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 Explain Hazard, Risk & Danger

 Know Types of Hazard

 Express Risk Assessment

 Explain Risk Control

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 Principles used in workplace to manage

safety and health.
 Section 15 (2)(a) of OSHA 1994:
which reads “ the provision and
maintenance of plants and systems of
work that are, so far as is practicable, safe
and without risks to health”

 Hazard
A source or a situation with a potential for
harm to humans, property and damage of
environment or a combination of these.
 Danger
Relative exposure to hazard.
 Risk
A combination of likelihood of occurrence and
severity of injury or damage.

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 The identification of undesired events that lead

to the materialisation of the hazard and the
mechanism by which those undesired events
could occur.
 The purpose of hazard identification is to
highlight the critical operations of tasks, that
is, those tasks posing significant risks to the
health and safety of employees as well as
highlighting those hazards pertaining to certain
equipment due to energy sources, working
conditions or activities performed.

Hazards can be divided into 5 types :

 Physical
 Biological
 Chemical
 Psychological
 Ergonomics

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 Definition: hazard created by factors within

the environment that can cause harm to the
body with or without contact
 Examples:
i. Radiation (gamma rays, x-rays,EMFs,
microwaves, radio waves)
ii. Vibrations from actuators
iii. Constant loud noises from machine
iv. Bodily harm due to sharp object like
scissors

 Definition: threats to
the health of human
and associated with
working with
animals, people or
infectious plant
materials
 Examples:
i. Blood and other
body fluids
ii. Fungi or mould
iii. Bacteria and
viruses
iv. Plants

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 Definition: exposure to any

chemical preparation in the
workplace in any form
(solid/liquid/gases)
 Examples:

i. Liquids – cleaning
products, paints, acids,
solvent
ii. Vapours and fumes that
come from welding or
exposure to solvent
iii. Flammable materials
(gasoline, solvents and
explosive chemicals)

 Definition: Stressor that

cause stress (short term
effect) and strain (long
term effect)
 Examples:
i. Workplace violence
ii. Workload demands
iii. Lack of respect
iv. Sexual harassment

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Definition: occurs
when strain is
developed on the
worker’s body due to
type of work, body
positions and working
conditions
Examples:
i. Frequent lifting
ii. Improper
workstation and
chair
iii. Wrong posture
during lifting

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 Identify the hazard by taking into account the

following documents and information -
◦ i. any hazardous occurrence investigation reports;
◦ ii. first aid records and minor injury records;
◦ iii. work place health protection programs;
◦ iv. any results of work place inspections;
◦ v. any employee complaints and comments;
◦ vi. any government or employer reports, studies and
tests concerning the health and safety of employees;
◦ vii. any reports made under the regulation of
Occupational Safety and Health Act,1994
◦ viii. the record of hazardous substances; and
◦ ix. any other relevant information.

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 Is the process of evaluating the risk to safety &

health from hazards at work
 It is the determination of likelihood and severity
of the credible accident/event sequences in
order to determine magnitude and to priorities
identified hazards
 Can be done by 3 methods :
- Qualitative – use words
- Semi-quantitative – use qualitative scales
- Quantitative – use numerical values (formula)

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Qualitative Method
 A qualitative analysis uses words to describe the
magnitude of potential severity and the likelihood that
those severity will occur.
 These scales can be adapted or adjusted to suit the
circumstances and different descriptions may be used
for different risks.

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Semi -Quantitative Method

 In semi-quantitative analysis, qualitative scales such as
those described above are given values.
 The objective is to produce a more expanded ranking
scale than is usually achieved in qualitative analysis,
not to suggest realistic values for risk such as is
attempted in quantitative analysis.

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Quantitative Method
 Quantitative analysis uses numerical values (rather than the
descriptive scales used in qualitative and semi-quantitative
analysis) for both severity and likelihood using data from a
variety of sources such as past accident experience and from
scientific research.
 Severity may be determined by modelling the outcomes of
an event or set of events, or by extrapolation from
experimental studies or past data.
 Severity may be expressed in terms of monetary, technical
or human impact criteria, or any of the other criteria. The
way in which severity and likelihood are expressed and the
ways in which they are combined to provide a level of risk
will vary according to the type of risk and the purpose for
which the risk assessment output is to be used.

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 Indicator of Likelihood (L)

◦ likelihood of an event occurring
Likelihood (L) Example Rating

Most likely The most likely result of the hazard 5

/ event being realized
Possible Has a good chance of occurring and 4
is not unusual
Conceivable Might be occur at sometime in 3
future
Remote Has not been known to occur after 2
many years
Inconceivable Is practically impossible and has 1
never occurred

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 Indicator of Severity (S)

◦ based upon an increasing level of severity to an
individual’s health, the environment, or to property
Severity (S) Example Rating

Catastrophic Numerous fatalities, irrecoverable property 5

damage and productivity
Fatal Approximately one single fatality major 4
property damage if hazard is realized
Serious Non-fatal injury, permanent disability 3

Minor Disabling but not permanent injury 2

Negligible Minor abrasions, bruises, cuts, first aid type 1

injury

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Qualitative Risk Table

Likelihood (L)
Severity
(S)
Most likely Possible Conceivable Remote Inconceivable

Catastrophic High High High High Medium

Fatal High High High Medium Medium
Serious High High Medium Medium Medium
Minor High Medium Medium Medium Low
Negligible Medium Medium Medium Low Low

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 For risk analysis that uses likelihood and

severity in qualitative method, presenting the
results in a risk matrix is a very effective way
of communicating the distribution of risk in
workplace
 Risk can be calculated using the following
formula
Relative Risk=L × S
Where L = Likelihood
S = Severity

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Semi - Quantitative Risk Table

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◦ Determines action based upon on the following ranges

Risk Description Action

15 - 25 HIGH HIGH RISK requires immediate action to control the hazard as

detailed in the hierarchy of control. Actions taken must be
documented on the risk assessment form including date for
completion.

5 - 12 MEDIUM A MEDIUM RISK requires a planned approach to controlling the

hazard and applies temporary measure if required. Actions taken
must be documented on the risk assessment form including date for
completion.

1–4 LOW A risk identified as LOW RISK may be considered as

acceptable and further reduction may not be necessary. However, if
the risk can be resolved quickly and efficiently, control measures
should be implemented and recorded.

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 Control is the elimination or inactivation of a

hazard in a manner such that the hazard does not
pose a risk to workers who have to enter into an
area or work on equipment in the course of
scheduled work.
 Hazards should be controlled at their source
(where the problem is created).
 Selecting a control often involves –
◦ a. evaluating and selecting short and long term controls;
◦ b. implementing short-term measures to protect
workers until permanent controls can be put in place
◦ c. implementing long term controls when reasonably
practicable.

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Types of control :
 Eliminate (EL)
◦ Getting rid of a hazardous job, tool, process, machine
or substance is perhaps the best way of protecting
workers.
◦ Example: Stop work, cover hazard

 Substitute (SL)
◦ The process of changing a current process, substance
or material into a less hazardous outcome
◦ Example: use other route, other material

 Isolation (IS)
◦ If cannot be eliminated or replaced, hazards can some
times be isolated, contained or otherwise kept away
from workers to minimize the exposure
◦ Example: put up temporary barrier

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Types of control :
 Engineering Control (EC)
i. Methods used for the design of plant, equipment
or process to minimized hazards.
ii. Examples are: Redesigning procedures and
processes(providing equipment of lifting such as
jack/forklift)
iii. isolation(isolated and air-conditioned control
room to protect operators from toxic chemical),
iv. automation (usage of robots for spot welding
operations in car plant),
v. Barriers (proper barriers to keep workers from
moving parts)
vi. absorption (baffles to absorb noises) and
vii. dilution (air ventilation to decrease carbon
dioxide)

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 Administrative Controls (AC)

i. Admin control can be implemented by limiting workers’
exposure via shorter working hours in work schedule,
limiting the number of entrances into contaminant
areas, or by rules or safety policy
ii. Examples are: Safe work procedures/policy, scheduling
maintenance, supervision and training, job rotations,
housekeeping, repair and maintenance programs and
hygiene

 Personal Protection Equipment

i. This is hazard protection equipment that will protect the
users against health and safety risk at work
ii. Examples: safety helmets, gloves, eye protection, high-
visibility clothing, safety footwear and safety harness,
respiratory protective equipment

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 Step 1- Classification of work activities

i. Determine the tasks and procedure of
implementation
 Step 2 – Job Analysis with consultation
i. Done by both workers and employers
representatives who have knowledge of the tasks
and safety level of the tasks- will be HIRARC
consultants
ii. SOP will be listed
 Step 3 – Job Hazard Analysis
i. Conducted by the same group of consultants in Job
Analysis
ii. Each step of SOP will be scrutinized and evaluated
using JHA. Every hazard involving identified hazard
will be listed accordingly

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 Step 4 – Risk assessment

i. risks assessment is conducted based on the
severity and likelihood of the hazard identified in
Job Hazard Analysis
 Step 5 – Risk Control
i. Steps taken to lower the risk of hazards by
refereeing to risk control hierarchy
 Step 6 – Implementation
i. The suggested risk control will be implemented
and outcome recorded
ii. The risks control will be reviewedafter a certain
period
iii. If it found not effective, evaluation and review
should be conducted from step 3 onwards

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Example of HIRARC Form :

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THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION

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