymerization
(c) Cobalt sulphate 359. Which one of the following is not an explosive:
(d) Nickel sulphate (a) Trinitrotoluene (TNT)
350. When did the Bhopal Gas tragedy happen? (b) Trinitroglycerine
(a) 2-3 Dec. 1984 (b) 2-3 Nov. 1984 (c) Cyclotrimethylene Trinitramine (RDX)
(c) 2-3 Dec. 1985 (d) 2-3 Nov. 1985 (d) Nitrochloroform
351. Match List – I with List – II and select the 360. Octane number is a measure of the quality of-
correct answer from the code given below: (a) Edible oils (b) Petrol
List-I (Specification) List-II (Date (c) Kerosene oil (d) Perfumed oil
A. Technology Day 1. 9 August 361. Table salt (NaCl) is a product of-
B. Photography Day 2. 29 August (a) Weak acid ad weak base
C. National Sports Day 3. 11 May (b) Strong acid and strong base
D. Nagasaki Day 4. 19 August (c) Weak acid and strong base
(d) Strong acid and weak basic
Code :
362. Which gas is mixed with Oxygen for
A B C D
respiration by divers in deep sea?
(a) 3 4 2 1
(a) Helium (b) Nitrogen
(b) 4 3 2 1 (c) Xenon (d) Ammonia
(c) 4 3 1 2 363. The chemical formula of Heavy Water is?
(d 3 4 1 2 (a) H2O (b) D2O
352. ‘Red ink’ is prepared from- (c) H2CO3 (d) H2S
(a) Phenol (b) Aniline 364. The atomic nucleus was discovered by:
(c) Congo red (d) Eosin (a) Rutherford (b) Dalton
353. Which of the following method is used for (c) Einstein (d) Thompson
measuring the age of the earth? 365. The atoms, in which the number of protons is
(a)Iron dating process same but the number of neutrons is different,
(b) Biotechnology Law are known as-
(c) Biological clock method (a) Isobars (b) Isomers
(d) Uranium process (c) Isotones (d) Isotopes
366. Radioactivity was discovered by:
354. One carbon credit is equivalent to:
(a) Rutherford (b) Becquerel
(a) 10 kg of CO_2 (b) 100 kg of CO_2
(c) Bohr (d) Benjamin Franklin
(c) 1000 kg of CO_2 (d) 10000 kg of CO_2 367. The element found maximum in the soil layer
355. Assertion (A): Detergent easily removes oil and is-
dirt from dirty garments. (a) Oxygen (b) Nitrogen
Reason (R) : Detergent increases the surface (c) Manganese (d) Silicon
tension of water. 368. Which is the most reactive metal?
Code : (a) Sodium (b) Calcium
(a) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the (c) Iron (d) Potassium
correct explanation of (A) 369. The most commonly used substance in
(b) Both (A) and (R) are true but (R) is not the fluorescent tubes are -
correct explanation of (A) (a) Sodium Oxide and Argon
(c) (A) is true but (R) is false. (b) Sodium Vapour and Neon
(d) (A) is false but (R) is true. (c) Mercury Vapour and Argon
356. Milk is an example of: (d) Mercuric Oxide and Neon
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370. The chemical name of limestone is? 383. Which one of the following is liquid at ordinary
(a) Calcium Carbonate temperature?
(b) Magnesium Chloride (a) Lead (b) Nickel
(c) Sodium Chloride (c) Mercury (d) Tin
(d) Sodium Sulphide 384. Percentage of Silver in German Silver is:
371. Monazite is an ore of- (a) 1% (b) 5%
(a) Zirconium (b) Thorium (c) 0% (d) None of these
(c) Titanium (d) Iron 385. In the case of rusting, the weight of iron-
372. Galvanized iron is coated with- (a) Increases (b) Decreases
(a) Aluminium (b) Galena (c) Remains the same (d) Uncertain
(c) Silver (d) Zinc 386. Aluminium surface is often ‘Anodized’. This
373. Bronze is an alloy of- means the deposition of a layer of-
(a) Copper and Tin (b) Copper and Silver (a) Chromium Oxide (b) Aluminium Oxide
(c) Copper and Zinc (d) Copper and Lead (c) Nickel Oxide (d) Zinc Oxide
374. Dry ice is- 387. The pH-value for water is-
(a) Solid water (a) Nearly zero (b) Nearly 7
(b) Mountain ice (c) 5 or less than 5 (d) 8.7 or more
(c) Solid CO_2 388. The gas used in the manufacture of Vanaspati
(d) Solid carbon mono oxide Ghee from Vanaspati Oil is-
375. Which one of the following mixtures is (a) Hydrogen (b) Oxygen
homogeneous? (c) Nitrogen (d) Carbon dioxide
(a) Starch and sugar 389. Which one of the following is also called
(b) Methanol and water Stranger Gas?
(c) Graphite and charcoal (a) Argon (b) Neon
(d) Calcium carbonate and calcium bicarbonate (c) Xenon (d) Nitrous Oxide
376. Polymer of Natural Rubber is- 390. Baking soda is-
(a) Ethylene (b) Isoprene (a) Sodium Chloride (b) Sodium Bicarbonate
(c) Acetylene (d) Hexane (c) Baking Soda (d) Sodium Hydroxide
377. The predominant organic acid in grapes is- 391. Which one of the following was used as a
(a) Formic acid (b) Benzoic acid chemical weapon in the First World War?
(c) Lactic acid (d) Tartaric acid (a) Carbon monoxide (b) Hydrogen cyanide
378. Which one of the following has the highest fuel (c) Mustard gas (d) Water gas
value? 392. Which one of the following chemicals helps in
(a) Hydrogen (b) Charcoal fruit ripening?
(c) Natural gas (d) Gasoline (a) Ethephon (b) Atrazine
379. The main component of Liquid Petroleum Gas (c) Isoproturan (d) Malathion
(LPG) are : 393. Which of the following is not a Natural
(a) Methane, Ethane and Hexane polymer?
(b) Methane, Pentane and Hexane (a) Wool (b) Silk
(c) Propane and Butane (c) Leather (d) Nylon
(d) Methane, Carbon Monoxide and Hydrogen 394. CNG is-
380. The Nucleus of Helium has- (a) Compressed Natural Gas
(a) Only one neutron (b) Cyanogen Natural Gas
(b) Two protons (c) Condensed Nitrogen Gas
(c) Two protons and two neutrons (d) Controlled Natural Gas
(d) One proton and two neutrons 395. The isoneutronic group, in the following, is:
381. Radioactivity is measured by- (a) 6C12, 7N14, 8O16 (b) 6C12, 7N14, 8O18
(a) Hydrometer (b) Geiger Counter (c) 6C14, 7N14, 8O16 (d) 6C14, 7N15, 8O16
(c) Seismometer (d) Ammeter 396. An example of physical change-
382. Process of solid camphor into camphor vapour (a) Blackening of silverware.
is called- (b) Burning of Candle.
(a) Vaporisation (b) Freezing (c) Making of curd from milk.
(c) Melting (d) Sublimation (d) Dissolving of sugar in water.

606
397. Because of impurities the boiling point of a (Naturally occurring (Element present)
liquid- substance)
(a) Increases (b) Decreases 1. Calcium A. Diamond
(c) Remains constant (d) They are not related 2. Silicon B. Marble
398. Which of the following is an antidiabatic drug? 3. Aluminium C. Sand
(a) Insulin (b) Penicillin 4. Carbon D. Ruby
(c) Chloroquine (d) Aspirin
399. Which one of the following liquids is very good Code:
conductor of heat? A B C D
(a) Mercury (b) Benzene (a) 3 1 2 4
(c) Ether (d) None of these (b) 4 2 1 3
400. Match List-I with List-II and select the correct (c) 2 1 3 4
answer using the codes given below the lists: (d) 4 1 2 3
List-I List-II
1. (c); The most important form of elemental from its surroundings. Sweating is a
phosphorus from the perspective of endothermic reaction
applications and chemical literature is white 9 (c); Milk is converted into curd or yogurt by the
process of fermentation. Milk consists of
phosphorus. It consists of tetrahedral P4
globular proteins called casein. The curd
molecules, in which each atom is bound to
forms because of the chemical reaction
the other three atoms by a single bond. between the lactic acid bacteria and casein.
2. (d); Alkali metals have one electron in their Thus, lactase is the catalyst used in
outer shell so alkali metal can easily lose conversion of milk into curd
electrons. 10 (b); Nylon 66 is a type of polyamide or Nylon. It
3. (d); Catalysis is the increase in the rate of a is used in plastic Industries in making
bristles for brushes
chemical reaction due to the participation of
11 (c); Acid turns blue litmus paper red
an additional substance called a catalyst, 12 (c); Carbon Monoxide is a colorless, odorless,
which is not consumed in the catalyzed tasteless gas that's produced during
reaction and can continue to act repeatedly. incomplete combustion of any fuel. It is a
Thus, changes activation energy pollutant released by automobiles
4 (c); Chromium oxide is used to create green 13 (d); Full form of PVC is Polyvinyl chloride
glass
14 (d); Aromatic hydrocarbons contain at least one
5 (a); There are two types of particle in the
nucleus of an atom the proton and the benzene like ring in their molecules
neutron 15 (c); Chromite is the only ore of chromium, a
6 (c); Baking soda is also known as Sodium metal essential for making stainless steel,
bicarbonate. It is a chemical compound with nichrome, chromeplating, pigments,
refractories, chemicals and pharmaceuticals
the formula NaHCO₃. It is a salt composed
16 (a); Water has maximum density
of sodium ions and bicarbonate ions. 17 (b); Oxidation is the loss of electrons or an
Sodium bicarbonate is a white solid that is increase in oxidation state by a molecule,
crystalline but often appears as a fine atom, or ion
powder 18 (b); A redox reaction is a type of chemical
7 (b); There are two elements that are liquid in reaction that involves both oxidation and
room temperature which are Bromine (Br) reduction simultaneously.
and Mercury (Hg). 19 (d); Nitrogen is a chemical element with symbol
8. (c); Endothermic process describes a process or N and atomic number 7. It was first
reaction in which the system absorbs energy
607
discovered and isolated by Scottish by eliminating use of ozone depleting
physician Daniel Rutherford in 1772 substances (ODS) like CFC, which would
20 (a); A Geiger counter (Geiger-Muller tube) is a otherwise allow increased UV radiation to
device used for the detection and reach the earth
measurement of all types of radiation alpha, 38 (d); Malachite is an ore/mineral of copper
beta and gamma radiation. 39 (a); Negative ion which is created by an electron
21 (b); Haematite is an ore of Iron gain and it has more electrons than protons
22 (b); Alpha particles made of 2 protons and 2 40 (c); Metals conduct electricity because of free
neutrons and they have low penetrating electrons
power 41 (c); The ozone layer or ozone shield is a region
23 (a); Oxidation is loss of eletrons and addition of of Earth's stratosphere that absorbs most of
oxygen. It also involve addition of the Sun's ultraviolet (UV) radiation.
electronegative element Stratosphere contains high concentrations
24 (b); Soda water was invented by Joseph of ozone (O3) in relation to other parts of the
Priestley atmosphere
25 (a); Protons and neutrons have nearly the same 42 (c); Modern bulletproof vests are
mass while electrons are much less massive predominantly made out of dozens of layers
26 (b); Evaporation can separate a solute from its of tightly woven material, predominantly
solution Kevlar. The layers are sealed together into a
27 (a); Transition metals doen’t have tendency to vest-shaped sheet to protect the wearer's org
gain electrons 43 (c); Manganite is an ore of Manganese
28 (d); Ehthylene is a hydrocarbon which has the 44 (c); Pentane (C5H12) has three structural
formula C2H4 since the double bond is isomers
between two carbon atoms so there is no 45 (d); Sphalerite is the chief ore of Zinc
difference in electronegativity. That’s why 46 (d); Hydralazine is used to cure high blood
the shared pair of electron come lie in pressure (hypertension)
between those to carbon atoms, so ethylene 47 (d); Acetic acid is known as vinegar
is non polar 48 (a); Polar covalent bonding is a type of chemical
29 (a); Phosgene can form from chloroform, in bond where a pair of electrons is unequally
presence of oxygen and UV light shared between two atoms. Bond between
30 (b); Benzene was first discovered by the English P-Cl is a polar covalent bond
scientist Michael Faraday in 1825 49 (c); The chemical widely used for artificially
31 (d); Acids are not bad conductor of electricity in ripening fruits is Calcium Carbide (CaC2)
aqueous solution 50 (a); The pH of water is 7
32 (c).; Ethyl alcohol is used in making liquors, 51 (d); Solid carbon dioxide is known as Dry Ice
medicines and as a fuel in aircrafts 52 (b); Beryl is an ore/mineral of Beryllium
33 (b); Glycol is an organic compound with the 53 (d); Deoxyribo nucleic acid (DNA) is a molecule
that carries the genetic instructions used in
formula (CH2OH)2. It is used to prevent
the growth, development, functioning and
freezing of fuel in space crafts reproduction of all known living organisms
34 (b); Methane is a chemical compound with the and many viruses
chemical formula CH₄ and it is a major 54 (b); Natural Rubber is not a monomer of
component of natural gas cisisoprene
35 (b); Global warming, also referred to as climate 55 (b); Carbon Tetrachloride have no dipole
change, is the observed century-scale rise in moment because of regular tetrahedral
the average temperature of the Earth's structure
climate system and its related effects. 56 (d); Bupropion is used to treat major depressive
Carbon dioxide is a one of the Green House disorder and to help people stop smoking.
gas which cause global warming. Carbon 57 (b); The orange colour of carrot is because of
dioxide is not produced by Global warming Carotene
36 (c); Carnotite an important uranium ore 58 (c); Snake venom is highly modified saliva
37 (c); The Montreal Protocol is an international containing zootoxins which facilitates the
environmental agreement with universal immobilization and digestion of prey, and
ratification to protect the earth’s ozone layer defends against threats. It is injected by
608
unique fangs after a bite, and some species inflammation (swelling), severe allergies,
are also able to spit adrenal problems, arthritis, asthma, blood
59 (c); Heavy water (D2O), also called deuterium or bone marrow problems, endocrine
oxide, water composed of deuterium, the problems, eye or vision problems, stomach
hydrogen isotope with a mass double that of or bowel problems, lupus, skin conditions,
ordinary hydrogen, and oxygen kidney problems, ulcerative colitis, and
60 (c); Arsenic has highest electronegativity in the flare-ups of multiple sclerosis
given elements 75 (b); Cobalt oxide is added to glass to gave it blue
61 (b); Tramadol is used to treat moderate to colour
moderately severe pain 76 (a); The (O-H) bond in CH3OH is Polar
62 (c); Neoprene is a family of synthetic rubbers Covalent
that are produced by polymerization of 77 (c); Quinine drug is yielded from Cinchona tree
chloroprene. Neoprene exhibits good and is used to cure malaria
chemical stability and maintains flexibility 78 (d); Among the following elements Krypton has
over a wide temperature range the lowest melting point
63 (d); When sodium (Na) and chlorine (Cl) are 79 (c); HF compounds has the strongest hydrogen
combined, the sodium atoms each lose an bond
electron, forming cations (Na+), and the 80 (c); The chief ozone-depleting substances
chlorine atoms each gain an electron to form include chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), carbon
anions (Cl−). These ions are then attracted to tetrachloride, hydrochlorofluorocarbons
each other in a 1:1 ratio to form sodium (HCFCs) and methyl chloroform
chloride (NaCl) and form ionic bond 81 (c); Bhopal gas tragedy occured on the night of
64 (c); Hemoglobin in humans has a very high 2–3 December 1984 at the Union Carbide
affinity for carbon monoxide, forming India Limited (UCIL) pesticide plant in
carboxyhemoglobin which is a very bright Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh. Over 500,000
red in color people were exposed to methyl isocyanate
65 (c); Vitamin A is also known as retinol because (MIC) gas and other chemicals leaked from
it produces the pigments in the retina of the UCIL
eye. Vitamin A promotes good vision, 82 (c); The Chlorofluro carbon formed by chlorine,
especially in low light fluorine and carbon. They are often used as
66 (a); Bromine has lowest melting point in the refrigerants, solvents, and for the
following. It has melting point of -7.2℃
manufacture of spongy plastics. It is the
67 (a); Ethane gas has a slightly sweet in taste
68 (d); Trypsin is one of the three principal primary reason for depletion of the ozone
digestive proteinases. Trypsin acts with the layer.
other proteinases to break down dietary 83 (b); Oxygen atom is joined by double covalent
protein molecules to their component bond
peptides and amino acids 84 (d); Mercury has the lowest melting point.
69 (a); The ancient Egyptians used Willow bark to Mercury has a melting point of -37.89F
produce aspirin as a remedy for aches and 85 (a); Sodium bicarbonate is commonly known as
pains baking soda. It is a chemical compound with
70 (c); The acid present in lemon is citric acid the formula NaHCO3
71 (c); Clark's method is a process for the large- 86 (a); Metformin is an oral antidiabetic drug for
scale removal of temporary hardness from the treatment of diabetes
water. Clark's process involves the addition 87 (b); LPG is a mixture of two flammable but
of a controlled quantity of slaked lime nontoxic gases called propane and butane
72 (a); Water vapor is unique in that its 88 (b); When one S and one P orbital is hybridized,
concentration varies from 0-4% of the we get two orbitals at 180 degrees
atmosphere depending on time of day 89 (b); Acetic acid, also known as ethanoic acid or
73 (d); New Zealand is first country to impose methane carboxylic acid, is a colorless liquid
carbon tax
with a strong and distinct pungent and sour
74 (d); Prednisone drug is used as an Anti-
Inflammatory drug. It is used to treat a smell. Its chemical formula is C2H4O2 or
number of different conditions, such as can be written as CH3COOH or CH3CO2H

609
90 (c); The common name of Sodium Tetraborate 105 (a); Ammonium dichromate is the inorganic
Decahydrate is Borax compound with the formula (NH4)2Cr2O7
91 (d); Antibiotics also called antibacterials, are a 106 (d); The residual attractive or repulsive forces
type of antimicrobial drug used in the between molecules or atomic groups that do
treatment and prevention of bacterial not arise from a covalent bond, or ionic
infections. Alexander Fleming invented bonds is called Van der Walls bond
Antibiotic 107 (a); Ozone is a gas composed of three atoms of
92 (c); Methanol is the simplest alcohol, being only oxygen (O3). Ozone occurs both in the
a methyl group linked to a hydroxyl group. Earth's upper atmosphere and at ground
It is a light, volatile, colorless, flammable level. Its presence as a layer in stratosphere
liquid with a distinctive odour very similar serves as a screen (called ozone shield) to
to that of ethanol (drinking alcohol). block harmful ultraviolet radiation from
However, unlike ethanol, methanol is reaching the earth's surface
highly toxic and unfit for consumption. 108 (c); Georges Claude invented Neon Lamp
Chemical formula of Methanol is CH3OH 109 (c); End products of digestion of carbohydrates
93 (a); Atoms bond with each other to reduce are Glucose, fructose and galactose
potential energy and gain stability 110 (c); Among the following elements, the lowest
94 (b); Acetone is a colorless, flammable liquid that melting point is of Argon i.e. -189.4 °C.
evaporates easily. In cosmetics, the most 111 (d); Brimstone is an alternative name for sulfur
common use of acetone is in nail polish 112 (d); Atomic number of Hydrogen is 1
remover 113 (b); The net charge of the ionic compound is
95 (a); K+ is the formula of potassium ion whose zero. It is composed of one ion of calcium
configuration is same as the noble gas state. with a positive two charge and two ions of
This means that potassium must have an fluorine with a negative one charge on each.
electron configuration of 1s2, 2s2, 2p6, 3s2, The charges cancel out, leaving the
3p6 compound with no net charge
96 (c); Graphene is an allotrope of Carbon in the 114 (c); Trichlorofluoromethane, CCl3F consists of a
form of a two dimensional atomic-scale centrally placed carbon atom with three
hexagonal lattice in which one atom from chlorine atoms and one fluorine atom
each vertex arranged approximately (the bond lengths
97. (a); Except Ca(CN)2 all are nitrogenous are different) at the points of a tetrahedron
fertilizers around it. Trichlorofluoromethane is a
98 (c); Radon has lowest melting point among the greenhouse gas and ozone depleter
following elements. 115 (d); The Mohs scale of mineral hardness is a
99 (a); Atomic Number of Beryllium is 4, Boron is qualitative ordinal scale characterizing
5, Nitrogen is 7, Fluorine is 9 and Sodium is scratch resistance of various minerals
11. Hence, the atomic number of Sodium is through the ability of harder material to
higher than that of Fluorine scratch softer material. Created in 1812 by
100 (d); Milk contains a sugar called lactose. It also German geologist and mineralogist
contains harmless bacteria called Friedrich Mohs
lactobacillus, which uses lactose for energy 116 (d); Urea is an organic compound having
and creates lactic acid as a by-product. It is chemical formula (NH2)2CO. Also called as
the lactic acid which makes milk taste sour Carbonic diamide. It is a colourless, odorless
101 (a); The Chemical formula of Cadmium Nitrate solid and highly soluble in water
is Cd(NO3)2 117 (d); Atomic number of Magnesium is 12. While
102 (b); The common name of hydrogen peroxide is Atomic number of Fluorine is 9, Neon is 10,
Bleach(liquid) Sodium is 11 and Aluminium is 13
103 (a); Crook Glass is a type of glass that contains 118. (a); Magnesium oxide is mild base therefore it
cerium and other rare earths and has a high turn red litmus blue while oxides of
absorption of ultraviolet radiation; used in Sulphur, Phosporus and Carbon are acidic
sunglasses in nature so they did not effect red litmus
104 (b); Barium has atomic number 4. Barium loses but turn blue litmus into red
2 electrons to achieve noble gas electron 119. (c); In a gas, the particles are very far away from
configuration each other, so there is a lot of space for the
610
particles to be compressed down in to. Thus useful for preserving frozen foods where
Gases are highly compressable. This is very mechanical cooling is unavailable
helpful when transporting gases in 130. (d); In an acid base reaction water is produced
containers along with salt
120. (c); A greenhouse gases are combination of 131. (a); Melting or fusion is a physical process that
gases in an atmosphere that absorbs and results in the phase transition of a substance
emits radiation within the thermal infrared from a solid to a liquid
range. This process is the fundamental 132. (d); Aluminum is the most abundant metal in
cause of the greenhouse effect. The main the earth's crust, it is never found free in
Greenhouse Gases are Carbon di oxide, nature. All of the earth's aluminum has
Methane, Ozone, Water vapour etc combined with other elements to form
121. (d); Sodium hydroxide reacts with metal to compounds
release hydrogen gas. The metal takes the 133. (b); Pedalfer is composed of high amount of
oxygen atom from sodium hydroxide, aluminum and iron oxides. It is a
which in turn takes the oxygen atom from subdivision of the zonal soil order
the water, and releases the two hydrogen comprising a large group of soils in which
atoms. The reaction thus produces sesquioxides increase relative to silica
hydrogen gas during soil formation. Pedalfers usually
122. (c); Calcium hydroxide base is present in lime occur in humid areas
water 134. (d); Noble Gases are all odorless, colorless,
123. (c); Redox reaction is the reaction in which monatomic gases with very low chemical
oxidation and reduction occurs reactivity. The six noble gases that occur
simultaneously. Rust of iron is nothing but naturally are helium (He), neon (Ne), argon
hydrate of iron oxide and iron (III) oxide - (Ar), krypton (Kr), xenon (Xe), and the
hydroxide radioactive radon (Rn)
124. (c); A cation is a positively-charged ion, while 135. (a); Ozone(O3) is a very reactive allotrope of
an anion is negatively charged. Sulphate is oxygen that is destructive to materials like
an anion rubber and fabrics and is also damaging to
125. (c); Smog is a type of air pollutant. It is lung tissue if present in lower atmosphere.
composed of nitrogen oxides, sulphur But in upper atmosphere Ozone absorbs
oxides, ozone, smoke or particulates among ultraviolet and functions as a shield for the
others (less visible pollutants include carbon biosphere against damaging effects of solar
monoxide, CFCs and radioactive sources) UV radiation
126. (d); The balance equation for the combustion of 136. (d); Hydrogen Bond is weakest bond between
magnesium (combination / synthesis atoms. Occur in molecules that have
reaction) is: covelent bonds. Sometimes the electrons are
2Mg + O2 = 2MgO not equally shared; one atom tends to have
127. (c); When an acid and a base are placed an electron more often than the other atom.
together, they react to neutralize the acid In this situation one atom of the molecule
and base properties, producing a salt. This becomes partly negative and the other then
reaction is called Neutralisation becomes partly positive. This is especially
128. (a); Galvanisation is the process of applying a common between water molecules
protective zinc coating to iron or steel, to 137. (d); When an acid and a base are placed
prevent rusting. The most common method together, they react to neutralize the acid
is hot dip galvanizing, in which steel and base properties, producing a salt. The H
sections are submerged in a bath of molten (+) cation of the acid combines with the OH
zinc (-) anion of the base to form water
129. (a); Dry ice, sometimes referred to as "cardice", 138. (a); An exothermic reaction is a chemical
is the solid form of carbon dioxide. It is used reaction that releases energy by light or heat
primarily as a cooling agent. Its advantages 139. (b); Chemical formula for Sodium Chloride
include lower temperature than that of (common salt) is NaCl
water ice and not leaving any residue. It is

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140. (d); Carbon di oxide contributes the maximum with water, oxygen and other chemicals to
to the phenomena of global warming. The form sulfuric and nitric acids. These then
increase in atmospheric Carbon di oxide mix with water and other materials before
and other greenhouse gases has increased falling to the ground
the amount of infrared radiation absorbed 150. (b); Isobars are atoms (nuclides) of different
and re-emitted by these molecules in the chemical elements that have the same
atmosphere and thus increases temperature number of nucleons. In other words, isobars
141. (c); Potassium nitrate is one of the most used differ in atomic number (or number of
chemicals in fireworks. It is the oxidizing protons) but have the same mass number.
(oxygen-supplying) component of black An example of a series of isobars would be
powder which is the base for many 40S, 40Cl, 40Ar, 40K, and 40Ca
pyrotechnic formulations 151. (b); Pitchblende is a radioactive, uranium-rich
142. (d); Diamond and Graphite are allotrope of mineral and ore. It has a chemical
Carbon while ozone is an allotrope of composition that is largely UO2, but also
oxygen. Steel is an alloy of iron and carbon contains UO3 and oxides of lead, thorium,
with trace amounts of other elements and rare earth elements. It is known as pitch
143. (c); The majority of the world's PET blende due to its black color and high
(Polyethylene terephthalate) production is density
for synthetic fibres and bottle production. In 152. (b); The term endothermic process describes a
the context of textile applications, PET is process or reaction in which the system
referred to by its common name, polyester, absorbs energy in the form of heat
whereas the acronym PET is generally used 153. (b); Cryollite is an ore of aluminium, Galena is
in relation to packaging an ore of lead, Cinnabar is an ore of mercury
144. (a); For oxygen, a molecule consists of two and Epsom Salt is an ore of magnesium
oxygen atoms, and has a weight of 2 x 16 = 154. (b); Reduction is the loss of oxygen from a
32. For carbon dioxide, there is one carbon molecule or the gaining of one or more
atom (weight 12) and two oxygen atoms electrons
(mass 16 x 2) for a total of 44. This means 155. (d); Most incandescent bulbs use tungsten (W)
that carbon dioxide should be about 44/32 as a filament element. Tungsten is an
= 1.375 times (ideally) as heavy as an inexpensive metal that has a long lifespan as
equivalent volume of oxygen. In reality, a filament. It is a suitable option for
carbon dioxide is 1.383 times as heavy as incandescent bulbs because it has an
oxygen. Even after solidification carbon di extremely high melting point and is flexible.
oxide is slightly heavier than similar volume Pliable tungsten filaments are easily formed
of solid oxygen and hold up well against temperatures as
145. (b); The acid produced by ants is called formic high as 4,500 degrees Fahrenheit
acid. The name comes from the Latin word 156. (b); Dynamite is an explosive made of
for ant, which is “formica.” Chemically, it is nitroglycerin, sorbents (such as powdered
a simple carboxylic acid shells or clay) and stabilizers. It was
146. (c); A type of colloid, of the form of one solid invented by the Swedish chemist and
dispersed in another continuous solid is engineer Alfred Nobel in Geesthacht, and
called Solid sol. Coloured Gems is an patented in 1867. It rapidly gained wide-
example of solid sol scale use as a safer alternative to black
147. (a); The process of loosing electrons is known as powder
Oxidation 157. (c); Half life of any radioactive substance is the
148. (b); Anions are atoms or radicals (groups of amount of time required for the quantity /
atoms), that have gained electrons. Since weight of the substance to fall to half its
they now have more electrons than protons, initial value. So after one half life, we will
anions have a negative charge. For example, have ½ or 50% of the substance remaining.
Chloride ions Cl-, Bromide Br-, Iodide I- And after 2 half lives, we will have ¼ of the
149. (c); Acid rain results when sulfur dioxide (SO2) substance remaining. In other words, ¾ of
and nitrogen oxides (NOX) are emitted into the substance will take two half lives to
the atmosphere and transported by wind decay. As one half life is given as 6 months,
and air currents. The SO2 and NOX react
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so the substance will take 12 months to 173. (d); The principal organic acid found in grapes
decay by ¾ th quantiy by weight is Tartaric Acids
158. (c); Human Blood pH is regulated to stay within 174. (b); Artificial silk is any synthetic fiber which
the narrow range of 7.35 to 7.45, making it resembles silk, but typically costs less to
slightly basic produce. Rayon fibre is also called as
159. (a); Milk has a pH of around 6.5 to 6.7, which artificial silk
makes it slightly acidic 175. (a); An exothermic reaction is a chemical
160. (d); An emulsion is a mixture of two or more reaction that releases energy by light or
liquids that are normally immiscible heat. It is the opposite of an endothermic
(unmixable or unblendable). Except Curd reaction. Expressed by chemical equation:
all other are example of emulsion reactants → products + energy
161. (c); Calcium hypochlorite is an inorganic 176. (a); Brass is a metallic alloy that is made of
compound with formula CaOCl2. As a copper and zinc. Brass is commonly used for
mixture with lime and calcium chloride, it is decorative purposes primarily because of its
marketed as chlorine powder or bleach resemblance to gold. It is also a commonly
powder for water treatment and as a used to make musical instruments due to its
bleaching agent. Common name of CaOCl₂ high workability and durability.
is Bleaching Powder 177. (b); Bronze Alloy is an alloy composed of copper
162. (a); The elements in each group have the same and tin
number of electrons in the outer orbital. 178. (b); Fly ash is a byproduct from burning
Those outer electrons are also called valence pulverized coal in electric power generating
electrons. They are the electrons involved in plants. During combustion, mineral
chemical bonds with other elements
impurities in the coal (clay, feldspar, quartz,
163. (b); Nickel allergy is a common cause of allergic
contact dermatitis — an itchy rash that and shale) fuse in suspension and float out
appears where your skin touches a usually of the combustion chamber with the exhaust
harmless substance gases. As the fused material rises, it cools
164. (c); Most liquids that conduct electricity are and solidifies into spherical glassy particles
solutions of acids, bases and salts called fly ash
165. (a); Milk of magnesia is the suspension of base 179. (a); The common name of Sodium Bicarbonate
Magnesiun hydroxide Mg(OH)₂ in water is Baking Soda. Sodium bicarbonate is a
166. (a); An antacid is a substance which neutralizes chemical compound with the formula
stomach acidity, used to relieve heartburn, NaHCO3
indigestion or an upset stomach 180. (a); Dolomite is an ore of Magnesium; Epsom
167. (c); Potassium is highly reactive and rapidly salt is an ore of Magnesium and sulphur;
oxidizes in air, so inspite of its property of Galena is an ore of lead and Siderite is an ore
malleability it cannot be beaten into sheets of iron
168. (b); Minamata disease is a poisoning disease 181. (a); Rusting is the process of rust forming on
that affects mainly the central nervous iron. In rusting, the red or orange coating
system and is caused by the consumption of that forms on the surface of iron when
large quantities of fish and shellfish exposed to air and moisture, consisting
contaminated with mercury chiefly of ferric hydroxide and ferric oxide
169. (a); Phenol, also known as carbolic acid, is an formed by oxidation
aromatic organic compound with the 182. (b); The stratosphere is the second major layer of
molecular formula C6H5OH Earth's atmosphere, just above the
170. (b); Electron was discovered by J. J. Thomson in troposphere, and below the mesosphere.
1897 when he was studying the properties Ozone in the stratosphere absorb ultraviolet
of cathode ray light from the Sun, providing a shield that
171. (a); An aerosol is a colloid of fine solid particles prevents this radiation from passing to the
or liquid droplets, in air or another gas. Earth's surface
Examples of natural aerosols are fog, dust, 183. (b); Stainless Steel is made by mixing iron with
forest exudates, clouds, mist and geyser carbon and metals like chromium, nickel
steam and manganese
172. (d); CaO is a chemical formula of quicklime
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184. (c); The melting point of a solid is the 199. (b); Calcium Carbonate is formed when CO2 is
temperature at which it changes state from passed through lime water
solid to liquid at atmospheric pressure. The 200. (b); By volume, Nitrogen is the largest
melting point of ice is 273.16 K component of the lower atmosphere
185. (c); A fire extinguisher is an active fire 201. (a); Acetic acid is also known as vinegar
protection device used to extinguish or 202. (d); The reaction of Copper Sulphate and Iron
control small fires, often in emergency produces Iron Sulphate and Copper. It is a
situations. They contain pure carbon single displacement reaction
dioxide which is a clean extinguishant, 203. (d); Nylon is an artificial fibre. It has high tensile
leaving no residue. Suitable for flammable strength, stiffness, excellent heat deflection
liquid fires (petrol, oil, solvents), and temperature, and superior abrasion and
recommended for use on live electrical wear resistance. Nylon thread is actually
equipment stronger than a steel wire
186. (c); When the magnesium metal burns it reacts 204. (a); Electroplating is the process of
with oxygen found in the air to form plating(depositing) one metal onto another
Magnesium Oxide. Oxygen and magnesium by means of electricity, most commonly for
combine in a chemical reaction to form this decorative purposes or to prevent corrosion
compound. After it burns, it forms a white of a metal
ash of the magnesium oxide 205 (a); Anthracite is a hard, compact variety of coal
187. (a); The salt concentration (measured as salinity that has a submetallic luster. It has the
in parts per thousand), is less than 5 % in highest carbon content (>90%), the fewest
inland waters impurities, and the highest energy density
188. (c); Salt is obtained from seawater by process of of all types of coal except for graphite
evaporation 206 (a); Bee stings contains an acidic solution. Bee
189. (d); The passage of an electric current through a venom contains formic acid (also known as
conducting liquid causes Chemical Reaction methanoic acid)
190 (b); Sulfurous acid is the chemical compound 207 (d); In semiconductor physics, a donor is a
with the formula H₂SO₃ dopant atom that, when added to a
191 (d); When iron is exposed to water or air over a semiconductor, can form a n-type region.
period of time, the iron reacts with oxygen All except aluminium are donor atom
in the presence of moisture to form a 208 (b); 0 K is equivalent to – 273°C
reddish-brown chemical compound, iron 209 (c); Carbon gives hardness to Stainless Steel
oxide. This is referred to as rust 210 (a); Lead Sulphate is not soluble in water
192. (d); The substances which have very low 211 (c); Activated Charcoal is used to remove
ignition temperature and can easily catch colouring matter from pure substances by
fire with a flame are called inflammable adsorption
substances. Examples of inflammable 212 (d); Chernobyl disaster is the result of pollution
substances are petrol, alcohol, Liquified by radioactive wastes. Which occurred on
Petroleum Gas (LPG), etc 26 April 1986 in Ukranian Soviet Socialist
193. (a); Blue Vitriol is another name for Copper Republic which was part of Soviet Union
Sulphate 213 (b); Heat is transmitted from higher
194. (d); The rubbing surface of a matchbox has temperature to lower temperature through
powdered glass and a little red Phosphorus the actual motion of the molecules in both
195. (a); Crystallisation is an example of physical conduction and convection
change 214 (b); Silver react with Hydrogen Sulphide in air
196. (b); The reaction between baking soda (sodium to form Silver Sulphide. This is corrosion of
bicarbonate) and vinegar (dilute acetic acid) silver
generates carbon dioxide gas 215 (b); Uranium is a radioactive element. Uranium
197. (b); Seawater in the world's oceans has a salinity is a chemical element with symbol U and
of approximately 3.5% or 35 parts per atomic number 92
thousand 216 (c); Silica gel is a granular, vitreous, porous
198. (d); Fabric made from Polyester does not get form of silicon dioxide made synthetically
wrinkled easily from sodium silicate. It is mainly used as a
drying agent
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217 (b); Ultraviolet radiation in the stratosphere is 229 (c); The ozone layer is a region of Earth's
absorbed by Ozone stratosphere that absorbs most of the Sun's
218 (c); All isotopes of the same element have the ultraviolet (UV) radiation. The depletion in
same atomic number but different atomic Ozone layer is caused by
masses Chlorofluorocarbons
219 (a); Some precious metals such as pure gold and 230 (c); When water itself combines chemically with
platinum do not react with nitric acid. Pure some element or mineral called hydration.
gold does react with aqua regia a mixture of 231 (a); Ozone (O3), or trioxygen, is a triatomic
concentrated nitric acid and hydrochloric molecule, consisting of three oxygen atoms.
acid 232 (a); A transistor is a semiconductor device used
220 (a); Nitrous oxide, commonly known as to amplify and switch electronic signals and
laughing gas or nitrous, is a chemical electrical power.
compound, an oxide of nitrogen with the Silicon and germanium are semiconductors
formula N2O. At room temperature, it is a which are widely used in transistors.
colorless non-flammable gas, with a slight 233 (d); Lignite, often referred to as brown coal, is a
metallic scent and taste. soft brown fuel with characteristics that put
221 (c); Sewage sludge refers to the residual, semi- it somewhere between coal and peat. It is
solid material that is produced as a by- considered the lowest rank of coal due to its
product during sewage treatment of relatively low heat content. It has a carbon
industrial or municipal wastewater content around 60–70 percent
222 (a); Every type of particle has a corresponding 234 (b); The main constituent of biogas is methane.
antiparticle, for example; the positron is the Biogas comprises primarily methane (CH4)
antiparticle of the electron. the antiproton is and carbon dioxide (CO2) and may have
the antiparticle of the proton. the small amounts of H2 S, H2 O (moisture)
antineutron is the antiparticle of the 235 (b); The pH of human blood is between 7.35 to
neutron. the antineutrino is the antiparticle 7.45.
of the neutrino 236 (b); Sour taste of ‘Coca Cola’ is due to the
223 (d); Non-stick cookware is a common presence of additive E338. Additive E338
application, where the non-stick coating contains phosphoric acid. It is used to
allows food to brown without sticking to the acidify foods and beverages.
pan. Non-stick is often used to refer to 237 (d); Calcium carbide (CaC2) reacts with water
surfaces coated with "Teflon." gas to produce acetylene gas (C2 H2 )
224 (c); Aerosol is a system of solid or liquid CaC2(s) + 2H2O → C2 H2 (g)+ Ca(OH)2 (g)
particles suspended by a mixture of gases. 238 (b); Greenhouse effect is caused by Carbon
The term aerosolscovers a wide spectrum of dioxide
small particles, like sea salt particles, 239 (b); Citric Acid is mainly present in Lemon
mineral dust, pollen, drops of sulphuric acid 240 (b); Tear gas used by the police to disperse the
and many others mob contains Chlorine
225 (d); Briquetting technology is used to densify 241. (c); A continent sized hole (thinning) has been
the loose combustible materials into solid formed over Antarctica as a result of
composites of different shapes and sizes damage to ozone.
with the presence of pressure and binding 242. (c); The tip of the match-stick contains Red
agents Phosphorus
226 (c); Nuclear fusion is a nuclear reaction in which 243. (c); Zinc Phosphides is commonly used as
two or more atomic nuclei (e.g. D+T) collide Rodenticides. They are a category of pest
at a very high energy and fuse together control chemicals intended to kill rodents
227 (c); Most abundant element is Oxygen followed 244. (d); Aspirin, also known as Acetyl Salicylic
by Silicon. Both of these are non-metal. acid (ASA), is a medication used to treat
Silicon is followed by Aluminium which is pain, fever, or inflammation
most abundant metal 245 (d); At absolute zero the gas molecules stop their
228 (d); The chlorine gas is used to react with the movement or we can say that molecular
caustic soda in preparation of bleaching kinetic energy will became zero
powder

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246 (d); Silver(I) nitrate react with acetylene to dark green to black; cadmium sulphide:
produce silver(I) acetylide and hydrogen deep yellow etc.
chloride. 261 (c); A continent sized hole (thinning) has been
2AgNO3 + C2H2 → Ag2C2 + 2HNO3. formed over Antarctica as a result of
Hence, C2H2 shows acidic property damage to ozone.
247 (d); Hydrogen bomb is based on the principle of 262 (b); When sulphur pollutants fall on to
fusion reaction. It is uncontrolled reaction. buildings made from limestone and
248 (a); The technique of calculating the age of fossil sandstone they react with minerals in the
organisms is radiocarbon dating developed stone to form a powdery substance that can
by Willard Libby and his colleagues in 1949. be washed away by rain. This is known as
249 (d); Einstein's greatest role in the invention of acid rain. The Taj Mahal in India have been
the atomic bomb was signing a letter to damaged by this.
President Franklin Roosevelt urging that the 263 (d); Nitrogen is not a greenhouse gas but it is
bomb be built. The physicist Albert Einstein main component of air. 78% of air is N2 gas.
did not directly participate in the invention 264 (c); Chromium is the toxic heavy metal and
of the atomic bomb, he was instrumental in mainly found in waste from the chrome
facilitating its development tanning process; it occurs as part of the
250 (d); Major gaseous pollutant of the thermal retaining system and is displaced from
power station is SO2 leathers during retaining and dyeing
251 (d); The meaning of the word hydrophilic is processes.
water loving. Thus, a substance which 265 (c); The main source of carbon monoxide is
readily forms colloidal solution in contact burning of fossil fuel. The combustion of
with water is called hydrophilic colloid. petroleum in automobiles is incomplete due
252 (d); Radioactive disintegration of uranium to which smoke is produced. This smoke
ultimately results in the formation of lead. contains carbon monoxide.
253 (c); Melting point of different metals are- 266 (c); A special characteristic of charcoal is power
Copper 1083°C, Gold 1063 °C, Silver 951 °C to remove substances from solution. A
and Mercury –38.83°C brown solution of raw sugar is decolouries
254 (b); Nuclear forces are short range attractive when boiled with charcoal.
forces that bound the nucleus against the 267 (c); Iodised salt is beneficial for thyroid function
repulsive electrostatic force between Proton. because iodine is required for the synthesis
255 (d); Wrought iron contains 0.12 to 0.25% carbon of a hormone called thyroxine.
and it is the purest form of iron 268 (b); Most submarines except nuclear ones have
256. (a); Now-a-days yellow lamps are frequently diesel-electric engines
used as street lights. Sodium gas are used as 269 (b); Bagasse is the fibrous matter that remains
street lamp after sugarcane or sugarbeet stalks are
257 (b); The mineral pyrite, or iron pyrite, is an iron crushed to extract their juice.
sulphide with the molecular formula FeS2. 270 (b); Hydro electricity is often known as White
Pyrite is used in commercial production of coal.
sulphur dioxide, for use in the paper 271 (d); The resources which can be used
industry and in the manufacture of continuously, year-after are called
sulphuric acid. Renewable resources
258 (c); Air contains 78% of nitrogen which is 272 (c); The tip of the match stick contains Red
heavier than helium. Therefore, a balloon Phosphorus
filled with helium rises in air because 273 (b); The anode in a dry cell consists of Zinc
helium is less dense than air. 274 (c); A fluorescent lamp or fluorescent tube is a
259 (d); German silver is an alloy of having 60% gas discharge lamp that uses electricity to
copper, 20% nickel and 20% zinc. It is also excite mercury vapour. It contains Mercury
known as Nickel Silver. Nickel silver is Vapour and Argon
named for its silvery appearance, but it 275 (a); The most abundant element on earth’s
contains no silver surface after Oxygen is Silicon. It was
260 (a); The following metals imparts different discovered by J.J. Berzelius in 1824. The
colour to glasses- Cobalt oxide: deep blue word ‘Silicon’ was taken from the Latin
colour; copper oxide: turquoise; chromium:
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word silex. Silicon chips are used as a Teflon – Its commercial name is Polytetra
semiconductor in computers. Fluoroethylene. Teflon is a Fluorine
276 (a); A group of gypsum cement, essentially containing the polymer.
hemihydrated Calcium Sulphate (CaSO4. Fullerene – Fullerene is an allotrope of the
1/2 H2O), a white powder that forms a carbon family in which fully carbon atoms
paste when it is mixed with water and then are integrated. It is denoted by 𝐶60 .
hardens into a solid used in making a cast, 286 (d); Lemons are acidic. Any chemical with a pH
mould and sculpture. less than 7 is considered acidic. Lemon juice
277 (a); Bronze is an alloy made up of Copper and has a pH around 2.0
another metal Tin. Compositions may very 287 (a); Vinegar consists of acetic acid and water. A
but most modern bronze is 88% Copper and small amount of sugar and fruit juice may
12% Tin be added to vinegar as a flavouring agent.
278 (b); Brass consists 68–71% Copper and rest is 288 (b); Gasohol, a gasoline extender made from a
Zinc. Bronze consists 88% Copper and 12% mixture of gasoline (90%) and ethanol (10%
Tin. German silver has almost 50% Copper. often obtained by fermenting agricultural
Delta consists 60% Copper, 38% Zinc,2% Fe crops) or gasoline (97%) and methanol or
279 (b); Brass consists 68-71% Copper and rest is wood alcohol (3%). Gasohol has higher
Zinc. Bronze consists 88% Copper and 12% octane or antiknock properties by which it
Tin. German silver has almost 50% Copper. burns more slowly, coolly and completely.
Gunmetal consists 85% Copper, 5% Tin, 5% 289 (b); Ammonium (NH4+) and nitrate (NO3–) are
Lead, 5% Zinc. the predominant inorganic forms of
280 (c); Stainless steel alloy with a minimum of nitrogen in the soil. Plants normally use
10.5% Chromium content by mass. The nitrogen in the form of nitrate.
presence of Chromium protects steel from 290 (a); The Actinide series contains elements with
corrosion, rust and make it high- atomic numbers 89 to 103 and is the sixth
temperature resistance. group in the periodic table
281 (c); During hydrogenation, the vegetable oils 291 (a); The Isotones are a set of nuclides/atoms
are reacted with hydrogen gas. A nickel having the same number of neutrons, but a
catalyst is used to speed up the reaction. The different number of protons.
double bond is converted to single bond in 292 (d); Chromatography is a separation technique
the reaction. In this way, the unsaturated used to separate the different components in
fats can be made into saturated fats. a liquid mixture. The purpose of preparative
282 (b); Sulphur hexafluoride (SF6) is an inorganic, chromatography is to separate the
colourless, odourless and non-flammable components of a mixture for more advanced
compound. SF6 has an octahedral shape. It use and thus a form of purification.
has 12 electrons around the central Sulphur 293 (a); Nitrogen gas is usually filled in electric bulb
atom. This means there are six electron pairs in a small amount with Argon Gas
arranged in an octahedral shape. 294 (b); Among the metals, gold is the least reactive,
283 (c); The Lewis acids are lone pair acceptors. The so it can be accessed in the native (free) state.
Lewis bases are lone pair donors. Nitrogen 295 (a); Coal minerals are divided mainly into four
in NH3 has 5 electrons in which 3 of them types on the basis of the percentage of
are involved in bonding. That leaves one Carbon amount-
lone pair. This lone pair is available for Peat – 50-60%, Lignite – 25-35%, Bituminous -45-
bonding. Therefore, 𝑁𝐻3 is a Lewis base. 85% and Anthracite – more than 85%.
284 (b); Sodium bicarbonate is also known as Baking 296 (a); Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) is usually
Soda. The chemical formula of Sodium known as Teflon. PTEF is a solid
Bicarbonate is NaHCO3 fluorocarbon. Its density is 2.2 g/cm3 and its
285 (d); Dry Ice – We can simply say that Dry ice is melting point is 327°C. This is especially
solid Carbon dioxide 𝐶𝑂2 . It is used as a used for making a non-stick surface coating
cooling agent. for utensils.
Mustard gas – It is used as a strong chemical 297 (a); Nitrous Oxide is commonly known as
weapon. This mortally chemical affects skin, laughing gas
leering eye, lungs and D.N.A. which affects 298 (d); RDX, the abbreviation of this word is
the cells most. Research Department Explosive, is also
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called cyclonite. It is powerful explosive a solid organic matter used as fuel. All the
discovered by Georg Friedrich Henning of three are consist of carbon.
Germany and patent in 1898 but not used 313 (b); Hydrogen is the purest combustion fuel.
until World War II when most of the Water is generated from burning of
warring powers introduced it. Hydrogen. While coal, kerosene oil and
299 (b); Silicon and germanium are frequently used diesel are known as fossil fuel which
for making transistors generates, Carbon dioxide and many other
300 (b); Brass gets discolored because of the harmful gases when it burns
presence of Hydrogen Sulphide in air 314 (b); Chlorine is presently an important chemical
301 (c); Potassium Cyanide (KCN) or Zinc for water purification (such as in water
Phosphide is a highly toxic chemical used as treatment plants), disinfectants and in
a rodenticide – a poison to kill the mouse. bleach.
302 (b); Bromine is the only non metal and Mercury 315 (a); Nitrous Oxide (N2O) is also known as
only metal, liquid at room temperature laughing gas. It is a colourless gas with a
303 (c); This theory was given by Willard Frank sweet odour and taste. It is also used as the
Libby in 1949. To determine the age of wood anesthetic gas.
and bones (the time which elapsed after the 316. (a); Nila thotha is a compound of Copper and
death of plant) is called Ratio Carbon sulphate. Its chemical formula is
Dating. The Half-life of Carbon 14 is 5,730 + CuSO4.5H2O
40 years. 317. (c); The organic compounds are a large class of
304 (c); Pairs is correctly matched as such- chemical compounds in which one or more
Silver Iodide – Artificial rain, Silver Chloride – atoms of carbon are covalently linked atoms
Horn Silver, Zinc Phosphide – Rat poison, of other elements, most commonly
Zinc Oxide – Philosopher’s wool Hydrogen, Oxygen or Nitrogen
318 (d); Acetic acid is the chief component of
305 (b); Neutron is a neutral particle which has no
vinegar. Vinegar is liquid consisting mainly
electrical charge. It was discovered by of acetic acid (CH3COOH) and water.
Chadwick in 1932. 319 (c); Tetraethyl Lead (CH3CH2)4Pb is the chief
306 (b); Change of water into the vapour is called a antiknock agent for automotive gasoline or
physical change petrol.
307 (c); Among non-metals, diamond is the hardest 320 (b); Electrolyte substance used in a car battery is
whereas, among the metals, platinum is the Sulphuric acid (H_2 SO_4). It is a strong
hardest acid.
308 (a); There are 2 types of street light bulbs are 321 (c); The best example of changing into electric
used by municipalities. They are sodium energy from chemical energy is primary
vapor and mercury vapor bulbs. The cells or batteries, the dry cell is also made up
mercury vapor bulbs are usually a white in this phenomenon.
ambient light and sodium on 322 (c); Urine odour is caused by the presence of
orange/yellow light. Ammonia. Urine is an aqueous solution of
309 (d); Mica is good conductor of heat and bad greater than 95% water.
conductor of electricity so mica use in 323 (c); Potassium Cyanide (KCN) or Zinc
electrical industry Phosphide is a highly toxic chemical used as
310 (c); Bauxite is an ore of Aluminum, which is a rodenticide a poison to kill the mouse.
found in the form of Hydrated Aluminium 324 (a); Carbon dioxide gas is used in a fire
Oxides. extinguisher to control small fires, often in
311 (b); The common composition of solder is 32% emergency situations.
Tin, 68% Lead. This combination has a low 325 (a); Soap is a combination of animal fat or plant
melting point and is useful for soldering oil and caustic soda. Many vegetable fats
components that are sensitive to heat including olive oil, palm kernel oil and
312 (d); Diamond is an additional form of Carbon. coconut oil are also used in soap making.
Its relative density is 3.5 Graphite is a slaty- 326 (b); Milk contains a sugar called lactose. It also
black coloured smooth and brightly organic contains harmless bacteria called
matter of relative density 2.25, while coal is lactobacillus, which uses glucose for energy
and creates lactic acid as a by-product. It is
618
the lactic acid which makes the milk sour. 338 (c); Rainwater is purest form of water. Its pH
The presence of lactic acid or lactate in milk value is 7
is due to the fermentation of lactose caused 339 (c); The noble gases make a group of chemical
mainly by lactic bacteria. elements with similar properties under
327 (c); The chemical formula of Sodium Benzoate standard conditions, they are all odourless,
is NaC7H5O2. It is widely used as food colourless, monatomic gases with very low
preservative chemical reactivity. The six noble gases that
328 (c); Methane is the principal gas in biogas. It is occur naturally are Helium (He), Neon (Ne),
also the main component of natural gas, a Argon (Ar), Krypton (Kr), Xenon (Xe) and
fossil fuel, can be used to replace natural gas the radioactive Radon (Rn).
in many applications including cooking, 340 (b); High resolution photographic plates having
heating, steam production, etc. a coating of exceedingly fine-grained
329 (d); Fossil fuels, including coal, oil and natural photosensitive emulsions with sub
gas are currently the world’s primary microscopic crystals of silver bromide in
energy sources. gelatin.
330 (c); Lactic acid is found in curd not Acetic acid. S341 (b); Paddy fields are a major source of
Formic acid occurs in the body of red ants atmospheric methane
and in the stings of bees. 342 (b); Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) is usually
331 (a); Bullet-resistant glass is made or known as Teflon. This is especially used for
manufactured by using polycarbonate, making a non-stick surface coating for
thermoplastic and layers of laminated glass. utensils.
332 (b); Nitrogen gas is used in the tyres of an 343 (a); Tri Nitro Glycerin (TNG) also known as
aeroplane. This is because the nitrogen gas Nobel Oil, is an explosive fluid.
does not support combustion and can assist 344 (c); The use of natural gas in power generation
provides a cleaner alternative to coal and
in preventing wheel fire when the aircraft
other fossil fuels
lands 345 (c); Aspirin is a salicylate. It works by reducing
333 (a); Coal minerals are divided mainly into four substances in the body that cause pain, fever
types on the basis of the percentage of and inflammation. It is obtained from tree.
Carbon amount- Peat, Lignite, Bituminous 346 (d); Cloud seeding is the process of spreading
and Anthracite. either dry ice or more commonly silver
334 (b); It is an extension of the older carat (Karat in Iodide into the upper part of clouds to try to
North American spelling) system of stimulate the precipitation process and form
denoting the purity of gold by fractions of rain.
24, such as ’18 carat’ for an alloy with 75% 347 (b); The safety matchbox ignites due to the
(18 parts per 24) pure gold by mass. extreme reactivity of phosphorus with the
335. (d); Proton, electron and neutron are part of an potassium chlorate on the match head.
atom. These particles are also known as Phosphorus is a highly reactive, non-toxic-
three fundamental particles, but the photon chemical used for making the head of a
is associated with light energy and also matchstick.
known as energy packet of light. 348 (c); Humus usually refers to the natural decay
336 (b); The mass number of an element is the sum
of material such as leaves in the soil’s top
of a total number of protons and neutrons
layer. It is a dark organic material that forms
inside in its nucleus and represents by A.
Therefore, mass number A = number of in the soil when plant and animal matter
proton+number of neutron. Therefore, mass decays.
number = 2 + 2 = 4 349 (a); Aluminium sulphate is used in ‘foam’ fire
337 (c); In order to pasteurize milk, first, the milk is extinguishers, which contains radium
heated up to a longer time and then cooled bicarbonate and aluminium sulphate in
suddenly within specified time.
separate receptacles on being mixed they
Pasteurization is a process invented the by
French Scientist Louis Pasteur during the form the foam of bubbles of CO2
nineteenth century. 350 (a); The Bhopal Gas tragedy happened on 2-3
December 1984 at night.

619
351 (a); The correctly matched are as follows: 362 (a); Heliox is a breathing gas composed of a
Technology Day -11 May (Pokharan test mixture of Helium (He) and Oxygen (O2).
1998) This is frequently used for respiration by
Photography Day - 19 August divers in the deep sea.
National Sports Day -29 August (Major 363 (b); Heavy water (D_2 O) Deuterium Oxide is
Dhyanchand) used as a moderator and coolant in nuclear
Nagasaki day -9 August (Nagasaki Japan reactors because it slows down neutrons
atom bomb) effectively and also has a low probability of
352 (d); Eosin is a Tetrabromofluorescein. Most red absorption of neutrons.
inks are dilute solution of the red dye eosin. 364 (a); The nucleus is a very dense region
353 (d); Uranium-lead dating is one of the oldest consisting of protons and neutrons at the
and most refined methods to determine the centre of an atom. It was discovered in 1911
age of the earth, decaying rocks and bones. as a result of Ernest Rutherford’s
interpretation of the 1909 Geiger-Marsden
354 (c); The idea for carbon credits came from the
gold foil experiment.
Kyoto Protocol of 1997. This is placing a 365 (d); The Isotopes are a set of nuclides/atoms
monetary value on the cost of polluting the having the same number of protons, but a
air. A single carbon credit generally emits different number of neutrons. In other
one metric ton(1,000 kg or 2,204 pounds) of words, the same atomic number having
carbon dioxide or the equivalent mass of different atomic mass.
another greenhouse gas. 366 (b); Radioactivity was discovered in 1896 by the
French Scientist Henri Becquerel when he
355 (c); Detergent easily removes oil and dirt from
was working with phosphorescent
dirty garment as the surface tension of water materials.
is dramatically reduced by the addition of 367 (a); The element found the maximum in the soil
soap or detergent. layer is Oxygen 46.8% followed by Silicon
356 (c); An emulsion is a colloid of two or more 27.2%, Calcium 3.65% and Carbon 0.6%.
immiscible liquids where one liquid 368 (d); Potassium is the most reactive metal.
contains a dispersion of the other liquids. Reactivity series (or Electrochemical Series)
of metals Most reactive
Milk is an example of an emulsion
Potassium (K)
357 (a); CNG is made by compressed natural gas Sodium (Na)
which is mainly composed of Methane Barium (Ba)
(CH_4 ). Calcium (Ca)
358 (a); The cow dung or gobar gas has a lot of From the above reactivity series, we can see
energy which can be stored for a biogas that Potassium is the most reactive metal.
plant by the process of fermentation. 369 (c); Fluorescent lamp tube is filled with a gas
359 (d); Nitrochloroform is used as anaesthertics containing low pressure mercury vapour
before the operation of the patient to make and Argon. Sometimes gases like Xenon,
them unconscious. Other options are Neon or Krypton can also be used. The
explosive. pressure inside the lamp is around 0.3% of
360 (b); The Octane number of a fuel is the measure atmospheric pressure.
of its antiknock quality when it is used in a 370 (a); Limestone is a sedimentary rock composed
spark ignition, internal combustion engine largely of the minerals Calcite and
as compared to the antiknock quality of ISO- Aragonite which are different crystals form
octane. The higher octane number of a fuel of Calcium Carbonate (CaCO3). Limestone
means the better antiknocking capacity for binds with silica and other impurities to
that fuel. remove them from the iron.
361 (b); The compounds formed after reaction 371 (b); Monazite is an important ore for Thorium,
between the strong base and strong acid are Lanthanum and Cerium. India, Madagascar
known as neutral salt. Sodium chloride and South Africa have large deposits of
(NaCl) is an example of neutral which is salt monazite sands.
also known as Table Salt.

620
372 (d); Galvanization is the process of applying 385 (a); Due to rust, the weight of Iron increases as
protective zinc coating to steel or iron to Iron is converted into-oxide after chemical
prevent rusting reaction with Oxygen, in presence of
373 (a); Bronze is an alloy made up of Copper and
humidity.
another metal Tin. Compositions may vary
but most modern bronze is 88% Copper and 386 (b); Anodizing is an electrical-chemical process
12% Tin. by which the surface of a metal is made
374 (c); Dry ice sometimes referred to as solid CO_2 durable and rust resistant. In this process, a
or dry snow is the solid form of Carbon layer of Aluminium Oxide is deposited on
dioxide. Aluminium.
375 (b); A mixture of methanol (a liquid) and water 387 (b); The pH value of pure water is 7. Pure water
(a liquid) is homogeneous
is neutral by nature. The solution with a pH
376 (b); Polymerization is the process of joining
together a large number of small molecules less than 7 are said to be acidic and solutions
to make a number of the very large with a pH greater than 7 are basic or
molecule. Natural rubber is the natural alkaline.
polymer of Isoprene. 388 (a); Hydrogen gas is used in the manufacturing
377 (d); Tartaric acid is the predominant organic of Vanaspati ghee. To prepare the Vanaspati
acid in grapes. ghee, hydrogen gas is passed through
378 (a); The heating value of a fuel is the amount of vegetable oils under 8-10 atmospheric
heat that is obtained after one gram (1gm) of pressure in the presence of nickel powder at
fuel is burnt completely in air or oxygen. a temperature of 200°C, oil changes into
Hydrogen has the highest heating value vegetable ghee or solid fat known as
among all fuels. Hydrogen is used as a Vanaspati ghee.
rocket fuel and in burner producing high 389 (c); Xenon is a chemical gas with symbol Xe and
temperature. atomic number 54. It is a rare, odourless,
379 (c); LPG is the abbreviation or short form colourless, tasteless, chemically unreactive
Liquefied Petroleum Gas. Like all fossil gas. Xenon gas is also known as stranger gas
fuels, it is a non-renewable source of energy. as its volume is low in the atmosphere
It is extracted from crude oil and natural 390 (b); Sodium bicarbonate is also known as Baking
gas. The normal components of LPG thus Soda. The chemical formula of Sodium
are propane (C_3 H_8) and butane (C_4 Bicarbonate is NaHCO3
H_10). 391 (c); Mustard gas or Sulphur mustard is a
380 (c); Helium- (2He4) is a non-radioactive isotope chemical compound which has been used as
of the element Helium. Its nucleus is a chemical weapon in First World War.
identical to an alpha particle and consists of 392 (a); The Chemical Ethephon is often used on
two protons and two neutrons. wheat, coffee, tobacco, cotton and rice in
381 (b); The Geiger-Muller Counter also called a order to help the plant’s fruit to ripen more
Geiger Counter, is an instrument used for quickly.
detection and measurement ionizing 393 (d); Wool, silk, leather are the natural polymers
radiation. but nylon is not a natural polymer.
382 (d); Solid camphor directly changes into 394 (a); C.N.G. is the short form of compressed
camphor vapour and this process is called Natural Gas.
sublimation. The sublimation is the process 395 (d); Two nuclides are isoneutronic (isotones) if
in which some substances upon heating they have the very same neutron number
directly changes into vapour from and As per the question
when cooled again directly turns into solid 6C14 = 14 – 6 = 8 neutron
form. 7N15 = 15–7 = 8 neutron
383 (c); Mercury is the only metal which is liquid at 8O16 = 16 – 8 = 8neutron
ordinary temperature. Since the number of neutrons in all is 8 they
384 (c); German Silver or Nickel silver is an alloy are all Isotones
consisting 50% Copper, 35% Zinc and 15% 396 (d); Physical changes affect the form of a
Nickel. It doesn’t have silver. chemical substance, but not its chemical
composition. In general, a physical change
621
is using physical me. For example, sugar
dissolved in water can be recovered by
allowing the water to evaporate
397 (a); The boiling point of a liquid is the
temperature at which its vapour pressure is
equal to the pressure of the gas above it.
Generally impurities increases the boiling
point of liquid
398 (a); Insulin is an antidiabatic drug
399 (a); Mercury is a chemical element with the
symbol (Hg). Mercury is used in
thermometers due to its special properties.
Mercury is good conductor of heat
400 (d); Diamond is Allotrope of Carbon. Marble is
a metamorphic rock composed mainly of
crystalline calcium Carbonate or Calcium
Magnesium Carbonate. The most common
component of sand is Silicon dioxide in the
form of quartz. Ruby is considered as one of
the four precious stones together with
Sapphire, Emerald and Diamond. In
Chemistry, the ruby gemstone is a mixture
of Aluminium, Oxygen and Chromium.

622

Chemistry

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Chemistry

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Types of pure substances :

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Emulsion : Emulsions are liquid-liquid colloids.

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Sources of the acid Name of the acid

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USES OF SALTS IN INDUSTRIES:

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1. Proton(p): Discovered by E. Goldstein

3. Neutrons(n) - Discovered by J. Chadwick

Atomic nucleus – Discovered by E Rutherford

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Isotones – Atoms having same number of neutrons.

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Carbon dioxide (CO2)

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Glass (𝐍𝐚𝟐 𝐎. 𝐂𝐚𝐎. 𝟔𝐒𝐢𝐎𝟐 )

Substance used Colour of glass

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• Crookes glass - It is used for making lenses for spectacles.

• Glass fibres - used as insulating material in oven, refrigerator etc.

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Analgesics (Pain relievers)

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On the basis of intermolecular forces Polymers are classified as:

Few important polymers are:

(c) Phenol - formaldehyde polymer (Bakelite and related polymers)

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Modern Periodic Law

Long Form of Periodic Table

Electron gain enthalpy

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Types of Chemical Reactions

Oxidation and Reduction

Dry Cell or Leclanche Cell

Lead Storage Battery

Nickel Cadmium Cell

Applications of Catalysts in Industrial Processes

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Metals & Nonmetals

Sodium sulphate (Na 2 SO4 . 10H2 O) is Glauber’s salt. It is used as purgative.

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Potassium carbonate (K 2 CO3 ) is potash or pearl ash.

De-icing of Roads after snowfall

Alkaline Earth Metals and their Compounds

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Some Important Metals and their Uses

Copper, Silver and Gold (Cu, Ag and Au)

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Minerals, Ores and Gangue

Metal Ores Chemical composition

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Types of Chemical Bond

Some Electrovalent Compounds (Ionic Compounds)

Some Covalent Compounds

Coordinate or Dative Bond

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Bonding between A and B is predominantly

Compounds Containing Ionic and Covalent Bonds