BS RM Si MCQs

Research Methadology
Scientific Inquiry
Biostatistic
Multiple Choice Questions
An Effort, A Compilation A Format
By
Ayaan
Research Methodology, Scientific Inquiry, Biostatistics MCQS
Biostatistics Midterm Spring 2021

Which of the following is not a measure of central Which of the following is not a measure of
tendency: variability:
 Mean  Variance
 Mode  SD
 Range ❤  Range
 Median  Median ❤
The population mean is called: The population mean is denoted by:
 Sampling unit  ∞
 Population Parameter ❤  µ❤
 Sample statistic  X
 Continuous variable  Ω
The more the spread of the data the higher will be A ____________ is a summary computed for a
the: population:
 Mean  Statistic
 Mode  Mean
 Median  Parameter ❤
 SD ❤  Sample
Summarization and description of numerical data can be done by:
 Inferential statistics
 Sampling
 Observation
 Descriptive statistics💓
Some variables cannot be counted and they can assume any numerical value. These are:
 Discrete
 Nominal
 Continuous❤
 Ordinal
Government and non-government publications are σ also known as____________:
considered as:  Sample statistic
 Ordinal data  Population SD ❤
 Nominal data  Sample SD
 Primary data sources  Population parameter
 Secondary data sources ❤
The values that a certain quantitative variable can assume may be countable or non-countable:
 Ordinal variable
 Nominal variable
 Continuous variable
 Discrete variable ❤
5, 2, 3,4,5,2,3,4,4,2,3,5,4,2,2,3,4,2,3,4,5,1,2,3,4,5,2,3,4,5,1,2,3,4,5
From the above data the median will be:
 4
 3❤
 2
 5
Classes: 10-20, 20-30, 30-40, 40-50 Frequencies: 2, 13, 18, 34

From the data above the value of n will be:
 35
 67 ❤
 2
 33.5
5, 2, 3,4,5,2,3,4,4,2,3,5,4,2
From the above data the mean will be:
 3.43❤
 3.41
 3.44
 3.42
5, 2, 3,4,5,2,3,4,4,2,3,5,4,2,2
From the above data the distribution is:
 Tetramodal
 Bimodal
 Trimodal
 Unimodal ❤
5, 2, 3,4,5,2,3,4,4,2,3,5,4,2
From the above data the mode will be:
 2&4 ❤
 4
 2
 2&3

From the data above the value of h for median class will be:
 20
 9.5
 5
 10 ❤
From the data above the lower class boundary for the P7 will be:
 10
 9.5 ❤
 19.5
 10.5
From the data above the 4th Decile class will be:
 4th
 3rd
 2nd ❤
 1st
From the data above the Cumulative Frequency for Q1 will be:
 6
 0❤
 4
Scientific Inquiry & Research Methodology MCQs F2020

type of t-test compares the mean for two different groups?
 Dependent sample test
 independent sample test✅
 c .Paired sample test
 d. One sample test
For qualitative data we

 Draw charts and find frequency✅
 Find mean only
 frequency only
 Charts only
Variables are in categories but with no order.

 Ordinal
 Interval
 Ratio
 Nominal ✅
Analysis show the minimum, maximum, mean, standard deviation of variables:

 Descriptive analysis✅
 Chi square rest
 Regression analysis
 Inferential analysis
Temperature recorded on a Fahrenheit or Celsius scale is the example of .

 Ordinal
 Nominal
 Ratio
 Interval✅
This sheet contains information about the data set that is stored within the data sheet
 Data sheet
 Variable sheet✅
 None of above
 Statistical sheet
Population of interest is called:

 Collective population
 Sample population c.
 None of these
 Target population✅
is used for qualitative variables:

 Bar charts✅
 Frequencies
 Histogram
 Transform variable
There are sources for collection of data.

 Four
 Three
 Five
 Two✅
describe the categories of a variable:

 Coding
 Value labels✅
 c.Scale
 d. Individual variables
If the grading of diabetes is classified as mild, moderate and severe the scale of measurement used is:
 Ordinal✅
 Ratio
 Interval
 Nominal
The data which have already been collected by someone are called:
 None of these
 Arrayed data
 Secondary data✅
 Primary data
Choose the correct sequence for strength of measurement scales:
 Nominal & gtOrdinalBgtlnterval& it Ratio & lAbsolute
 Nominal &gt, Ordinal & gc, Absolute & lt, interval &it Ratio✅
 Nominal&it.ordinal&.ttnterval&geRatio&gtAbsolute
 Nominal&it.ordinal&ltinterval&itiRatio&lEAbsolute
Statistic is a characteristics calculated from..

 Sample data✅
 Arrayed data
 hidions data
 Population data
HO u =9 indicates
 Two tailed distribution
 One tailed distribution✅
 The distribution curves does not exist
 None of the above
Any numerical value calculated from sample data is called:

 Bias
 Statistic✅
 Mean
The doctor measured the level of pain, level of measurement is being used for pain:
 Nominal
 Ordinal✅
 Interval
 Ratio
For quantitative data is formed:

 Histogram✅
 Pie chart
 Line graphs
 Bar chart
If the grading of diabetes is classified as mild, moderate and severe the scale is
 Ordinal✅
 Ratio
 Nominal
 Interval
To find frequency in SPSS following steps should be follow:

 Analyze, frequengy
 transform, descriptive stats, descriptive
 Analyze, descriptive statistic, frequency✅
 Analae Transforms, descriptive
Mass, duration, volume, distance are measured by:

 Interval
 Nominal
 ordinal
 Ratio ✅
Descriptive analysis shows these except:

 Mean
 Minimum
 Maximum
 Frequency counts✅
A t-test is used for:

 Hypothesis testing✅
 Data entering
 Coputation of variables
 Estabilishing normality
Temperature recorded on a Fahrenheit or Celsius scale is the example of..

 Interval✅
 Ordinal
 Nominald
 Ratio
Probability of rejecting the true null hypothesis is:

 Estimation
 Type II error
 inference
 Type I error✅
In variable view spaces are ?

 Not allowed✅
 Allowed
 Some times allowed
 None of above
Statistical data and methods applied to the collection, analysis and especially data relating to human biology, health
and medicine is called as..
 Statistics
 Mathematics
 Biostatistics✅
 Secondary data Collection
is a subset of population:
 Distribution  Sample✅
 Group  Data
Weight of student of class is an example of

 Constant data
 Discrete data
 Continuous data✅
 Qualitative data
All of the following are the level of measurement, except

 Nominal  Alpha✅
 Ordinal  Interval
Which two sheets are in SPSS window?

 Both data view & variable view✅
 Statistical view
 Data view
 Variable view
t-test is a statistical procedure used to test an alternative hypothesis against ..?

 Statistical hypothesis
 Null hypothesis✅
 None of the above
 Alternative hypothesis
The Output Viewer sheet in SPSS displays?

 Measurements in digits
 Different variables
 Articles of researches
 Output and errors
A population include of the element from set of data

 Only one
 Few / Can be all or few
 All ✅
A high school counselor wanted to known if tenth-graders at her high school tend to have more free time than the
twelfth-graders. She took random samples of 25 tenth-graders and 23 twelfth-graders. Each student was asked to
record the amount of free time he or she had in a typical week. The mean for the tenth graders Was found to be 29
hours of free time per week with a standard deviation of 7.0 hours. For the twelfth Graders, the mean was 22 hours
of free time per week with a standard deviation of 6.2 hours. Assume that The two populations are normally
distributed with equal but unknown population standard deviations:
 Dependent Sample t Test
 Chi-square
 Independent Sample t Test✅
 One Sample t Test
Ali shared his experience to all class, he said total number of quizzes is greater in virtual classes as compared to
traditional class.
 Discrete variable
Researcher was interested to find out the areas where patients of corona virus are large in numbers. He came To
know that USA and Uk has more number of patients as compared to Asia:
 Descriptive statistics
 Probability sampling
 Inferential Statistics✅
 Ratio scale
Teacher asked all students to note down their heights. After 15 minutes teacher collect information from all
Students and found that the student with lowest height is 4 feet and 3 inches:
 Continuous variable ✅
A Computer company that recently introduced a new software product claims that the mean time it takes to learn
how to use this software is not more than 2 hours for people who are somewhat familiar With Computers. A
random sample of 12 such persons was selected. The following data give the uses taken (un Hours) by these
persons to learn how to use this software.1.75 2.25 2.40 1.90 1.50 2.75 2.15
2.25 180 2.20 3.25 2.60. Test at the 196 significance level whether the company’s claim is true. Assume that the
times taken By all persons who are somewhat familiar with computers to learn how to use this software are
Approximately normally distributed:
 Independent Sample t test
 One Sample t lest ✅
 Chi-square
Several retired bicycle racers are coaching a large group or young prospects. I hey randomly select seven of their
riders to take part in a test of the effectiveness of a new dietary supplement that Is supposed to increase strength
and stamina. Each of the seven riders does a time trial on the same course. Then they all take the Dietary
supplement for 4 weeks. All other aspects of their training program remain as they were prior to the time trial. At
the end of the 4 weeks, these riders do another time trial on the same course. The times (in Minutes) recorded by
each rider for these trials before and after the 4-week period are shown in the following table..
 Dependent Sample t lest✅
 Independent Sample t Test
In the last semester of DPI and DDNS all the students have to submit their research project mainly called as
Thesis. Data collected by students for their thesis or research project is mainly the example of
 Primary data ✅
 Continues data
 Discrete data
 Secondary data
Teacher has taken a quiz during online lecture and the performance of students is rated as excellent, good
or fair, this Is an example of:
 Ordinal✅
 Interval
 statistic
 None of above
Some of the faculty members request their Head of the department to allow them for leaving early due to Their
other responsibilities. HOD asked about the Marital Status of faculty members requesting for relaxation time, so
from this statement Marital Status is an example of -----..?
 Sample
 Qualitative variable✅
 Population
 Quantitative Variable
A town that recently started a single-stream recycling program provided 60-galon recycling bins to 25 Randomly
selected households and /5-gallon recycling bins to 22 randomly selected households. I he total Volume of recycling
over a 10-week period was measured for each of the households. The average total Volumes were 382 and 415
gallons for the households with the 60- and 75-gallon bins, respectively. Assume that the 10-week total volumes of
recycling are approximately normally distributed for both groups And that the population standard deviations are
equant
 Chi-square
 Consequent
Amna was waiting for her brother to arrive on the dinner she has arrange His brother after everyfive minutes to
ask why he has not arrived yet:
 Estimation
 Inferential Statistics ✅
Course Instructor for states to know the reasons that why students are not interested in online classes for his
subject, he interviewed almost 10 students and came to know that there are numerical that Must need some more
practice and time as compared to theoretical subjects
 Ordinal scale
 Parameter
 Inferential statistics✅
 descriptive statistics
In the last semester of almost all degree programs of Allied Health Sciences, all the students have to submit Their
research project mainly called as Thesis. Some students used to collect data through interviews, observations, and
ethnographic research, data collected interviews, observations, and ethnographic research Is an example of:
 Primary data ✅
 Secondary data
 Continues data
 Discrete data
Ayesha used to watch T.V Tor consecutive 5 hours a day, but now due to lockdown her number of hours for
watching T.V has increased:
 Discrete variable ✅
Ali shared his experience for virtual classes, he said total number of quizzes is greater in virtual classes as
Compared to traditional classes:
I went to the market last week. Shopkeepers strictly followed SOPs announced by the Government. For this
Purpose my temperature has been checked at every shop and then 1 all be allowed to enter the shop:
 Continuous variable ✅
An insurance company wants to know if the average speed at which men drive cars is greater than that of Women
drivers. I he company took a random sample of 2/ cars driven by men on a highway and found the Mean speed to
be 72 miles per hour with a standard deviation of 2.2 miles per hour. Another sample of 18 Cars driven by women
on the same highway gave a mean speed of 68 miles per hour with a standard Deviation of 2.5 miles per hour. Can
we conclude that the mean speed of cars driven by all men drivers on this Highway is greater than that of cars
driven by all women drivers:
 Chi-square
 Independent Sample t Test ✅
Teacher was interested to find that in which subject students have scored above 90. For this she has Enrolled
students of Last three semesters and asked them to provide their scores for each subject they have studied in last
semester.
 Descriptive statistic
 Nominal Scale
 population
 inferential statistics ✅
Teacher delivered lecture on data collection sources to students of Allied Health Sciences. She told them that
Journals are gradually becoming more important than books these days when data collection is concerned. This is
because journals are updated regularly with new publications on a periodic basis, therefore giving to Date
information:
 Primary data
 secondary data ✅
 First-hand information
 Focused group discussion
Amir appeared in all the tests held before and after online classes. He described the variation in his four test Scores
in statistics. He says that it is a little bit tough to prepare number of quizzes for every subject on daily Basis:
 Inferential Statistics
 Descriptive statistics ✅
 Primary data
Ali came to know the information shared on websites are mostly not regulated and as such may not be Trusted
compared to other sources. However, there are some regulated websites that only share authentic Data and can be
trusted by researchers:
 Primary data
 First-hand information
 Secondary data✅
A company claims that its uncle low-fat yogurt cups contain, on average, at most 150 calories per cup. A Consumer
agency wanted to check whether or not this claim is true. A random sample of 10 such cups Produced the following
data on calories. 147 159 153 146 144 161 163 153 143 158. Test at the 2.5% Significance level whether the
company’s claim is true. Assume that the numbers of calories for such cups of yogurt produced by this company
have an approximately normal distribution:
 One Sample t Test ✅
 Dependent sample Test
 Chi-square
An insurance company wants to know it the average speed at which men drive cars 1s greater than that of Women
drivers. The company took a random sample of 27 cars driven by men on a highway and found the Mean speed to
be 72 miles per hour with a standard deviation of 2.2 miles per hour. Another sample of 18 Cars driven by women
on the same highway gave a mean speed of 68 miles per hour with a standard Deviation of 2.5 miles per hour, Can
we conclude that the mean speed of cars driven by all men drivers on this Highway 1s greater than that of cars
driven by all women drivers:
 Chi-square
Number of patients of COVID 19 has increased drastically that results in economic burden and other Unavoidable
circumstances that leads to worse situation day by day
A company wanted to know if attending a course on, how to be a successful salesperson, can increase the
average sales of its employees. The company sent six of its salespersons to attend this course. The researcher
gives the 1-week sales of these salespersons before and after they attended this course. Can we conclude that
the mean weekly sales for all salespersons increase as a result of attending this course? Assume that the
population of paired differences has a normal distribution:
 Chi-square
 Dependent Sample t Test (correct)
The __is the most frequently used measure of central tendency:
 Mean (correct)
 Median
 Mode
 All mean, median and mode
t test is a_____ test:
 Physiological
 Mathematical
 Statistical✔️
 Biological
Ali has collected some literature about how information seeking, information retrieval and information
literacy, including some previous studies through publications.This is called ______
 Primary data
 First hand information
 Secondary data✔️
Amna was waiting for her brother to arrive on the dinner she has arranged on 1st day of Eid. She has called
his brother after every five minutes to ask why he has not arrived yet:
 Estimation
 Inferential statistics✔️
The range of test statistic t is:
 0 to infinity
 -1 to +1
 -ve infinity to positive infinity✔️
 0 to 1
If you took a trip to a trauma unit and interviewed burn survivors, the data collected in that phase of your
research would be:
 Secondary data
 Discrete data
 Continuous data
 Primary data
Ali's mother asked him to go the market and buy 1.5 kg fresh meat.He went to all nearby markets but unable
to get fresh meat due to shortage so he came back:
Statistics is characteristics calculated from:

 Population data
 Arraryed data
 Sample data
 Fictions data
--------- describe the categories of a variable:
 Value labels
 Coding
 Individual variable
 Scale
Some of the faculty members request their head of department to allow them for leaving early due to their
other responsibilities. HOD asked about the Marital status of faculty members requesting for relaxation time.
So from this statement Marital status is example of........... ?
 Quantitative variable
 Sample
 Qualitative variables (correct)
 Population
Basic analysis in SPSS include -------?
 ANOVA
 CN square
 Linear regression
 Descriptive (correct)
------ is type of t- test compare the mean of two different groups?
 Dependent sample t-test
 One sample t-test
 Pa. Sample t- test
 Independent sample t- test (correct)
Online classes have commenced among all educational institutes to save the students time. One of the
software engineer wants to know the number of computer sold during the last month of all the computer
stores in Lahore:
 Estimation
 Sample
 Static
 Population (correct)
___Is equal to second quartile
 mean
 median
 variance
 mode
Find the median 7,8,9,10,11,12,13,13,14,17
 14
 11.5 CORRECT
 13
 17
This ____ is the most frequently used measure of central tendancey

 mean
 median
 mode
 all of the above
___divides the data into four equal parts
 percentile
 mode
 mean
 quartile
Mode for grouped data is calculated by
 l+fm+f1
 none of the above
 most repeated value
 l+fm+f2
-------- is a setup of population
 Data
 Sample
 Distribution
 Group
Professor was interested to have in depth information of all the students regarding their concerns for
conducing exams, the professor conducted interviews and gave self-designed questionnaire to the students,
this would be an example of:
 Secondary data
 Continues data
 Discrete data
 Primary data
Professor wants to report number of students not taking online classes during the last month to Head of the
department, he marked out total number of absentees by all students in University of Lahore during the last
month:
 Sample
 Population
 Estimation
 Statistic
Television sets has now become old fashioned, researcher was interested to find the number of LEDs owned
by all families in Islamabad:
 Population
 Statistic
 Sample
 Estimation
A town that recently started a single-stream recycling program provided 60 gallon recycling bins to 25
randomly selected households and 75 gallon recycling bins to 22 randomly selected households. The total
volume of recycling over a 10-week period was measured for each of the households. The average total
volumes were 382 and 415 gallons for the households with the 60 and 75 gallon bins, respectively. Assume
that the 10-week total volumes of recycling are approximately normally distributed for both groups and that
the population standard deviations are equal:
 Independent sample t Test
Teacher asked all the students to note down their heights, after 15 minutes teacher collect the information
from all students and found that the students with lowest height is 4 feet and 3 inches.
 Discrete
 Continuous (correct)
 Nominal
 Ordinal
Ali wants a big house that must have at least 5 bedrooms and a lawn planted with flowers and trees, for this,
he visited DHA , Model Town and other areas but he failed to found a house of his own choice.
 Nominal
 Ordinal
 Discrete
 Continuous (correct)
During the recent economic recession, may families have faced hard times financially. Some studies
observed that more people stopped buying name brand products and started buying less expensive store
brand products instead. Data produced by a recent sample of 700 adults on whether they usually buy store
brand or name brand products are recorded in the following table.
Gender More often buy
Name brand Store brand
Men 150 165
Women 160 225
Using the 5% significance level, can you reject the null hypothesis that the two attributes, gender on buying
name or store brand products, are independent?
a. Chi-square (correct)
b. One sample t test
c. Paired sample t test
d. Independent sample t test
A researcher wanted to find the effect of special diet on systolic blood pressure. She wanted a sample of
seven adults and put them on this dietary plan for 3 months. The following table gives the systolic blood
pressure (in mm HG) of these seven adults before and after the completion of this plan.
Before 210 180 195 220 231 199 224
After 193 186 186 223 220 183 233
a. One sample t test
b. Dependent sample t test (correct)
c. Independent sample t test
d. Chi square
A standard level of significance should be: select one:

 0.02
 0.07
 0.05 (correct)
 0.100
Students appeared in online exams scored 4,6,73,5,7, out of 10 respectively. The students want to know the
average score of class so that the quiz might not be considered in internal assesment. For this appropriate
statistical measure will be Select one:
 Mean(correct)
 Standard deviation
 Coefficient of variation
 Variance
Ali has noted down the ages of his classmates as 12,11,12,13,12,10,12,11. His teacher asked him to find the
most repeated value, for this the appropriate measure will be Select one:
 Mode(correct)
 Standard deviation
 Coefficient of variation
 Variance
The population mean is donated by Select one:

 x̄
 μ (correct)
 σ
 N
Ali shared the pictures of his Eid dress with his friends, he bought last night, his friends were interested to
know the brand of dress, from this statement Name of Brand is an example of ________ Select one :
 Qualitative variable (correct)
 Sample
 Population
 Quantitative variable
Based on last six months grocery bills, Mr. Rashid would like to estimate the average amount he will spend
on groceries for the upcoming year:
a. Descriptive statistics
b. Class mark
c. Inferential Statistics
d. Variable
______________ specify the details of the variables: Select one:
a. Label
b. Width
c. Decimals
d. Values
Teacher was interested to find that why students have scored above 90% in statistics. For this she has
enrolled students from different programs of Allied Health Sciences and asked them to provide their scores
for statistics subject they have studied in last semester: Select one:
a. Inferential Statistics
b. Population
c. Descriptive statistics
d. Probability sampling
A branch of mathematics dealing with collection, analysis and presentation of numerical data:
a. Statistics
b. Primary data
c. Inference
d. None
Maryam was waiting for her sister to arrive on her birthday party. She has called her sister after every five
minutes to ask when she will arrive:
a. Predictions
b. Probability sampling
c. Descriptive statistics
d. Inferential Statistics
Statistical methods applied to the collection, analysis and especially data relating to human biology,healt and
medicine is called as:
a. Statistics
b. Secondary data collection
c. Biostatistics
d. Mathematics
Number of covid 19 has increased drastically that results in economic burden and other unavoidable
circumstances that leads to worsen situation day by day:
a. Continuous variable
b. Discrete variable
c. Nominal variable
d. Ordinal variable
t-test is a statistical procedure used to test an alternative hypothesis against a __________ ?

a. Statistical hypothesis
b. Alternative hypothesis
c. None of the above
d. Null hypothesis
Researcher was interested to find out the reasons why the patients of corona virus are large in numbers in
USA and UK as compared to Asia:
a. Statistic
b. Probability sampling
c. Inferential statistics
d. Descriptive statistics
The ____________ is categorized as nominal level of measurement:

a. Gender
b. Temperature
c. income
d. Fear of crime
Statistic tool that is used to test whether a population parameter is significantly different from some
hypothesized value:
a. One sample t-test
b. ANOVA
c. Chi-square
d. Correlation
Amna get injured while playing with her friends. Her mother took her to the hospital for first aid and asked
doctor about length of time required for a wound to heal:\
 Continuous variable (correct)
Parts received from subsidiary A and a sample of 400 parts received from subsidiary B. These parts were
checked for good being or defective. The following table records the results of investigation:
Subsidiary A Subsidiary B
Good 284 381
Defective 16 19
Using the 5% significance level, test the null hypothesis that the distributions of good and defective parts are
the same for both subsidiaries:
 Chi-square (correct)
 Dependent sample test
 One sample test
 Independent sample test
For quantitative data ______ is formed:

 Pie chart
 Histogram (correct)
 Line graphs
 Bar chart
There are _____ sources for collection of data:

 Five
 Two
 Three
 Four
Last week my co-workers send an application to manager to increase pay scale to avoid such circumstances
that we are facing due to COVID-19. Company manager asked a report of current salaries of all employees
of a company:
 Estimation
 Population
 Sample
 Statistic
Allah blessed Dr. Amir with a baby boy last month. He weighed 7.8 lbs. he was very happy n distribute
sweets n eatables among all hospital staff:
Ali’s brother has diagnosed with COVID-19, he took into the hospital and asked the doctors, what
precautionary measures he has to take to avoid such symptoms, this would be an example of:
 Inferential statistics
 Primary data
Number of patients of COVID-19 has increased drastically that results in economic burden and other
unavoidable circumstances that leads to worse situation day by day:
Ali’s mother asked him to go to the market and buy 1.5 g meat. He went to all nearby markets but unable to
get fresh meat due to shortage so he came back:
Two random samples each of 100 children were selected from two different populations. Population A had iron
deficiency anemia while population B have healthy children in the same age group as population A. The
hemoglobin (Hb) measurements were collected for each child. Can we say at 5% level of significance that mean
Hb is different in the two populations? Which statistical test can be applied in this scenario to test the
hemoglobin (Hb) measurements in both groups?
a) Independent sample t-test
b) One Sample t-test
c) Fisher exact test
d) Paired sample t-test
Variable view in SPSS displays information about
a) Variable Label
b) All of the above options
c) Variable Type
d) Variables Names
A researcher investigated 99 breasts in 90 candidates for unilateral (n = 81) or bilateral (n=9) mastectomy to
determine the sensitivity of mammography for the detection of malignant lesions in patient’s candidate for
mastectomy. The reference standard, i.e. the pathology examination of the whole excised breast, establishes the
presence of 188 malignant lesions. Mammography has 124 true positives and 64 false negatives. What will be
the false negative rate of Mammography? (Note: Focus on last line)
a) 100%
b) 19.1%
c) 34%
d) 0%
You measure the temperature of a liquid sample several times under identical conditions. The thermometer
displays the same temperature every time, so the results are
a) Reliable
b) None of the above
c) Accuracy
d) Valid
In regression analysis, the variable that is being predicted is_____ and plotted on_______
a) Is usually
b) Response, or dependent variable, Y variable
c) Response, or dependent variable
d) Independent variable
An investigator wants to study the association between maternal intake of Zinc + Folic Acid supplements (Yes
or No) and incidence of low birth weight (< 2500 or > 2500) gms). He collects relevant data from 350 pregnant
women as to the status of usage of Zinc + Folic Acid supplements and the status of low birth weight in
newborns. The appropriate statistical test of hypothesis advised in this situation
a) Independent sample t-test
b) Chi Square Test
c) Fisher exact test
d) Paired sample t-test
Which of the following graphs are suitable for presetting quantitative data?
a) Scatter Plot
b) All of the above options
c) Box Plot
Eating a low fat diet can reduce the risk of Heart disease is example of
a) Perfect correlation
b) No correlation
c) Positive correlation
d) Negative correlation
Let the coefficient of determination computed to be 0.83 in a problem involving one independent variable and
one dependent variable. This result means that
a) 83% of the total variation is explained by the independent variable
b) The relationship between the two variables is negative
c) The correlation coefficient is 0.39 also
d) 83% of the total variation is explained by the dependent variable
(1- Sensitivity) refers to
a) False Positive Rate
b) Positive Predictive value
c) Negative Predictive value
d) False Negative Rate
A group of 100 people with high risk factors for Lung Cancer are followed for 20 years to see if they develop
the disease. A control group of 100 people who have low risk factors are also followed for comparison. This is a
type of
a) Retrospective Cohort study
b) Descriptive Study
c) Cohort Study
d) Prospective Cohort study
A radiologist want to see the most common age group of patients presenting for Doppler referred form
cardiology Department. Which of the following measure of central tendency can be adopted to answer this
question?
a) Mode
b) Mean
c) Range
d) Median
The diagnostic accuracy of Color Doppler is different from Grey Scale ultrasound for diagnosis of DVT in
trauma patients admitted in orthopedic ward. This statement is____tail
a) One tail Test
b) Alternative Hypothesis
c) Null Hypothesis
d) Two tailed test
In regression equation Y=a +bx the variable Y is_____ and x is______
a) Dependent, Constant
b) Independent variable
c) Dependent, Independent variable
d) Dependent variable
An investigator wants to see association between Fat intake and liver function profile
(SGPT/SGOT/Bilirubin/Alkaline Phosphatase). Both fat intake and liver function profile is quantitative
variables? Which statistical test can be used in this situation?
a) Fisher exact test
b) Simple linear regression
c) Chi Square Test
d) Correlation
(1- Specificity) refers to Select one:
a) Positive Predictive value
b) Negative Predictive value
c) False Negative Rate
d) False Positive Rate
A researcher investigated 99 breasts in 90 candidates for unilateral (n = 81) or bilateral (n=9) mastectomy. The
reference standard, i.e. the pathology examination of the whole excised breast, establishes the presence of 188
malignant lesions. Mammography has 124 true positives and 64 false negatives. What will be the sensitivity of
Mammography? (Note: Focus on last line)
a) 90%
b) 80.9%
c) 50%
d) 66%
The relationship between number of Energy Drink (x) and blood caffeine content (y) was studied in 16 male
college students by using least squares regression. The following regression equation was obtained from this
study: Y= -0.0127 + 0.028x the above equation implies that:
a) Each energy drink consumed increases blood caffeine by an average of amount of 2.8%
b) Each energy drink consumed increases blood caffeine level by exactly 0.028
c) Each energy drink consumed increases blood caffeine level by 1.28%
d) On average it takes 1.8 energy drinks to increase blood caffeine level content by 1%
Scientific Inquiry & RM MCQs S2020

This is based on the intention or the purpose of study. Only those elements will be selected fromthe
population which suits the best for the purpose of our study.
 Convenient
 Systematic
 Quota
 Purposive
Researchers prefer this during the initial stages of survey research, as it’s quick and easy to deliver results.
 Convenient sampling
 Referral sampling
 Random sampling
 Systematic sampling
is used in situations of highly sensitive topics like HIV Aids where people will not openlydiscuss
and participate in surveys to share information about HIV Aids.
Select one:
 Cluster Sampling
 Referral/ Snowball Sampling
 Non Probability Sampling
 Stratified Sampling
technique is used in the situations where the population is completely unknown and rare.Select
one:
 Stratified Sampling
 Snowball Sampling
 Judgmental Sampling
 Quota Sampling
sampling depends on some pre-set standard. It selects the representative sample from the population.
Proportion of characteristics/ trait in sample should be same as population. Elements are selected until exact
proportions of certain types of data is obtained or sufficient data in differentcategories is collected.
Select one:
 Convenient
 Referral/ Snowball sampling
 Purposive
 Quota
Qualitative research is based on the measurement of quantity or amount. It is applicable to phenomena that
can be expressed in terms of quantity.
 True
 False
Descriptive research includes surveys and fact-finding inquiries of different kinds. The major purpose of
descriptive research is description of the state of affairs as it exists at present.
 True
 False
Quantitative research aims at discovering the underlying motives and desires, using in depth interviews
for the purpose.
 True
 False
When we are interested in investigating the reasons for human behaviour (i.e., why people think or do certain
things), we quite often talk of ‘Motivation Research’, an important type of qualitativeresearch.
 True
 False
In analytical research, on the other hand, the researcher has to use facts or information alreadyavailable,
and analyze these to make a critical evaluation of the material.Select one:
 True
 False
Patrons of Ron's Grill had 75 times the risk of being diseased compared to those who did not eat at Ron's.
The other three restaurants that had been suspects had odds ratios that were close to 1.0. This certainly
provides strong evidence that a Ron's Grill was the source of the outbreak, and further investigation confirmed
that one of the food handlers at Ron's had recently had a subclinicalcase of hepatitis A.
 Cohort
 Case control
 RCT
 Cross sectional
A study was designed to assess the impact of sun exposure on skin damage in beach volleyball players.
During a weekend tournament, players from one team wore waterproof, SPF 35 sunscreen,while players from
the other team did not wear any sunscreen. At the end of the volleyball tournament players' skin from both
teams was analyzed for texture, sun damage, and burns. Comparisons of skin damage were then made based
on the use of sunscreen.
 RCT
 Case Control
 Cohort
 Quasi Experimental
The following data are the oxygen uptakes (milliliters) during incubation of a random sample of 15 cell
suspensions:
14.0, 14.1, 14.5, 13.2, 11.2, 14.0, 14.1, 12.2, 11.1, 13.7, 13.2, 16.0, 12.8, 14.4, 12.9
Do these data provide sufficient evidence at the .05 level of significance that the population meanis not 12
ml? What assumptions are necessary?
 chisquare
 one sample t test
 independent sample t test
 dependent sample t test
Two drugs were administered to two groups of randomly assigned 60 and 40 patients, respectively,to cure the
same disease. The following table gives information about the number of patients whowere cured and not
cured by each of the two drugs.
Cured NoT Cured
Drug I 44 16
Drug II 18 22
Test at the 1% significance level whether or not the two drugs are similar in curing and not curingthe patients.
 chisquare
In an experiment to assess the effects on rats of exposure to cigarette smoke, 11 animals were exposed and
11 control animals were not exposed to smoke from unfiltered cigarettes. At the end of the experiment,
measurements were made of the frequency of the ciliary beat in each animal. The variance for the exposed
group was 3400 and 1200 for the unexposed group. Do these data indicate that in the populations represented
the variances are different?
Select one:
 dependant sample t test
 chisquare
John M. Morton et al. (A-14) examined gallbladder function before and after fundoplication—a surgery used
to stop stomach contents from flowing back into the esophagus (reflux)—in patientswith gastroesophageal
reflux disease. The authors measured gallbladder functionality by calculating the gallbladder ejection fraction
(GBEF) before and after fundoplication. The goal of fundoplication is to increase GBEF, which is measured
as a percent. We wish to know if these data provide sufficient evidence to allow us to conclude that
fundoplication increases GBEF functioning.
Select one:
 chisquare
Random samples from two strains of mice used in an experiment yielded the followingmeasurements on
plasma glucose levels following a traumatic experience:
Strain A: 54, 99, 105, 46, 70, 87, 55, 58, 139, 91
Strain B: 93, 91, 93, 150, 80, 104, 128, 83, 88, 95, 94, 97
Do these data provide sufficient evidence to indicate that the mean is larger in the population ofstrain A
mice than in the population of strain B mice?
Select one:
 chisquare
Histogram used for qualitative data.Select one:

 True
 False
Frequency and percentages used for qualitative variable.Select one:

 True
 False
SPSS stands for STATISTICAL PACKAGE FOR SOCIAL SCIENCES Select one:
 True
 False
Value labels used for quantitative variable.Select one:

 True
 False
Data sheet used to enter variable names and specify the characteristics of variables.Select one:
 True
 False
Mock Test 100 MCQs

Influences from other people such as copying, rebellion, competition:Select one:
 Personal motivation
 Intrinsic motivation
 Interpersonal motivation
 Extrinsic motivation
To determine the susceptibility of cigarette smoking by comparing lung carcinoma incidencerates by stratum
of smoking use in the men and women of the NIH. The analysis included 279,214 men and 184,623 women
from U.S. states aged 50 to 60 years at study baseline and were followed for 10 years:
 Descriptive Case Series
 Case Control
 Randomized Controlled Trial
 Cohort
Researcher wants to perform an educational experiment, a class might be arbitrarily divided by alphabetical
selection or by seating arrangement. The division often convenient and, especially inan educational situation,
causes as little disruption as possible:
 Randomized Control Trial
 Cohort
 Quasi experiment
 Descriptive Case Study
Ali invited all his friends on his birthday party. At his birthday party, teams for a game are chosen by putting
everyone’s name into a jar, and then choosing the names at random for eachteam. This type of sampling
technique would be:
 Convenient
 Simple random
 Quota
 Purposive
Strive to promote social good and prevent or mitigate social harms through research, publiceducation, and
advocacy:
 Legality
 Social responsibility
 Responsible mentoring
 Integrity
Popular journals conduct surveys in selected metropolitan cities to assess the popularity ofpoliticians and
political parties or to forecast election results:
 Stratified sampling
 Simple random sampling
 Quota sampling
 Purposive sampling
study is considered gold standard:

 RCTs
 Experimental study
 Non RCTs
 Cohort study
RCT is a study in which people are allocated by:Select one:

 Recommendations
 Not by chance
 Personal choice
 Chance alone
Advantage of RCT is:

 Limited internal validity
 High Internal Validity
 Conducted in special tertiary cares
 High external validity
Which of the following maintaining a researcher’s motivation:

 Social interaction
 Personal satisfaction
 Personal reward
 Recognize, praise, development.
A well-known research objective will be:

 Designed
 Focused
 Authentic
 Smart
10,000 of university students, if we were only interested in achieving a sample size of say 100students, we may
simply stand at one of the main entrances to campus, where it would be easy toinvite the many students that
pass by to take part in the research:
 Systematic sampling
 Convenience sampling
 Referral sampling
A researcher wants to study the association between the use of tap water for drinking and diarrhea. His
hypothesis is that children using tap water for drinking are more likely to suffer from diarrhea as compared to
those who use mineral water. The exposure in this study is the useof tap water for drinking while outcome is
diarrhea:
 Cohort
 Cross sectional
 Case Control
The first character of the variable name must be:
 Character
 Both alphabetic & numerical
 Numerical
 Alphabetic
The researcher was examining the effects of caffeine on reading, she might assign participants to one of three
conditions without randomization, those who drink one cup of soda,two cups of soda, or no soda:
 Cohort
This sheet contains information about the data set such as variable name, its type, etc.:Select one:
 None of above
 Statistical view window
 Variable view window
 Data view window
Maintaining a researchers motivation involves all except:

 Challenges and responsibilities
 Ethics
 Development
 Recognize and praise
Researcher want to estimate the consecutive series of 40 patients of Corona virus disease.Corona virus is of
growing concern in patients with pre-existing lung disease:
 Cross sectional
 Case Control
In RCTs there are groups:Select one:

 Four
 Two
Three The researcher has a population total of 100 individuals and need 12 subjects. He first pick his starting
number, 5. Then the researcher picks his interval, 8. The members of his sample willbe individuals 5, 13, 21,
29, 37, 45, 53, 61, 69, 77, 85, 93:
 Convenient
 Systematic
 Simple random
 Purposive
A past study claimed that adults in America spent an average of 18 hours a week on leisure activities. A
researcher took a sample of 10 adults from a town and asked them about the time they spend per week on
leisure activities. Their responses (in hours) follow. 14 25 22 38 16 26 19 23 41 33. Assume that the times
spent on leisure activities by all adults are normally distributed and the population standard deviation is 3
hours. Using the 5% significance level, can you conclude that the claim of the earlier study is true?
 Chi-square
Individuals understanding their own values involves in motivation:Select one:

 Extrinsic
 Intrinsic
 Personal
 Interpersonal
Blinding has types:Select one:

 3
 2
 6
 4
Which is the most popular statistical packages which can perform highly complex datamanipulation and
analysis with simple instructions?
 Maple
 SPSS
 R studio
 JASP
There are types of motivation for research:

 2
 1
 3
 4
A local NGO is seeking to form a systematic sample of 500 volunteers from a population of5000, they can
select every 10th person in the population to build a sample systematically:
 Systematic
 Quota
 Convenient
 Simple random
Research ethics are:

 Challenges and responsibility
 Honesty, integrity, carefulness, legality.
 Focus, organization
 d.Gain familiarity, broad goals
Researcher wants to assess people with persistent symptoms following a concussion and determine whether
the neck has also been injured. A consecutive series of 30 participants referred for neck assessment were
recruited. Data were collected at initial assessment and on completion of neck treatment which included
standard questionnaires, Patient-reported measuresof headache, dizziness, neck pain, physical examination
findings and details of comorbidities.
Participants were evaluated at a mean of 7.5 weeks post-concussion. On neck assessment, 90% were
considered to have a neck problem contributing to their current symptoms. This could be anexample of:
 Cohort
 Cross Sectional
A study was conducted with sample of 100 students to check the prevalence of flat foot. In apopulation of 18
to 25 years old students was 11.25% for all subject affected with bilateral flat foot, fitting in inclusion
criteria:
 Cross Sectional
 Cohort
Blinding is an important feature of RCT because it:Select one:

 Reduce contaminations
 Reduce selection bias
 Prevent measurement bias
 Reduce compliance problems
Which of the following is Specific research objective:

 Best designed
 Short term and narrow in focus.
 Broad goals to be achieved
 The study in general terms
Research shows high level of Motivation and linked to creative performance:Select one:
 Intrinsic
 Extrinsic
 Interpersonal
 Personal
The characteristics of a group of people who have had a MI are compared with those of a group without MI.
A variety of factors that might contribute risk could be collected from medicalrecords and patient reports
.These factors would be analyzed in both groups to determine the possible relation to MI outcome:
 Cohort
 Cross sectional
 Case Control
In clinical research, _ are the best way to study the safety and efficacy of new treatments:Select one:
 Cohort study
 RCTs
 Cross sectional
Physiotherapist conduct experiment to assess the effectiveness of manual physical therapyand exercise for
mechanical neck pain on young people using computer with or without unilateral upper extremity symptoms
as compared to minimal intervention approach:
 Cohort
 Cross sectional
The formulation of __ organize the study into a clearly defined parts or phrases:Select one:
 Objectives
 Focus
 Social interactions
Objective should be all except? Select one:

 Realistic
 Time taken
 Measureable
 Relevant
Blinding in which subjects and investigator both are blind is?Select one:
 Single blinding
 Triple blinding
 Quadruple blinding
 Double blinding
There are sheets in the window of SPSS:Select one:

 2
A study was done to determine the prevalence of Bulimia Nervosa among 15-20 years old girls reported
between 1st Jan till 31st December, 2018 at Indus Rehabilitation and psychiatriccentre
 Cross Sectional
 Cohort
Many students graduate from college deeply in debt from student loans, credit card debts, and so on. A
sociologist took a random sample of 401 single persons, classified them by gender,and asked, Would you
consider marrying someone who was $25,000 or more in debt? The results of this survey are shown in the
following table. Test at the 1% significance level whethergender and response are associated:
Gender RESPONSES Yes No Uncertain
Men 125 59 21
Women 101 79 16
 Chi-square
 One sample t Test
 Independent sample t Test
 Dependent sample t test
These are known as research’s , A study in the wake of a natural disaster might
Honesty; Integrity; carefulness; openness; divide a population into clusters according to
confidentiality: region, then choose a random cluster or clusters to
 Research Characteristics begin establishing the disasters overall effect:
 Research Ethics  Purposive
 Research motivation  Convenient
 Research objectives  Cluster
 Simple random
Which of the following is not a Responsible Publication:

 Not to advance just your own career
 Avoid wasteful and duplicative publication
 Publish in order to advance research and scholarship
 Help to educate, mentor, and advise students
Suppose, the researcher wants to study beggars. He knows the three areas in the city wherethe beggars are
found in abundance. He will visit only these areas and interview beggars of hischoice:
A high school counselor wanted to know if tenth-graders at her high school tend to have more free time than
the twelfth-graders. She took random samples of 25 tenth-graders and 23twelfth-graders. Each student was
asked to record the amount of free time he or she had in a typical week. The mean for the tenth graders was
found to be 29 hours of free time per week with a standard deviation of 7.0 hours. For the twelfth graders, the
mean was 22 hours of freetime per week with a standard deviation of 6.2 hours. Assume that the two
populations are normally distributed with equal but unknown population standard deviations:
 Chi-square
Two professors decided to test the effect of giving quizzes on students’ performance in a statistic course.
They decided that professor A will give quizzes but professor B will not. Thenthey will compare the
performance of students in their two sections on a common final exam:
 Cohort
Quadrupled Blinding is in which? Select one:

 Subjects and evaluator blinded
 Subjects , Investigator, Evaluator, Data Analysts blinded
 Investigator and data analysts Blinded
 Subjects and Investigator blinded
A cigarette company wants to find out what age group prefers what brand of cigarettes in aparticular city.
He/she applies quotas on the age groups of 21-30, 31-40, 41-50, and 51+. Fromthis information, the researcher
gauges the smoking trend among the population of the city:
 Quota sampling
 Cluster sampling
A research objective should be :

 SMART
A test addressing physical development over time could use the student body of a school as apopulation,
stratify it by grade, and then take random samples from each grade:
 Convenient
 Systematic
 Stratified
 Simple random
RCT often used to test, Except:

 Efficacy
 Effectiveness
 Adverse effects of a Drug
 Probability and Non-Probability
Research shows that too much focus on can block creativity:Select one:
An 80 years old women presented with episodes if unconsciousness and disorientation overseveral years.
During a subsequent episode she was found to have a blood glucose of 1.5 mmol/L. routine blood test were
normal and a 72 hours fast produced no symptoms of hypoglycemia. Further investigations lead to the
discovery of an insulin secreting tumor in the body of pancreas. The tumor was producing excess insulin in
respond to glucose, therefore causing glucose induced hypoglycemia:
 RCT
 Case Control
A company claims that its 8-ounce low-fat yogurt cups contain, on average, at most 150 calories per cup. A
consumer agency wanted to check whether or not this claim is true. A random sample of 10 such cups
produced the following data on calories.147 159 153 146 144 161 163 153 143 158. Test at the 2.5%
significance level whether the company’s claim is true. Assume that the numbers of calories for such cups of
yogurt produced by this company have anapproximately normal distribution:
 Chi-square
A restaurant leaves a fishbowl on the counter for diners to drop their business cards. Once amonth, a business
card is pulled out to award one lucky diner with a free meal:
 Purposive
 Simple random
 Convenient
 Quota
In an organization, for studying the career goals of 500 employees, technically, the sample selected should
have proportionate numbers of males and females. Which means there should be250 males and 250 females.
Since this is unlikely, the researcher selects the groups or strata using:
 Quota sampling
Data entry is done in sheet of SPSS:Select one:

 Variable view
 Data view
 In both
 window view
the formulation of research objectives in FOCUS helps:

 Interpretation and utilization of data
 The study into a clearly defined parts or phrases
 Helps in narrowing down the study to its essentials
 Researcher to avoid unnecessary accumulation of data
Meeting homeless person, interviewing that person, and then asking him/her to introduce youto other
homeless people you might interview:
 Quota sampling
 Snow ball sampling
A researcher wanted to find the effect of a special diet on systolic blood pressure. She selected a sample of
seven adults and put them on this dietary plan for 3 months. The followingtable gives the systolic blood
pressures (in mm Hg) of these seven adults before and after the completion of this plan:
Before 210 180 195 220 231 199 224
After 193 186 186 223 220 183 233
 Dependent sample t test
 One sample t test
 Independent sample t test
What is meant by randomization?Select one:

 Biases introduce random outcomes.
 Regression to the mean is a common phenomenon in clinical trials.
 Selection of subject at Non-Random.
 Selection of subjects at random.
In 2000, an observational study was conducted in Mayo Rehabilitation care on a 25 years oldpatient to
determine the prevalence, risk factor and associated factors of muscular dystrophy along with quality of life:
 RCT
 Case Control
Disadvantage of RCT is:

 High External validity
 Limited external validity
 Limited internal validity
 High Internal Validity
A study was done to determine the prevalence of Bulimia Nervosa among 15-20 years old girls reported
between 1st Jan till 31st December, 2018 at Indus Rehabilitation and psychiatriccenter: Select one:
 Cohort
 Cross Sectional
Biasness is
 Surety about results
 Random study results
 Accurate results
 Amount of error
A study was conducted to explored psycho-social, environmental, and behavioral factors among parents of
sixth-grade students who received BMI Health Letters in one Florida County. A non-experimental post-
intervention design was employed to gather quantitative data via self- report Likert-type questionnaire, using
food restriction and physical activity to control their childs weight, and giving negative weight-related
comments/behaviors. This case study illustrates the importance of adapting and tailoring state mandated
BMIHLs for parents based onchilds BMI status:
 Cohort
 Cross Sectional
NCDS such as type 2 diabetes are poorly understood and under-prioritized in many low-to- middle income
countries. Researcher want to determine the risk of type 2 diabetes associated with cardiovascular risk factors
such as obesity and abdominal fat mass in your country. for thispurpose consecutive series of 50 patients
were enrolled:
 Case Control
 RCT
A is a clear concise declarative statement:Select one:

 Research objective
 Research topic
 Hypothesis
 Research
will help to narrowing down the study to its essentials:Select one:

 Objective
 Topic of research
 Method
 Study design
Basic analysis in SPSS includes:Select one:

 Descriptive Measures
 Linear regression
A study on coal workers in the mine was conducted at once, showing results among coal workers. Results
showed that 55% of the coal workers had developed bronchitis due to factors inthe mine:
 Cohort
 Case Control
 Cross Sectional
Through a sample of 500 individuals, 20 antique car enthusiasts are identified which, in turn,identify a
number of other antique car enthusiasts:
 Snow ball sampling
 Quota sampling
Rewards for good work or punishments for poor work, like, Money, fame, bribe, threat arecalled:
Blinding of subject means:

 Signed document of the recruited patient for the clinical trial procedures
 Fake treatment
 Patients injected with placebo and active doses
 The subjects do not know which study treatment they receive.
Framingham heart study initiated in 1948 to study the relationship of a variety of factors to the subsequent
development of heart disease with 5127 samples at Framingham. Study subjectswere examined every 2 years
for 20 yrs. Daily surveillance of hospitalization at Framingham hospital. Study found that HTN, Tobacco
smoking, elevated BP and cholesterol associated to CHD, and increased physical activity associated with
decrease risk of IHD. Researcher was interested to calculate risk ratios:
 Cross sectional
 Cohort
A test of the effectiveness of a new curriculum could begin by dividing an area by school district, then
choosing a school or set number of schools at random and sampling students fromeach:
 Simple random  Convenient
 Systematic  Cluster
Popular journals conduct surveys in selected is basically the answer to research question:
metropolitan cities to assess the popularity of Select one:
politicians and political parties or to forecast  Objective
election results:  Hypothesis
 Purposive sampling  Conclusion
Researcher recruited adults aged 50 years and older were randomized to study groups, 8- week training in
mindfulness meditation, matched 8-week training in moderate-intensity sustained exercise. The primary
outcome was area-under-the-curve global illness severity duringa single cold and influenza season, using the
Wisconsin Upper Respiratory Symptom Survey to assess severity. Health care visits and days of missed
work were counted. Nasal wash collected during ARI illness was assayed for neutrophils, interleukin-8, and
viral nucleic acid. The appropriate study design would be:
 Cohort
 Case Control
A market survey by a company interested in branching into a new market might choose apopulation of
people using similar products, sort it by brand, and sampling from each group:
 Simple random  Convenient
 Stratified  Systematic
Several retired bicycle racers are coaching a large group of young prospects. They randomly select seven of
their riders to take part in a test of the effectiveness of a new dietary supplement that is supposed to increase
strength and stamina. Each of the seven riders does a time trial on thesame course. Then they all take the
dietary supplement for 4 weeks. All other aspects of their training program remain as they were prior to the
time trial. At the end of the 4 weeks, these riders do another time trial on the same course. The times (in
minutes) recorded by each rider forthese trials before and after the 4-week period are shown in the following
table:
 Chi-square
will help to narrowing down the study to its essentials:

Select one:
 Study design
 Objective
 Method
 Topic of research
A group of athletes with repeated dislocations and a similar group of athletes who have not experienced
dislocations are studied to determine what contributes to dislocation. A variety of factors that might
contribute risk could be collected from medical records and patient reports. Researcher was interested to
calculate odds ratio for better results:
Select one:
 Case Control  Cross sectional
 Cohort  Descriptive Case Study
Stats Without Maths Book Mcqs Chapter 3

A _____ refers to the people in your study whereas a ______ refers to a distinct group of people.
 population; sample
 sample; population
 sample; cohort
 participant; population
Why do we use inferential statistics?

 Inferential statistics are used to help us to show the difference between the sample and the whole
population.
 Inferential statistics are used to help us to compare the sample to the whole population.
 Inferential statistics are used to help us to generalise from the sample to the whole population.
 All of the above apply to the use of inferential statistics.
We use inferential statistics to generalise from our samples and descriptive statistics to describe our samples.
 True
 False
Consider the following sample:

12, 4, 5, 18, 11, 10, 8, 6, 5, 14, 11, 5, 3, 11, 5, 12
Match the correct figure with each of the mean, median, and mode, and identify which of the answers is
false (i.e. not a measure of central tendency for this sample).
 Option Correct Answer:
 4.1 Mean 8.75
 4.2 Mode 5
 4.3 Median 9
 4.4 False answer 11
Rank the scores from question 4. Match the correct score with the correct rank position.
 5.1 Score = 8 Rank = 8
 5.2 Score = 5 Rank = 4.5
 5.3 Score = 11 Rank = 11
 5.4 Score = 12 Rank = 13.5
3 4 5 5 5 5 6 8 10 11 11 11 12 12 14 18
1 2 4.5 4.5 4.5 4.5 7 8 9 11 11 11 13.5 13.5 15 16
Use these rankings to see how you scored.
Using the data set given in question 4, which measure of central tendency do you think is misrepresentative
of the data?
 Mean.
 Median.
 They are all representative, it is a trick question!
 Mode.
(The mode is the least representative statistic as it does not represent the typical score in the sample.)
Choose the appropriate statement to complete the following sentence.

Central Limit Theorem refers to:
 the tendency of the sample means to be different from the population means.
 the tendency of the mean of sample means to equal the population mean.
 the tendency of the mean of population means to equal the sample mean.
 all of the above.
What is the degree to which sample statistics differ from the equivalent population parameter known as?
 Selection error.
 Sampling error.
 Selection bias.
 Sample bias.
Which of the following statements is true?

 The smaller the sample size, the closer the sample mean will be to the population mean.
 The larger the population size, the closer the population mean will be to the sample mean.
 The smaller the population size, the smaller the relationship will be between the sample mean and
the population mean.
 The larger the sample size, the closer the sample mean will be to the population mean.
Which of the following graphs would you use to

explore the distribution of scores on an inventory Which of the following plots is most useful for
measuring physical fitness? detecting outlying scores?
 A box and whisker plot.  Scattergram.
 A histogram.  Histogram.
 A stem and leaf plot.  Stem and leaf plot.
 All of the above.  Box and whisker plot.
Consider the following data set: 11, 19, 19, 20, 21, 24, 25, 25, 36
You are creating a box and whisker plot to describe this data. What would the upper hinge be?
 19
 20
 25
 24
Consider the data set in question 12. You are creating a box plot to describe this data. Match the values with
their appropriate function in the box plot.
 13.1 Lower hinge 19
 13.2 Extreme score 36
 13.3 Inner fence 34
 13.4 Median 21
You are doing a study to explore the relationship between attitudes towards exercise and physical fitness
levels. Which plot might you use to explore this relationship?
 Scattergram.
 Box and whisker plot.
 Histogram.
 Stem and leaf plot.
For data to be normally distributed, which of the following characteristics should it have?
 To be defined as ‘normal’ a distribution should be symmetrical about the mean, it should meet the x
axis at infinity and it should be positively skewed.
axis at infinity and it should be platykurtic.
axis at infinity and it should be leptokurtic.
 To be defined as ‘normal’ a distribution should be symmetrical about the mean, it should meet
the x axis at infinity and it should be bell shaped.
Consider the following data set for the next three questions:
14, 23, 9, 12, 21, 18, 8
data set described in question of the data set described in
What is the range? 16? question 16?
o 14 o 204 o 29.14
o 10.5-19.5 o 5.398 o 5.40
o 15 o 15 o 15
o 9 to 21 o 29.14 o 204
What is the variance of the What is the standard deviation
Under what circumstances should we be cautious about using the mean as a measure of central tendency?
 When data is negatively skewed.

 When data is positively skewed.
 When the data is skewed.
 All of the above.
Complete the following sentence.

It is difficult to interpret whether a distribution deviates from normality when using a:
 stem and leaf plot.
 histogram.
 box and whisker plot.
 none of the above.

A sample mean is a ____ estimate and we do not know how close it is to the population mean.
 distribution
 confidence
 sample
 point
Consider the following data to answer the next three questions.

You have the following sample data; a sample size of 7, a mean of 8 and a standard deviation of 4.2. From
this, what is the standard error?
 1.58
 2.65
 5.80
 2.05
Considering the same sample, convert the score of 10 to a z-score.

 0.48
 -1.33
 -4.25
 It is not possible to convert these figures into z-scores.
Finally, you still have the same data (a sample size of 7, a mean of 8 and a standard deviation of 4.2) plus
the standard error and you know how to calculate the 95% confidence interval. Thus what is the 95%
confidence interval?
 3.36 to 11.36
 3.98 to 11.98
 2.80 to 10.80
 4.90 to 11.10
If you have a negative z-score it will be below the mean.

 True
 False
In another study you have a standard deviation of 12, a mean of 20 and a sample size of 50. What is the
standard error?
 0.089
 0.069
 0.589
 1.70
In error bar charts the larger the confidence interval the ____ the line is through the mean.
 shorter
 more curved
 more overlapping
 longer
In order to use the standard normal distribution you need to transform the scores in the sample to the
standard normal scores. This is achieved by which of the following? What is the result called?
 Subtracting the score from the standard deviation and then dividing by the mean of each score. The
result is called a probability distribution.
 Subtracting the mean from the standard deviation and then dividing by each score. The result is
called a probability distribution.
 Subtracting the score from each mean and then dividing by the standard deviation. The result is
called a z-score.
Inferential statistics deal with:

 making conclusions and generalizations about population/s from our sample data.
 the tabulation and organisation of data in order to demonstrate their main characteristics.
 giving the best estimate of the population mean.
 both the second and third statement.
Normal distribution theory tells us that for large

samples, 95% of sample means lie within how Sampling distributions tend to be what in shape?
many standard deviations above and below the  Positively skewed.
population mean?  Normal.
 1.96  Bimodal.
 The square root of the sample size.  Flat.
 95
 Whatever the z-score is.
Suppose that some assessment results for two types of offenders (sex offenders and violent offenders) were
60 and 50 respectively. Which type of offender did better in comparison to other offenders on the treatment
course and which may need further treatment? The group means and SD's are 50 and 9 for sex offenders and
45 and 3 for violent offenders.
 It is not possible tell from this data.

 The sex offender scored better in comparison to other offenders on his treatment course and you may
perhaps want to refer the violent offender for more treatment.
 To make such comparisons you need to convert the assessment results into z-scores. Thus the
violent offender scored better in comparison to other offenders on his treatment course and you
may perhaps want to refer the sex offender for more treatment.
 95.15% of violent offenders scored better in comparison to this offender on his treatment course.
You may perhaps want to refer the sex offender for more treatment.
The mean of a set of IQ's is 100 and the standard deviation is 15. The z score for one student is +2.2 Using
the necessary z-score table in appendix 1, what does this mean?
 98.61% of scores are equal to or greater than this student's score - they are not very bright.
 It tells us that the score is 2.20 standard deviations below the mean.
 Only 1.39% of scores are equal to or greater than this student's score - they are very bright.
 1.39% of scores are equal to or lower than this student's score - they are not very bright.
The standard error has been calculated as 2.6 and the sample mean is 10.00. Thus the 95% confidence
interval lies between:
 4.904 to 15.096
 3.85 to 26
 There is not enough information available to work out the confidence interval.
 7.40 to 12.60
There is substantial overlap between two sets of confidence intervals on an error bar chart. The chart shows
confidence intervals for boys and girls on a depression questionnaire. What could we make of this?
 We can be 95% confident that the population means are within the intervals indicated on the chart.
As there is much overlap between the two sets of confidence intervals this would suggest that there is
a real difference in the population means.
 We can be 5% confident that the population means are within the intervals indicated on the chart. As
there is much overlap between the two sets of confidence intervals we can be sure that there is a real
difference in the population means.
 We can be 95% confident that the population means are within the intervals indicated on the
chart. As there is much overlap between the two sets of confidence intervals we cannot be sure
whether there is a difference in the population means. It seems likely that there is no difference
but we cannot draw any firm conclusions.
 It would appear that 95% of girls are more depressed than boys according to the confidence intervals.
To calculate confidence intervals we need make use of:

 z-scores.
 histograms.
 probability distributions.
 none of the above.
What is the probability 1 in 12 expressed as a percentage?

 20%
 12%
 0.12%
 8.33%
Which of the following is not a conditional probability?

 The probability of falling down stairs.
 The probability of passing your exam without any revision.
 The probability of suffering a sports injury while playing rugby.
The probability of contracting a disease whilst working in a hospital unit for contagious diseases.
Which of the following is the correct statement?

 The larger the sample size the larger the sampling error.
 The standard error of the sampling distribution of the mean tells us how much our samples tend to
vary around the sample mean.
 The standard deviation of the sampling distribution is called the sampling error.
 The mean of several sample means gives the best estimate of the population means.
Which of the following type of graph can display confidence intervals?

 Error bar charts.
 Regression lines.
 Venn diagrams.
 Histograms.
You have the IQ's of a set of people. The mean of these IQ's is 100. The standard deviation is 15. One
student scored 90 on the test. This produced a z-score -0.7. Using the z-score table in appendix 1, what does
this mean?
 The table tells us that 75.80% of people in the set would have IQ's equal to, or lower than, the
student. In other words the student is very intelligent.
 The table tells us that 75.80% of people in the set would have IQ's equal to, or greater than, the
student. In other words the student is not exceptionally intelligent.
 The table tells us that 24.20% of people in the set would have IQ's equal to, or greater than, the
student. In other words the student is very intelligent.
 None of the above.
Given a set of data, how would you calculate the 95% confidence intervals?
 To work out the 95% confidence interval you would have to multiply the square root of the sample
size by the standard deviation.
 To work out the 95% confidence interval you would have to multiply the standard error by 95.
 To work out the 95% confidence interval you would have to multiply the standard error by the
standard deviation.
 To work out the 95% confidence interval you would have to multiply the standard error by 1.96.

A one-tailed hypothesis is also known as a directional hypothesis. Which of the below is an example of a
directional hypothesis?
 In children between the ages of six and ten years, it is hypothesised that as the amount of hours
spent playing with peers increases, so their vocabulary will increase.
 In children of six to ten years, it is hypothesized that their vocabulary will not be related to the
amount of hours spent playing per week with peers.
 In children of six to ten years, it is hypothesised that there will be a significant difference in
vocabulary between those spending less than ten hours a week playing, and those spending in excess
of ten hours a week playing.
 In children between the ages of six and ten years, it is hypothesised that the amount of hours spent
playing with peers per week will be related to their vocabulary
As a solution to his criticisms of null hypothesis testing, Loftus (1991;1996) suggested that researchers
should make it their practice to report confidence intervals alongside their statistical tests.
 True
 False
Complete the following sentence.

The null hypothesis is:
 the assumption there is no relationship or difference between the variables you are testing.
 the assumption that a significant result is unlikely.
 the assumption that there is a relationship or difference between the variables you are testing.
 the pattern between the variables you are testing.
Even if there is no real relationship between variables in the population, it is highly likely that you will find
a relationship between variables in your randomly selected sample.
 True
 False
How can p<.05 be interpreted?

 The probability of obtaining the data if the null hypothesis were true is less than 5%.
 There is a less than 1 in 20 probability of the result occurring by chance alone if the null hypothesis
were true.
 There is a 5% chance of you making a type one error.
Hypothesis: Higher levels of depression are related to higher levels of anxiety.

Considering this research hypothesis, what would the null hypothesis be?
 There will not be a significant difference between those individuals who score high on depression, in
comparison to those individuals who score high on anxiety. Any observed difference is the result of
chance alone.
 There is no relationship between depression and anxiety. Any observed relationship is the result of
chance.
 Individuals with lower levels of depression will have higher levels of anxiety. Any result otherwise
observed is the product of chance.
 Individuals with higher levels of depression will have lower levels of anxiety. Any relationships
otherwise observed are the result of chance alone.
Hypothesis: Individuals who listen to music whilst revising will achieve significantly higher exam grades
than will individuals who do their revision in silence.
Thinking about this research hypothesis, which of the below would be an appropriate null hypothesis?
 The more music an individual listens to when they are revising, the higher their exam grade will be.
In addition, the more silence an individual experiences whilst revising, the lower their exam grade
will be.
 There will be no relationship between examination grade and the amount of music or silence
experienced during revision. Any observed relationship is the product of chance alone.
 Individuals who listen to music whilst revising for their exam will achieve significantly lower exam
grades than will individuals who revise in silence.
 There will be no difference in exam grade between those individuals who revise whilst listening to
music and those individuals who revise in silence. Any observed differences are due to chance
alone.
If you decided to make the critical p-value for significance 0.001 as opposed to the conventional level of
0.05, what would the consequences be?
 You would be less likely to make a type one error.
 You would be more likely to make a type two error.
 There would be fewer instances when the null could be rejected.
Loftus (1991; 1996) criticised hypothesis testing. What was his criticism?
 Loftus' criticism was that the null hypothesis always states that there is no relationship. The actual
chance of ‘no’ relationship at all being found is very unusual even in biological sciences. To base
probability judgments on this hypothesis is misleading.
 Loftus' criticism was that the null hypothesis always states that there is a relationship. The actual
chance of a relationship at all being found is very unusual even in biological sciences. To base
probability judgments on this hypothesis is misleading.
 Loftus' criticism was that it is difficult for researchers to test the null hypothesis when they cannot
access exact p values consistently. The results reported are therefore misleading.
Look at the hypothesis described in question 7. What are the dependent and independent variables?
 The independent variable is music and the dependent variable is silence.
 The independent variable is silence and the dependent variable is exam grade.
 The independent variable is revision condition and the dependent variable is exam grade.
 The independent variable is exam grade and the dependent variable is revision condition.
Match the assumptions for parametric testing with the method you would use to check for the violation of
this assumption.
A matching question presents 3 answer choices and 3 items. The answer choices are lettered A through C.
The items are numbered 11.1 through 11.3. Screen readers will read the answer choices first. Then each item
will be presented along with a select menu for choosing an answer choice.Using the pull-down menus,
match each item in the left column to the corresponding item in the right column.
Option Correct Answer:
 11.1 Homogeneity of variances Standard deviations
 11.2 Normally distributed data Histograms
 11.3 Absence of extreme scores or outliers Box-plots and frequencies
One of the problems we face when conducting research is that when we select samples from populations, we
might not get a sample that accurately reflects that population.
 True
 False
Sometimes, due to _____, we are likely to get patterns of scores in our samples that do not accurately reflect
the underlying population.
 sampling error  probability
 relationships between variables  scattergrams
The p-value is sometimes misinterpreted. It The higher a t-value is, the less likely it is that the
represents the probability of a relationship differences between the groups is NOT the result
occurring by chance if the null hypothesis is true. of sampling error.
Therefore it assumes that the null is true.  True
 True  False
 False
The second criticism Loftus (1991; 1996) raised was that psychologists don't give enough consideration to
the _____________ when reporting their results.
 null hypothesis
 statistical tests
 population means
 exact p value
Using the chart (Figure 5.11) on p. 158 as a guide, which statistical test would you choose for each of the
following hypotheses?
 There will be a difference in attitude towards good dietary practice in individuals whose hobby is
athletics as compared to individuals whose hobby is model aircraft assembly.
An independentt-test.
 There will be a strong relationship between the number of car accidents an individual has been
involved in and their score on a measure of anxiety. The data are not normally distributed.
Pearson'sproduct moment correlation.
 There will be a difference in scores on a measure of depression before and after taking part in a
statistics lecture. A related t-test.
 The number of days annual leave an individual has per year will be related to their score on a
measure of job satisfaction. You want to generate a regression equation Linear regession
.
What does a p-value generally tell us?

 The p-value tells us the likelihood of our obtaining the pattern of results due to sampling error if
there is a population.
 The p-value tells us the likelihood of our obtaining the significant result due to a relationship
between our variables in the population.
 The p-value tells us the likelihood of our obtaining the pattern of results due to sampling error if
there is not a relationship between our variables in the population.
 The p-value tells us the likelihood of our obtaining the pattern of results due to variance if there is
not a relationship between our variables in the population.
What is a type one error? =

 A type one error is obtaining a non significant result when it should be significant.
 A type one error is obtaining a non-significant result by sampling error alone.
 A type one error is where we reject the null hypothesis when it is true.
 None of the above.
What is the nature of the relationship between the statistical significance and sample size?
 A larger sample size is more likely to yield a significant result even when the effect is small.
 A smaller sample size is more likely to yield a significant result when the effect is small.
 A larger sample size is more likely to yield a non significant result even when the effect is large.
 There is no relationship, this is a trick question.
Which of the following would you include in your report to ensure that p values were not misleading?
 You should report the effect size.
 You should report the exact p-value.
 You should report the sample size.
 A good report would include all three of the above.
Which of the statements below defines a type two error?

 A type two error occurs when you fail to reject a false null hypothesis.
 A type two error occurs when you accept a null hypothesis which is false.
 A type two error occurs when you reject a research hypothesis which is true.

A repeated measures study was conducted. A sugary drink was given to 25 participants who were then given
an IQ test where their performance was measured. Later that week the same 25 participants returned and
were given a placebo before being given another IQ test. The researcher was interested in looking at the
difference between their scores at the two stages. What are the degrees of freedom for this study?
 25
 24
 50
 48
Because of the need to take account of two Between participants variance refers to the
different groups of people, the independent t-test observed differences in scores among two groups
is more sensitive than the related t-test. of participants. Within participants variance refers
 True to the observed differences in scores inside a
 False group of participants.
 True
 False
First year psychology students are compared with final year students on a measure of stress. The possible
range for this measure is 0-24. The first years' mean score is 12.5 (SD=2.1). The second years' mean score is
20.1 (SD=2.9). What is the effect size?
 3.04  9.52
 3.62  0.33
If the probability level associated with t is .004, what conclusion could we draw?
 Assuming that the null hypothesis is incorrect, this t-value would be likely to occur only 4 times out
of 1000. There is a difference between the conditions that can be explained by sampling error.
 Assuming that the null hypothesis is correct, this t-value would be likely to occur only 4 times out of
10000. There is a difference between the conditions that can be explained by sampling error.
 Assuming that the null hypothesis is correct, this t-value would be likely to occur only 4 times out
of 1000. There is a difference between the conditions that cannot be explained by sampling error.
 Assuming that the null hypothesis is correct, this t-value would be likely to occur only 4 times out of
100. There is a difference between the conditions that cannot be explained by sampling error.
If you are comparing two (or more) different groups, what is this design called?
 Between participants.  Independent.
 Unrelated.  All of the above.
Match up the effect sizes with their % overlap as assigned by Cohen (1988).
 8.1 Small (0.2) 85%
 8.2 Medium (0.5) 67%
 8.3 Large (0.8) 53%
Of the examples below, which one is describing a within participants design?
 A group of participants are tested on their recall of a list of words. They are tested after ten
minutes, and again a day later. The researcher is interested in how their scores differ between the
two tests.
 A study is conducted to examine the difference in reading ability in 6 year old children compared
with children who are 8 years old.
 The researcher conducts a study to examine the difference in coping style between engineering
students and biology students.
 A study is conducted to see if there is a statistically significant difference in anger expression
between cat owners and dog owners.
Of the following options, which would you use to check your sample scores are normally distributed?
 Degrees of freedom.
 Standard error.
 A histogram
 Levene's test.
The t test can be defined as:

 a ratio between a measure of between-groups standard deviations and within-groups means.
 a ratio between a measure of between-groups variance and within-groups variance.
 a ratio between the two confidence intervals.
 a measure of between-groups variance and within-groups variance.
Which of the following would be used to check that the variances were homogenous?
 Levene's test.
 Confidence interval.
 t-test.
 d.
The experiment described in question 1 was done The measure of the degree to which differences in
again. This time the researcher took two groups of a dependent variable are attributed to the
participants; 20 participants were given the sugary independent variable is called the:
drink, and 20 were given the placebo. The  effect size.
researcher then compared their scores on IQ tests.  confidence limit.
What would the degrees of freedom be for this  inferential test.
analysis?  descriptive statistic.
 19
 20
 38
 40
To which of the examples below could you apply the use of a t-test?
 You are looking to see if reaction time is significantly correlated with alcohol consumption.
 You are looking to see if depression and social support are related.
 You are testing whether there is a significant difference in intelligence between rugby players and
footballers.
What descriptive statistic(s) would you be interested in when you explore your data?
 Standard deviation.
 Confidence intervals.
 Mean.
What does d measure?

 It is a measure of effect.
 It measures the extent to which two means differ in terms of their standard deviations.
 It shows whether or not confidence intervals are significant.
 Both the first and second answer are correct.
What is meant by the percentage overlap?

 It is a way of expressing the difference between two groups. Percentage overlap refers to the
proportion of overlap between the distributions of two groups.
 It is a way of expressing the standard error between two groups. Percentage overlap refers to the
proportion of overlap between the standard deviations of two groups.
 It is a way of expressing the degrees of freedom between two groups. Percentage overlap refers to
the proportion of overlap between the variances of two groups.
 It is a way of expressing the total scores for two groups. Percentage overlap refers to the number of
scores between the two groups which are the same.
Which of the following statements is true of the value of t in an independent t-test?

 The smaller the variance is between groups compared with the variance within the groups, the larger
the t-value is.
 The larger the variance is between groups compared with the variance within the groups, the smaller
the t-value is.
 The smaller the variance is between groups compared with a larger variance within the groups, the
larger the t-value is.
 The larger the variance is between groups compared with the variance within the groups, the
larger the t-value is.
BIOSTAT Question Bank –MCQs on "Psychological Research Methods" – Part 1

1. Statistical procedures used in describing the properties of samples or of populations where
complete population data are available, are referred to as:
a) Inferential Statistics
b) Descriptive Statistics
c) Parameter
d) Population
2. Statistical procedures used in the drawing of inferences about the properties of populations from
sample data are frequently referred to as:
a) Inferential Statistics
b) Population
c) Descriptive Statistics
d) Sample
3. A parameter is a property descriptive of:
(a) Sample
(b) Group
(c) Crowd
(d) Population
4. A property of a sample drawn at random from a population is known as:
(a) Estimate
(b) Data
(c) Statistics
(d) Scores
5. A psychologist wants to make a statement about the mean IQ in the complete population of students
in a particular university from a knowledge of the mean completed on the sample of 100 and to
estimate the error involved in this statement. For this purpose, he will use procedures from:
(a) Mathematics
(b) Geometry
(c) Geography
(d) Inferential Statistics
6. The term which refers to a property whereby the members of a group or set differ one from
another is called:
(a) Data
(b) Variable
(c) Score
(d) Measurement
7. The term which refers to a property whereby the members of a group do not differ from one
another is called:
(a) Constant
(b) Variable
(c) Data
(d) Score
8. Sex is a:
(a) Variable
(b) Score
(c) Socio Economic Status
(d) Symbol
9. The particular values of a variable are referred to as:
(a) Score
(b) Variates or Variate Values
(c) Data
(d) Measurement
(e) None of the above
10. When we consider the height of adult males, height is the variable. But the height of any particular
individual is a:
(a) Variate
(b) Data
(c) Score
(d) Scale
11. The branch which deals with collection, analysis and interpretation of data obtained by
conducting a survey or an experimental study is known as:
(a) Psychology
(b) Statistics
(c) Sociology
(d) Mathematics
12. Statistical inference is concerned with derivation of Scientific inference about generalization of
results from:
(a) The study of a few particular cases
(b) The study of population as a whole
(c) The study of a random group
(d) The study of the entire population of the world.
13. The branch of mathematical statistics which deals with measurement of the extent of certainty of
events whose occurrence depends on chance is popularly known as:
(a) Variable
(b) Probability
(c) Correlation
(d) Measures of Central Tendency
14. A fraction of a population drawn by using a suitable method so that it can be regarded
representative of the entire population is known as:
(a) Variable
(b) Estimate
(c) Group
(d) Sample
15. When the number of individual members is finite, it is known as:

(a) Sample
(b) Finite population
(c) Infinite population
(d) Group
16. We study the properties of a population in terms of some:
(a) Variable
(b) Data
(c) Scores
(d) Scales
17. The numerical quantities which characterize a population arc called:
(a) Parameters
(b) Statistics
(c) Data
(d) Scores
18. All the important characteristics of a population can be specified in terms of a few:
(a) Parameters
(b) Scores
(c) Data
(d) Statistics
19. The Characteristics on which individuals differ among themselves is called a:
(a) Variable
(b) Score
(c) Data
(d) Measurement
20. Whenever the measurement of a variable is possible on a scale in some appropriate units, it is
called a:
(a) Qualitative Variable
(b) Quantitative Variable
(c) Scans
(d) Data
21. Discrete variable is otherwise known as:
(a) Discontinuous variable
(b) Continuous variable
(c) Qualitative variable
(d) Scores
22. Generally, measurements of a discrete variable are obtained by:
(a) Measurement
(b) Scales
(c) Counting
(d) Estimate
23. When the values of variables differ from one another by definite amounts, it is called:
(a) Discete variables
(b) Continuous variable
(c) Dependent variables
(d) Control variables
24. A variable which can theoretically assume all values within a certain interval and as such are
divisible into smaller and smaller fractional units is known as:
(a) Discrete Variable
(b) Continuous Variable
(c) Qualitative variable
(d) Score
25. The variable which shows variation in objects not in terms of magnitude, but in quality or kind is
popularly known as:
(a) Quantitative variable
(b) Qualitative variable
(c) Score
(d) Continuous variable
26. Which variable is unmeasurable with a scale and as such is unexpressible in magnitude?
(a) Qualitative variable
(b) Quantitative variable
(c) Continuous variable
(d) Discrete variable
27. Sex, nationality, occupation, religion, marital status are examples of:
(a) Quantitative variable
(b) Qualitative variable
(c) Discontinuous variable
(d) Continuous variable
28. The Scale, where absolute zero point is known, is popularly known as:
(a) Ordinal Scale
(b) Ratio Scale
(c) Interval Scale
(d) Nominal Scale
29. Weight, length, time and speed are some variables which can be measured on:
(a) Ratio Scale
(b) Interval Scales
(c) Nominal Scales
(d) Ordinal Scales
30. The scales where the absolute zero point is unknown are termed as:
(a) Interval scales
(b) Ratio Scales
(c) Nominal Scales
(d) Ordinal Scales
31. When the classification is done with respect to one attribute which is dichotomous in nature is
known as:
(a) Simple Classification
(b) Complex Classification
(c) Monotonous Classification
(d) Real Classification
32. The related facts or observations which are grouped into classes or categories are known as:
(a) Variable
(b) Classification
(c) Fact
(d) Data
33. The process of summarizing classified data in the form of a table is known as:
(a) Tabulation
(b) Classification
(c) Variation
(d) Assimilation
34. A table which contains data on two characteristics is called a:
(a) Bivariate table
(b) Simple Table
(c) Univariate Table
(d) Complex Table
35. When the data are depicted pictorially or graphically, we call it:
(a) Graphical Presentation of the Data
(b) Mathematical Presentation of Data
(c) A picture
(d) A geometric figure
36. A set of rectangles whose arcs were in Proportion to class frequencies is known as:
(a) polygon
(b) Histogram
(c) Ogive
(d) Cumulative Frequency Curve
37. If a curve has a long tail on right side, it is called:
(a) A positively skewed curve
(b) A negatively skewed curve
(c) An Ogive
(d) A smoothed curve
38. A curve having a long tail on the left is called:
(a) An ogive
(b) A negatively skewed curve
(c) A frequency polygon
(d) A histogram
39. When the classification is made according to similarity or difference observed with respect to some
characteristics or properties, it is in:

(a) Interval Scale
(b) Ordinal Scale
(c) Nominal Scale
(d) Ratio Scale
40. When the people are classified like Blue- elyed, Black-eyed, Brown-eyed etc., they are in:
(a) Ordinal Scale
(b) Interval Scale
(c) Nominal Scale
(d) Ratio Scale
41. Ranking order or Merit position are involved in:
(a) Interval Scale
(b) Ordinal Scale
(c) Interval Scale
(d) Ratio Scale
42. Rank order co-efficient of correlation can be easily calculated when the data are in:
(a) Interval Scale
(b) Ratio Scale
(c) Nominal Scale
(d) Ordinal Scale
43. Centigrade thermometers and scores on intelligence lest come under:
(a) Ordinal Scale
(b) Interval Scale
(c) Ratio Scale
(d) Nominal Scale
44. In Psychology and Education, we come across measurement data heavily dependent upon:
(a) Nominal Scale
(b) Ordinal Scale
(c) Interval Scale
(d) Ratio Scale
45. Which scale has a true zero point and constitutes the highest type of scale in terms of
measurement?
(a) Nominal Scale
(b) Ordinal Scale
(c) Interval Scale
(d) Ratio Scale
46. The numerical facts such as measurement of height, weight and scores on intelligence are known AS
(a) Fact
(b) Data
(c) Scale
(d) Score
48. Which one is the simplest but most useful measure of central tendency?
(a) Median
(b) Arithmetic Mean
(c) Mode
(d) None of these
50. What is the Mean of the following ungrouped data? Scores: 3, 2; 1, 4, 5:
(a) 4
(b) 3
(c) 5
(d) 2
51. The Arithmatic Mean of the following Frequency Distribution is:
Scores f
95-99 2
90-94 4
85-89 6
80-84 8
75-79 10
70-74 8
65-69 6
60-64 4
55-59 2
Total N = 50
(a) 87.00
(b) 91.00
(c) 77.00
(d) 67.00
52. The point on the score scale which 50 per cent of the scores fall is called:
(a) Mean
(b) Mode
(c) Median
(d) None of the above
53. The Median (Mdn) of the following ungrouped data is: Scores: 7, 8, 5, 0, 3, 4, 6
(a) 5.00
(b) 4.00
(c) 6.00
(d) 7.00
54. The Score which occurs most frequently is called:
(a) Mode
(b) Median
(c) Mean
(d) None of these
55. The Median of the following frequency distribution will be:

Scores f
95-99 2
90-94 4
85-89 6
80-84 8
75-79 10
70-74 8
65-69 6
60-64 4
55-59 2
Total N = 50
(a) 77.00
(b) 67.00
(c) 57.00
(d) 97.00
56. The Median (Mdn) of the following ungrouped data will be: Scores: 2, 4, 6, 9, 18, 37, 49
(a) 9.00
(b) 6.00
(c) 37.00
(d) 18.00
57. The Median (Mdn) of the following ungrouped data will be: Scores: 0, 5, 9, 13, 14, 16
(a) 11.00
(b) 10.00
(c) 13.00
(d) 16.00
58. The mode of the following ungrouped data is: 2, 6, 9, 2, 5, 10, 3, 2, 1
(a) 1.00
(b) 9.00
(c) 5.00
(d) 2.00
59. The mean of a frequency distribution is 24.00 and Mdn is 28.00. What will be the mode?
(a) 84.00
(b) 72.00
(c) 48.00
(d) 36.00
60. The formula for finding out Mode from a frequency distribution is:
(a) 3Mdn — 2Mn
(b) 2Mdn —3Mn
(c) 2Mn—3Mdn
(d) 3Mn—2Mdn
61. Below are given mental age of 9 students in a class: 7, 10, 6, 8, 13, 9, 10, 11 and 6 locate the median
mental age
(a) 4.00
(b) 6.00
(c) 9.00
(d) 10.00
62. The mental ages of 8 students are given below: 7, 10, 6, 8, 13, 9, 10 and 11 Find out the median
mental age
(a) 6.50
(b) 7.50
(c) 8.50
(d) 9.50
63. The value in a series of observations which occurs with highest frequency is called:
(a) Mode
(b) Median
(c) Mean
(d) Standard Deviation
64. Find out the Mode of the following frequency distribution without any mathematical calculation:
Scores f
105-109 2
100-104 4
95-99 6
90-94 8
85-89 10
80-84 8
75-79 6
70-74 4
65-69 2
Total N = 50
(a) 87.00
(b) 67.00
(c) 37.00
(d) 102.00
65. Which measure of central tendency has the greatest stability?
(a) Mode
(b) Median
(c) Mean
(d) All of these
66. Which measure of central tendency can be given an algebraic treatment and is better suited to
further arithmetical computation?
(a) Mean
(b) Median
(c) Mode
(d) All of these
67. Which measure of central tendency is not appropriate when the series have extreme items?
(a) Median
(b) Mode
(c) Crude Mode
(d) Mean
68. When the exact mid-point of the distribution is desired, the best measure of central tendency is:
(a) Mean
(b) Median
(c) Mode
(d) None of these
69. What is the Mean, Median and Mode of the following distribution? Calculate without using paper
and pencil.
Scores f
90-94 2
85-89 4
80-84 6
75-79 8
70-74 10
65-69 8
60-64 6
55-59 4
50-54 2
Total N = 50
(a) 72.00
(b) 67.00
(c) 57.00
(d) 62.00 [N.B: Here Mean = Median Model
70. Which measure of central tendency can be calculated graphically if we have suitable graphs like
frequency curve, polygon and Ogive etc.:
(a) Mode
(b) Mean
(c) Median
(d) All of these
71. Which measure of central tendency is specifically useful for the data the items of which cannot be
measured quantitatively?
(a) Mode
(b) Mean
(c) Median
(d) All of these
72. Which Measure of Central Tendency can be computed by just having a look at the data?
(a) Crude Mode
(b) Median
(c) Mean
(d) None of these
73. Where a quick and approximate measure of central Tendency is desired, we, generally, compute:
(a) Mean
(b) Median
(c) Mode
(d) All of these
74. When data are grouped into a frequency distribution, the mid-point of that interval which
contains the largest frequency is called:
(a) Median
(b) Mode
(c) Mean
75. Which one of the following is approximately equal to the True Mode?
(a) Crude Mode
(b) Median
(c) Mean
(d) None of these
76. Which one of the following is an unstable measure of Central Tendency?
(a) Median
(b) Mean
(c) Crude Mode
(d) None of these
77. When the scores are distributed symmetrically around a central point and the distribution is not
badly skewed, we generally compute:
(a) Mean
(b) Median
(c) Mode
(d) None of these
78. Cumulative percentage Frequency curve is otherwise known as:
(a) Histogram
(b) Polygon
(c) Line graph
(d) Ogive
79. The exact limit of the class interval (10-14) is:

(a) (9.50-14.50)
(b) (9-15)
(c) (10.50-14.50)
(d) (10.50-15.50)
80. The Square root of 2.00 is:
(a) 1.513
(b) 1.414
(c) 2.103
(d) 1.313
81. When the group is made up of individuals of nearly the same ability it is called:
(a) Homogeneous
(b) Heterogeneous
(c) Complex
(d) None of the above
82. The interval between the highest and the lowest score is popularly known as:
(a) Range
(b) S.D.
(c) Quartile Deviation (Q)
(d) Mean Deviation (A.D.)
83. If the highest score is 89 and the lowest score is 19, the range (R) is:
(a) 62
(b) 64
(c) 65
(d) 70
84. The one-half of scale distance between the 75th and 25th percentiles in a frequency distribution is
known as:
(a) Range
(b) Standard Deviation
(c) Quartile Deviation
(d) Average Deviation
85. Q (Quartile Deviation) is calculated by the formula:
(a) Q3-Q2/2
(b) Q3-Q1/2
(c) Q,-Q2/2
(d) Q3-Q,/2
86. Q3 of a distribution is 24.00 and Q1 is 18.00 what will be Q (Quartile Deviation)?
(a) 3.00
(b) 2.00
(c) 6.00
(d) 12.00
87. Q2 is otherwise known as:

(a) Mean
(b) Mode
(c) Median
(d) Co-efficient of correlation
88. The distance between Q1 and Q3 in a distribution is otherwise known as:
(a) Median
(b) Mean
(c) Range
(d) Interquartile Range
89. The average deviation is otherwise known as:
(a) Mean
(b) Median
(c) Mean Deviation (M.D)
(d) Standard Deviation (SD)
90. The most stable index of variability is:
(a) Average Deviation
(c) Range
(d) Median
91. The measure of variability which is customarily employed in experimental work and in research
studies is:
(a) Standard Deviation
(b) Average Deviation
(c) Median
(d) Range
93. The AD for the following series is: Scores 2, 5, 9, 10, 15 and 19
(a) 5.85
(b) 4.67
(c) 3.87
(d) 4.87
94. The SD for the following series is: Scores 2, 5, 9, 10, 15 and 19
(a) 5.70
(b) 6.90
(c) 4.70
(d) 3.90
95. The S.D of the original scores 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 is 2.414. What will be the S.D, when a constant
number i.e. 5 is added to each score?
(a) 2.441
(b) 2.414
(c) 3.414
(d) 7.414
96. When the data are too scattered to justify the computation of a more precise measure of
variability, we generally use:
(a) S.D
(b) Range
(c) A.D
(d) Quartile Deviation
97. When it is desired to weight all deviations from the mean according to their size, we use:
(a) A.D
(b) S.D
(c) Quartile Deviation
(d) Range
98. The measurement of variability which we use as a unit of the scale of measurement in a normal
distribution is:
(a) A.D
(c) Range
(d) Quartile Deviation
99. Experiments vary along a continuum from true experiments at one end to:
(a) Correlational or Observational studies at the other end
(b) Situational studies at the other end
(c) Clinical studies at the other end
(d) Artificial studies at the other end
100. A variable that is correlated with the independent variable and thus can be responsible for the
effect in question is known as:
(a) Independent Variable
(b) Dependent Variable
(c) Controlled Variable
(d) Confounded Variable
Answers
1.(b) 2. (a) 3. (d) 4. (a) 5. (d) 6. (b) 7. (a) 8. (a) 9. (b) 10. (a) 11. (c) 12. (a) 13. (b)
14. (d) 15. (b) 16. (a) 17. (a) 18. (a) 19. (a) 20. (b) 21. (a) 22. (c) 23. (a) 24. (b)
25. (b) 26. (a) 27. (b) 28. (b) 29. (a) 30. (a) 31. (a) 32. (b) 33. (a) 34. (a) 35. (a)
36. (b) 37. (a) 38. (b) 39. (c) 40. (c) 41. (b) 42. (d) 43. (c) 44. (c) 45. (d) 46. (b)
47. (e) 48. (b) 49. (b) 50. (b) 51. (c) 52. (c) 53. (a) 54. (a) 55. (a) 56. (a) 57. (a)
58. (d) 59. (d) 60. (a) 61. (c) 62. (d) 63. (a) 64. (a) 65. (c) 66. (a) 67. (d) 68. (b)
69. (a) 70. (c) 71. (c) 72. (a) 73. (c) 74. (b) 75. (a) 76. (c) 77. (a) 78. (d) 79. (a)
80. (b) 81. (a) 82. (a) 83. (d) 84. (c) 85. (b) 86. (a) 87. (c) 88. (d) 89. (c) 90. (b)
91. (a) 92. (b) 93. (b) 94. (a) 95. (b) 96. (b) 97. (a) 98. (b) 99. (a) 100. (d)
MCQ’S OF INTRODUCTION
MCQ No 1.1
The science of collecting, organizing, presenting, analyzing and interpreting data to
assist in making more effective decisions is called:
(a) Statistic (b) Parameter (c) Population (d) Statistics
MCQ No 1.2
Methods of organizing, summarizing, and presenting data in an informative way are called:
(a) Descriptive statistics (b) Inferential statistics (c) Theoretical statistics (d) Applied statistics
MCQ No 1.3
The methods used to determine something about a population on the basis of a sample
is called:
(a) Inferential statistics (b) Descriptive statistics (c) Applied statistics (d) Theoretical statistics
MCQ No 1.4
When the characteristic being studied is nonnumeric, it is called a:
(a) Quantitative variable (b) Qualitative variable (c) Discrete variable (d) Continuous variable
MCQ No 1.5
When the variable studied can be reported numerically, the variable is called a:
(a) Quantitative variable (b) Qualitative variable (c) Independent variable (d) Dependent variable
MCQ No 1.6
A specific characteristic of a population is called:
(a) Statistic (b) Parameter (c) Variable (d) Sample
MCQ No 1.7
A specific characteristic of a sample is called:
(a) Variable (b) Constant (c) Parameter (d) Statistic
MCQ No 1.8
A set of all units of interest in a study is called:
(a) Sample (b) Population (c) Parameter (d) Statistic
MCQ No 1.9
A part of the population selected for study is called a:
(a) Variable (b) Data (c) Sample (d) Parameter
MCQ No 1.10
Listing of the data in order of numerical magnitude is called:
(a) Raw data (b) Arrayed data (c) Discrete data (d) Continuous data
MCQ No 1.11
Listings of the data in the form in which these are collected are known as:
(a) Secondary data (b) Raw data (c) Arrayed data (d) Qualitative data
MCQ No 1.12
Data that are collected by any body for some specific purpose and use are called:
(a) Qualitative data (b) Primary data (c) Secondary data (d) Continuous data
MCQ No 1.13
The data which have under gone any treatment previously is called:
(a) Primary data (b) Secondary data (c) Symmetric data (d) Skewed data
MCQ No 1.14
The data obtained by conducting a survey is called:
(a) Primary data (b) Secondary data (c) Continuous data (d) Qualitative data
MCQ No 1.15
The data collected from published reports is known as:
(a) Discrete data (b) Arrayed data (c) Secondary data (d) Primary data
MCQ No 1.16
A survey in which information is collected from each and every individual of the population is
known as:
(a) Sample survey (b) Pilot survey (c) Biased survey (d) Census survey
MCQ No 1.17
Data used by an agency which originally collected them are:
(a) Primary data (b) Raw data (c) Secondary data (d) Grouped data
MCQ No 1.18
Registration is the source of:
(a) Primary data (b) Secondary data (c) Qualitative data (d) Continuous data
MCQ No 1.19
Data in the population census reports are:
(a) Ungrouped data (b) Secondary data (c) Primary data (d) Arrayed data
MCQ No 1.20
Issuing a national identity card is an example of:
(a) Sampling (b) Statistic (c) Census (d) Registration
MCQ No 1.21
A variable that assumes only some selected values in a range is called:
(a) Continuous variable (b) Quantitative variable (c) Discrete variable (d) Qualitative variable
MCQ No 1.22
A variable that assumes any value within a range is called:
(a) Discrete variable (b) Continuous variable (c) Independent variable (d) Dependent variable
MCQ No 1.23
A variable that provides the basis for estimation is called:
(a) Dependent variable (b) Independent variable (c) Continuous variable (d) Qualitative variable
MCQ No 1.24
The variable that is being predicted or estimated is called:
(a) Dependent variable (b) Independent variable (c) Discrete variable (d) Continuous variable
MCQ No 1.25
Monthly rainfall in a city during the last ten years is an example of a:
(a) Discrete variable (b) Continuous variable (c) Qualitative variable (d) Independent variable
MCQ No 1.26:
The proportion of females in a sample of 50 accounts officers is an example of a:
(a) Parameter (b) Statistic (c) Array (d) Variable
MCQ No 1.27:
Number of family members in different families in a town is an example of a:
(a) Discrete variable (b) Continuous variable (c) Dependent variable (d) Qualitative variable
MCQ No 1.28
Colours of flowers are an example of:
(a) Quantitative variable (b) Qualitative variable (c) Skewed variable (d) Symmetric variable
MCQ No 1.29
If each measurement in a data set falls into one and only one of a set of categories,
the data set is called:
(a) Quantitative (b) Qualitative (c) Continuous (d) Constant
MCQ No 1.30
Any phenomenon which is not measurable is called:
(a) Variable (b) Constant (c) Parameter (d) Attribute
MCQ No 1.31
A constant can assume values:
(a) Zero (b) One (c) Fixed (d) Not fixed
MCQ No 1.32
A value which does not change from one individual to another individual is called:
(a) Variable (b) Statistic (c) Constant (d) Array
MCQ No 1.33
In the plural sense, statistics means:
(a) Numerical data (b) Methods (c) Population data (d) Sample data
MCQ No 1.34
In the singular sense, statistics means:
(a) Methods (b) Numerical data (c) Sample data (d) Population data
MCQ No 1.35
Weight of earth is:
(a) Discrete variable (b) Qualitative variable (c) Continuous variable (d) Difficult to tell
MCQ No 1.36
Weights of students in a class marks is a:
(a) Discrete data (b) Continuous data (c) Qualitative data (d) Constant data
MCQ No 1.37
Life of a T.V tube is a:
(a) Discrete variable (b) Continuous variable (c) Qualitative variable (d) Constant
MCQ No 1.38
Questionnaire method is used in collecting:
(a) Primary data (b) Secondary data (c) Published data. (d) True data
MCQ No 1.39
Census returns are:
(a) Primary data (b) Secondary data (c) Qualitative data (d) True data
MCQ No 1.40
Students divided into different groups according to their intelligence and gender will
generate:
(a) Quantitative data (b) Qualitative data (c) Continuous data (d) Constant
MCQ No 1.41
Statistics are:
(a) Aggregate of facts and figures (b) Always true (c) Always continuous (d) Always qualitative
MCQ No 1.42
Statistics results are:
(a) Randomly true (b) Always true (c) Not true (d) True on average
MCQ No 1.43 Statistics does not study:

(a) Constant (b) Statistic (c) Parameter (d) Individual
MCQ No 1.44
A statistical population may consist of:
(a) Finite number of values (b) Infinite number of values
(c) Either of (a) and (b) (d) None of (a) and (b)
MCQ No 1.45
The only continuous variable here is:
(a) Rain fall on different days in a city (b) Number of customers entering a store on different days
(c) Number of flights landing on an airport on different days (d) None of them
MCQ No 1.46
Example of descriptive statistics is:
(a) 70% people in Pakistan live in rural areas. (b) 50% people are likely to vote in the national
election (c) 20% of the bulbs produced in a factory will be defective (d) Difficult to tell.
MCQ No 1.47
Example of inferential statistics is:
(a) Percentage of smokers in Pakistan (b) Percentage of skilled workers in a factory.
(c) Estimate of increase in prices in the next year (d) None of the above
MCQ No 1.48
Statistics are always:
(a) Exact (b) Estimated values (c) Constant (d) Population values
MCQ No 1.49
Statistics must be:
(a) Comparable (b) Not comparable (c) Discrete in nature (d) Qualitative in nature
MCQ No 1.50
Given 6 quantities, X1 through X6, the correct notation for adding quantities 3 through 6 is:
MCQ No 1.51
(a) 36 (b) 48 (c) 41 (d) 29

MCQ No 1.52
(a) Add all quantities from Y1 through Yn (b) Add all quantities from Y=2 through Yn
(c) Add all quantities from Y=2 through Y=n (d) Add all quantities from Y2 through Yn
MCQ No 1.53
MCQ No 1.54
The figure 22.25 rounded to one decimal place is:
(a) 22.3 (b) 22.1 (c) 22.2 (d) 22
MCQ No 1.55
(a) 22.2 (b) 22.1 (c) 22 (d) 22.3
MCQ No 1.56
(a) 22.2 (b) 22.3 (c) 22.1 (d) 22
MCQ No 1.57
(a) 22.2 (b) 22.3 (c) 22.1 (d) 22
MCQ No 1.58
How many methods are used for the collection of data?
(a) 4 (b) 3 (c) 2 (d) 1
MCQ’S OF PRESENTATION OF DATA
MCQ No 2.1:
When data are classified according to a single characteristic, it is called:
(a) Quantitative classification (b) Qualitative classification
(c) Area classification (d) Simple classification
MCQ No 2.2:
Classification of data by attributes is called:
(a) Quantitative classification (b) Chronological classification
(c) Qualitative classification (d) Geographical classification
MCQ No 2.3:
Classification of data according to location or areas is called:
(a) Qualitative classification (b) Quantitative classification
(c) Geographical classification (d) Chronological classification
MCQ No 2.4:
Classification is applicable in case of:
(a) Normal characters (b) Quantitative characters (c) Qualitative characters (d) Both (b) and (c)
MCQ No 2.5:
In classification, the data are arranged according to:
(a) Similarities (b) Differences (c) Percentages (d) Ratios
MCQ No 2.6:
When data are arranged at regular interval of time, the classification is called:
(a) Qualitative (b) Quantitative (c) Chronological (d) Geographical
MCQ No 2.7:
When an attribute has more than three levels it is called:
(a) Manifold-division (b) Dichotomy (c) One-way (d) Bivariate
MCQ No 2.8:
The series
Country Pakistan India Britain Egypt Japan
Birth rate 45 40 10 35 10
is of the type:
(a) Discrete (b) Continuous (c) Individual (d) Time series
MCQ No 2.9:
The series
Country Pakistan India Britain Egypt Japan
Death rate 15 16 10 12 10
is of the type:
(a) Inclusive (b) Exclusive (c) Geographical (d) Time series
MCQ No 2.10
In an array, the data are:
(a) In ascending order (b) In descending order (c) Either (a) or (b) (d) Neither (a) or (b)
MCQ No 2.11
The number of tally sheet count for each value or a group is called:
(a) Class limit (b) Class width (c) Class boundary (d) Frequency
MCQ No 2.12
The frequency distribution according to individual variate values is called:
(a) Discrete frequency distribution (b) Cumulative frequency distribution
(c) Percentage frequency distribution (d) Continuous frequency distribution
MCQ No 2.13
A series arranged according to each and every item is known as:
(a) Discrete series (b) Continuous series (c) Individual series (d) Time series
MCQ No 2.14
A frequency distribution can be:
(a) Qualitative (b) Discrete (c) Continuous (d) Both (b) and (c)
MCQ No 2.15
The following frequency distribution:
X 5 15 38 47 68
f 2 4 9 3 1
Is classified
(a) Relative frequency distribution (b) Continuous distribution
(c) Percentage frequency distribution (d) Discrete distribution
MCQ No 2.16
Frequency distribution is often constructed with the help of:
(a) Entry table (b) Tally sheet (c) Both (a) and (b) (d) Neither (a) and (b)
MCQ No 2.17
The data given as 3, 5, 15, 35, 70, 84, 96 will be called as:
(a) Individual series (b) Discrete series (c) Continuous series (d) Time series
MCQ No 2.18
Frequency of a variable is always in:
(a) Fraction form (b) Percentage form (c) Less than form (d) Integer form
MCQ No 2.19
Data arranged in ascending or descending order of magnitude is called:
(a) Ungrouped data (b) Grouped data (c) Discrete frequency distribution (d) Arrayed data
MCQ No 2.20
The grouped data are called:
(a) Primary data (b) Secondary data (c) Raw data (d) Difficult to tell
MCQ No 2.21
A series of data with exclusive classes along with the corresponding frequencies is called:
(a) Discrete frequency distribution (b) Continuous frequency distribution
(c) Percentage frequency distribution (d) Cumulative frequency distribution
MCQ No 2.22
In an exclusive classification, the limits excluded are:
(a) Upper limits (b) Lower limits (c) Both lower and upper limits (d) Either lower or upper limits
MCQ No 2.23
The series
Weights(pounds) 15----20 20----25 25----30 30----35 35----40
No. of items 10 15 30 10 5
is categorized as:
(a) Continuous series (b) Discrete series (c) Time series (d) Geometric series
MCQ No 2.24
The series
Year 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Profit (000 Rs.) 7 10 16 18 22
will be called as:
(a) Time series (b) Discrete series (c) Continuous series (d) Individual series
MCQ No 2.25:
The suitable formula for computing the number of classes is:
(a) 3.322 logN (b) 0.322 logN (c) 1+3.322 logN (d) 1- 3.322 logN
MCQ No 2.26:
The number of classes in a frequency distribution is obtained by dividing the range of variable by
the:
(a) Total frequency (b) Class interval (c) Mid-point (d) Relative frequency
MCQ No 2.27:
If the number of workers in a factory is 256, the number of classes will be:
(a) 8 (b) 9 (c) 10 (d) 12
MCQ No 2.28:
The largest and the smallest values of any given class of a frequency distribution are called:
(a) Class Intervals (b) Class marks (c) Class boundaries (d) Class limits
MCQ No 2.29
If there are no gaps between consecutive classes, the limits are called:
(a) Class limits (b) Class boundaries (c) Class intervals (d) Class marks
MCQ No 2.30
The extreme values used to describe the different classes in a frequency distribution are called:
(a) Class intervals (b) Class boundaries (c) Class limits (d) Cumulative frequency
MCQ No 2.31
If in a frequency table, either the lower limit of first class or the upper limit of last class is not a fixed
number, then classes are called:
(a) One-way classes (b) Two-way classes (c) Discrete classes (d) Open-end classes
MCQ No 2.32
The class boundaries can be taken when the nature of variable is:
(a) Discrete (b) Continuous (c) Both (a) and (b) (d) Qualitative
MCQ No 2.33
Class boundaries are also called:
(a) Mathematical limits (b) Arithmetic limits (c) Geometric limits (d) Qualitative limits
MCQ No 2.34
The average of lower and upper class limits is called:
(a) Class boundary (b) Class frequency (c) Class mark (d) Class limit
MCQ No 2.35
The lower and upper class limits are 20 and 30, the midpoints of the class is:
(a) 20 (b) 25 (c) 30 (d) 50
MCQ No 2.36
A frequency distribution that contains a class with limits of "10 and under 20" would have a midpoint:
(a) 10 (b) 14.9 (c) 15 (d) 20
MCQ No 2.37
If the number of workers in a factory is 128 and maximum and minimum hourly wages are 100 and 20
respectively. For the frequency distribution of hourly wages, the class interval is:
(a) 8 (b) 9 (c) 10 (d) 80
MCQ No 2.38
Width of interval h is equal to:
MCQ No 2.39
Length of interval is calculated as:
(a) The difference between upper limit and lower limit (b) The sum of upper limit and lower limit
(c) Half of the difference between upper limit and lower limit (d) Half of the sum of upper limit and lower limit
MCQ No 2.40
The class marks are given below:
10,12,14,16,18. The first class of the distribution is:
(a) 9----12 (b) 10.5----12.5 (c) 9----11 (d) 10----12
MCQ No 2.41
If the midpoints are 10, 15, 20, 25 and 30. The last class boundary of the distribution is:
(a) 25----30 (b) 27.5----32.5 (c) 20----35 (d) 30----35
MCQ No 2.42
The number of classes depends upon:
(a) Class marks (b) Frequency (c) Class interval (d) Class boundary
MCQ No 2.43
The class interval is the difference between:
(a) Two extreme values (b) Two successive frequencies
(c) Two successive upper limits (d) Two largest values
MCQ No 2.44
When the classes are 40----44, 45----49, 50----54, ... the class interval is:
(a) 4 (b) (c) 100 (d) 5
MCQ No 2.45:
A grouping of data into mutually exclusive classes showing the number of observations in each class
is called:
(a) Frequency polygon (b) Relative frequency
(c) Frequency distribution (d) Cumulative frequency
MCQ No 2.46:
The following frequency distribution
Classes Less than 2 Less than 4 Less than 6 Less than 8 Less than 10
Frequency 2 6 16 19 20
is classified as:
(a) Inclusive classification (b) Exclusive classification
(c) Discrete classification (d) Cross classification
MCQ No 2.47:
Classes 10----20 20----30 30----40 40----50 50----60
Frequency 2 4 6 4 2
is classified as:
(a) Exclusive classification (b) Inclusive classification
(c) Geographical classification (d) Two-way classification
MCQ No 2.48:
Classes 0----4 5----9 10----14 15----19 20----24
Frequency 2 3 7 5 3
is classified as:
(a) Multiple classification (b) Qualitative classification
(c) Inclusive classification (d) Exclusive classification
MCQ No 2.49:
Classes More than 4 More than 4 More than 6 More than 8 More than 10
is classified as:
(a) Geographical classification (b) Chronological classification
(c) Inclusive classification (d) Exclusive classification
MCQ No 2.50:
The class frequency divided by the total number of observations is called:
(a) Percentage frequency (b) Relative frequency
(c) Cumulative frequency (d) Bivariate frequency
MCQ No 2.51:
The relative frequency multiplied by 100 is called:
(a) Percentage frequency (b) Cumulative frequency
(c) Bivariate frequecy (d) Simple frequency
MCQ No 2.52
In a relative frequency distribution, the total of the relative frequencies is:
(a) 100 (b) One (c) ∑f (d) ∑ X
MCQ No 2.53:
In a percentage frequency distribution, the total of the percentage frequencies is always equal to:
(a) 1 (b) ∑f (c) 100% (d) ∑X
MCQ No 2.54
The cumulative frequency of first group in more than cumulative frequency distribution is always equal to:
(a) 1 (b) 100 (c) ∑f (d) ∑X
MCQ No 2.55
The cumulative frequency of last class in less than cumulative frequency distribution is always equal to:
(a) ∑f (b) ∑X (c) 1 (d) 100
MCQ No 2.56:
The following frequency distribution:
Classes Less than 10 Less than 20 Less than 30 Less than 40 Less than 50
is classified as:
(a) Less than cumulative frequency distribution (b) More than cumulative frequency distribution
(c) Discrete frequency distribution (d) Cumulative percentage frequency distribution
MCQ No 2.57:
Classes 50----55 55----60 60----65 65----70 70----75
Frequency 40 36 30 16 4
is classified as:
(a) Relative frequency distribution (b) Less than cumulative frequency distribution
(c) More than cumulative frequency distribution (d) Bivariate frequency distribution
MCQ No 2.58
A frequency distribution formed considering two variables at a time is called:
(a) Univariate frequency distribution (b) Bivariate frequency distribution
(c) Trivariate frequency distribution (d) Bimodal distribution
MCQ No 2.59
The sum of rows or sum of columns, of a bivariate, frequency distribution is equal to:
(a) ∑X (b) ∑fX (c) ∑(f+X) (d) ∑f
MCQ No 2.60:
The arrangement of data in rows and columns is called:
(a) Classification (b) Tabulation (c) Frequency distribution (d) Cumulative frequency distribution
MCQ No 2.61:
When the qualitative or quantitative raw data are classified according to one characteristic, the
tabulation of different groups is called:
(a) Dichotomy (b) Manifold-division (c) Bivariate (d) One-way
MCQ No 2.62
A statistical table consists of at least:
(a) Two parts (b) Three parts (c) Four parts (d) Five parts
MCQ No 2.63
In a statistical table, prefatory note is shown:
(a) Below the body (b) Box head ` (c) Foot note (d) Below the title
MCQ No 2.64
A source note in a statistical table is given:
(a) At the end of a table (b) In the beginning of a table
(c) In the middle of a table (d) Below the body of a table
MCQ No 2.65
In a statistical table, column captions are called:
(a) Box head (b) Stub (c) Body (d) Title
MCQ No 2.66
In a statistical table, row captions are called:
(a) Box head (b) Stub (c) Body (d) Title
MCQ No 2.67:
The headings of the rows of a table are called:
(a) Prefatory notes (b) Titles (c) Stubs (d) Captions
MCQ No 2.68:
The headings of the columns of a table are called:
(a) Stubs (b) Captions (c) Footnotes (d) Source notes
MCQ No 2.69:
The budgets of two families can be compared by:
(a) Sub-divided rectangles (b) Pie diagram (c) Both (a) and (b) (d) Histogram
MCQ No 2.70:
Total angle of the pie-chart is:
(a) 45 (b) 90 (c) 180 (d) 360
MCQ No 2.71:
Diagram are another form of:
(a) Classification (b) Tabulation (c) Angle (d) Percentage
MCQ No 2.72
In pie diagram, the angle of a sub-sector is obtained as:
MCQ No 2.73:
A pie diagram is represented by a:
(a) Rectangle (b) Circle (c) Triangle (d) Square
MCQ No 2.74:
A sector diagram is also called:
(a) Bar diagram (b) Histogram (c) Historigram (d) Pie diagram
MCQ No 2.75:
Which of the following is not a one-dimensional diagram:
(a) Simple bar diagram (b) Multiple bar diagram
(c) Component bar diagram (d) Pie diagram
MCQ No 2.76:
Which of the following is a two-dimensional diagram:
(a) Sub-divided bar (b) Percentage component bar chart
(c) Sub-divided rectangles (d) Multiple bar diagram
MCQ No 2.77:
Pie diagram represents the components of a factor by:
(a) Circles (b) Sectors (c) Angles (d) Percentages
MCQ No 2.78:
The suitable diagram to represent the data relating to the monthly expenditure on different items by a
family is:
(a) Historigram (b) Histogram (c) Multiple bar diagram (d) Pie diagram
MCQ No 2.79
A graph of time series or historical series is called:
(a) Histogram (b) Historigram (c) Frequency curve (d) Frequency polygon
MCQ No 2.80
The historigram is the graphical presentation of data which are classified:
(a) Geographically (b) Numerically (c) Qualitatively (d) According to time
MCQ No 2.81
Historigram and histogram are:
(a) Always same (b) Not same (c) Off and on same (d) Randomly same
MCQ No 2.82
A distribution in which the observations are concentrated at one end of the distribution is called a:
(a) Symmetric distribution (b) Normal distribution
(c) Skewed distribution (d) Uniform distribution
MCQ No 2.83
For graphic presentation of a frequency distribution, the paper to be used is:
(a) Carbon paper (b) Ordinary paper (c) Graph paper (d) Butter paper
MCQ No 2.84
Histogram can be drawn only for:
(a) Discrete frequency distribution (b) Continuous frequency distribution
(c) Cumulative frequency distribution (d) Relative frequency distribution
MCQ No 2.85
Histogram is a graph of:
(a) Frequency distribution (b) Time series (c) Qualitative data (d) Ogive
MCQ No 2.86
Histogram and frequency polygon are two graphical representations of:
(a) Frequency distribution (b) Class boundaries (c) Class intervals (d) Class marks
MCQ No 2.87
Frequency polygon can be drawn with the help of:
(a) Historigram (b) Histogram (c) Circle (d) Percentage
MCQ No 2.88
In a cumulative frequency polygon, the cumulative frequency of each class is plotted against:
(a) Mid-point (b) Lower class boundary (c) Upper class boundary (d) Upper class limit
MCQ No 2.89
The graph of the cumulative frequency distribution is called:
(a) Histogram (b) Frequency polygon (c) Pictogram (d) Ogive
MCQ No 2.90
When successive mid-points in a histogram are connected by straight lines, the graph is called a:
(a) Historigram (b) Ogive (c) Frequency curve (d) Frequency polygon
MCQ No 2.91
A frequency polygon is a closed figure which is:
(a) One sided (b) Two sided (c) Three sided (d) Many sided
MCQ No 2.92
Ogive curve can be occurred for the distribution of:
(a) Less than type (b) More than type (c) Both (a) and (b) (d) Neither (a) and (b)
MCQ No 2.93
The word ogive is also used for:
(a) Frequency polygon (b) Cumulative frequency polygon
(c) Frequency curve (d) Histogram
MCQ No 2.94
Cumulative frequency polygon can be used for the calculation of:
(a) Mean (b) Median (c) Mode (d) Geometric mean
MCQ’S OF MEASURES OF CENTRAL TENDENCY
MCQ No 3.1
Any measure indicating the centre of a set of data, arranged in an increasing or decreasing order of
magnitude, is called a measure of:
(a) Skewness (b) Symmetry (c) Central tendency (d) Dispersion
MCQ No 3.2
Scores that differ greatly from the measures of central tendency are called:
(a) Raw scores (b) The best scores (c) Extreme scores (d) Z-scores
MCQ No 3.3
The measure of central tendency listed below is:
(a) The raw score (b) The mean (c) The range (d) Standard deviation
MCQ No 3.4
The total of all the observations divided by the number of observations is called:
(a) Arithmetic mean (b) Geometric mean (c) Median (d) Harmonic mean
MCQ No 3.5
While computing the arithmetic mean of a frequency distribution, the each value of a class is
considered equal to:
(a) Class mark (b) Lower limit (c) Upper limit (d) Lower class boundary
MCQ No 3.6
Change of origin and scale is used for calculation of the:
(a) Arithmetic mean (b) Geometric mean
(c) Weighted mean (d) Lower and upper quartiles
MCQ No 3.7
The sample mean is a:
(a) Parameter (b) Statistic (c) Variable (d) Constant
MCQ No 3.8
The population mean µ is called:
(a) Discrete variable (b) Continuous variable (c) Parameter (d) Sampling unit
MCQ No 3.9
The arithmetic mean is highly affected by:
(a) Moderate values (b) Extremely small values
(c) Odd values (d) Extremely large values
MCQ No 3.10
The sample mean is calculated by the formula:
MCQ No 3.11
If a constant value is added to every observation of data, then arithmetic mean is obtained
by:
(a) Subtracting the constant (b) Adding the constant
(c) Multiplying the constant (d) Dividing the constant
MCQ No 3.12
Which of the following statements is always true?
(a) The mean has an effect on extreme scores (b) The median has an effect on extreme scores
(c) Extreme scores have an effect on the mean (d) Extreme scores have an effect on the median
MCQ No 3.13
The elimination of extreme scores at the bottom of the set has the effect of:
(a) Lowering the mean (b) Raising the mean (c) No effect (d) None of the above
MCQ No 3.14
The elimination of extreme scores at the top of the set has the effect of:
(a) Lowering the mean (b) Raising the mean (c) No effect (d) Difficult to tell
MCQ No 3.15
The sum of deviations taken from mean is:
(a) Always equal to zero (b) Some times equal to zero
(c) Never equal to zero (d) Less than zero
MCQ No 3.16
If = 25, which of the following will be minimum:
(a) ∑(X – 27)2 (b) ∑(X – 25)2 (c) ∑(X – 22)2 (d) ∑(X + 25)2
MCQ No 3.17
The sum of the squares fo the deviations about mean is:
(a) Zero (b) Maximum (c) Minimum (d) All of the above
MCQ No 3.18
(a) 10 (b) 50 (c) 60 (d) 100
MCQ No 3.19
For a certain distribution, if ∑(X -20) = 25, ∑(X- 25) =0, and ∑(X-35) = -25, then is
equal to:
(a) 20 (b) 25 (c) -25 (d) 35
MCQ No 3.20
The sum of the squares of the deviations of the values of a variable is least when the deviations are
measured from:
(a) Harmonic mean (b) Geometric mean (c) Median (d) Arithmetic mean
MCQ No 3.21
If X1, X2, X3, ... Xn, be n observations having arithmetic mean and if Y =4X ± 2, then is
equal to:
(a) 4X (b) 4 (c) 4 ± 2 (d) 4 ± 2
MCQ No 3.22
If =100 and Y=2X – 200, then mean of Y values will be:
(a) 0 (b) 2 (c) 100 (d) 200
MCQ No 3.23
Step deviation method or coding method is used for computation of the:
(a) Arithmetic mean (b) Geometric mean (c) Weighted mean (d) Harmonic mean
MCQ No 3.24
If the arithmetic mean of 20 values is 10, then sum of these 20 values is:
(a) 10 (b) 20 (c) 200 (d) 20 + 10
MCQ No 3.25
Ten families have an average of 2 boys. How many boys do they have together?
(a) 2 (b) 10 (c) 12 (d) 20
MCQ No 3.26
If the arithmetic mean of the two numbers X1 and X2 is 5 if X1=3, then X2 is:
(a) 3 (b) 5 (c) 7 (d) 10
MCQ No 3.27
Given X1=20 and X2= -20. The arithmetic mean will be:
(a) Zero (b) Infinity (c) Impossible (d) Difficult to tell
MCQ No 3.28
The mean of 10 observations is 10. All the observations are increased by 10%. The mean of increased
observations will be:
(a) 10 (b) 1.1 (c) 10.1 (d) 11
MCQ No 3.29
The frequency distribution of the hourly wage rate of 60 employees of a paper mill is as follows:
Wage rate (Rs.) 54----56 56----58 58----60 60----62 62----64
Number of workers 10 10 20 10 10
The mean wage rate is:
(a) Rs. 58.60 (b) Rs. 59.00 (c) Rs. 57.60 (d) Rs. 57.10
MCQ No 3.30
The sample mean of first n natural numbers is:
(a) n(n+ 1) / 2 (b) (n+ 1) / 2 (c) n/2 (d) (n+ 1) / 2
MCQ No 3.31
The mean of first 2n natural numbers is:
MCQ No 3.32
The sum of deviations is zero when deviations are taken from:
MCQ No 3.33
When the values in a series are not of equal importance, we calculate the:
(a) Arithmetic mean (b) Geometric mean (c) Weighted mean (d) Mode
MCQ No 3.34
When all the values in a series occur the equal number of times, then it is not possible to calculate the:
(a) Arithmetic mean (b) Geometric mean (c) Harmonic mean (d) Weighted mean
MCQ No 3.35
The mean for a set of data obtained by assigning each data value a weight that reflects its relative
importance within the set, is called:
(a) Geometric mean (b) Harmonic mean (c) Weighted mean (d) Combined mean
MCQ No 3.36
If 1, 2, 3, ... , k be the arithmetic means of k distributions with respective frequencies n1, n2, n3, ... ,
nk, then the mean of the whole distribution c is given by:
(a) ∑ / ∑n (b) ∑n / ∑ (c) ∑n / ∑n (d) ∑(n+ ) / ∑n
MCQ No 3.37
The combined arithmetic mean is calculated by the formula:
MCQ No 3.38
The arithmetic mean of 10 items is 4 and the arithmetic mean of 5 items is 10. The combined arithmetic
mean is:
(a) 4 (b) 5 (c) 6 (d) 90
MCQ No 3.39
The midpoint of the values after they have been ordered from the smallest to the largest or the largest
to the smallest is called:
(a) Mean (b) Median (c) Lower quartile (d) Upper quartile
MCQ No 3.40
The first step in calculating the median of a discrete variable is to determine the:
(a) Cumulative frequencies (b) Relative weights
(c) Relative frequencies (d) Array
MCQ No 3.41
The suitable average for qualitative data is:
MCQ No 3.42
Extreme scores will have the following effect on the median of an examination:
(a) They may have no effect on it (b) They may tend to raise it
(c) They may tend to lower it (d) None of the above
MCQ No 3.43
We must arrange the data before calculating:
MCQ No 3.44
If the smallest observation in a data is decreased, the average which is not affected is:
(a) Mode (b) Median (c) Mean (d) Harmonic mean
MCQ No 3.45
If the data contains an extreme value, the suitable average is:
(a) Mean (b) Median (c) Weighted mean (d) Geometric mean
MCQ No 3.46
Sum of absolute deviations of the values is least when deviations are taken from:
(a) Mean (b) Mode (c) Median (d) Q3
MCQ No 3.47
The frequency distribution of the hourly wages rate of 100 employees of a paper mill is as follows:
Wage rate (Rs.) 54----56 56----58 58----60 60----62 62----64
Number of workers 20 20 20 20 20
The median wage rate is:
(a) Rs.55 (b) Rs.57 (c) Rs.56 (d) Rs.59
MCQ No 3.48
The values of the variate that divide a set of data into four equal parts after arranging the observations in
ascending order of magnitude are called:
(a) Quartiles (b) Deciles (c) Percentiles (d) Difficult to tell
MCQ No 3.49
The lower and upper quartiles of a symmetrical distribution are 40 and 60 respectively. The value of
median is:
(a) 40 (b) 50 (c) 60 (d) (60 – 40) / 2
MCQ No 3.50
If in a discrete series 75% values are less than 30, then:
(a) Q3 < 75 (b) Q3 < 30 (c) Q3 = 30 (d) Q3 > 30
MCQ No 3.51
If in a discrete series 75% values are greater than 50, then:
(a) Q1 = 50 (b) Q1 < 50 (c) Q1 > 50 (d) Q1 ≠ 50
MCQ No 3.52
(a) Q1 > 75 (b) Q1 = 75 (c) Q3 = 75 (d) Q3 > 75
MCQ No 3.53
If in a discrete series 40% values are less than 40, then :
(a) D4 ≠ 40 (b) D4 < 40 (c) D4 > 40 (d) D4 = 40
MCQ No 3.54
(a) P15 = 70 (b) P85 = 15 (c) P85 = 70 (d) P70 = 70
MCQ No 3.55
The middle value of an ordered series is called:
(a) Median (b) 5th decile (c) 50th percentile (d) All the above
MCQ No 3.56
If in a discrete series 50% values are less than 50, then:
(a) Q2 = 50 (b) D5 = 50 (c) P50 = 50 (d) All of the above
MCQ No 3.57
The mode or model value of the distribution is that value of the variate for which frequency is:
(a) Minimum (b) Maximum (c) Odd number (d) Even number
MCQ No 3.58
Suitable average for averaging the shoe sizes for children is:
(a) Mean (b) Mode (c) Median (d) Geometric mean
MCQ No 3.59
Extreme scores on an examination have the following effect on the mode:
(a) They tend to raise it (b) they tend to lower it
(c) They have no effect on it (d) difficult to tell
MCQ No 3.60
A measurement that corresponds to largest frequency in a set of data is called:
(a) Mean (b) Median (c) Mode (d) Percentile
MCQ No 3.61
Which of the following average cannot be calculated for the observations 2, 2, 4, 4, 6, 6, 8, 8, 10, 10 ?
(a) Mean (b) Median (c) Mode (d) All of the above
MCQ No 3.62
Mode of the series 0, 0, 0, 2, 2, 3, 3, 8, 10 is:
(a) 0 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) No mode
MCQ No 3.63
A distribution with two modes is called:
(a) Unimodel (b) Bimodal (c) Multimodal (d) Normal
MCQ No 3.64
The model letter of the word “STATISTICS” is:
(a) S (b) T (c) Both S and I (d) Both S and T
MCQ No 3.65
The mode for the following frequency distribution is:
Weekly sales of burner units 0 1 2 3 Over 3
Number of weeks 38 6 5 1 0
(a) 0 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) No mode
MCQ No 3.66
Which of the following statements is always correct?
(a) Mean = Median = Mode (b) Arithmetic mean = Geometric mean = Harmonic mean
(c) Median = Q2 = D5 = P50 (d) Mode = 2Median - 3Mean
MCQ No 3.67
In a moderately symmetrical series, the arithmetic mean, median and mode are related as:
(a) Mean - Mode = 3(Mean - Median) (b) Mean - Median = 2(Median - Mode)
(c) Median - Mode = (Mean - Median) / 2 (d) Mode – Median = 2Mean – 2Median
MCQ No 3.68
In a moderately skewed distribution, mean is equal to!
(a) (3Median - Mode) / 2 (b) (2Mean + Mode) / 3
(c) 3Median – 2Mean (d) 3Median - Mode
MCQ No 3.69
In a moderately asymmetrical distribution, the value of median is given by:
(a) 3Median + 2Mean (b) 2Mean + Mode
(c) (2Mean + Mode) / 3 (d) (3Median - Mode) / 2
MCQ No 3.70
For moderately skewed distribution, the value of mode is calculated as:
(a) 2Mean – 3Median (b) 3Median – 2Mean
(c) 2Mean + Mode (d) 3Median - Mode
MCQ No 3.71
In a moderately skewed distribution, Mean = 45 and Median = 30, then the value of mode is:
(a) 0 (b) 30 (c) 45 (d) 180
MCQ No 3.72
If for any frequency distribution, the median is 10 and the mode is 30, then approximate value of mean is
equal to:
(a) 0 (b) 10 (c) 30 (d) 60
MCQ No 3.73
In a moderately asymmetrical distribution, the value of mean and mode is 15 and 18 respectively. The value of
median will be:
(a) 48 (b) 18 (c) 16 (d) 15
MCQ No 3.74
(a) 2 (b) 3 (c) 1/2 (d) 1/3
MCQ No 3.75
Which of the following is correct in a positively skewed distribution?
(a) Mean = Median = Mode (b) Mean < Median < Mode
(c) Mean > Median > Mode (d) Mean + Median + Mode
MCQ No 3.76
If the values of mean, median and mode coincide in a unimodel distribution, then the distribution will
be:
(a) Skewed to the left (b) Skewed to the right (c) Multimodal (d) Symmetrical
MCQ No 3.77
A curve that tails off to the right end is called:
(a) Positively skewed (b) Negatively skewed (c) Symmetrical (d) Both (b) and (c)
MCQ No 3.78
The sum of the deviations taken from mean is:
(a) Always equal to zero (b) Some times equal to zero
(c) Never equal to zero (d) Less than zero
MCQ No 3.79
If a set of data has one mode and its value is less than mean, then the distribution is called:
(a) Positively skewed (b) Negatively skewed (c) Symmetrical (d) Normal
MCQ No 3.80
Taking the relevant root of the product of all non-zero and positive values are called:
(a) Arithmetic mean (b) Geometric mean (c) Harmonic mean (d) Combined mean
MCQ No 3.81
The best average in percentage rates and ratios is:
(a) Arithmetic mean (b) Lower and upper quartiles
(c) Geometric mean (d) Harmonic mean
MCQ No 3.82
The suitable average for computing average percentage increase in population is:
(a) Geometric mean (b) Harmonic mean (c) Combined mean (d) Population mean
MCQ No 3.83
If 10% is added to each value of variable, the geometric mean of new variable is added by:
(a) 10 (b) 1/100 (c) 10% (d) 1.1
MCQ No 3.84
If each observation of a variable X is increased by 20%, then geometric mean is also increased by:
(a) 20 (b) 1/20 (c) 20% (d) 100%
MCQ No 3.85
If any value in a series is negative, then we cannot calculate the:
(a) Mean (d) Median (c) Geometric mean (d) Harmonic mean
MCQ No 3.86
Geometric mean for X1 andX2 is:
MCQ No 3.87
Geometric mean of 2, 4, 8 is:
(a) 6 (b) 4 (c) 14/3 (d) 8
MCQ No 3.88
Geometric mean is suitable when the values are given as:
(a) Proportions (b) Ratios (c) Percentage rates (d) All of the above
MCQ No 3.89
If the geometric of the two numbers X1 and X2 is 9 if X1=3, then X2 is equal to:
(a) 3 (b) 9 (c) 27 (d) 81
MCQ No 3.90
If the two observations are a = 2 and b = -2, then their geometric mean will be:
(a) Zero (b) Infinity (c) Impossible (d) Negative
MCQ No 3.91
Geometric mean of -4, -2 and 8 is:
(a) 4 (b) 0 (c) -2 (d) Impossible
MCQ No 3.92
The ratio among the number of items and the sum of reciprocals of items is called:
(a) Arithmetic mean (b) Geometric mean (c) Harmonic mean (d) Mode
MCQ No 3.93
Harmonic mean for X1 and X2 is:
MCQ No 3.94
The appropriate average for calculating the average speed of a journey is:
(a) Median (b) Arithmetic mean (c) Mode (d) Harmonic mean
MCQ No 3.95
Harmonic mean gives less weightage to:
(a) Small values (b) Large values (c) Positive values (d) Negative values
MCQ No 3.96
The harmonic mean of the values 5, 9, 11, 0, 17, 13 is:
(a) 9.5 (b) 6.2 (c) 0 (d) Impossible
MCQ No 3.97
If the harmonic mean of the two numbers X1 and X2 is 6.4 if X2=16, then X1 is:
(a) 4 (b) 10 (c) 16 (d) 20
MCQ No 3.98
If a = 5 and b = -5, then their harmonic mean is:
(a) -5 (b) 5 (c) 0 (d) ∞
MCQ No 3.99
For an open-end frequency distribution, it is not possible to find:
(a) Arithmetic mean (b) Geometric mean (c) Harmonic mean (d) All of the above
MCQ No 3.100
If all the items in a variable are non zero and non negative then:
(a) A.M > G.M > H.M (b) G.M > A.M > H.M (c) H.M > G.M > A.M (d) A.M < G.M < H.M
MCQ No 3.101
The geometric mean of a set of positive numbers X 1, X2, X3, ... , Xn is less than or equal to their
arithmetic mean but is greater than or equal to their:
(a) Harmonic mean (b) Median (c) Mode (d) Lower and upper quartiles
MCQ No 3.102
Geometric mean and harmonic mean for the values 3, -11, 0, 63, -14, 100 are:
(a) 0 and 3 (b) 3 and -3 (c) 0 and 0 (d) Impossible
MCQ No 3.103
If the arithmetic mean and harmonic mean of two positive numbers are 4 and 16, then their
geometric mean will be:
(a) 4 (b) 8 (c) 16 (d) 64
MCQ No 3.104
The arithmetic mean and geometric mean of two observations are 4 and 8 respectively, then harmonic
mean of these two observations is:
(a) 4 (b) 8 (c) 16 (d) 32
MCQ No 3.105
The geometric mean and harmonic mean of two values are. 8 and 16 respectively, then arithmetic
mean of values is:
(a) 4 (b) 16 (c) 24 (d) 128
MCQ No 3.106
Which pair of averages cannot be calculated when one of numbers in the series is zero?
(a) Geometric mean and Median (b) Harmonic mean and Mode
(c) Simple mean and Weighted mean (d) Geometric mean and Harmonic mean
MCQ No 3.107
In a given data the average which has the least value is:
(a) Mean (b) Median (c) Harmonic mean (d) Geometric mean
MCQ No 3.108
If all the values in a series are same, then:
(a) A.M = G.M = H.M (b) A.M ≠ G.M ≠ H.M (c) A.M > G.M > H.M (d) A.M < G.M < H.M
MCQ No 3.109
The averages are affected by change of:
(a) Origin (b) Scale (c) Both (a) and (b) (d) None of the above
MCQ NORMAL DISTRIBUTION
MCQ 10.1
The range of normal distribution is:
(a) 0 to n (b) 0 to ∞ (c) -1 to +1 (d) -∞ to +∞
MCQ 10.2
In normal distribution:
(a) Mean = Median = Mode (b) Mean < Median < Mode
(c) Mean> Median > Mode (d) Mean ≠ Median ≠ Mode
MCQ 10.3
Which of the following is true for the normal curve:
(a) Symmetrical (b) Unimodel (c) Bell-shaped (d) All of the above
MCQ 10.4
In a normal curve, the ordinate is highest at:
(a) Mean (b) Variance (b) Standard deviation (d) Q1
MCQ 10.5
The parameters of the normal distribution are:
(a) µ and σ2 (b) µ and σ (c) np and nq (d) n and p
MCQ 10.6
The shape of the normal curve depends upon the value of:
(a) Standard deviation (b) Q1 (c) Mean deviation (d) Quartile deviation
MCQ 10.7
The normal distribution is a proper probability distribution of a continuous random variable, the total area
under the curve f(x) is:
(a) Equal to one (b) Less than one (c) More than one (d) Between -1 and +1
MCQ 10.8
In a normal probability distribution of a continuous random variable, the value of standard deviation is:
(a) Zero (b) Less than zero (c) Greater than zero (d) None of the above
MCQ 10.9
In a normal curve, the highest point on the curve occurs at the mean, µ, which is also the:
(a) Median and mode (b) Geometric mean and harmonic mean
(c) Lower and upper quartiles (d) Variance and standard deviation
MCQ 10.10
The normal curve is symmetrical and for symmetrical distribution, the values of all odd order moments
about mean will always be:
(a) 1 (b) 0.5 (c) 0.25 (d) 0
MCQ 10.11
If , the points of inflection of normal distribution are:
(a) (b) (c) (d)
MCQ 10.12
In normal probability distribution for a continuous random variable, the value of a mean deviation is
approximately equal to:
(a) 2/3 (b) 2/3 σ (c) 4/5 (d) 4/5 σ
MCQ 10.13
In a normal distribution whose mean is land standard deviation 0, the value 4 quartile deviation is
approximately:
(a) 4/5 (b) 4/5 σ (c) 2/3 σ (d) 2/3
MCQ 10.14
In a normal distribution, the lower and upper quartiles are equidistant from the mean and are at a distance of:
(a) 0.7979 (b) 0.7979 σ (c) 0.6745 (d) 0.6745 σ
MCQ 10.15
The value of e is approximately equal to:
(a) 2.7183 (b) 2.1783 (c) 2.8173 (d) 2.1416
MCQ 10.16
The value of π is approximately equal to:
(a) 3.4116 (b) 3.1416 (c) 3.1614 (d) 3.6416
MCQ 10.17
If , the standard normal variate is distributed as:
(a) (b) (c) (d)
MCQ 10.18
The coefficient of skewness of a normal distribution is:
(a) Positive (b) Negative (c) Zero (d) Three
MCQ 10.19
The total area of the normal probability density function is equal to:
(a) 0 (b) 0.5 (c) 1 (d) 0.25
MCQ 10.20
In a standard normal distribution, the value of mode is:
(a) Equal to zero (b) Less than zero (c) Greater than zero (d) Exactly one
MCQ 10.21
The normal probability density function curve is symmetrical about the mean, µ, i.e. the area to the right of
the mean is the same as the area to the left of the mean. This means that P(X<µ) =P(X>µ) is equal to:
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 0.5 (d) 0.25
MCQ 10.22
The skewness and kurtosis of the normal distribution are respectively:
(a) Zero and zero (b) Zero and one (c) One and zero (d) One and one
MCQ 10.23
In a normal curve µ ± 0.6745σ covers:
(a) 50% area (b) 68.27% area (c) 95.45% area (d) 99.73% area
MCQ 10.24
The lower and upper quartiles for a standardized normal variate are respectively:
(a) -0.6745σ and 0.6745σ (b) -0.6745 σ and 0.6745
(c) 0.7979σ and 0.7979σ (d) -0.7979 and 0.7979
MCQ 10.25
The maximum ordinate of a normal curve is at:
(a) X = µ (b) X = µ + σ (c) X = µ - 2σ (d) X = σ2
MCQ 10.26
The value of the standard deviation σ of a normal distribution is always:
(a) Equal to zero (b) Greater than zero (c) Less than zero (d) Equal to 0.5
MCQ 10.27
If X~N(100, 64), then standard deviation σ is:
(a) 100 (b) 64 (c) 8 (d) 100 - 64 = 36
MCQ 10.28
If , the coefficient of variation is equal to:
(a) Zero (b) One (c) Infinity (d) Hundred percent
MCQ 10.29
The points of inflection of the standard normal distribution lie at:
(a) -1 and 0 (b) 0 and 1 (c) -1 and +1 (d) µ and σ
MCQ 10.30
If , then µ4 is equal to:
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 3 (d) σ4
MCQ 10.31
The value of second moment about the mean in a normal distribution is 5. The fourth moment about
the mean in the distribution is:
(a) 5 (b) 15 (c) 25 (d) 75
MCQ 10.32
If X is a normal random variable having mean µ, then E|X - µ| is equal to:
(a) Variance (b) Standard deviation (c) Quartile deviation (d) Mean deviation
MCQ 10.33
If X is a normal random variable having mean µ, then E(X - µ)2 is equal to:
(a) σ2 (b) σ (c) 3σ4 (d) β1
MCQ 10.34
Which of the following is possible in normal distribution?
(a) σ < 0 (b) σ = 0 (c) σ > 0 (d) σ > n
MCQ 10.35
The range of standard normal distribution is:
(a) 0 to n (b) 0 to ∞ (c) 0 to k (d) -∞ to +∞
MCQ 10.36
In the normal distribution, the value of the maximum ordinate is equal to:
MCQ 10.37
The value of the ordinate at points of inflection of the normal curve is equal to:
MCQ 10.38
If , then β2 is equal to:
(a) 0 (b) 3 (c) 3σ4 (d) σ2
MCQ 10.39
Pearson’s constants for a normal distribution with mean µ and variance σ2 are:
(a) β1=0, β2=0, γ1=0, γ2=0 (b) β1=0, β2=1, γ1=1, γ2=3
(c) β1=0, β2=3, γ1=0, γ2=0 (d) β1=3, β2=0, γ1=0, γ2=0
MCQ 10.40
The value of maximum ordinate in standard normal distribution is equal to:
MCQ 10.41
A random variable X is normally distributed with µ = 70 and σ2 = 25. The third moment about arithmetic
mean is:
(a) Zero (b) Less than zero (c) Greater than zero (d) None of the above
MCQ 10.42
For the standard normal distribution, P(Z > mean) is:
(a) More than 0.5 (b) Less than 0.5 (c) Equal to 0.5 (d) Difficult to tell
MCQ 10.43
Given a standardized normal distribution (with a mean of zero and a standard' deviation of one),
P(Z < variance) is equal to:
(a) 0.8413 (b) 0.3413 (c) 0.1587 (d) 0.5000
MCQ 10.44
The area to the left of (µ+σ) for a normal distribution is approximately equal to:
(a) 0.16 (b) 0.34 (c) 0.50 (d) 0.84
MCQ 10.45
The median of a normal distribution corresponds to a value of Z is:
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 0.5 (d) -0.5
MCQ 10. 46
The mean and standard deviation of the standard normal distribution a respectively:
(a) 0 and 1 (b) 1 and 0 (c) µ and σ2 (d) π and e
MCQ 10.47
In a standard normal distribution, the area to the left of Z = 1 is:
(a) 0.6413 (b) 0.7413 (c) 0.8413 (d) 0.3413
MCQ 10.48
The semi-inter quartile range for a standard normal random variable Z is:
(a) 0.6745 (b) 0.6745 σ (c) 0.7979 (d) 0.7979 σ
MCQ 10.49
If , then µ4 is equal to:
(a) 3 (b) 3 σ (c) 3 σ2 (d) 3 σ4
MCQ 10.50
If , then β2 is equal to:
(a) 0 (b) 3 (c) 3 σ4 (d) σ4/3
MCQ 10.51
P(µ-σ < X < µ+σ) is equal to:
(a) 0.5000 (b) 0.6827 (c) 0.9545 (b) 0.9973
MCQ 10.52
In a normal curve µ ± 2σ covers:
(a) 50% area (b) 68.27% area (c) 95.45% area (d) 99.73% area
MCQ 10.53
In X is N(µ, σ2), the percentage of the area contained within the limits µ ± 3σ:
(a) 50% (b) 68.27% (c) 95.45% (d) 99.73%
MCQ 10.54
Most of the area under the normal curve with parameters µ and σ lies between:
(a) µ - 0.5σ and µ + 0.5σ (b) µ - σ and µ + σ
(c) µ - 2σ and µ + 2σ (d) µ - 3σ and µ + 3σ
MCQ 10.55
The probability density function of the standard normal distribution is:
MCQ 10.56
The equation of the normal frequency distribution is:
MCQ 10.57
If X is N(µ,σ2) and if Y =a + bX, then mean and variance of Y are respectively:
(a) µ and σ2 (b) a + µ and bσ2 (c) a + bµ and σ2 (d) a + bµ and b2σ2
MCQ 10.58
For a normal distribution with mean µ and standard deviation σ:
(a) Approximately 5% of values are outside the range (µ - 2σ) to (µ + 2σ)
(b) Approximately 5% of values are greater than (µ + 2σ)
(c) Approximately 5% of values are outside the range (µ - σ) to (µ + σ)
(d) Approximately 5% of values are less than (µ - 3σ)
MCQ 10.59
The normal probability distribution with mean np and variance npq may used to approximate the
binomial distribution if n ≥ 50 and both np and nq are:
(a) Greater than 5 (b) Less than 5 (c) Equal to 5 (d) Difficult to tell
MCQ 10.60
In a normal distribution Q1 = 20 and Q3 = 40, then mean is equal to:
(a) 20 (b) 30 (a) 40 (b) 60
MCQ 10.61
If Z is a standard normal variate, then P(-1.645 ≤ Z ≤ +1.645) is equal to:
(a) 0.90 (b) 0.95 (c) 0.98 (d) 0.99
MCQ 10.62
If Z is a standard normal variate, then P(-2.33 ≤ Z ≤ +2.33) is equal to:
(a) 0.4901 (b) 0.6827 (c) 0.9545 (d) 0.9802
MCQ 10.63
If Z is a standard normal variate, then P(- 2.575 ≤ Z ≤ +2.575) is equal to:
(a) 0.9951 (b) 0.99 (c) 0.4951 (d) 0.4949
MCQ 10.64
If Z is a standard normal variate, then P[ IZI< 1.96] is equal to:
(a) 0.0250 (b) 0.4750 (c) 0.95 (d) 0.9750
MCQ 10.65
For a normal distribution with µ = 10, σ = 2, the probability of a value greater than 10 is:
(a) 0.1915 (b) 0.3085 (c) 0.6915 (d) 0.5000
MCQ 10.66
Given a random variable X which is normally distributed with a mean and variance both equal to 100.
The value of mean deviation is approximately equal to:
(a) 7 (b) 8 (c) 8.5 (d) 9
MCQ 10.67
If X is a normal variate with mean 50 and standard deviation 3. The value of quartile
deviation is approximately equal to:
(a) 1 (b) 1.5 (c) 2 (d) 2.5
MCQ 10.68
In a normal distribution mean is 100 and standard deviation is 10. The values of points of inflection
are:
(a) 100 and 110 (b) 80 and 120 (c) 90 and 110 (d) None of the above
MCQ 10.69
If X is a normal variate with mean 20 and variance 16. The respective values of β1 and β2 are:
(a) 0 and 3 (b) 3 and 1 (c) 0.5 and 1 (d) 3 and 3
MCQ 10.70
If X is N(100; 5), the fourth central moment is:
(a) 65 (b) 75 (c) 85 (d) 100
MCQ 10.71
A normal distribution has the mean µ =200. If 70 percent of the area under the curve lies to the left
of 220, the area to the right of 220 is:
(a) 0.3 (b) 0.5 (c) 0.2 (d) 0.7
MCQ 10.72
Given a normal distribution with µ = 100 and σ2 = 100, the area to the left of 100 is:
(a) One (b) Equal to 0.5 (c) Less than 0.5 (d) Greater than 0.5
MCQ 10.73
If a normal distribution with µ = 200 have P(X > 225) = 0.1587, then P(X < 175) equal to:
(a) 0.3413 (b) 0.8413 (c) 0.1587 (d) 0.5000
MCQ 10.74
A random variable has a normal distribution with the mean µ = 400. If 8 percent of the area under
the curve lies to the left of 500, the area between 400 and 500 is:
(a) 0.5 (b) 0.2 (c) 0.3 (d) Zero
MCQ 10.75
If Y = 5X+ 10 and X is N(10, 25), then mean of Y is:
(a) 50 (b) 60 (c) 70 (d) 135
MCQ 10.76
If X is a normal random variable with mean µ = 50 arid standard deviation σ = 7, if Y = X – 7 then standard
deviation of Y is:
(a) 7 (b) 14 (c) 0 (d) 49
MCQ SAMPLING AND SAMPLING DISTRIBUTIONS
MCQ 11.1
Sample is a sub-set of:
(a) Population (b) Data (c) Set (d) Distribution
MCQ 11.2
Any population constant is called a:
(a) Statistic (b) Parameter (c) Estimate (d) Estimator
MCQ 11.3
List of all the units of the population is called:
(a) Random sampling (b) Bias (c) Sampling frame (d) Probability sampling
MCQ 11.4
Any calculation on the sampling data is called:
(a) Parameter (b) Static (c) (d) Error
MCQ 11.5
Any measure of the population is called:
(a) Finite (b) Parameter (c) Without replacement (d) Random
MCQ 11.6
If all the units of a population are surveyed, it is called:
(a) Random sample (b) Random sampling (c) Sampled population (d) Complete enumeration
MCQ 11.7
Probability distribution of a statistics is called:
(a) Sampling (b) Parameter (c) Data (d) Sampling distribution
MCQ 11.8
The difference between a statistic and the parameter is called:
(a) Probability (b) Sampling error (c) Random (d) Non-random
MCQ 11.9
The sum of the frequencies of the frequency distribution of a statistic is equal to:
(a) Sample size (b) Population size (c) Possible samples (d) Sum of X values
MCQ 11.10
Standard deviation of sampling distribution of a statistic is called:
(a) Serious error (b) Dispersion (c) Standard error (d) Difference
MCQ 11.11
If we obtain a point estimate for a population mean µ, the difference between and µ is:
(a) Standard error (b) Bias (c) Error of estimation (d) Difficult to tell
MCQ 11.12
A distribution formed by all possible values of a statistics is called
(a) Binomial distribution (b) Hypergeometric distribution
(c) Normal distribution (d) Sampling distribution
MCQ 11.13
In probability sampling, probability of selecting an item from the population is known and is:
(a) Equal to zero (b) Non zero (c) Equal to one (d) All of the above
MCQ 11.14
A population about which we want to get some information is called:
(a) Finite population (b) Infinite population (c) Sampling population (d) Target population
MCQ 11.15
The population consists of the results of repeated trials is named as:
(a) Finite population (b) Infinite population (c) Real population (d) Hypothetical population
MCQ 11.16
A population consisting of the items which are all present physically is called:
(a) Finite population (b) Infinite population (c) Real population (d) Hypothetical population
MCQ 11.17
Study of population is called:
(a) Parameter (b) Statistic (c) Error (d) Census
MCQ 11.18
For making voters list in Pakistan we need:
(a) Sampling error (b) Standard error (c) Census (d) Simple random sampling
MCQ 11.19
Sampling based upon equal probability is called:
(a) Probability sampling (b) Systematic sampling
(c) Simple random sampling (d) Stratified random sampling
MCQ 11.20
In sampling with replacement, an element can be chosen:
(a) Less than once (b) More than once (c) Only once (d) Difficult to tell
MCQ 11.21
Standard deviation of sample mean without replacement__________ standard deviation of sample mean
with replacement:
(a) Less than (b) More than (c) 2 times (d) Equal to
MCQ 11.22
In sampling without replacement, an element can be chosen:
(a) Less than once (b) More than once (c) Only once (d) Difficult to tell
MCQ 11.23
In sampling with replacement, the following is always true:
(a) n = N (b) n < N (c) n > N (d) All of the above
MCQ 11.24
Which of the following statement is true?
(a) Standard error is always one (b) Standard error is always zero
(c) Standard error is always negative (d) Standard error is always positive
MCQ 11.25
Random sampling is also called:
(a) Probability sampling (b) Non-probability sampling (c) Sampling error (d) Random error
MCQ 11.26
Non-random sampling is also called:
(a) Biased sampling (b) Non-probability sampling (c) Random sampling (d) Representative sample
MCQ 11.27
Sampling error can be reducing by:
(a) Non-probability sampling (b) Increasing the population
(c) Decreasing the sample size (d) Increasing the sample size
MCQ 11.28
The selection of cricket team for the world cup is called:
(a) Random sampling (b) Systematic sampling (c) Purposive sampling (d) Cluster sampling
MCQ 11.29
A complete list of all the sapling units is called:
(a) Sampling design (b) Sampling frame (c) Population frame (d) Cluster
MCQ 11.30
A Plan for obtaining a sample from a population is called:
(a) Population design (b) Sampling design (c) Sampling frame (d) Sampling distribution
MCQ 11.31
If a survey is conducted by a sampling design is called:
(a) Sample survey (b) Population survey (c) Systematic survey (d) None
MCQ 11.32
The difference between the expected value of a statistic and the value of the parameter being estimated is
called a:
(a) Sampling error (b) Non-sampling error (c) Standard error (d) Bias
MCQ 11.33
The standard deviation of any sampling distribution is called:
(a) Standard error (b) Non-sampling error (c) Type- I error (d) Type II-error
MCQ 11.34
Which of the following statement is not true?
(a) S.E( ) ≠ 0 (b) S.E( ) ≠ 1 (c) S.E( ) = -2 (d) All of the above
MCQ 11.35
The standard error increases when sample size is:
(a) Increase (b) Decrease (c) Fixed (d) More than 30
MCQ 11.36
The mean of sampling distribution of mean is equal to:
(a) (b) µ (c) p (d) None of the above
MCQ 11.37
The mean of the sample means is exactly equal to the:
(a) Sample mean (b) Population mean (c) Weighted mean (d) Combined mean
MCQ 11.38
(a) E( ) (b) µ (c) Both (a) and (b) (d) None of the above
MCQ 11.39
A sample which is free from bias is called:
(a) Biased (b) Unbiased (c) Positively biased (d) Negatively biased
MCQ 11.40
If E( ) = µ then bias is:
(a) Positive (b) Negative (c) Zero (d) 100%
MCQ 11.41
(a) Unbiased sample variance (b) Population variance (c) Biased sample variance (d) All of the above
MCQ 11.42
(a) Unbiased sample variance (b) True variance (c) Biased sample variance (d) Variance of means
MCQ 11.43
The sampling procedure in which the population is first divided into homogenous groups and then a sample
is drawn from each group is called:
(a) Probability sampling (b) Simple random sampling
(c) Stratified random sampling (d) Sampling with replacement
MCQ 11.44
When a random sample is drawn from each stratum, it is known as:
(a) Simple random sampling (b) Stratified random sampling
(c) Probability sampling (d) Purposive sampling
MCQ 11.45
When the procedure of selecting the elements from the population is not based on probability is known as:
(a) Purposive sampling (b) Judgment sampling (c) Subjective sampling (d) All of the above
MCQ 11.46
Suppose a finite population has 6 items and 2 items are selected at random without replacement,
then all possible samples will be:
(a) 6 (b) 12 (c) 15 (d) 36
MCQ 11.47
Suppose a finite population contains 7 items and 3 items are selected at random without replacement, then
all possible samples will be:
(a) 21 (b) 35 (c) 14 (d) 7
MCQ 11.48
A population contain N item and all possible sample of size n are selected without replacement. The
possible number of sample will be:
(a) N (b) nN (c) NCn (d) Nn
MCQ 11.49
Suppose a finite population contains 4 items and 2 items are selected at random with replacement, then all
possible samples will be:
(a) 6 (b) 16 (c) 8 (d) 4
MCQ 11.50
A population contains 2 items and 4 items are selected at random with replacement, then all possible
samples will be:
(a) 16 (b) 8 (c) 4C2 (d) 4
MCQ 11.51
Suppose a population has N items and n items are selected with replacement. Number of all possible
samples will be:
(a) Nn (b) NCn (c) N (d) n
MCQ 11.52
In random sampling, the probability of selecting an item from the population is:
(a) Unknown (b) Known (c) Un-decided (d) One
MCQ 11.53
If N is the size of the population and n is size of the sample, then sampling fraction is:
(a) nN (b) Nn (c) n/N (d) NCn
MCQ 11.54
The finite population correction factor is:
MCQ 11.55
In sampling with replacement, the standard error of is equal to:
MCQ 11.56
MCQ 11.57
In sampling with replacement, the standard error of sample proportion is equal to:
MCQ 11.58
MCQ 11.59
If E( ) = 10 and µ = 10 then bias is equal to:
(a) 0 (b) 10 (c) 20 (d) Difficult to tell
MCQ 11.60
If = 10 and µ = 12 then sampling error is equal to:
(a) 22 (b) 10 (c) 12 (d) 2
MCQ 11.61
The standard deviation of the distribution of sample means is equal to:
MCQ 11.62
If n = 25, = 25 and = 25, then standard error of will be:
(a) 25 (b) 5 (c) 1 (d) 0
MCQ 11.63
If E(s2) = 3 and = 2 then bias will be:
(a) 5 (b) 3 (c) 2 (d) 1
MCQ 11.64
In sampling without replacement, the standard error of sampling distribution of sample proportion is equal
to:
MCQ 11.65
When sampling is done without replacement is equal to:
MCQ 11.66
In case of sampling with replacement is equal to:
MCQ 11.67
The distribution of the mean of sample of size 4, taken from a population with a standard deviation, has a
standard deviation of:
MCQ 11.68
In sampling with replacement is equal to:
MCQ 11.69
When sampling is done with or without replacement, E( is equal to:
MCQ 11.70
In case of sampling with replacement, Ε (S²) is equal to:
MCQ 11.71
In sampling without replacement, the expected value of is S² is equal to:
MCQ 11.72
When the sampling is done with replacement, then µS2 is equal to:
MCQ 11.73
In sampling without replacement, µs² is equal to:
MCQ 11.74
When sampling is done with or without replacement, is equal to:
MCQ 11.75
If X represent the number of units having the specified characteristic and n is the size of the sample, then
population proportion p is equal to:
MCQ 11.76
If X represents the number of units having the specified characteristic and N is the size of the population,
then population proportion p is equal to:
MCQ INTERVAL ESTIMATION
MCQ 12.1
Estimation is possible only in case of a:
(a) Parameter (b) Sample (c) Random sample (d) Population
MCQ 12.2
Estimation is of two types:
(a) One sided and two sided (b) Type I and type II
(c) Point estimation and interval estimation (d) Biased and unbiased
MCQ 12.3
A formula or rule used for estimating the parameter is called:
(a) Estimation (b) Estimate (c) Estimator (d) Interval estimate
MCQ 12.4
A value of an estimator is called:
(a) Estimation (b) Estimate (c) Variable (d) Constant
MCQ 12.5
Estimate and estimator are:
(a) Same (b) Different (c) Maximum (d) Minimum
MCQ 12.6
The type of estimates are:
(a) Point estimate (b) Interval estimates (c) Estimation of confidence region (d) All of the above
MCQ 12.7
Estimate is the observed value of an:
(a) Unbiased estimator (b) Estimator (c) Estimation (d) Interval estimation
MCQ 12.8
The process of using sample data to estimate the values of unknown population parameter is called:
(a) Estimate (b) Estimator (c) Estimation (d) Interval estimation
MCQ 12.9
The process of making estimates about the population parameter from a sample is called:
(a) Statistical independence (b) Statistical inference
(c) Statistical hypothesis (d) Statistical decision
MCQ 12.10
Statistical inference has two branches namely:
(a) Level of confidence and degrees of freedom
(b) Biased estimator and unbiased estimator
(c) Point estimator and unbiased estimator
(d) Estimation of parameter and testing of hypothesis
MCQ 12.11
A specific value calculated from sample is called:
(a) Estimator (b) Estimate (c) Estimation (d) Bias
MCQ 12.12
An estimator is a random variable because it varies from:
(a) Population to sample (b) Population to population (c) Sample to sample (d) Sample to
population
MCQ 12.13
Statistic is an estimator and its calculated value is called:
(a) Biased estimate (b) Estimation (c) Estimator (d) Interval estimate
MCQ 12.14
The numerical value which we determine from the sample for population parameter is called:
(a) Estimation (b) Estimate (c) Estimator (d) Confidence coefficient
MCQ 12.15
A single value used to estimate a population values is called:
(a) Interval estimate (b) Point estimate (c) Level of confidence (d) Degrees of freedom
MCQ 12.16
An interval calculated from the sample data and it is likely to contain the value of parameter with some
probability is called:
(a) Interval estimate (b) Point estimate (c) Confidence interval (d) Level of confidence
MCQ 12.17
A range of values within which the population parameter is expected to occur is called:
(a) Confidence coefficient (b) Confidence interval (c) Confidence limits (d) Level of significance
MCQ 12.18
Interval estimate is determined in terms of:
(a) Sampling error (b) Error of estimation (c) Confidence coefficient (d) Degrees of freedom
MCQ 12.19
The level of confidence is denoted by:
(a) α (b) β (c) 1 - α (d) 1 - β
MCQ 12.20
The end points of a confidence interval are called:
(a) Confidence coefficient (b) Confidence limits (c) Error of estimation (d) Parameters
MCQ 12.21
The probability associated with confidence interval is called:
(a) Level of confidence (b) Confidence coefficient (c) Both (a) and (b) (d) Confidence limits
MCQ 12.22
If the mean of the estimator is not equal to the population parameter, the estimator is said to be:
(a) Unbiased (b) Biased (c) Positively biased (d) Negatively biased
MCQ 12.23
The difference between the expected value of an estimator and the value of the corresponding parameter is
called:
(a) Bias (b) Sampling error (c) Error of estimation (d) Standard error
MCQ 12.24
Bias of an estimator can be:
(a) Negative (b) Positive (c) Zero (d) Both (a) or (b)
MCQ 12.25
If is the estimator of the parameter , then is called unbiased if:
(a) (b) (c) (d)
MCQ 12.26
Estimates given in the form of confidence intervals are called:
(a) Point estimates (b) Interval estimates (c) Confidence limits (d) Degree of freedom
MCQ 12.27
Interval estimate is associated with:
(a) Probability (b) Non-probability (c) Range of values (d) Number of parameters
MCQ 12.28
The point estimator of population mean µ is:
(a) Sample mean (b) Sample variance (c) Sample standard deviation (d) Sample size
MCQ 12.29
(1 – α) is called:
(a) Critical value (b) Level of significance (c) Level of confidence (d) Interval estimate
MCQ 12.30
If (1 – α) is increased, the width of a confidence interval is:
(a) Decreased (b) Increased (c) Constant (d) Same
MCQ 12.31
By decreasing the sample size, the confidence interval becomes:
(a) Narrower (b) Wider (c) Fixed (d) All of the above
MCQ 12.32
Confidence interval become narrow by increasing the:
(a) Sample size (b) Population size (c) Level of confidence (d) Degrees of freedom
MCQ 12.33
By increasing the sample size, the precision of confidence interval is:
(a) Increased (b) Decreased (c) Same (d) Unchanged
MCQ 12.34
A function for estimating a parameter is called as:
(a) Estimator (b) Estimate (c) Estimation (d) Level of confidence
MCQ 12.35
A sample constant representing a population parameter is known as:
(a) Estimation (b) Estimator (c) Estimate (d) Bias
MCQ 12.36
The distance between an estimate and the estimated parameter is called:
(a) Sampling error (b) Error of estimation (c) Bias (d) Standard error
MCQ 12.37
Standard error is the standard deviation of the sampling distribution of an:
(a) Estimate (b) Estimation (c) Estimator (d) Error of estimation
MCQ 12.38
∑Xi / n for i=1,2,3,….,n is called:
(a) Estimation (b) Estimate (c) Estimator (d) Interval estimate
MCQ 12.39
A statistic is an unbiased estimator of a parameter if:
(a) E(statistic)=parameter (b) E(mean)=variance
(c) E(variance)=mean (d) E(sample mean)=proportion
MCQ 12.40
The following statistics are unbiased estimators:
(a) The sample mean (b) The sample variance
(c) The sample proportion (d) All the above
MCQ 12.41
Which of the following is biased estimator?
MCQ 12.42
The number of values that are free to vary after we have placed certain restrictions upon the data is called:
(a) Degrees of freedom (b) Confidence coefficient (c) Number of parameters (d) Number of samples
MCQ 12.43
If the observations are paired and the number of pairs is n, then degree of freedom is equal to:
(a) n (b) n – 1 (c) n1 + n2 – 2 (d) n/2
MCQ 12.44
In t-distribution for two independent samples n1 = n2 = n, then the degrees of freedom is equal to:
(a) 2n – 1 (b) 2n – 2 (c) 2n + 1 (d) n – 1
MCQ 12.45
If the population standard deviation σ is unknown, and the sample size is small i.e.; n≤30, the confidence
interval for the population mean µ is based on
(a) The t-distribution (b) The normal distribution
(c) The binomial distribution (d) The hypergeometric distribution
MCQ 12.46
The shape of the t-distribution depends upon the:
(a) Sample size (b) Population size (c) Parameters (d) Degrees of freedom
MCQ 12.47
If the population standard deviation σ is known, the confidence interval for the population mean µ is based on:
(a) The Poisson distribution (b) The t-distribution
(c) The X2-distribution (d) The normal distribution
MCQ 12.48
A statistician calculates a 95% confidence interval for µ when σ is known. The confidence interval is Rs. 18000
to Rs. 22000, the amount of the sample mean is:
(a) Rs. 18000 (b) Rs. 20000 (c) Rs. 22000 (d) Rs. 40000
MCQ 12.49
A student calculates a 90% confidence interval for population mean when population standard deviation σ is
unknown and n = 9. The confidence interval is -24.3 cents to 64.3 cents, the sample mean is:
(a) 40 (b) -24.3 (c) 64.3 (d) 20
MCQ 12.50
A 95% confidence interval for population proportion p is 32.4% to 47.6%, the value of sample proportion is:
(a) 40% (b) 32.4% (c) 47.6% (d) 80%
MCQ 12.51
A confidence interval will be widened if:
(a) The confidence level is increased and the sample size is reduced
(b) The confidence level is increased and the sample size is increased
(c) The confidence level is decreased and the sample size is increased
(d) The confidence level is decreased and the sample size is decreased
MCQ 12.52
A 95% confidence interval for the mean of a population is such that:
(a) It contains 95% of the values in the population
(b) There is a 95% chance that it contains all the values in the population.
(c) There is a 95% chance that it contains the mean of the population
(d) There is a 95% chance that it contains the standard deviation of the population
MCQ 12.53
If the population standard deviation σ is doubles, the width of the confidence interval for the population mean µ
(i.e.; the upper limit of the confidence interval – lower limit of the confidence interval) will be:
(a) Divided by 2 (b) Multiplied by (c) Doubled (d) Decrease
MCQ 12.54
If α = 0.10 and n = 15; equals:
(a) 1.761 (b) 1.753 (c) 1.771 (d) 2.145
MCQ 12.55
If n1 = 16, n2 = 9 and α = 0.01; equals:
(a) 2.787 (b) 2.807 (c) 2.797 (d) 3.767
MCQ 12.56
If 1 – α = 0.90, then value of is:
(a) 1.96 (b) 2.575 (c) 1.645 (d) 2.326
MCQ 12.57
If the population standard deviation σ is known and the sample size n is less than or equal to or more than 30,
the confidence interval for the population mean µ is:
MCQ 12.58
If the population standard deviation σ is unknown and the sample size n is greater than 30, the confidence
interval for the population mean µ is:
MCQ 12.59
If the population standard deviation σ is unknown and the sample size n is less than or equal to 30, the
confidence interval for the population mean is:
MCQ 12.60
If we have normal populations with known population standard deviations σ1 and σ2, the confidence interval
estimate for the difference between two population means is:
MCQ 12.61
If the population standard deviations σ1 and σ2 are unknown and sample sizes
n1, n2 ≥ 30, the100 (1 – α)% confidence interval for is:
MCQ 12.62
If the sample size is large, the confidence interval estimate of a population proportion p is:
MCQ 12.63
If n1, n2 ≤ 30, the confidence interval estimate for the difference of two population means when
population standard deviation σ1, σ2 are unknown but equal in case of pooled variates is:
MCQ 12.64
The confidence interval estimate for the difference of two population means in case of paired
observations small sample (n ≤ 30) is:
MCQ 12.65
If the sample size is large, the confidence interval estimate for the difference between two population
proportions p1 – p2 is:
MCQ TESTING OF HYPOTHESIS
MCQ 13.1
A statement about a population developed for the purpose of testing is called:
(a) Hypothesis (b) Hypothesis testing (c) Level of significance (d) Test-statistic
MCQ 13.2
Any hypothesis which is tested for the purpose of rejection under the assumption that it is true is
called:
(a) Null hypothesis (b) Alternative hypothesis (c) Statistical hypothesis (d) Composite hypothesis
MCQ 13.3
A statement about the value of a population parameter is called:
(a) Null hypothesis (b) Alternative hypothesis (c) Simple hypothesis (d) Composite hypothesis
MCQ 13.4
Any statement whose validity is tested on the basis of a sample is called:
(a) Null hypothesis (b) Alternative hypothesis (c) Statistical hypothesis (b) Simple hypothesis
MCQ 13.5
A quantitative statement about a population is called:
(a) Research hypothesis (b) Composite hypothesis (c) Simple hypothesis (d) Statistical hypothesis
MCQ 13.6
A statement that is accepted if the sample data provide sufficient evidence that the null hypothesis is false is
called:
(a) Simple hypothesis (b) Composite hypothesis (c) Statistical hypothesis (d) Alternative hypothesis
MCQ 13.7
The alternative hypothesis is also called:
(a) Null hypothesis (b) Statistical hypothesis (c) Research hypothesis (d) Simple hypothesis
MCQ 13.8
A hypothesis that specifies all the values of parameter is called:
(a) Simple hypothesis (b) Composite hypothesis (c) Statistical hypothesis (d) None of the above
MCQ 13.9
The hypothesis µ ≤ 10 is a:
(a) Simple hypothesis (b) Composite hypothesis (c) Alternative hypothesis (d) Difficult to tell.
MCQ 13.10
If a hypothesis specifies the population distribution is called:
(a) Simple hypothesis (b) Composite hypothesis (c) Alternative hypothesis (d) None of the above
MCQ 13.11
A hypothesis may be classified as:
(a) Simple (b) Composite (c) Null (d) All of the above
MCQ 13.12
The probability of rejecting the null hypothesis when it is true is called:
(a) Level of confidence (b) Level of significance (c) Power of the test (d) Difficult to tell
MCQ 13.13
The dividing point between the region where the null hypothesis is rejected and the region where it is not
rejected is said to be:
(a) Critical region (b) Critical value (c) Acceptance region (d) Significant region
MCQ 13.14
If the critical region is located equally in both sides of the sampling distribution of test-statistic, the test is
called:
(a) One tailed (b) Two tailed (c) Right tailed (d) Left tailed
MCQ 13.15
The choice of one-tailed test and two-tailed test depends upon:
(a) Null hypothesis (b) Alternative hypothesis (c) None of these (d) Composite hypotheses
MCQ 13.16
Test of hypothesis Ho: µ = 50 against H1: µ > 50 leads to:
(a) Left-tailed test (b) Right-tailed test (c) Two-tailed test (d) Difficult to tell
MCQ 13.17
Test of hypothesis Ho: µ = 20 against H1: µ < 20 leads to:
(a) Right one-sided test (b) Left one-sided test (c) Two-sided test (d) All of the above
MCQ 13.18
Testing Ho: µ = 25 against H1: µ ≠ 20 leads to:
(a) Two-tailed test (b) Left-tailed test (c) Right-tailed test (d) Neither (a), (b) and (c)
MCQ 13.19
A rule or formula that provides a basis for testing a null hypothesis is called:
(a) Test-statistic (b) Population statistic (c) Both of these (d) None of the above
MCQ 13.20
The range of test statistic-Z is:
(a) 0 to 1 (b) -1 to +1 (c) 0 to ∞ (d) -∞ to +∞
MCQ 13.21
The range of test statistic-t is:
(a) 0 to ∞ (b) 0 to 1 (c) -∞ to +∞ (d) -1 to +1
MCQ 13.22
If Ho is true and we reject it is called:
(a) Type-I error (b) Type-II error (c) Standard error (d) Sampling error
MCQ 13.23
The probability associated with committing type-I error is:
(a) β (b) α (c) 1 – β (d) 1 – α
MCQ 13.24
A failing student is passed by an examiner, it is an example of:
(a) Type-I error (b) Type-II error (c) Unbiased decision (d) Difficult to tell
MCQ 13.25
A passing student is failed by an examiner, it is an example of:
(a) Type-I error (b) Type-II error (c) Best decision (d) All of the above
MCQ 13.26
1 – α is also called:
(a) Confidence coefficient (b) Power of the test (c) Size of the test (d) Level of significance
MCQ 13.27
1 – α is the probability associated with:
(a) Type-I error (b) Type-II error (c) Level of confidence (d) Level of significance
MCQ 13.28
Area of the rejection region depends on:
(a) Size of α (b) Size of β (c) Test-statistic (d) Number of values
MCQ 13.29
Size of critical region is known as:
(a) β (b) 1 - β (c) Critical value (d) Size of the test
MCQ 13.30
A null hypothesis is rejected if the value of a test statistic lies in the:
(a) Rejection region (b) Acceptance region (c) Both (a) and (b) (d) Neither (a) nor (b)
MCQ 13.31
The test statistic is equal to:
MCQ 13.32
Level of significance is also called:
(a) Power of the test (b) Size of the test (c) Level of confidence (d) Confidence coefficient
MCQ 13.33
Level of significance α lies between:
(a) -1 and +1 (b) 0 and 1 (c) 0 and n (d) -∞ to +∞
MCQ 13.34
Critical region is also called:
(a) Acceptance region (b) Rejection region (c) Confidence region (d) Statistical region
MCQ 13.35
The probability of rejecting Ho when it is false is called:
(a) Power of the test (b) Size of the test (c) Level of confidence (d) Confidence coefficient
MCQ 13.36
Power of a test is related to:
(a) Type-I error (b) Type-II error (c) Both (a) and (b) (d) Neither (a) and (b)
MCQ 13.37
In testing hypothesis α + β is always equal to:
(a) One (b) Zero (c) Two (d) Difficult to tell
MCQ 13.38
The significance level is the risk of:
(a) Rejecting Ho when Ho is correct (b) Rejecting Ho when H1 is correct
(c) Rejecting H1 when H1 is correct (d) Accepting Ho when Ho is correct.
MCQ 13.39
An example in a two-sided alternative hypothesis is:
(a) H1: µ < 0 (b) H1: µ > 0 (c) H1: µ ≥ 0 (d) H1: µ ≠ 0
MCQ 13.40
If the magnitude of calculated value of t is less than the tabulated value of t and H1 is two-sided, we
should:
(a) Reject Ho (b) Accept H1 (c) Not reject Ho (d) Difficult to tell
MCQ 13.41
Accepting a null hypothesis Ho:
(a) Proves that Ho is true (b) Proves that Ho is false
(c) Implies that Ho is likely to be true (d) Proves that µ ≤ 0
MCQ 13.42
The chance of rejecting a true hypothesis decreases when sample size is:
(a) Decreased (b) Increased (c) Constant (d) Both (a) and (b)
MCQ 13.43
The equality condition always appears in:
(a) Null hypothesis (b) Simple hypothesis (c) Alternative hypothesis (d) Both (a) and (b)
MCQ 13.44
Which hypothesis is always in an inequality form?
(a) Null hypothesis (b) Alternative hypothesis (c) Simple hypothesis (d) Composite hypothesis
MCQ 13.45
Which of the following is composite hypothesis?
(a) µ ≥ µo (b) µ ≤ µo (c) µ = µo (d) µ ≠ µo
MCQ 13.46
P (Type I error) is equal to:
(a) 1 – α (b) 1 – β (c) α (d) β
MCQ 13.47
P (Type II error) is equal to:
(a) α (b) β (c) 1 – α (d) 1 – β
MCQ 13.48
The power of the test is equal to:
(a) α (b) β (c) 1 – α (d) 1 – β
MCQ 13.49
The degree of confidence is equal to:
(a) α (b) β (c) 1 – α (d) 1 – β
MCQ 13.50
α / 2 is called:
(a) One tailed significance level (b) Two tailed significance level
(c) Left tailed significance level (d) Right tailed significance level
MCQ 13.51
Student’s t-test is applicable only when:
(a) n≤30 and σ is known (b) n>30 and σ is unknown (c) n=30 and σ is known (d) All of the above
MCQ 13.52
Student’s t-statistic is applicable in case of:
(a) Equal number of samples (b) Unequal number of samples (c) Small samples (d) All of the above
MCQ 13.53
Paired t-test is applicable when the observations in the two samples are:
(a) Equal in number (b) Paired (c) Correlation (d) All of the above
MCQ 13.54
The degree of freedom for paired t-test based on n pairs of observations is:
(a) 2n - 1 (b) n - 2 (c) 2(n - 1) (d) n - 1
MCQ 13.55
The test-statistic has d.f = ________:
(a) n (b) n - 1 (c) n - 2 (d) n1 + n2 - 2
MCQ 13.56
In an unpaired samples t-test with sample sizes n1= 11 and n2= 11, the value of tabulated t should be
obtained for:
(a) 10 degrees of freedom (b) 21 degrees of freedom
(c) 22 degrees of freedom (d) 20 degrees of freedom
MCQ 13.57
In analyzing the results of an experiment involving seven paired samples, tabulated t should be
obtained for:
(a) 13 degrees of freedom (b) 6 degrees of freedom
(c) 12 degrees of freedom (d) 14 degrees of freedom
MCQ 13.58
The mean difference between 16 paired observations is 25 and the standard deviation of differences is
10. The value of statistic-t is:
(a) 4 (b) 10 (c) 16 (d) 25
MCQ 13.59
Statistic-t is defined as deviation of sample mean from population mean µ expressed in terms of:
(a) Standard deviation (b) Standard error
(c) Coefficient of standard deviation (d) Coefficient of variation
MCQ 13.60
Student’s t-distribution has (n-1) d.f. when all the n observations in the sample are:
(a) Dependent (b) Independent (c) Maximum (d) Minimum
MCQ 13.61
The number of independent values in a set of values is called:
(a) Test-statistic (b) Degree of freedom (c) Level of significance (d) Level of confidence
MCQ 13.62
The purpose of statistical inference is:
(a) To collect sample data and use them to formulate hypotheses about a population
(b) To draw conclusion about populations and then collect sample data to support the conclusions
(c) To draw conclusions about populations from sample data
(d) To draw conclusions about the known value of population parameter
MCQ 13.63
Suppose that the null hypothesis is true and it is rejected, is known as:
(a) A type-I error, and its probability is β
(b) A type-I error, and its probability is α
(c) A type-II error, and its probability is α
(d) A type-Il error, and its probability is β
MCQ 13.64
An advertising agency wants to test the hypothesis that the proportion of adults in Pakistan who read a Sunday
Magazine is 25 percent. The null hypothesis is that the proportion reading the Sunday Magazine is:
(a) Different from 25% (b) Equal to 25% (c) Less than 25 % (d) More than 25 %
MCQ 13.65
If the mean of a particular population is µo, is distributed:
(a) As a standard normal variable, if the population is non-normal
(b) As a standard normal variable, if the sample is large
(c) As a standard normal variable, if the population is normal
(d) As the t-distribution with v = n - 1 degrees of freedom
MCQ 13.66
If µ1 and µ2 are means of two populations, is distributed:
(a) As a standard normal variable, if both samples are independent and less than 30
(b) As a standard normal variable, if both populations are normal
(c) As both (a) and (b) state
(d) As the t-distribution with n1 + n2 - 2 degrees of freedom
MCQ 13.67
If the population proportion equals po, then is distributed:
(a) As a standard normal variable, if n > 30

(b) As a Poisson variable
(c) As the t-distribution with v= n 1 degrees of freedom
(d) As a distribution with v degrees of freedom
MCQ 13.68
When σ is known, the hypothesis about population mean is tested by:
(a) t-test (b) Z-test (c) χ2-test (d) F-test
MCQ 13.69
Given µo = 130, = 150, σ = 25 and n = 4; what test statistics is appropriate?
(a) t (b) Z (c) χ2 (d) F
MCQ 13.70
Given Ho: µ = µo, H1: µ ≠ µo, α = 0.05 and we reject Ho; the absolute value of the Z-statistic must have equalled
or been beyond what value?
(a) 1.96 (b) 1.65 (c) 2.58 (d) 2.33
MCQ 13.71
If p1 and p2 are not identical, then standard error of the difference of proportions (p1 – p2) is:
MCQ 13.72
Under the hypothesis Ho: p1 = p2, the formula for the standard error of the difference between
proportions (p1 – p2) is:
MCQ of REGRESSION AND CORRELATION
MCQ 14.1
A process by which we estimate the value of dependent variable on the basis of one or more independent
variables is called:
(a) Correlation (b) Regression (c) Residual (d) Slope
MCQ 14.2
The method of least squares dictates that we choose a regression line where the sum of the square of
deviations of the points from the lie is:
(a) Maximum (b) Minimum (c) Zero (d)
Positive
MCQ 14.3
A relationship where the flow of the data points is best represented by a curve is called:
(a) Linear relationship (b) Nonlinear relationship (c) Linear positive (d) Linear negative
MCQ 14.4
All data points falling along a straight line is called:
(a) Linear relationship (b) Non linear relationship (c) Residual (d) Scatter diagram
MCQ 14.5
The value we would predict for the dependent variable when the independent variables are all equal to zero
is called:
(a) Slope (b) Sum of residual (c) Intercept (d) Difficult to tell
MCQ 14.6
The predicted rate of response of the dependent variable to changes in the independent variable is called:
(a) Slope (b) Intercept (c) Error (d) Regression equation
MCQ 14.7
The slope of the regression line of Y on X is also called the:
(a) Correlation coefficient of X on Y (b) Correlation coefficient of Y on X
(c) Regression coefficient of X on Y (d) Regression coefficient of Y on X
MCQ 14.8
In simple linear regression, the numbers of unknown constants are:
(a) One (b) Two (c) Three (d) Four
MCQ 14.9
In simple regression equation, the numbers of variables involved are:
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) 3
MCQ 14.10
If the value of any regression coefficient is zero, then two variables are:
(a) Qualitative (b) Correlation (c) Dependent (d) Independent
MCQ 14.11
The straight line graph of the linear equation Y = a+ bX, slope will be upward if:
(a) b = 0 (b) b < 0 (c) b > 0 (b) b ≠ 0
MCQ 14.12
The straight line graph of the linear equation Y = a + bX, slope will be downward If:
(a) b > 0 (b) b < 0 (c) b = 0 (d) b ≠ 0
MCQ 14.13
The straight line graph of the linear equation Y = a + bX, slope is horizontal if:
(a) b = 0 (b) b ≠ 0 (c) b = 1 (d) a = b
MCQ 14.14
If regression line of = 5, then value of regression coefficient of Y on X is:
(a) 0 (b) 0.5 (c) 1 (d) 5
MCQ 14.15
If Y = 2 - 0.2X, then the value of Y intercept is equal to:
(a) -0.2 (b) 2 (c) 0.2X (d) All of the above
MCQ 14.16
If one regression coefficient is greater than one, then other will he:
(a) More than one (b) Equal to one (c) Less than one (d) Equal to minus one
MCQ 14.17
To determine the height of a person when his weight is given is:
(a) Correlation problem (b) Association problem (c) Regression problem (d) Qualitative
problem
MCQ 14.18
The dependent variable is also called:
(a) Regression (b) Regressand (c) Continuous variable (d) Independent
MCQ 14.19
The dependent variable is also called:
(a) Regressand variable (b) Predictand variable (c) Explained variable (d) All of these
MCQ 14.20
The independent variable is also called:
(a) Regressor (b) Regressand (c) Predictand (d) Estimated
MCQ 14.21
In the regression equation Y = a+bX, the Y is called:
(a) Independent variable (b) Dependent variable (c) Continuous variable (d) None of the above
MCQ 14.22
In the regression equation X = a + bY, the X is called:
(a) Independent variable (b) Dependent variable (c) Qualitative variable (d) None of the above
MCQ 14.23
In the regression equation Y = a +bX, a is called:
(a) X-intercept (b) Y-intercept (c) Dependent variable (d) None of the above
MCQ 14.24
The regression equation always passes through:
(a) (X, Y) (b) (a, b) (c) ( , ) (d) ( , Y)
MCQ 14.25
The independent variable in a regression line is:
(a) Non-random variable (b) Random variable (c) Qualitative variable (d) None of the above
MCQ 14.26
The graph showing the paired points of (X i, Yi) is called:
(a) Scatter diagram (b) Histogram (c) Historigram (d) Pie diagram
MCQ 14.27
The graph represents the relationship that is:
(a) Linear (b) Non linear (c) Curvilinear (d) No relation
MCQ 14.28
The graph represents the relationship that is.:
(a) Linear positive (b) Linear negative (c) Non-linear (d) Curvilinear
MCQ 14.29
When regression line passes through the origin, then:
(a) Intercept is zero (b) Regression coefficient is zero (c) Correlation is zero (d) Association is zero
MCQ 14.30
When bXY is positive, then byx will be:
(a) Negative (b) Positive (c) Zero (d) One
MCQ 14.31
The correlation coefficient is the_______of two regression coefficients:
(a) Geometric mean (b) Arithmetic mean (c) Harmonic mean (d) Median
MCQ 14.32
When two regression coefficients bear same algebraic signs, then correlation coefficient is:
(a) Positive (b) Negative (c) According to two signs (d) Zero
MCQ 14.33
It is possible that two regression coefficients have:
(a) Opposite signs (b) Same signs (c) No sign (d) Difficult to tell
MCQ 14.34
Regression coefficient is independent of:
(a) Units of measurement (b) Scale and origin (c) Both (a) and (b) (d) None of them
MCQ 14.35
In the regression line Y = a+ bX:
(a) (b) (c) (d)
MCQ 14.36
In the regression line Y = a + bX, the following is always true:
(a) (b) (c) (d)
MCQ 14.37
The purpose of simple linear regression analysis is to:
(a) Predict one variable from another variable
(b) Replace points on a scatter diagram by a straight-line
(c) Measure the degree to which two variables are linearly associated
(d) Obtain the expected value of the independent random variable for a given value of the dependent
variable
MCQ 14.38
The sum of the difference between the actual values of Y and its values obtained from the fitted
regression line is always:
(a) Zero (b) Positive (c) Negative (d) Minimum
MCQ 14.39
If all the actual and estimated values of Y are same on the regression line, the sum of squares of
error will be:
(a) Zero (b) Minimum (c) Maximum (d) Unknown
MCQ 14.40
(a) Residual (b) Difference between independent and dependent variables

(c) Difference between slope and intercept (d) Sum of residual
MCQ 14.41
A measure of the strength of the linear relationship that exists between two variables is called:
(a) Slope (b) Intercept (c) Correlation coefficient (d) Regression
equation
MCQ 14.42
When the ratio of variations in the related variables is constant, it is called:
(a) Linear correlation (b) Nonlinear correlation (c) Positive correlation (d) Negative correlation
MCQ 14.43
If both variables X and Y increase or decrease simultaneously, then the coefficient of correlation will
be:
(a) Positive (b) Negative (c) Zero (d) One
MCQ 14.44
If the points on the scatter diagram indicate that as one variable increases the other variable tends to
decrease the value of r will be:
(a) Perfect positive (b) Perfect negative (c) Negative (d) Zero
MCQ 14.45
If the points on the scatter diagram show no tendency either to increase together or decrease together
the value of r will be close to:
(a) -1 (b) +1 (c) 0.5 (d) 0
MCQ 14.46
If one item is fixed and unchangeable and the other item varies, the correlation coefficient will be:
(a) Positive (b) Negative (c) Zero (d) Undecided
MCQ 14.47
In scatter diagram, if most of the points lie in the first and third quadrants, then coefficient of
correlation is:
(a) Negative (b) Positive (c) Zero (d) All of the above
MCQ 14.48
If the two series move in reverse directions and the variations in their values are always
proportionate, it is said to be:
(a) Negative correlation (b) Positive correlation
(c) Perfect negative correlation (d) Perfect positive correlation
MCQ 14.49
If both the series move in the same direction and the variations are in a fixed proportion, correlation
between them is said to be:
(a) Perfect correlation (c) Linear correlation
(c) Nonlinear correlation (d) Perfect positive correlation
MCQ 14.50
The value of the coefficient of correlation r lies between:
(a) 0 and 1 (b) -1 and 0 (c) -1 and +1 (d) -0.5 and +0.5
MCQ 14.51
If X is measured in yours and Y is measured in minutes, then correlation coefficient has the unit:
(a) Hours (b) Minutes (c) Both (a) and (b) (d) No unit
MCQ 14.52
The range of regressioin coefficient is:
(a) -1 to +1 (b) 0 to 1 (c) -∞ to +∞ (d) 0 to ∞
MCQ 14.53
The signs of regression coefficients and correlation coefficient are always:
(a) Different (b) Same (c) Positive (d) Negative
MCQ 14.54
The arithmetic mean of the two regression coefficients is greater than or equal to:
(a) -1 (b) +1 (c) 0 (d) r
MCQ 14.55
In simple linear regression model Y = α + βX + ε where α and β are called:
(a) Estimates (b) Parameters (c) Random errors (d) Variables
MCQ 14.56
Negative regression coefficient indicates that the movement of the variables are in:
(a) Same direction (b) Opposite direction (c) Both (a) and (b) (d) Difficult to tell
MCQ 14.57
Positive regression coefficient indicates that the movement of the variables are in:
(a) Same direction (b) Opposite direction (c) Upward direction (d) Downward direction
MCQ 14.58
If the value of regression coefficient is zero, then the two variable are called:
(a) Independent (b) Dependent (c) Both (a) and (b) (d) Difficult to tell
MCQ 14.59
The term regression was used by:
(a) Newton (b) Pearson (c) Spearman (d) Galton
MCQ 14.60
In the regression equation Y = a + bX, b is called:
(a) Slope (b) Regression coefficient (c) Intercept (d) Both (a) and (b)
MCQ 14.61
When the two regression lines are parallel to each other, then their slopes are:
(a) Zero (b) Different (c) Same (d) Positive
MCQ 14.62
The measure of change in dependent variable corresponding to an unit change in independent
variable is called:
(a) Slope (b) Regression coefficient (c) Both (a) and (b) (d) Neither (a) and (b)
MCQ 14.63
In correlation problem both variables are:
(a) Equal (b) Unknown (c) Fixed (d) Random
MCQ 14.64
In the regression equation Y = a + bX, where a and b are called:
(a) Constants (b) Estimates (c) Parameters (d) Both (a) and (b)
MCQ 14.65
If byx = bxy = 1 and Sx = Sy, then r will be:
(a) 0 (b) -1 (c) 1 (d) Difficult to calculate
MCQ 14.66
The correlation coefficient between X and -X is:
(a) 0 (b) 0.5 (c) 1 (d) -1
MCQ 14.67
If byx = bxy = rxy, then:
(a) Sx ≠ Sy (b) Sx = Sy (c) Sx > Sy (d) Sx < Sy
MCQ 14.68
If rxy = 0.4, then r(2x, 2y) is equal to:
(a) 0.4 (b) 0.8 (c) 0 (d) 1
MCQ 14.69
rxy is equal to:
(a) 0 (b) -1 (c) 1 (d) 0.5
MCQ 14.70
If rxy = 0.75, then correlation coefficient between u = 1.5X and v = 2Y is:
(a) 0 (b) 0.75 (c) -0.75 (d) 1.5
MCQ 14.71
If byx = -2 and rxy= -1, then bxy is equal to:
(a) -1 (b) -2 (c) 0.5 (d) -0.5
MCQ 14.72
If byx = 1.6 and bxy = 0.4, then rxy will be:
(a) 0.4 (b) 0.64 (c) 0.8 (d) -0.8
MCQ 14.73
If byx = -0.8 and bxy = -0.2, then ryx is equal to:
(a) -0.2 (b) -0.4 (c) 0.4 (d) -0.8
MCQ 14.74
If = 6 – X, then r will be:
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) -1 (d) Both (b) and (c)
MCQ 14.75
If = X + 10, then r equal to:
(a) 1 (b) -1 (c) 1/2 (d) Difficult to tell
MCQ 14.76
If Y = -10X and X = -0.1Y, then r is equal to:
(a) 0.1 (b) 1 (c) -1 (d) 10
MCQ 14.77
If the figure +1 signifies perfect positive correlation and the figure -1 signifies a perfect negative
correlation, then the figure 0 signifies:
(a) A perfect correlation (b) Uncorrelated variables
(c) Not significant (d) Weak correlation
MCQ 14.78
A perfect positive correlation is signified by:
(a) 0 (b) -1 (c) +1 (d) -1 to +1
MCQ 14.79
If a statistics professor tells his class: "All those who got 100 on the statistics test got 20 on the
mathematics test, and all those that got 100 on the mathematics test got 20 on the statistics test", he
is saying that the correlation between the statistics test and the mathematics test is:
(a) Negative (b) Positive (c) Zero (d) Difficult to tell
MCQ 14.80
If is zero, the correlation is:
(a) Weak negative (b) High positive (c) High negative (d) None of the preceding
MCQ 14.81
If rxy = 1, then:
(a) byx = bxy (b) byx > bxy (c) byx < bxy (d) byx . bxy = 1
MCQ 14.82
The relation between the regression coefficient b yx and correlation coefficient r is:
MCQ 14.83
The relation between the regression coefficient b xy and correlation coefficient r is:
MCQ 14.84
If the sum of the product of the deviation of X and Y from their means is zero, the correlation
coefficient between X and Y is:
(a) Zero (b) Maximum (c) Minimum (d) Undecided
MCQ 14.85
If the coefficient of correlation between the variables X and Y is r, the coefficient of correlation
between X2 and Y2 is:
(a) -1 (b) 1 (c) r (d) r2
MCQ 14.86
If rxy = 0.75, then rxy will be:
(a) 0.25 (b) 0.50 (c) 0.75 (d) -0.75
MCQ 14.87
If , then byx is equal to:
(a) Positive (b) Negative (c) Zero (d) One
MCQ 14.88
If , then intercept a is equal to:
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) -1 to +1 (d) 0 to 1
MCQ 14.89
:
(a) Less than zero (b) Greater than zero (c) Equal to zero (d) Not equal to zero
MCQ 14.90
When rxy < 0, then byx and bxy will be:
(a) Zero (b) Not equal to zero (c) Less than zero (d) Greater than zero
MCQ 14.91
When rxy > 0, then byx and bxy are both:
(a) 0 (b) < 0 (c) > 0 (d) < 1
MCQ 14.92
If rxy = 0, then:
(a) byx = 0 (b) bxy = 0 (c) Both (a) and (b) (d) byx ≠ bxy
MCQ 14.93
If bxy = 0.20 and rxy = 0.50, then byx is equal to:
(a) 0.20 (b) 0.25 (c) 0.50 (d) 1.25
MCQ 14.94
A regression model may be:
(a) Linear (b) Non-linear (c) Both (a) and (b) (d) Neither (a)
and (b)
MCQ 14.95
If r is negative, we know that:
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
MCQ ASSOCIATION
MCQ 15.1
A qualitative characteristic is called:
(a) Constant (b) Variable (c) Attribute (d) Association
MCQ 15.2
If an attribute has two classes, it is called:
(a) Trichotomy (b) Simple classification (c) Dichotomy (d) Mainfold classification
MCQ 15.3
If an attribute has more than two classes, it is said to be:
(a) Mainfold classification (b) Trichotomy (c) Dichotomous (d) All of the above
MCQ 15.4
The χ2-test should not be used if any expected frequency is:
(a) Less than 10 (b) Less than 5 (c) Equal to 5 (d) More than 5
MCQ 15.5
The total of all frequencies n is of order:
(a) Zero (b) One (c) Two (d) Three
MCQ 15.6
In case of consistent data, no class frequency can be:
(a) Positive (b) Negative (c) Both (a) and (b) (d) Neither (a) and (b)
MCQ 15.7
With two attributes A and B, the total number of ultimate frequencies is:
(a) Two (b) Four (c) Six (d) Nine
MCQ 15.8
If , the two attributes A and B are:
(a) Independent (b) Dependent (c) Correlated (d) Quantitative
MCQ 15.9
To calculate the level of association, we can calculate coefficient of association the coefficient of
Association(Q), the coefficient of association always lies between:
(a) -1 and + 1 (b) 0 and 1 (c) -1 and 0 (d) 0 and 5
MCQ 15.10
If the class frequency (AB) = 0, the value of Q is equal to:
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) -1 (d) 0 to 1
MCQ 15.11
If the class frequency (α B)=0, the value of Q will be:
(a) -1 (b) +1 (c) 0 (d) ∞
MCQ 15.12
If for two attributes the class frequency (AB)=(α B)=0, the value of the coefficient of association is:
(a) -1 (b) +1 (c) 0 (d) ∞
MCQ 15.13
If for two attributes the class frequencies(AB)(αβ)=(Aβ)(αB), then Q is equal to:
(a) 0 (b) -1 (c) +1 (d) ∞
MCQ 15.14
If two attributes A and B are independent then the coefficient of association is:
(a) -1 (b) +1 (c) 0 (d) 0.5
MCQ 15.15
If for two attributes A and B, the class frequencies (AB)(αβ)=(Aβ)(αB), then A and B are called:
(a) Independent (b) Positively associated (c) Negatively associated (d) All of the above
MCQ 15.16
If (AB)(αβ)>(Aβ)(αB), then A and B are said to be:
(a) Negatively associated (b) Positively associated (c) Independent (d) Difficult to tell
MCQ 15.17
If two attributes A and B hold the relation (AB)(αβ)<(Aβ)(αB), then:
(a) A and B are positively associated (b) A and B are independent
(c) A and B are negatively associated (d) A and B are dependent
MCQ 15.18
If , the association between two attributes A and B is:
(a) Negative (b) Positive (c) Zero (d) Symmetrical
MCQ 15.19
Two attributes A and B are said to be positive, if:
(a) (b) (c) (d)
MCQ 15.20
If two attributes A and B have perfect positive association the value of coefficient of association is equal to:
(a) +1 (b) -1 (c) 0 (d) (r-1)(c-1)
MCQ 15.21
In a Chi-square distribution no expected frequency should be:
(a) More than 5 (b) Less than 5 (c) Equal to 5 (d) Both (a) and (b)
MCQ 15.22
Which of the following value is impossible for a Chi-square statistic?
(a) Greater than zero (b) Less than zero (c) Equal to zero (d) Not equal to zero
MCQ 15.23
A characteristic which varies in quality from one individual to another is called:
(a) Variable (b) Constant (c) Attribute (d) Statistic
MCQ 15.24
The shape of the Chi-square distribution is:
(a) Symmetrical (b) Positively skewed (c) Negatively skewed (d) All of the above
MCQ 15.25
The eyes colour of 100 women is:
(a) Variable (b) Constant (c) Attribute (d) Discrete
MCQ 15.26
The value of Chi-square statistic is always zero if:
(a) ∑fo = ∑fe (b) fo = fe (c) fo > fe (d) fo < fe
MCQ 15.27
If all frequencies of classes are same, the value of Chi-square is:
(a) Zero (b) One (c) Infinite (d) All of the above
MCQ 15.28
In order to carry out a χ2 -test on data in a contingency table, the observed values in the table should
be:
(a) Close to the expected values (b) All greater than or equal to 5
(c) Frequencies (d) Quantitative
MCQ 15.29
The degrees of freedom for χ2 are (r-1)(c-1) for a contingency table with r-rows and c-columns. So
for a 2x2 contingency table there are:
(a) One degrees of freedom (b) Two degrees of freedom
(c) Three degrees of freedom (d) Four degrees of freedom
MCQ 15.30
For an r x c contingency table the number of degrees of freedom equals:
(a) r c (b) r + c (a) (r-1) + (c - 1) (d) (r-1)(c-1)
MCQ 15.31
For a 3 x 3 contingency table, the numbers of cells in the table are:
(a) 3 (b) 6 (c) 9 (d) 4
MCQ 15.32
The null hypothesis of independence between the variables is tested using the χ2-statistic where
calculated χ2 = ∑(O – E )2/E, if the degrees of freedom, (r – 1)(c – 1), are greater than:
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 4
MCQ 15.33
The shape of the chi-square distribution depends upon:
(a) Parameters (b) Degree of freedom (c) Number of cells (d) Standard deviation
MCQ 15.34
The total area under the curve of a chi-square distribution is:
(a) 1 (b) 0.5 (c) 0 to ∞ (d) -∞ to +∞
MCQ 15.35
Chi-square curve ranges from:
(a) -∞ to +∞ (b) 0 to ∞ (c) -∞ to 0 (d) 0 to 1
MCQ 15.36
The value of chi-square statistic is always:
(a) Negative (b) Zero (c) Non-negative (d) One
MCQ 15.37
In testing independence in a 2 >< 3 contingency table, the number of degrees of freedom in χ2-
distribution is:
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 5
MCQ 15.38
Given χ2 = 5.8, df = 1, χ20.05(1) = 3.841, χ20.01(1) = 6.635, we make the following statistical decision
(a) We reject Ho at α = 0.05 but not at α = 0.01
(b) We reject Ho at α = 0.01
(c) We fail to reject Ho at α = 0.05
(d) We reject Ho at α = 0.01 but not at α = 0.05
MCQ 15.39
If χ2 = 13.95, df = 4, χ20.05(4) = 9.488, χ20.01(4) = 13.277, we make the following statistical decision:
(a) We accept Ho at α = 0.01 and α = 0.05
(b) We reject Ho at α = 0.05 but not at α = 0.01
(c) We reject Ho at α = 0.01 but not at α = 0.05
(d) We reject Ho at α = 0.01 and α = 0.05
MCQ 15.40
In converting the scores 18, 24, 12, 14, 22 and 29 to ranks (assigning rank 1 to the highest score), the
score of 12 has a corresponding rank of:
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 6 (d) 7
MCQ 15.41
In converting the scores 8, 20, 14, 7, 11, 14 and 3 to ranks (assigning rank 1 to the lowest score), the
score of 14 has a corresponding rank of:
(a) 5 (b) 6 (c) 5.5 (d) 4.5
MCQ 15.42
If a person ranks lowest on beauty and highest on intelligence and another person ranks highest on
beauty and lowest on intelligence, the Spearman's coefficient of rank correlation is probably:
(a) Zero (b) Weak positive (c) Perfect positive (d) Perfect negative
MCQ 15.43
(a) 0.5 (b) 1 (c) -1 (d) 0

MCQ TIME SERIES
MCQ 16.1
An orderly set of data arranged in accordance with their time of occurrence is called:
(a) Arithmetic series (b) Harmonic series (c) Geometric series (d) Time series
MCQ 16.2
A time series consists of:
(a) Short-term variations (b) Long-term variations (c) Irregular variations (d) All of the above
MCQ 16.3
The graph of time series is called:
(a) Histogram (b) Straight line (c) Historigram (d) Ogive
MCQ 16.4
Secular trend can be measured by:
(a) Two methods (b) Three methods (c) Four methods (d) Five methods
MCQ 16.5
The secular trend is measured by the method of semi-averages when:
(a) Time series based on yearly values (b) Trend is linear
(c) Time series consists of even number of values (d) None of them
MCQ 16.6
Increase in the number of patients in the hospital due to heat stroke is:
(a) Secular trend (b) Irregular variation (c) Seasonal variation (d) Cyclical variation
MCQ 16.7
The systematic components of time series which follow regular pattern of variations are called:
(a) Signal (b) Noise (c) Additive model (d) Multiplicative model
MCQ 16.8
The unsystematic sequence which follows irregular pattern of variations is called:
(a) Noise (b) Signal (c) Linear (d) Non-linear
MCQ 16.9
In time series seasonal variations can occur within a period of:
(a) Four years (b) Three years (c) One year (d) Nine years
MCQ 16.10
Wheat crops badly damaged on account of rains is:
(a) Cyclical movement (b) Random movement (c) Secular trend (d) Seasonal movement
MCQ 16.11
The method of moving average is used to find the:
(a) Secular trend (b) Seasonal variation (c) Cyclical variation (d) Irregular variation
MCQ 16.12
A complete cycle consists of a period of:
(a) Prosperity and depression (b) Prosperity and recovery
(c) Prosperity and recession (d) Recession and recovery
MCQ 16.13
A complete cycle passes through:
(a) Two stages (b) Three stages (c) Four stages (d) Difficult to tell
MCQ 16.14
Most frequency used mathematical model of a time series is:
(a) Additive model (b) Mixed model (c) Multiplicative model (d) Regression model
MCQ 16.15
A time series consists of:
(a) No mathematical model (b) One mathematical model
(c) Two mathematical models (d) Three mathematical models
MCQ 16.16
In a straight line equation Y = a + bX; a is the:
(a) X-intercept (b) Slope (c) Y-intercept (d) None of them
MCQ 16.17
In a straight line equation Y = a + bX; b is the:
(a) Y-intercept (b) Slope (c) X-intercept (d) Trend
MCQ 16.18
Value of b in the trend line Y = a + bX is:
(a) Always negative (b) Always positive (c) Always zero (d) Both negative and positive
MCQ 16.19
In semi averages method, we decide the data into:
(a) Two parts (b) Two equal parts (c) Three parts (d) Difficult to tell
MCQ 16.20
The sum of squares of residuals is denoted by:
MCQ 16.21
In fitting a straight line, the value of slope b remain unchanged with the change of:
(a) Scale (b) Origin (c) Both (a) and (b) (d) Neither (a) and (b)
MCQ 16.22
If a straight line is fitted to the time series, then:
MCQ 16.23
Moving average method is used for measurement of trend when:
(a) Trend is linear (b) Trend is non linear (c) Trend is curvilinear (d) None of them
MCQ 16.24
When the trend is of exponential type, the moving averages are to be computed by using:
(a) Arithmetic mean (b) Geometric mean (c) Harmonic mean (d) Weighted mean
MCQ 16.25
The long term trend of a time series graph appears to be:
(a) Straight-line (b) Upward (c) Downward (d) Parabolic curve or third degree curve
MCQ 16.26
Indicate which of the following an example of seasonal variations is:
(a) Death rate decreased due to advance in science
(b) The sale of air condition increases during summer
(c) Recovery in business (d) Sudden causes by wars
MCQ 16.27
The most commonly used mathematical method for measuring the trend is:
(a) Moving average method (b) Semi average method
(c) Method of least squares (d) None of them
MCQ 16.28
A trend is the better fitted trend for which the sum of squares of residuals is:
(a) Maximum (b) Minimum (c) Positive (d) Negative
MCQ 16.29
Decomposition of time series is called:
(a) Historigram (b) Analysis of time series (c) Histogram (d) Detrending
MCQ 16.30
The fire in a factory is an example of:
(a) Secular trend (b) Seasonal movements (c) Cyclical variations (d) Irregular variations
MCQ 16.31
Increased demand of admission in the subject of computer in Pakistan is:
(a) Secular trend (b) Cyclical trend (c) Seasonal trend (d) Irregular trend
MCQ 16.32
Damages due to floods, droughts, strikes fires and political disturbances are:
(a) Trend (b) Seasonal (c) Cyclical (d) Irregular
MCQ 16.33
The general pattern of increase or decrease in economics or social phenomena is shown by:
(a) Seasonal trend (b) Cyclical trend (c) Secular trend (d) Irregular trend
MCQ 16.34
In moving average method, we cannot find the trend values of some:
(a) Middle periods (b) End periods (c) Starting periods (d) Between extreme periods
MCQ 16.35
The best fitting trend is one which the sum of squares of residuals is:
(a) Negative (b) Least (c) Zero (d) Maximum
MCQ 16.36
In fitting of a straight line, the value of slope remains unchanged by change of:
(a) Scale (b) Origin (c) Both origin and scale (d) None of them
MCQ 16.37
Depression in business is:
(a) Secular trend (b) Cyclical (c) Seasonal (d) Irregular
MCQ 16.38
In fitting of straight line =0
(a) All the observed Y values lie on the line
(b) All the Y values are greater than corresponding values
(c) All the Y values are positive
(d) None of them
MCQ 16.39
Semi-averages method is used for measurement of trend when:
(a) Trend is linear (b) Observed data contains yearly values
(c) The given time series contains odd number of values (d) None of them
MCQ 16.40
Moving-averages:
(a) Give the trend in a straight line (b) Measure the seasonal variations
(c) Smooth-out the time series (d) None of them
MCQ 16.41
The rise and fall of a time series over periods longer than one year is called:
(a) Secular trend (b) Seasonal variation (c) Cyclical variation (d) Irregular variation
MCQ 16.42
A time series has:
(a) Two components (b) Three components (c) Four components (d) Five components
MCQ 16.43
The multiplicative time series model is:
(a) Y = T + S + C + I (b) Y = TSCI (c) Y = a + bX (d) Y = a + bX + cX2
MCQ 16.44
The additive model of the time series is:
(a) Y = T + S + C + I (b) Y = TSCI (c) Y = a + bX (d) Y = a + bX + cX2
MCQ 16.45
The difference between the actual value of the time series and the forecasted value is called:
(a) Residual (b) Sum of variation (c) Sum of squares of residual (d) All of the above
MCQ 16.46
A pattern that is repeated throughout a time series and has a recurrence period of at most one year is called:
(a) Cyclical variation (b) Irregular variation (c) Seasonal variation (d) Long term variation
MCQ 16.47
A business cycle has:
(a) One stage (b) Two stages (c) Three stages (d) Four stages
MCQ 16.48
When the production of a thing is maximum, this stage is called:
(a) Boom (b) Recovery (c) Recession (d) Depression
MCQ 16.49
When the production of a thing is minimum, this stage is called:
(a) Prosperity (b) Recession (c) Recovery (d) Depression
MCQ 16.50
When the production of thing is increasing towards prosperity, this stage is called as:
(a) Recession (b) Recovery (c) Boom (d) Depression
MCQ 16.51
When the production of thing is decreasing, this stage is called:
(a) Recession (b) Recovery (c) Prosperity (d) Depression
MCQ 16.52
The straight line is fitted to the time series when the movements in the time series are:
(a) Nonlinear (b) Linear (c) Irregular (d) Upward
MCQ 16.53
If an annual time series consisting of even number of years is coded, then each coded interval is equal to:
(a) Half year (b) One year (c) Both (a) and (b) (d) Two years
MCQ 16.54
A second degree parabola has:
(a) One constant (b) Two constant (c) Three constant (d) No constant
MCQ 16.55
The normal equations in fitting a second degree parabola are:
(a) Two (b) Three (c) Four (d) Five
MCQ 16.56
The second degree parabola is fitted to the time series when the variations are:
(a) Linear (b) Nonlinear (c) Random (d) Downward
MCQ 16.57
In fitting a second degree parabola, the value of c is not affected with the change of :
(a) Scale (b) Origin (c) Both (a) and (b) (d) Neither (a) and (b)
MCQ 16.58
For odd number of year, formula to code the values of X by taking origin at centre is:
(a) X = year – average of years (b) X = year – first year
(c) X = year – last year (d) X = year – ½ average of years
MCQ 16.59
For even number of years when origin is in the centre and the unit of X being one year, then X can be coded
as:
(a) X = (year – average of years)/2 (b) X = year – average of years
(c) X = year – 0.5 average of years (d) X = average of years – year
MCQ 16.60
For even number of years when origin is in the centre and the unit of X being half year, then X can be coded
as:
(a) X = year – average of years (b) X = 2(year – average of years)
(c) X = (year – average year)/2 (d) X = year – ½ average of years
MCQ 16.61
In semi averages method, if the number of values is odd then we drop:
(a) First value (b) Last value (c) Middle value (d) Middle two values
MCQ 16.62
The trend values in freehand curve method are obtained by:
(a) Equation of straight line (b) Graph
(c) Second degree parabola (d) All of the above
MCQ 16.63
∑X = ∑X3 = 0, if origin is:
(a) At the end of time period (b) Any where
(c) At the middle of time period (d) At the beginning of time period
The End

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Research Methadology

Biostatistics Midterm Spring 2021

Classes: 10-20, 20-30, 30-40, 40-50 Frequencies: 2, 13, 18, 34

Classes: 10-20, 20-30, 30-40, 40-50 Frequencies: 5, 15, 6, 7

Scientific Inquiry & Research Methodology MCQs F2020

For qualitative data we

Variables are in categories but with no order.

Analysis show the minimum, maximum, mean, standard deviation of variables:

Temperature recorded on a Fahrenheit or Celsius scale is the example of .

Population of interest is called:

is used for qualitative variables:

There are sources for collection of data.

describe the categories of a variable:

Statistic is a characteristics calculated from..

Any numerical value calculated from sample data is called:

For quantitative data is formed:

To find frequency in SPSS following steps should be follow:

Mass, duration, volume, distance are measured by:

Descriptive analysis shows these except:

A t-test is used for:

Temperature recorded on a Fahrenheit or Celsius scale is the example of..

Probability of rejecting the true null hypothesis is:

In variable view spaces are ?

Weight of student of class is an example of

All of the following are the level of measurement, except

Which two sheets are in SPSS window?

t-test is a statistical procedure used to test an alternative hypothesis against ..?

The Output Viewer sheet in SPSS displays?

A population include of the element from set of data

Statistics is characteristics calculated from:

This ____ is the most frequently used measure of central tendancey

A standard level of significance should be: select one:

The population mean is donated by Select one:

t-test is a statistical procedure used to test an alternative hypothesis against a __________ ?

The ____________ is categorized as nominal level of measurement:

For quantitative data ______ is formed:

There are _____ sources for collection of data:

Scientific Inquiry & RM MCQs S2020

Histogram used for qualitative data.Select one:

Frequency and percentages used for qualitative variable.Select one:

Value labels used for quantitative variable.Select one:

Mock Test 100 MCQs

study is considered gold standard:

RCT is a study in which people are allocated by:Select one:

Advantage of RCT is:

Which of the following maintaining a researcher’s motivation:

A well-known research objective will be:

Maintaining a researchers motivation involves all except:

In RCTs there are groups:Select one:

Individuals understanding their own values involves in motivation:Select one:

Blinding has types:Select one:

There are types of motivation for research:

Research ethics are:

Blinding is an important feature of RCT because it:Select one:

Which of the following is Specific research objective:

Objective should be all except? Select one:

There are sheets in the window of SPSS:Select one:

Which of the following is not a Responsible Publication:

Quadrupled Blinding is in which? Select one:

A research objective should be :

RCT often used to test, Except:

Data entry is done in sheet of SPSS:Select one:

the formulation of research objectives in FOCUS helps: