2018 International Conference on Information and Communications Technology (ICOIACT)

Power Flow Control of Battery Energy Storage System

Using Droop Voltage Regulation Technique Integrated
with Hybrid PV/Wind Generation System
Subtitle as needed (paper subtitle)
Andri Pradipta1; Dedet Candra Riawan2; Soedibyo3
Department of Electrical Engineering
Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember
Surabaya, Indonesia
1
andripradipta24@gmail.com

Abstract—Integration of battery energy storage system
(BESS) on DC bus can solve voltage fluctuation and balance of
power in hybrid power generation. Droop control with a simple
concept is the suitable control strategy to regulate power and
voltage fluctuation on DC bus. This paper applied hybrid
photovoltaic (PV) / Wind turbine generation system with
maximum power point tracking (MPPT) control to get the
maximum power and applied BESS with droop control to
regulate voltage fluctuation of DC bus and managed unbalanced
power between power generated and the load. Simulation results
are presented to see the performance of MPPT control and droop
control applied on the hybrid system during various operating
conditions.
Keywords—Hybrid PV/Wind generation; DC bus; Battery
energy storage; MPPT control; droop control;
I. INTRODUCTION
Population growth, technological developments and the
increase of industrial activity have caused increasing of
demand for electricity in Indonesia around 3% in a year [1].
Limitations on fossil energy reserves such as coal, petroleum
and gas require development strategy to meet national energy
policy targets in 2025. The government of Indonesia develops
renewable energy policy and the use of renewable energy
sources (RES) target is 23% of national energy mix program
[2]. Indonesia has abundant potential of RES, such as
geothermal, biomass, sunshine, wind, microhydro, sea water,
garbage, etc. However, the utilization is still minimized. The
achievement of national electrical company of indonesia’s
(PLN) electrification ratio of June 2017 is 92.8% [3]. Most of
the areas that have not received the electricity distribution from
PLN networks are archipelagos and suburban areas. The areas
are located far from the reach of the PLN's transmission and
distribution system (off – grid). To fulfill the target, the
government has made a breakthrough policy through the
development of renewable power generation. The design of
hybrid systems utilizing the potential of renewable energy
sources in archipelagos and suburb areas is the most suitable
choice to meet government targets in the national energy mix
program and increase the electrification ratio.
Integration of hybrid power generations is connected in
parallel on AC or DC bus. This research presents a hybrid PV /
Wind Turbine / Battery system integrated in DC bus and
focuses on how to apply flexible control system. There are
some problems to integrate some of renewable power
generations on DC bus such as voltage fluctuation and
unbalance power. Each renewable power generation requires
MPPT control to extract the maximum generating power in
order to get better efficiency. Some of MPPT control method
has been discussed [4], [5].
There are some research on control strategies that used in
hybrid systems to solve some problems [6]–[8]. Integrating PV
and wind generation system with some battery energy storage
system already discussed [9]. The BESS is used to smooth
power fluctuation generated by PV and Wind generation
system based on various states of charge (SOC) condition of
each battery. The smoothing problem is formulated based on
power fluctuation rate to evaluate the control effect of PV and
Wind generation smoothing control. The adaptive coordination
of smoothing level and power distribution between battery
units is considered based on SOC condition. Supervisory
control of Adaptive droop regulated DC microgrid with BMS
has been discussed [10]. The proposed control is dual-role
primary control with higher level supervisory control which
can be implemented through low bandwidth communication
interfaces. The transition mode is controlled by supervisory
control with adaptive droop calculation and SOC estimation.
The main advantage of proposed control is to avoid high
voltage deviation and coordinate charging mode of multiple
batteries. Power flow control of solar PV based on low voltage
DC microgrid with battery management system has been
discussed [11]. The proposed system applied multiple mode in
each converter of PV and battery. These are MPPT and droop
operation mode. The maximum power is obtained from PV
panel when the converter of PV is in MPPT mode operation.
When load demand is less than the power of PV and the
storage capacity of battery is exceeded, the operation mode
of PV converter will change into a droop operation mode in
order to keep DC bus voltage value always in regulation range.

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 2018 International Conference on Information and Communications Technology (ICOIACT)

Fig 1. Hybrid PV/Wind/Battery sistem

II. SYSTEM CONFIGURATION 3

B (3)
Standalone hybrid PV/Wind generation system integrated Qexp
with battery energy storage system proposed is shown in
figure 1. The hybrid system consists of the PV generation Q  Qnom
system, wind generation system, battery energy storage system  
K  E full  Enom  A(exp(  BQnom )  1 (4)
and the load. Qnom

A. PV Generation System
PV module is connected to the DC bus through DC/DC
boost converter. The DC/DC boost converter topology which
used in this paper has been discussed before [12]. DC/DC
boost converter is operated by an MPPT control to extract
maximum power generated by PV modules.

B. Wind Generation System

Wind generation system which is connected to the DC bus
consist of wind turbine, gearbox, permanent magnet Fig 2. Equivalent model of non linear battery
synchronous generator (PMSG), 3 phase AC/DC uncontrolled
rectifier and DC/DC boost converter. DC/DC boost converter
is operated by an MPPT control to extract maximum power Where E is the terminal voltage of the battery, Eo is a constant
from the wind generation system. voltage of battery, K is a polarisation constant, Q is a capacity

C. Battery Energy Storage System

of the battery,  i dt
b
is an actual battery charge, A is the

The battery energy storage system is using a generic non exponential zone amplitude, B is an exponential zone time.
linear model. Battery has been modeled in equivalent circuit The design detail has been discussed [13].
model with controlled voltage source and internal resistance of
the battery. The equivalent circuit model of battery is shown in
figure 2. Battery is connected to the DC bus through DC/DC III. DESIGN CONTROL SYSTEM
bidirectional converter. DC/DC bidirectional converter with In this section, PV and wind turbine generation has been
droop control is applied to regulate power and voltage designed with the same MPPT control technique. Droop
fluctuation. The equivalent battery energy storage model is
control has been designed on different slope to show the
shown in figure 2.
performance of the droop control.
Q
E  E0  K 
 A exp(  B ib dt ) (1)

Q  ib dt
A. MPPT control design of PV and Wind generator
A  Efull  Eexp (2) MPPT control is used to extract maximum power from(1.17a)
PV
and wind turbine. In this case, Incremental Conductance (IC)
has been chosen. Incremental conductance is one of MPPT

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control methods with minimum steady state error and fastly B. Droop Voltage Regulation Control Design
enough to reach convergence value. The basic concept of IC is The droop voltage regulation was designed to keep voltage
to increase or decrease the operating voltage across PV array regulation of DC bus in the specific range value and regulate
modules and wind turbine generation until maximum power
transfering or receiving power of BESS. Its means that the
point (MPP) is reached. The result can reach maximum value
specific voltage value would determine the specific value of
when the derivative of power (dP) respect to the current (I) or
voltage (V) is null. The expression is shown in eq 5 and eq 6. power and the operation mode of BESS. The slope of the
droop voltage regulation design is represented by droop
dP d(VI) dV dI dI resistance (Rd). The small value of droop resistance (Rd)
= =I +V =I+V (5) would make a voltage regulation range become small and
dV dV dV dV dV
power quality becomes better. The value of Rd is calculated
dP d(VI) dV dI dV by V/ I.
= =I +V =V +V (6) In this case, the bidirectional buck-boost converter is
dI dI dI dI dI controlled by droop control. Droop control was designed to
The flowchart of the variable step IC MPPT control is shown keep constant DC bus voltage around 311 Volt with ± 10% of
in figure 3 and the control diagram is shown in figure 4. regulation voltage which is implemented by define Rd = -
9.1885 and 2% of regulation voltage by define Rd = -4.7339.
start
The design of droop voltage regulation is shown in fig 5.

V = V(k) – V(k-1); I = I(k) – I(k-1)

P = P(k) – P(k-1);
Step = N*| P/ V|

yes
V=0?

no

P/ V = 0 ? I=0?
yes yes

no no
D(k)=D(k-1) D(k)=D(k-1)

P/ V > 0 ? I>0?

no yes no yes
Fig 5. Design droop voltage regulation of BESS
D(k)=D(k-1) D(k)=D(k-1) D(k)=D(k-1) D(k)=D(k-1)
+Step -Step -Step +Step The basic concept of droop characteristic is formulated as
shown below.

V_droop = V_ref + I_out Rd (7)

Update
V(k-1)=V(k),I(k-1)=I(k)
VDC-ref is a reference voltage on DC bus, Iout is output current
of the converter, Rd is droop resistance. Droop resistance
determines the slope of the droop curve design. The
return
representation of droop control in eq. 7 is shown in fig 6.

Fig 3. Variable step incremental conductance algoritm[5]

(a)
Fig 6. Droop control diagram
IV. SIMULATION
This section presents simulation results with parameter as
(b) shown in table 1. To verify the performance of control system,
the different conditions of radiance of the sun and wind speed
Fig 4. MPPT control diagram, a) for PV; b) for WT have been applied to the hybrid system. The MPPT and droop
response with different droop voltage regulation has been
analyzed.

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Table 1. Simulation Parameters capable of producing power of 69.48 Watt with MPPT control
efficiency reach 99.3%
Parameters of Parameters of
value value
PV PV converter
P 4 x 60 Wp P 250 W
Voc 21,1 V Vin-min 30 V
Vmpp 17,1 V Vin-max 42 V
Isc 3,8 A Vout 311 V
Impp 3,5 A fsw 20 kHz
T 25o N 3
IL-pp/IL 10%
IL-pp/IL 0,01%
(a)

Parameters of Parameters of
value value
WT PV converter
Pmech 127/257/446/ P 500 W
635 W
Pelect 114/238/405/ Vin-min 30 V
580 W Vin-max 60 V
Wind speed 5/6/7/8 m/s Vout 311 V
Rotational 410/458/450/ fsw 20 kHz
(b)
speed 554 rpm N 2
IL-pp/IL 10% Fig. 7 a) Solar irradiation ; b) Output Power of PV
IL-pp/IL 0,01%

Table 2. tracking efficiency of IC MPPT control on PV

Parameters of Parameters of
value value
Battery Battery converter
Irradian Pmax-PV PMPPT-IC
Efull 13,5 V P 500 W Eff (%)
Eexp 12,2 V Vlow 100 V (W/m2) (Watt) (Watt)
Qnom 22 Ah Vhigh 311 V 1000 242.13 241.26 99.6
Qexp 88 Ah Vout 311 V 500 119.21 118.35 99.2
Q 110 Ah fsw 20 kHz 300 69.96 69.48 99.3
A 1,3 V IL-pp/IL 10%
B 0,14285/Ah IL-pp/IL 0,01%
K 0,06119 V The wind generation system operates at the maximal point
R 3,4 mΩ of power that can be extracted by MPPT control of wind
power system. At wind speed of 5 m / s WT is capable of
generating power of 149.4 Watt with MPPT control efficiency
reaches 99%, while at wind speed of 6 m / s capable of
A. MPPT Control Response
producing power equal to 256.6 Watt with MPPT control
The solar irradiation and wind speed will decide the power efficiency reaches efficiency 99.8%. At a speed of 7 m / s
gererated by a PV panel and wind generation system. Steps that capable of producing 383.4 Watt power while MPPT control
must be done to find the maximum point of power in PV efficiency reaches efficiency of 94.6%
systems and WT is to test the system on the various loads. This
test data will be compared with the simulation result of the
system with MPPT control to know the performance and
efficiency of MPPT control. The test data of wind power
produced by WT is shown in figure 7 and the simulation of the
MPPT control response on the wind power generation is shown
in figure 9.
The maximum power point has been changed when the
irradiation of the sun and wind speed has been changed. From
figure 7 can be seen that the PV power is operated at a
maximum power point to extract any possible power generated
by a PV panel and wind generator into the DC bus through zeta
converter modified with MPPT control. The power of PV when
solar irradiation reaches 1000 W / m2 capable of generating
power of 241.26 Watt with MPPT control efficiency reach
99.6%, when solar irradiation reaches 500 W / m2 capable of
producing power of 118.35 Watt with MPPT control efficiency Fig 8. Wind Turbin power characteristic in various wind speed
reach 99.2% and when solar irradiation reaches 300 W / m2

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(a)

(a)

(b)
Fig 9. a) Wind speed ; b) Output power of WT
Table 3. tracking efficiency of IC MPPT control on WT
(b)
Wind speed Pmech_turbine Pelectric_max PMPPT-IC
Eff (%) Fig 11. DC bus voltage response at : a) Rd = -9.1885 ; b) Rd =
(m/s) (Watt) (Watt) (Watt)
-4,7339
5 178 150 149.4 99
6 305 257 256.6 99.8 At the same input power with different value of Rd give the
7 473 405 383.4 94.6 result on DC bus volatge as shown in fig. 11b. The voltage
response in smaller droop resistance regulation range caused
the fluctuation of DC bus voltage become smaller too. Its
means that the voltage fluctuation will decrease and power
B. Droop Control Response quality will be better. But if the value of Rd is too small, it will
The droop control response is indicated on the battery cause the sensitivity of control increase. So if there is sudden
power change shown in fig. 10 and DC bus voltage shown in change on input power or load, it will cause unstability on the
the fig. 11. From fig. 10 and fig. 11, it can be seen that the system.
amount of battery power in charging and discharging
Figure 10 shows the battery power response (Pbat) and DC
conditions will determine the magnitude of the voltage on the
voltage bus response (Vdc_bus) and shows 2 conditions of the
DC bus. Any changes in input and output power of battery
battery charging and discharging conditions. Firstly, when the
( Pbat) will cause a change in DC bus voltage ( VDC_bus) with
condition of the amount of PV power and power of the wind
constant slope ( Pbat / VDC_bus). The droop control is designed
power generation is greater than load power then the operation
with a slope of -32.154. This indicates that the bidirectional
of the battery system is operate in charging mode. This is
converter has worked in accordance with the droop control that
indicated that the voltage at DC bus is more than 311 Volts
has been designed.
(corresponding to droop regulation that has been designed).
Secondly, when the conditions of the amount of PV power and
wind power generation wind are less than the load power then
the battery system operation is in discharging mode. This is
indicated that the voltage on the DC bus is less than 311 Volts
(in accordance with the designed droop regulation). Figure 12
shows the comparation between voltage regulation design and
simulation result. The change of battery power always follows
the voltage response on the DC bus with the same slope when
the input power changes from PV and wind generation or when
the load changes. DC bus voltages is also stable in accordance
with ± 10% (Rd=-9.1885) design regulations and ± 2% (Rd=-
Fig 10. Power flow of PV, WT and battery on various 4,7339). The response indicates that the droop control has
condition worked according to the design.

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