, A 'A . A
SO SAHH YEU CAU DOC •
HIED CUA PISA
VA CHUONG TRiNH NGO VAN THONG HOC
•
CO SD CUA VIET
•
NAM
a
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mrac ta, trong mon Nguvan, nang llfc dvqc
t$p trung danh gia la nang llfC dQC - hieu, vi: giao dvc cho HS trach nhi$m eong dan, tinh than hli'u
"N6 kh6ng ch!la m¢t yeu cfiu trong suot tho'i
0
ki tre thad'nha trud'ng pho thong ma n6con trd'thanh
nhan to' quan tr9ng trong vi?c xay dl/f7g, mJ r¢ng
nhOng kien thLrc, ki nang va chien ILIQ'C CUB moi ca
nhan trong SUOf CUQC dd'i khi hQ tham gia VclO CaC
a
ho?t dqng nhung tinh huong khac nhau trong mo/
quan htfe v6'i nglld'i xung quanh, c{jng nhll trong ca
c¢ng dong r¢ng 16'n" (1 ). C6 the nh$n thay nang llfc
dQC - hieu CO ynghia thiet thlfC Va tam quan tr9ng 16'n
VOi Slf lrVang thanh cua con ngVO'i.
PISA (Programme for International Student
Assessment) la "chuang trinh danh gia hQc sinh (HS)
0
qu6c te'c6 uy tin va pho bien nhat hi?n nay"(2). Nh$n
tMU'c dllqc vai tro va ynghTa quan tr9ng cua cac chl!O'ng
trinh danh gia quoc te trong vi~ hOC,iCh djnh Chien ll!Q'C
Va chinh sach phat trien giao dtJC quoc gia, nam 2012
Vi$tNam daquyetdjnh tham gia vao chVO'ng trinh PISA.
So sanh yeu cau d9c - hieu cua PISA va chVO'ng
trinh NgO van trung hQc cos& (THCS) Vi$t Nam se
cha chung ta thay r6 chuong trinh giao dvc pho thong
mon Ng{ivanve dQC -hieu da dap Vng dvqc yeu cau
cua quoc tea mtrc dQ nao va phai bo sung, thay doi gi
de c6 the h(>i nh~p theo huong "th6ng nhat trong da
d?ng'. Trong baiviet, chung toitien hanh so sanh yeu
eau dQC hieu eua PISA vachvong trinh NgOvanTHCS
Vi$t Nam tren mot so phl!O'ng di$n.
1. Muc tieu doc - hi~u
Phan· d9c -hie~ mon NguvanTHCS &nv6'c ta c6
nhCmg mvc tieu CIJ the, d6 la: -Cung cap cho hQC sinh
HS nhCmg kien thvc pho thong cO' ban, hi$n d?i, c6
tinh h$ thong VS van hQC, phu hqp VOi trinh dO phat
trien CUa hJa tuoi Va yeu CaU dao !C,iO nguon nhan llfC
a
trong tung thd'i kl; -Hinh thanh va phat trien HS cae
nang llfc tiep nh~n van hQC, cam thl,l tham mT, phVO'ng
phap hQc t~p. tu duy, d?c bi$t la phvCJng phap tl! h9c,
nang llfC Lrng d1,1ng nhCmg dieu da hQC vao CUQC song;
- Soi dl!&ng cho HS tinh yeu van h9c, van h6a, tinh
yeu gia dinh, thien nhien, dat nvoc, long llf hao dan * Khoa Ngii' van, Tntong D~i hQc sit ph~m -D~i hqc Thai Nguyen
(ki2-9/2013)
?
TRAN TH! NGOC*
toc, ychi IL! llfc tlf cvd'ng, Ii tu&ng xa hoi chu nghTa ... ,
nghj va hqp tac quoc te, ythve ton tr9ng va phat huy
cac gia trj van hQC Cua dan toe Va nhan IOC,ii.
Ba mt,Jc tieu tren da the hi$n r6 djnh hv6'ng phat
trien chuang trinh giao dvc pho thong mon Nguvan
thd'i gian qua. MIJC tieu nay dvqc thehi$n &ba phVO'ng
di$n: cung ca,o kien th tic; hinh thanh va phat trien ki
nang; bot dll6'ng va gicio di!C HS nhung tinh cam tot
d£?p, trach nhitfem cua ban than v6'i gia dinh, cqng
dong; trong d6, cung cap kien thtic cho HS dvqc coi
la mt,Jc tieu so m(>t. TCrd6 cho thay, chVO'ng trinh d9c
- hieu mon Ngtl van THCS van "n?ng"ve trang bj
kien thLlc hO'n ren kT nang, nang llfc, d?c bi$t la kT
nang song , tlf duy sang !C,iO , llf hQC, tlf nghien CVU.
"Han the' ntla, cac khai nitfem "ca ban, hi?n d?i" va
"tfnh h? thong" cfa f?O cfieu ki?n Cho CaC tac gid
chl!O'ng trinh va sach gicio khoa nghieng ve' trang bi
cac kien th tic han lam, buqc HS phai tiep nh?n mqt
kh6/ luqng kien thtJc qua cao sau chlla can thief do/
v6'i HS ph6°thong"(3).
Trang khi d6, mvc tieu d9c - hieu cua PISA la
hv6'ng den phat trien nang llfc, danh gia kha nang giai
quyet cac van de ma m(>t HS 15 tuoi (d(>tuoi dl!Q'C coi
la ket thuc giai do9n giao dl,IC b~t bUQC CJ hau het cae
nuocthanh vien OECD) can c6dedoidi$n v6i nhCmg
thach thLrc cua cuoc song. Bai, each danh gia trinh do
d9c cua PISA xuat phat tLr yeu cau cua xa hoi v6'i h$
thong giao dl,lC, nhCmg kT nang can thiet cho CUOC
song tl!O'ng lai. Day la diem khac bi$t rat 16'n gifra yeu
eau d9c - hieu cua PISA va chvong trinh NgO van
THCS Vi$tNam. Vi v?y, HS cua Vi$t Nam tuyc6kien
tht!c, nhvng kT nang giai quyet cae van de eua eu(>e
song con kem kha nang thieh vng v6'i nhfrng doi hoi
I
cua xa h(>i con nhieu bong&.
2. Doi t11qng dQc - hi6u
Voi PISA va ehuong trlnh Ngtl van THCS Vi$t
Nam deu ehu yt6'i van ban (VB), d~e bi$t la vs viet.
T~p chi Giao d ye so 3181 33
 I Tuy nhien, PISA cho r~ng : " VB cfllqc hieu baa go'm
tat ca nhilng gi lien quan cfen VB ngon !ti sJ dljng
f
I
cac hinh !ht.le bieu tlfqng: viet fay, ban in va d?ng
I cfi?n tJ. Chung ctJng baa go'm ca cac san ph8m thj
gi8c nhll bieu cfo: tranh anh, ban cfo: bang bieu, cJ6'
thj va tranh hai hlldc, ch8m biem kem theo ng6n
ngtJviet' (4) chi lo9i trLi' VB am thanh (nghe qua tai)
nhv ghi am gi9ng n6i, khong phai la cac VB nhv
phim, hlnh d¢ng, ho<;it hlnh, tranh hqi hQa (khong
chli). Nhvv~y, doi tvqng dQc -hieu cua PISA khong
ch1 c6 VB in ma con gom ca VB di$n tv. Qua day
cho thay, day la chvang trlnh mang tinh pho tMng ,
CO' ban. V&i mt,JC tieu trang bj kinang song can thiet
n h~m dap Li'ng nhling doi hoi cua thl{c te; PISA thl{c
stf chu tr9ng tai vi$c phat trien nang llfc, ki nang cho
HS hon la ml.JC tieu thv&ng thL!c van chvang ngh$
thu $t theo nghia h~p, chuyen sau.
Voi chvang trinh NgtJ van THCS Vi$t Nam, doi
tvqng d9c - hieu cung la VB, nhvng VB dvqc hieu
theo nghia h~p hO'n, chu yeu la VB (lien m9ch) va d9i
da sola VB van hQC. Trong VB van hQC, chVO'ng trinh
qua chu tr9ng t6'i VB hlf cau nhv truy?n ng&n, lieu
thuyet, tha, kjch ... , cac lo9i VB bao chi, VB dOi thlfO'ng
ma HS thLIO'ng tiep xuc va sLi' dl,lng hang ngay l9i it
dvqc chu y. Han nlia, chung ta cung chlfa d?t ra van
tu
dedQc-hieu cac VB di$n (electronic texts)-lo9i VB
da tr& nen thong dl,lng va thjnh hanh trong nha trvang
cung nhll xa hqi ngay nay.
3. Yeu cau dQC. hieu
8iem giong nhau Ve yeu cau dQC - hieu Cua hai
chLIO'ng trinh PISA va NgtJ van TH CS Vi$t Nam la
dQC phai hieu nqi dung VB , gom nghia den va nghia
bong (ham &n). Song, v6i nhling yeu cau khac ma
PISA neu thi chlfO'ng trinh NgtJ van cua chung ta
chlfa chu ydung mL!c, ch~ng h9n: "l9c ra cfllqcchu ae'
chfnh cua cau chuy?n; tim ra If do cha vi?c llfa ch9n
cua tac gicl" ho$c "phat trien ki nang binh lu?n VB,
gilia vi?c ket hqp thong tin va a9c bieu ao:· ket hqp
th6ng tin gitJa hai VB kh6ng lien m?ch v6i nhau;ph8n
bi?t mo/ lien h? gilia cac d(f li?u v6'i nhali' hay "cfanh
gia each hieu ve'hinh thtic tac pham, nMn ra cfllqc the'
lo?i cua VB'; "cfoi hoi ngllai cf9c cf6ng mqt vai tro tfch
clfc trong vi?c cf9c va !If rut ra ket tu?n, tap cfay khoang
tronrf' (4 ).
Nhin chung , PISA xac djnh trinh dQ dQc dlfa tren
ba phllO'ng di$n: Thu th?p th6ng tin; ph8n tfch, If giai
VB;phan h6/va danh gia. Trong khi d6, chlfong trinh
dQC hieu cua NgtJvan nlfOC ta chu yeu t$p trung xac
djnh trlnh dq dlfa vao vi$c phan tich va Ii giai VB (nQi
dung va hinh thU'c), trong d6 n<?i dun_g dllqc chu y
34 1''P chi Giao dye so 318
hon. Vi v$y' Chung ta c6 the nh$n thay yeu cau dQC -
hieu cua PISA cao v~ sau hon nhieu so v6'i chvong
trinh cua Viet Nam .
4. Cach.thuc ki~m tra, danh gia
Ve each thvc kiem tra, danh gia gilia hai chvang
trlnh cung c6 khac bi$t ro r$t. Cac de kiem tra d9c -
hieu cua chvang trinh NgOvanTHCS Vi$t Nam phan
Ion sLi' dt,mg h$ thong cau hoi tl{ lu$n ; con cac de
kiem tra cua PISA bao gom hai phan: tr~c nghi$m
va tv luan .
Xu at phat tLttinh than chung cua PISA, khi d9y la
d9y each thVC, trang bj phl!O'ng phap dQC - hieu dl/a
tren nhling VB C!J the; khi kiem tra, danh gia phai
dl{a tren kha nang dQC - hieu VB cung lo9i nhlfng
chva dllqc hQC, chlfa biet. Vi v$y, tat ca cac VB dQC
- hieu ma PISA dva vao de kiem tra khong c6 VB
nao HS da dlfqc hQc. VB moi dvqc cung cap va cac
cau hoi dlfqc neu len xung quanh VB d6, HS tt!dQc
VB va tra IO'i. HS chi c6 the dl.fa vao nang llfc suy
lu$n va trinh dQ hieu biet ve ngon ngli, van canh,
t]nh huong CIJ the de dlla ra each hieu CUa minh;
khong c6 trq giup nao khac. Ngoai ra, PISA chu y
neu cac cau hoi, hinh thvc kiem tra nh~m danh gia
dllqc trlnh de? n~m vling phvang phap dQc; coi tr9ng
vi$c v~n dl;lng phllong phap d9c hieu (sieu nh~n
thl/c) Va dQC tich ClfC (dQng CO, thai d(>, each Vng
xu ... khi d9c). Tu d6, PISA moi danh gia dvqc chinh
xac nang llfc va trinh dQ cua m6i HS.
Trong khi d6, cac de kiem tra, danh gia vao 16p 10
m6n NgtJvan tren dja ban ca nvoc c6 100% cac tac
pham trong dethi HS da dvqc h9c trong chvang trinh
THCS (99% t$p trung &chvang trlnh Ng fr van 9). Vi
v~y, phan 16'n HS luon 1$ thu(>c, bj b6 h~p voi nhling
kien thU'c thay co d9y tren lop, trong sach tham khao,
khong the phat huy dllqc nang ltfc sang t90 , cam thl,l
cua ban than. Han nlia, h$thong cau hoi trong cac de
thi dQc - hieu chlfa da d9ng. Tuy PISA va chllO'ng
trinh NgtJ van THCS Vi$t Nam giong nhau & diem
trong cac de kiem tra, de thi dQc - hieu deu sUdl,lng h$
thong cau hoi trac nghi$m va ti/ lu$n, song voi chung
ta, so de thi sv dl,lng cau hoi tr~c nghi$m con rat h9n
che (nam hQc 2011-2012, chi c6 4 tinh/TP/30 tinhl
su
TP dl,lng h$ thong cau hoi trac nghi$m va tlf lu~n
trong de thi tuyen sinh vao lop 10 m6n NgtJvan).
Gach dlla ra dap an cham diem cac de kiem tra
dQc - hieu cua PISA va chllO'ng trinh Ngl1 van Vi$t
Nam cung c6 Slf khac bi$t. Voi PISA, phan dap an
neu len ml;JC dich cau hoi nh~m phan anh Ve hinh
(X em tiep trang 37)
(ki2-9/2013)
thva co truyen cua dan tQC. Neu khong la ngu&i c6
tai, c6 tam va c6 tlnh, ch~c h~n Nguyen Khuyen
kh ong viet len dvqc nhvng van thO' nhv the. Anh
m~t. doi tai, va ca tam long cua nha thO' nhlf cai ma,
chan hoa vao v6'i dat trO'i va v6'i nhting ngvoi dan
que dat Vi$t.
***
V6'i vi$c dua vao thO' nhting net van hoa truyen
thong cua dan tQC, Nguyen Khuyen da VO hlnh k?t
bo lap VO cLlng nh~c cua thO' ca co de' lam mai thO'
mlnh. Doi cho thO' van con mang tinh voe 1$, nhung
ngvai dQC thay van rat tL! nhien, thoai mai. Bai v~y ,'
tren thlfc te, n6i den Nguyen Khuyen la n6i den nha
tho dan da, nha thO' cua lang que Vi$t Nam, cua
ngvaidan lao d¢ng. Trong dong chay phattrien cua
ljch StlthO' ca , tt.Jnguyen t~C phan anh thlfC t9i nong
th6n Vi$t Nam cua nha Nho den chu nghia hi$n
thlfc th oat khoi nhling khuon sao trong thO' thi mang
r A ~ •A? ?
So sanh yeu cau doc h1eu cua ...
(Tiep theo trang 34)
thLlc VB (nh~n ra dl!qc nhling d~c diem ve SL! lien
qµan gilia phong each trlnh bay va m1,1c dich cua VB
d6), sau d6 neu each cho di9'm toi da va kh6ng cho
di9'm kem dap an. Dap an cua PISA rat da d9ng va
phong phu, ngay ca doi vai cac cau hoi tr~c nghi$m'
c6 dap an kha dO'n gian, c6 nhling dap an rat phLlc t9P
thee hllang ma. Vi v$y, neu trong dap an de thi cua
chl!O'ng trinh Ng{fvan Vi$t Nam, mot cau hoi se tl!O'ng
Ling vai mot cau tra IO'i dung , thi dap an cua PISA, mot
cau hoi c6 the c6 tv 3-5 cau tra loi duqc chap nh~n la
dung. Vi v$y, doi hoi giao vien phai kh6ng ngvng suy
nghi, nang cao trinh dQ, phai hinh dung va bao quat
het dl!Q'C cac kha nang HS c6 the tra IO'i de danh gia
chinh xac trinh aqcua HS. o
(I) Do NgQc Thong. Chmrng trinh Ngli' van
trong nha trwng ph6 thong Vi~t Nam. NXB Ciao
df1c Virt Nam, H. 2011.
(2) Nh6m tac gia. S6 tay Pisa danh cho can bl) quan
Ii giao d~c va giao vien trung hQc. H. 2011.
(3) Do Ng9c Th6ng. "Chuong trinh Ngrevan trong nha
truong ph6 thOng Vir t Nam vii hu6ng phdt trien sau
nam2015". htpp://www.nico-pari.com. 1112/2012.
(4) www.oecd.org/pi sal
Tai li¢u tham kh:io
I. B(l GD-DT. ChU011g trinh giao d9c phO thOng mon
Ngfr van. NXB Ciao dflC, H. 2006.
(ki2-9/2013)
thO' Norn lvu gilt nhting gia trj van h6a truyen thong
dan !QC cua Nguyen Khuyen tra thanh mot dau mac
quan tr9ng. 0
Tai li~u tham khao
I. H(li van hQc ngh~ thu (H Ha Nam Ninh . Nguyfo
Khuyen tac philm. NXB Khoa h9c xa h(ji, H. 1984.
2. Nhieu tac gia. Nguy~n Khuyen ve tac gia va tac
philm. NXB Ciao ditc, TP. H6 Chi Minh, 2003.
SUMMARY
In the contemporary integration. some traditional
cultural values are fading. Therefore. literary works.
especially classic ones. become the authentic cul-
tural artifacts which can h elp current and future
generations understand our national cultural beauty.
In Nam poetryofNguy~n Khuy€n, the beauty of cul-
tural activities of people who live in the North Delta
in general and Yen D6 village (the poet's mother-
land} in particular is demonstrated lively and inter-
estingly.
SUMMARY
Reading comprehension requestments ofPISA and
those of Literature p rogram at secondary schools in
Vietnam had some similarities and differences in tenns
of objectives. requestments. learrlers and assessment
methods. Apart from some similarities to reading
comprehension requestments of PISA. those of
Literature program at secondary schools in Vietnam
have some limitations which should be overcomed
by reforming thoroughly reading comprehension in
Literature program.
Thiel t~p bai loan mo'i. ..
(Tiep theo trang 45)
SUMMARY
In teaching in general. in teaching mathematics
in particular. it is necessary and possible for teach-
ers along with students to create new problems which
are similar to the initial one in order to have a sys-
tem of various problems, not too dependent on ref-
erences. simultaneously develop the ability of crea-
tion for students. D etecting problems and propos-
ing new problems from the given problems also help
students be more confident and learn more com-
fortably, because they will get out of the passive
status, whenever find themselves inability of solv-
ing problems g i ven in books. find creating math-
ematics problems mysterious and sublime .. . Jn this
paper. we instruct students to create new equations
from the initial ones through analysing the solutions
and structure of content of the initial equations in
detail.
T~p chi Giao d1:1c so 318 I 3~