2020 JSOE Paper

2020 AUSTRALIAN SCIENCE OLYMPIAD EXAM
JUNIOR SCIENCE OLYMPIAD
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School: ..………………………………….………
Exam Code: ………………………………………
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2020 Australian Science Olympiad Examination - Biology
Australian Science Innovations ABN 81731558309
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2020 AUSTRALIAN SCIENCE OLYMPIAD EXAM
JUNIOR SCIENCE OLYMPIAD
Time Allowed
Reading Time: 10 minutes

Examination Time: 120 minutes
INSTRUCTIONS
 Attempt all questions in ALL sections of this paper.

 Permitted materials: non-programmable, non-graphical calculator, pens, pencils, erasers and a ruler.
 Marks will not be deducted for incorrect answers.
MARKS
1 mark for each question EXCEPT
 0.5 marks for Q27-32
 2 marks for Q33-34
 4 marks for Q35
Integrity of Competition
If there is evidence of collusion or other academic dishonesty, students will

be disqualified. Markers’ decisions are final.
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Section A: Multiple Choice Questions
1. Living organisms are generally divided into kingdoms. Over time, a number of different methods
of classification have been proposed, and the number of kingdoms is not universally agreed on.
However, the groupings of plants, animals, fungi, protists (protozoa) and bacteria usually feature
in the list.
生物通常被分属为不同的“界”，随着人类认识的深入，先后提出多种关于生物界级的分
类方法，虽然“界”的数量尚未达成共识，但通常包含植物界、动物界、真菌界、原生生
物（单细胞动物）界和细菌界。
Which of the following would be found in an animal cell but not a bacterial cell?
下列哪种结构存在于动物细胞内，而不存在于细菌细胞内？
A. DNA
B. Ribosomes 核糖体
C. Plasma Membrane 细胞质膜
D. Cell wall 细胞壁
E. Mitochondria 线粒体
2. Organisms that do not have the ability to produce or synthesis their own food are called:
不能自己生产或合成自身所需营养物的生物称为：
A. Autotrophs 自养生物
B. Anaerobic 厌氧生物
C. Photosynthetic 光合生物
D. Heterotrophs 异养生物
E. Decomposers 分解者
3. A virus is a tiny infectious particle that replicates only inside the living cells of an organism. Since
they were first identified in the late 1800s, viruses have been found in almost every ecosystem on
Earth and are the most numerous type of biological entity. The study of viruses is known as
virology.
病毒是一种具有细胞感染性的微小粒子，它只能在活细胞内寄生并以复制方式增殖。自 19
世纪末人类首次发现病毒迄今，几乎在地球上的每个生态系统中都发现了病毒的存在，并且
是种类最多的生物体，研究病毒的科学称为病毒学。
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Viruses can infect all types of life forms, from animals and plants to bacteria. Viruses cannot self-
replicate, but when a virus particle infects a cell in a host organism, the cell is forced to rapidly
produce thousands of identical copies of the original virus.
从动植物到细菌，任何生命形式都会感染病毒。病毒无法自我复制，但当病毒粒子感染宿
主细胞时，宿主细胞会迅速产生数千个同样的病毒粒子。
Compared to living organisms, viruses are simple structures, with no organelles. They are
essentially a tiny capsule containing a strand of DNA.
与生物体相比，病毒结构简单，没有任何细胞器。它们本质上是一个包含一条 DNA 链的小
型包膜。
The surface of the capsule has proteins on it that are important to the function of the virus. The
DNA inside the capsule contains the information to build the surface proteins so that more virus
particles can be made.
囊膜的表面有对病毒功能起重要作用的蛋白质。囊膜内的 DNA 含有构建表面蛋白质的序列，
这样就可以制造更多的病毒粒子。
包膜蛋白
包膜
衣壳
病毒基因组
生化酶
DEXi/CC0
Viruses are not generally classified as being alive. Which of the following is a reason for this?
一般不会把病毒划归为活的生物体。下列哪个原因可以解释这一观点?
A. Viruses rely on other organisms for their continued existence

病毒必须生活在其他生物的细胞内
B. Viruses can be destroyed by exposure to alcohol or soap

酒精或肥皂可以杀死病毒
C. Viruses don’t have a nucleus

病毒没有细胞核
D. Viruses can’t self-replicate

病毒无法独立复制
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4. Life on Earth has been evolving for about 4 billion years. We know from multiple sources of
evidence that for any given species, evolution requires the following factors:
今天地球上的生命是经过了近 40 亿年进化的产物。多种证据表明，任何一个物种进化都需
要以下因素:
 genetic diversity within the population 种群基因多样性
 inheritance of genetic material from one generation to the next 基因的代际遗传
 natural selection 自然选择
 plenty of time 充裕时间
One of the reasons that viral diseases can be difficult to manage is the speed with which viruses
evolve. For instance, because the family of influenza viruses is constantly evolving, new flu
vaccines must be produced each year.
病毒性疾病难以控制的原因之一是病毒进化的速度过快。例如，由于流感病毒家族不断进
化，每年必须生产新的流感疫苗。
Consider the following four statements. Which statement is NOT a reason why viruses could
evolve more quickly than, for example, mammals?
下列四种说法中，哪一种说法不是病毒进化速度比哺乳动物等生物快的原因？
A. Viruses have a relatively high mutation rate, which means a lot of genetic variety
病毒有相对较高的突变率，具有丰富的遗传多样性
B. One host can produce millions of viruses, so the virus population size is large
一个宿主可以产生数百万个病毒，种群规模很大
C. Viruses reproduce quickly, so many generations can be produced in a short period

of time. 病毒繁殖速度极快，短时间内可以产生多代病毒。
D. Genetic information is passed from the original infecting virus to all the new virus
particles produced in a host.
遗传信息可以从最初感染病毒的宿主传递到所有新病毒粒子体内
5. A virus gains entry to a host cell via a specific interaction between its own surface (or envelope)
proteins, and proteins on the surface of the host cell. This means the surface proteins (shown in
blue in the diagram below) play a crucial part in how infectious the virus is. A virus with the
wrong kind of surface protein will not be able to infect a host’s cells.
病毒通过自身表面（或包膜）蛋白质与宿主细胞表面蛋白质之间的特定相互作用进入宿主
细胞。也就是说，病毒包膜蛋白（下图蓝色部分）对病毒的传染性起着至关重要的作用。
没有特定包膜蛋白的病毒将无法感染宿主细胞。
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包膜蛋白
包膜
衣壳
病毒基因组
生化酶
DEXi / CC0
The surface proteins are also important in determining whether a host is immune or not. A host’s
immune system recognises a virus it has encountered before by the virus’s surface proteins.
包膜蛋白对宿主是否能够免疫也很重要。宿主的免疫系统通过病毒的包膜蛋白质识别曾经
感染过的病毒。
When a virus enters a cell, it hijacks the cell’s own machinery to create more copies of its own
DNA. All DNA copying processes are prone to errors, and this means that a proportion of the new
virus particles have mutations (changes) in their DNA and in their surface proteins. These
mutations may be small or significant.
病毒进入细胞后，它会侵占细胞的正常生长机制来进行自我复制。所有的 DNA 复制过程都
容易出错，也就是说，一部分新病毒粒子的 DNA 和包膜蛋白质会发生突变。这些突变可能
很小也可能很明显。
One class of antiviral drugs, used to treat viral diseases, works by increasing the rate of mutation
during the copying process. This leads to a higher proportion of mutated viruses.
一类用于治疗病毒性疾病的抗病毒药物的作用原理是提高复制过程中的突变率，这提高了
变异病毒的比例。
Which is of the following statements is incorrect?

下列哪个选项是不正确的?
A. A high rate of mutation increases the probability that previously infected hosts may
not be immune if they are re-exposed to the virus.
高突变率增加了曾感染宿主再次接触病毒时无法免疫的可能性
B. A high rate of mutation increases the infectiousness and lethality of all virus copies.
高突变率提高了所有病毒的传染性和致命性
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C. A high rate of mutation increases the probability that the virus could migrate to a
different host species.
高突变率增加了病毒转移到不同宿主的可能性
D. A high rate of mutation makes it harder to create an effective vaccine against the
virus.
高突变率使得研制有效抗病毒疫苗更为困难
6. Proteins are an important class of molecules in living organisms. They perform a wide range of
jobs including signalling, transport, forming structures, and speeding up chemical reactions. Each
of the thousands of types of protein in an organism has a specific structure and does a specific job.
蛋白质是生物体内一种重要的分子。它的作用广泛，包括信息传递、运输载体、构成生物
体和细胞以及催化等作用。生物体中数以千计的蛋白质都有特定的结构和功能。
Despite the huge variety in protein molecules, they are all constructed in the same way. Each one
is a very long chain-like molecule made of many smaller molecules joined end-to-end, rather like
beads than can clip together into a chain. The smaller molecules (the ‘beads’) are known as
amino acids.
蛋白质分子种类繁多，但构造方式都是一样的。蛋白质都是由许多小分子首尾相连形成的
长链，就像许多珍珠连接而成的珍珠链。这些小分子（“珍珠”）就是氨基酸。
There are twenty natural amino acids. All proteins are made from different sequences of these
twenty.
天然氨基酸共有 20 种。所有的蛋白质都是由这 20 种氨基酸的不同序列组成的。
--------------------------------------------------------
In the diagrams below, each atom is represented by its chemical symbol (e.g. C = a carbon atom)
and the straight lines between atoms represent the chemical bonds that hold them together.
Sometimes for convenience, the straight line is omitted and the two bonded atom symbols are
written next to one another. For instance, OH means a hydrogen atom bonded to an oxygen atom.
在下面的图表中，每个原子都用其化学符号表示（例如 C =一个碳原子），原子之间的直
线表示将它们连接在一起的化学键。有时为了方便起见，直线没有画出来，直接将两个键
合原子符号写在了一起。例如，OH 表示一个氢原子和一个氧原子相连。
-------------------------------------------------------
All amino acids have the same basic structure. To illustrate this, four complete amino acid
molecules are shown below. Note that when a molecule’s structure is drawn like this, the
arrangement of the atoms on the page is not important – the only thing that matters is which atom
is joined to which.
所有的氨基酸都有相同的基本结构。下图中列出了四种氨基酸分子的结构通式，需要注意
的是，如果分子的结构以图中方式画出，内部原子的排列方式就不那么不重要了——唯一
需要注意的是哪个原子与哪个原子相连。
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丙氨酸丝氨酸
赖氨酸
胱氨酸
图 1：四种氨基酸
Four molecules are depicted below, labelled A, B, C and D. Which of the four molecules is NOT
an amino acid?
下图是四种分子的结构通式，分别标记为 A, B, C 和 D。这四种分子中哪一种不是氨基酸?
A. Molecule A 分子 A
B. Molecule B 分子 B
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C. Molecule C 分子 C
D. Molecule D 分子 D
7. DNA uses a code based on four molecules (known as ‘bases’) which we can represent with letters:
A, C, T and G. The bases are arranged in groups of three (called ‘codons’). Each codon
represents one of the 20 amino acids.
DNA 使用的编码以四种分子（称为“碱基”）为基础，我们可以分别用字母: A、C、T 和
G 来表示。三个碱基组成一组（称为“密码子”）。每个密码子表示 20 种氨基酸中的一种。
For example, the following table shows which amino acid is encoded by each of the following
codons: 例如，下表显示了四种氨基酸和它对应的密码子:
Codon 密码子 Amino acid 氨基酸

CGT Alanine 丙氨酸
TTT Lysine 赖氨酸
AGG Arginine 精氨酸
GGA Glycine 甘氨酸
A very short protein consisting of alanine-glycine-arginine-alanine would therefore be encoded by

CGTGGAAGGCGT.
因此，由丙氨酸-甘氨酸-精氨酸-丙氨酸组成的一种非常短的蛋白质将由 CGT GGA AGG
CGT 编码组成。
If, instead of 20 different amino acids, proteins were composed of only 12 different amino acids,
what is the smallest possible codon size that could be used in DNA to encode them all?
如果蛋白质是由 12 种而不是 20 种不同的氨基酸组成，那么 DNA 中可以用来编码组成蛋白
质的密码子的最小组成碱基数是多少？
A. 1
B. 2
C. 3
D. 4
8. One of the symptoms of COVID-19, along with many other diseases, is a fever. When a person has
a fever, it means their internal body temperature is higher than the normal healthy range.
与许多其他疾病一样，发烧也是 COVID-19 患者的一种症状。人在发烧时，说明他的体温
超过正常范围。
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Internal body temperature is regulated by various feedback systems to maintain homeostasis (a
steady state) in the body. The effect of the feedback systems is to prevent body temperature from
rising too high or falling too low.
人的体温由体内各种反馈系统来调节，以维持体内动态平衡。反馈系统的作用是防止体温
上升过高或下降过低。
Which types of feedback systems are most common to maintain homeostasis in the human body?
哪类反馈系统在维持人的体内平衡方面比较常见？
A. Positive feedback systems 正反馈系统
B. Negative feedback systems 负反馈系统
C. Both positive and negative feedback systems are common

正、负反馈系统都比较常见
D. Both positive and negative feedback systems are rare

正、负反馈系统都不常见
9. The three most common scales used to measure temperature are the Fahrenheit scale (used mostly
in North America), the Celsius scale (used in most other countries) and the Kelvin scale (used in
science, particularly physics and chemistry).
三种最常见的温度计量单位是华氏温标（主要在北美使用）、摄氏温标（在大多数国家使
用）和热力学温标（主要用于科学，尤其是物理和化学）。
The following diagram shows how the three temperature scales are related.
下面图表显示了这三种温标之间的关系。
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水的沸点
水的凝固点
绝对零度
华氏温标摄氏温标热力学温标
Which of the following statements is correct?

下列哪个说法是正确的?
A. (Temperature in Kelvin) = (Temperature in Celsius - 273)

(热力学温度) = (摄氏温度 - 273)
B. There is a nonlinear relationship between the Celsius and Fahrenheit scales

摄氏温标和华氏温标之间是非线性关系
C. 1oF measures a smaller change in temperature than 1oC

1oF 表示温度的变化小于 1℃
D. 50.0oC is equivalent to 74oF

50.0oC 相当于 74oF
10. In an old-fashioned liquid thermometer, liquid rises from a bulb up a narrow tube with a graduated
scale printed on it. The liquid is usually alcohol with food colouring in it.
在老式液体温度计中，里面的液体会从玻璃泡下方上升至上方细玻璃管的某个刻度处。这种
液体通常是含有食用色素的酒精。
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https://www.sciencelabsupplies.com/Lab-Thermometer-6-Red-Alcohol-10-to-110-C.html
As the temperature rises, the column of liquid rises higher up the tube. A person can read the
temperature from the thermometer by comparing the top of the liquid column to the graduated
scale.
随着温度上升，细玻璃管内的液体柱也会升高。测量者可以通过观察液柱顶部位置对应的
刻度，从而读出温度。
Which of the following most accurately describes the principle by which a liquid thermometer
works?
下列哪一项最准确地描述了液体温度计的工作原理?
A. As the alcohol heats up, the molecules vibrate more vigorously, which causes the
substance’s density to decrease.
随着酒精温度升高，分子运动变得更为剧烈，从而导致物质的密度下降。
B. As the alcohol heats up, its density increases, which causes its volume to increase.
随着酒精温度升高, 酒精密度随之升高，从而导致体积增加。
C. As the alcohol heats up, its mass increases proportionally with its volume.
随着酒精温度升高，酒精质量随体积成比例增加。
D. As the alcohol heats up, the molecules expand, which cause the alcohol’s volume
to increase.
随着酒精温度升高，分子膨胀，导致酒精体积增加。
11. In order to be sure that a thermometer is accurately recording temperature, thermometers should be
calibrated. This usually involves using the thermometer to measure a material whose temperature
is already accurately known; for instance, boiling water.
为了确保温度计能准确记录温度，应对温度计进行校准。我们可以通过使用温度计来测量
一种温度已经确定好的材料的温度来校准；例如，沸水。
Below is a method for calibrating a thermometer.

下面是一种校准温度计的方法。
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How to calibrate a thermometer. 如何校准温度计
Step 1: Boil tap water and pour into a suitable container (such a mug or beaker)
第一步: 将自来水煮沸，倒入合适的容器中 (如大杯或烧杯)
Step 2: Place your thermometer into the container
第二步: 然后将温度计放入容器
Step 3: Wait for 2 minutes
第三步: 等待 2 分钟
Step 4: Check that the temperature is between 99°C and 101°C
第四步: 查看温度是否在 99℃ 到 101℃ 之间

Step 5: If the temperature isn't correct, adjust your thermometer to the correct temperature
while it is still in the water. If you can't manually adjust your thermometer,
arrange for professional re-calibration or get a replacement.
第五步: 如果温度不正确，保持温度计在水中，然后把它调整到正确的温度范围内。
如果无法手动调整温度计，请专业人员重新校准或更换温度计。
Which of the following is the most significant reason why this is not a reliable method for
calibrating a thermometer?
下列哪一项是这种温度计校准方法不可靠的最主要原因？
A. Thermometers can’t be adjusted. 温度计不能被校准。
B. You’re only checking one temperature. 这种方法只校准了一个温度。
C. You need some independent way to measure the boiling temperature of water.
需要独立方法来测量水的沸点。
D. Heat transfer will occur from the water to the mug.

热量会从水传递到杯子。
12. All objects emit infrared radiation, and the warmer they are, the more infrared radiation they emit.
所有物体都能发出红外线，温度越高，辐射的红外线越多。
Infrared or laser thermometers use this principle to measure an object’s temperature by detecting
how much infrared radiation it is emitting.
红外线或激光温度计利用这一原理，通过探测物体红外线的辐射量来测量物体的温度。
The pictures below show the same scene. The first picture was taken with a camera that detects
visible light only.
下面两张图片展示了同一个场景。第一张图片是用只能探测可见光的照相机拍摄出来的。
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The second picture was taken with an infrared camera, which detects the infrared radiation being
emitted by the objects. The colours in the second picture have been artificially added to give a
visual representation of temperature. The coloured bar to the right of the second picture shows the
correlation between colour and temperature (temperature is measured in Fahrenheit).
第二张图片用红外相机拍摄，这种相机可以探测到物体发出的红外线。这幅图手动添加了
颜色来反映温度。右边的色彩条显示了颜色和温度(以华氏度为单位)之间的关系。
Temperature (oF)
o
温度（ F）
NASA/IPAC/Public domain
Which of the following inferences could NOT be made from the second picture?
下列哪个推论不能从第二张图片得出？
A. The black plastic bag is mostly transparent to infrared radiation.

黑色塑料袋在红外线辐射下基本上是透明的。
B. The man’s glasses transmit visible light but not infrared radiation.
图中男人的眼镜可以反射可见光而不是红外线。
C. Hair is an insulating material. 头发属于隔热体。
D. The man’s chest is cooler than his face. 图中男人的胸部温度比脸部温度低。
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13. In settings such as laboratories, hospitals and the food industry, it often necessary for equipment or
items to be sterilised. Sterilisation involves treating the object in some way that will kill or
inactivate any bacteria or viruses that are present.
在实验室、医院、食品加工厂等场所，经常需要对设备或材料进行灭菌消毒。灭菌是指利
用某种方式处理物品，从而杀死存活的全部细菌或病毒。
One method is flame sterilisation. This involves exposing the item to the high temperature of a
flame for a short period of time. In a laboratory, an easy way of flame sterilising items such as
tweezers is to dip them in a fuel (e.g. ethanol) and then place them in a Bunsen burner.
有一种灭菌方法叫燃烧灭菌法，是将要灭菌的物品放在高温的火焰中燃烧一小段时间。在
实验室里，对镊子等物品进行燃烧灭菌的一种简单方法是将它们先浸入燃料中(例如乙醇)，
然后放入本生灯中燃烧。
Below is the chemical equation for the combustion of ethanol (C2H5OH). Balance the equation in
its simplest possible form.
下面是乙醇(C2H5OH)燃烧的化学方程式。请用最简方式进行配平。
__ C2H5OH + __ O2  __ CO2 + __ H2O
14. Equipment can also be sterilised by using nuclear radiation, which is produced by nuclear
reactions.
还可以利用核反应产生的核辐射对设备进行消毒。
Nuclear reactions are different to chemical reactions. Which of the following is an incorrect
statement about nuclear reactions and chemical reactions?
核反应不同于化学反应。下列关于核反应和化学反应的陈述中，哪一项是是错误的？
A. Nuclear reactions and chemical reactions both involve energy transformations.

核反应和化学反应都涉及能量转换。
B. In both nuclear and chemical reactions, you can end up with more particles than you
started with.
在核反应和化学反应中，最终粒子数都可以多于起始粒子数。
C. Chemical reactions can turn one element into another.

化学反应可以将一种元素变为另一种元素。
D. Nuclear reactions convert mass to energy.

核反应可以把质量转化为能量。
E. Chemical reactions obey the law of conservation of mass.

化学反应遵循质量守恒定律。
Page 17 of 33
15. Isotopes are a common feature of nuclear reactions. Which of the following statements is true for
isotopes?
同位素是核反应的共同特征。下列哪一项对同位素的表述是正确的?
A. Isotopes of the same element have different number of electrons.

同一元素的同位素有不同的电子数。
B. Isotopes of the same element have different chemical properties.

同一元素的同位素有不同的化学性质。
C. Isotopes of the same element have the same atomic number.

同一元素的同位素有相同的原子序数。
D. Isotopes of the same element have the same mass number.

同一元素的同位素有相同的质量数。
16. Cobalt-60 (Co-60) is a radioactive isotope that undergoes two types of nuclear reaction: beta decay
and gamma decay.
钴-60 (Co-60)是一种放射性同位素，它经历了两种核反应:β衰变和γ衰变。
Gamma decay produces gamma rays (or gamma radiation). Gamma rays are a high-energy form of
light that can break apart DNA molecules. This means gamma radiation can kill bacteria and
inactivate viruses (including coronavirus). Medical companies and hospitals can therefore use
samples of Co-60 to produce gamma radiation to sterilise medical equipment.
γ衰变产生γ射线(或γ辐射)。γ射线是一种高能形式的光，可以分裂 DNA 分子。这意味
着γ辐射可以杀死细菌和灭活病毒(包括冠状病毒)。因此，医药企业和医院可以利用 Co-60
的样本来生产γ辐射，对医疗设备进行消毒。
The half-life of a radioactive isotope is the time it takes for 50% of the isotope atoms present to
decay. Co-60 has a half-life of approximately 5 years.
放射性同位素的半衰期是指 50%的同位素原子出现衰变所需要的时间。Co-60 的半衰期大约
为 5 年。
If a medical company started with a 100g sample of Co-60, how long would it be before they only
had 12.5g of Co-60 left?
如果一家医药企业开始有 100 克 Co-60 样本，那么多少年之后只剩下 12.5g Co-60？
A. 5 years 5 年
B. 15 years 15 年
C. 20 years 20 年
D. 40 years 40 年
Page 18 of 33
17. Gamma rays are a form of electromagnetic radiation. The can be thought of as a high-energy light
wave.
γ射线是电磁辐射的一种形式，可以说是一种高能量光波。
Which of the following statements about light waves is incorrect?

下列关于光波的说法中，哪一项是不正确的？
A. The colour or type of light is determined by its wavelength.

光波的颜色或类型由其波长决定。
B. The frequency of a light wave is directly proportional to its energy.

光波的频率与其能量成正比。
C. The amplitude of a light wave is related to the intensity of the light.

光波的振幅与光的强度有关。
D. As the energy of a light wave decreases, its wavelength decreases.

随着光波能量降低，波长也随之减小。
18. To produce the isotope Co-60, scientists first take the stable isotope Co-59 and fire neutrons at it.
This causes a nuclear reaction in which Co-59 atoms absorb a neutron and are transformed into
Co-60:
为了生产同位素 Co-60，科学家们首先取稳定同位素 Co-59 并向其发射中子。这会引起一个
核反应，Co-59 原子吸收一个中子，从而转化为 Co-60:
쎠
鞰 → 쎠
鞰
Co-60 is unstable. The atoms naturally undergo beta decay, followed by gamma decay.
Co-60 不稳定，原子自然地经历β衰变，然后是γ衰变。
When any atom undergoes beta decay, a neutron in the nucleus splits into a proton and an electron.
The electron is ejected from the atom, and the new proton remains in the nucleus. The product of
the beta decay of Co-60 is Ni-60.
任何原子在经历β衰变时，原子核中的一个中子会分裂成一个质子和一个电子。电子从原
子中喷射出来，新的质子留在原子核中。Co-60 衰变的产物是 Ni-60。
What isotope would need to undergo beta-decay to produce Co-59?

哪个同位素需要经过β衰变才能产生 Co-59？
A. Ni-59
B. Co-60
Page 19 of 33
C. Fe-59
D. Fe-60
E. Ni-60
19. The infectiousness of a disease is due in large part to how easy it is for the infectious particles (i.e.
virus particles, bacterial cells etc.) to pass from an infected person to a non-infected person.
疾病的传染性很大程度上是由感染性颗粒(即病毒粒子、细菌细胞等)从感染者传给未感染者
的难易程度决定的。
When humans breathe normally, they exhale vapour in the form of tiny droplets of liquid. These
droplets can be classified by size into aerosol droplets (<5µm in diameter) and larger droplets
(>5µm in diameter). Coughing or sneezing increases the number of droplets a person exhales.
当人类正常呼吸时，他们呼出的水蒸汽以微小液滴的形式存在。这些飞沫按大小可分为气
溶胶(直径<5µm)和飞沫(直径>5µm)。咳嗽或打喷嚏会增加一个人呼出的飞沫数量。
Note: 1µm = 1 micrometre = 1 x 10-6 m 提示：1 µm = 1 微米 = 1×10-6 米
Aerosol droplets are light enough that natural turbulence in the surrounding air keeps them
suspended for a long time. Larger droplets fall and settle on surfaces over periods of 5 seconds to
20 minutes, depending on their size.
气溶胶足够轻，周围空气的自然流动可以使它们悬浮很长一段时间。较大的液滴下落并停
留在表面的时间为 5 秒到 20 分钟，具体时间取决于它们的大小。
Both aerosol and larger droplets breathed out by a person infected with a respiratory virus such as
influenza and coronavirus contain virus particles.
感染呼吸道病毒(如流感和冠状病毒)的人呼出的气溶胶和飞沫均含有病毒粒子。
Calculate the volume in cubic micrometres (µm3) of a respiratory droplet with a diameter of 5 µm.
Assume the droplet is spherical.
请计算直径为 5 微米的呼吸飞沫的体积。假设飞沫是球形的。
Note: the volume of a sphere is calculated as

提示：球体体积的计算公式为
A. 63 µm3
B. 79 µm3
C. 314 µm3
D. 523 µm3
Page 20 of 33
20. A droplet has a volume of 8.3 μm3 (cubic micrometres). Convert this volume to cubic nanometres
(nm3).
一个飞沫的体积为 8.3μm3（立方微米）。将此体积转换为立方纳米(Nm3)。
Note: 1µm = 1000 nm

提示：1µm =1000 nm
A.
8.3 x 10-9 nm3
B. 0.0083 nm3
C. 1000 nm3
D. 8300 nm3
E. 8.3 x 109 nm3
21. A respiratory droplet has a volume of 2000 µm3 (2 x 10-15 m3). Calculate the gravitational force in
Newtons on this droplet.
呼吸道飞沫的体积为 2000µm3 (2 x 10-15 m3)。请计算这个飞沫受到的万有引力。
Notes 注意：
 Assume the droplet has the same density as water (1000 kg/m3).
假设飞沫的密度与水相同 (1000 kg/m3)
 t, where is measured in kg and t is measured in m/s2
t，其中以 kg 为单位，t 以 m/s2 为单位
 Acceleration due to gravity (g) = 10 m/s2
重力加速度(g)=10 m/s2
A. 2 x 10-17 N
B. 2 x 10-14 N
C. 2 x 10-11 N
D. 2 x 107 N
22. A larger respiratory droplet breathed out by an infected patient is falling straight downwards at a
constant velocity. As it falls, it experiences:
一个受感染病人从呼吸道呼出的较大飞沫正以恒定速度直线向下下落。
飞沫下落过程中会受到：
Page 21 of 33
A. A constant downward force of gravity along with a smaller constant upward force
from the air resistance.
一个恒定向下的重力和一个较小的恒定向上的空气阻力。
B. A constant downward force of gravity along with a steadily decreasing upwards

force from the air. 一个恒定的向下的重力和一个逐渐减小的向上的空气阻力。
C. A constant downward force of gravity only. 只有一个恒定的向下的重力。
D. A net (total) force of zero. 合力为零。
Use the following information to answer question 23. 根据以下信息回答第 23 题
One method of virus transmission is by touching a surface that has virus particles on it. The virus
can be transferred to your hands, and then potentially to your eyes, nose or mouth.
病毒的传播途径之一就是通过接触表面带有病毒粒子的物品，然后转移到手上，进而可能
转移至眼睛、鼻子或嘴巴上。
Cleaning your hands is therefore an easy but important method of reducing disease transmission.
Both soap and alcohol inactivate viruses by breaking their outer capsule apart.
因此，洗手是一种简单但重要的抑制疾病传播的方法。肥皂和酒精都能通过破坏病毒的外
膜来灭活病毒。
The usual kind of alcohol used is ethanol (C2H5OH), which is the same alcohol found in beer,
wine and spirits. In addition, methylated spirits, used as a fuel and for cleaning, is 99% ethanol.
酒精中最常见的成分是乙醇(C2H5OH)，啤酒、葡萄酒和烈性酒中含有这种成分。此外，乙
醇浓度为 99%的甲基化酒精可用作燃料和清洁剂。
During the COVID-19 lockdown period, a number of Australian distilleries switched from making
gin, vodka and other alcoholic spirits to making hand sanitiser.
在 COVID-19 一级封锁期间，大量在澳大利亚生产杜松子酒、伏特加和其他烈性酒的酿酒
厂转而生产洗手液。
To make alcohol, distilleries use yeast to ferment glucose (which can come from any number of
different sources; e.g. wheat, barley, corn, potatoes etc.). The products of this chemical reaction
are ethanol and carbon dioxide.
为了生产酒精，酿酒厂使用酵母菌来发酵葡萄糖（葡萄糖有很多来源，比如小麦、大麦、
玉米、马铃薯等）。这个化学反应的产物是乙醇和二氧化碳。
The balanced chemical equation for the fermentation of glucose is:

葡萄糖发酵的化学平衡方程式为:
C6H12O6  2C2H5OH + 2CO2
Page 22 of 33
23. Different atoms have different masses. The ratio of the masses of hydrogen, carbon and oxygen
atoms is shown below:
不同原子的质量不同，氢、碳、氧原子的质量比如下所示:
hydrogen : carbon : oxygen 氢原子 : 碳原子: 氧原子
1 : 12 : 16
If 126g of glucose was fermented, what mass of ethanol would be produced?

如果有 126 克葡萄糖可用于发酵，会产生多少乙醇?
A. 32 g
B. 46 g
C. 64 g
D. 92 g
E. 126 g
Use the following information to answer questions 24-25. 根据下列信息回答问题 24-25.
As the coronavirus pandemic developed, the World Health Organisation released the following
guidelines for making hand sanitiser.
随着新冠疫情的不断扩大，世界卫生组织官方发布了以下配制洗手液的指南。
Recipe for 10L of hand sanitiser: 10 升洗手液的配方：

 8333mL ethanol 8333mL 乙醇
 417mL of 3% hydrogen peroxide solution 417mL 浓度为 3%的过氧化氢溶液
 145mL glycerol 145mL 丙三醇
Sufficient water to make the solution up to 10L. 加水使溶液达到 10L。
Hydrogen peroxide is a highly reactive chemical that can destroy biological molecules. Its purpose
in this formulation is to remove any bacterial contamination during production of the hand
sanitiser. It does not contribute significantly to the anti-viral properties of the hand sanitiser, which
are largely due to the high percentage of ethanol.
过氧化氢是一种活跃度极高的化学物质，可以破坏生物分子。配方中过氧化氢的作用是消除
洗手液生产过程中的一切细菌污染。它对洗手液的抗病毒性没有太大作用，洗手液的抗病毒
性主要归因于高浓度的乙醇。
Page 23 of 33
A 3% solution means that in every 100mL of solution, 3mL is pure hydrogen peroxide (the rest
being water).
溶液浓度为 3%意味着每 100 毫升溶液中有 3 毫升的纯过氧化氢（其余是水）。
24. If it doesn’t react with contaminating bacteria, the hydrogen peroxide in the hand sanitiser will
slowly be converted to oxygen and water via the following reaction:
如果不与污染细菌发生反应，洗手液中的过氧化氢就会通过以下反应缓慢转化为氧气和水:
2H2O2  O2 + 2H2O
Consider the chemical reactions below. Which one belongs to the same class of chemical reaction
as the hydrogen peroxide reaction shown above?
观察下面的化学反应，哪一个与上述过氧化氢反应属于同一类化学反应?
(Note: you may ignore redox reactions as a class of reaction.)

(提示: 可以不考虑氧化还原反应。)
2H2O2  O2 + 2H2O
A. 2HCl + Zn  ZnCl2 + H2
B. 2NaNO2  Na2O + NO + NO2
C. CH4 + 2O2 CO2 + 2H2O
D. 4K + O2  2K2O
25. If you were to make up hand sanitiser according to the WHO guidelines above, calculate the
percentage of pure hydrogen peroxide (by volume) in the final product.
如果按照世界卫生组织的指南配制洗手液，计算最终产物中纯净过氧化氢的体积百分比。
A. 0.125%
B. 0.250%
C. 1.25%
D. 3.0%
E. 4.17%
26. Fever is a symptom of COVID-19, so one method for detecting people who might be infected with
coronavirus is to check their temperature.
发烧是 COVID-19 患者的一种症状，因此测体温是检测是否感染冠状病毒的一种方法。
One way a health worker could check your temperature is to put a contact thermometer under your
tongue. This would either be a traditional liquid thermometer or an electronic thermometer. When
the same thermometer needs to be used on many people, it must be sterilised between patients.
Page 24 of 33
医护人员检查体温的一种方法是将接触式体温计放在舌头下方。它可以是传统的液体温度
计，也可以是电子温度计。如果要用同一个体温计给多个病人检测体温，必须在病人使用
前进行消毒。
https://www.sciencelabsupplies.com/Lab-Thermometer-6-Red-
Alcohol-10-to-110-C.html Biol / Public Domain
To avoid physical contact, your temperature could instead be checked using a non-contact
thermometer or thermal imaging. In this type of device, the heat released by your body is detected
from a distance and either reported as a temperature or shown as a heat image.
使用非接触式温度计或热成像的方式测量体温可以避免身体接触，这种设备可以从较远处
检测到身体释放的热量，并以温度或热图像的形式反映被测对象的体温状况。
Mos.ru / CC BY (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0)
In each sentence below, circle the type of heat transfer that each type of thermometer relies on.
在下面句子中，分别圈出每种温度计所依赖的传热方式。
(1) A contact thermometer relies on conduction/convection/radiation.

接触式温度计依赖于传导/对流/辐射。
(2) A non-contact thermometer relies on conduction/convection/radiation.

非接触式温度计依赖于传导/对流/辐射。
Section B: True/False Questions
Use the following information to answer questions 27-32. 根据以下信息回答 27~32 题

The following six true/false questions refer to a diagram from an article published in the April
2020 volume of the journal Nature Medicine. This diagram is reproduced with permission on the
following page.
Page 25 of 33
下面六道判断题参考了《自然医学》杂志 2020 年 4 月发表的一篇文章的图表。此图经允许
转载于下一页。
The diagram refers to a study looking at the number of virus particles in patients infected with
different diseases. In the study, patients infected with either influenza, rhinovirus or coronavirus
were tested, and the viral load (the number of virus particles present) was measured in each of the
samples they gave.
图表显示的研究是观察感染不同疾病的患者体内的病毒粒子数量。在这项研究中，对感染
了流感、鼻病毒或冠状病毒的患者进行了测试，并对他们提供的每个样本中的病毒载量(病
毒粒子的数量)进行了测量。
The diagram shows a series of graphs depicting the data collected in the study. Each dot on the
graph represents one sample taken from a participant.
该图展示的一系列图表描述了研究中收集的数据，图上的每个点都代表了一个受试者的样
本。
Samples were taken from four locations: 样本采集自四个地方：
 a nasal swab (swab of the nose) 鼻拭子（用棉签擦鼻子）

 a throat swab 咽拭子
 collection of larger droplets from 30 minutes of breathing, and
收集 30min 内呼吸产生的飞沫
 collection of aerosol droplets from 30 minutes of breathing.
收集 30min 内呼吸产生的气溶胶
In the breathing tests, patients were randomly assigned either to wear or not to wear a mask. This
was to test whether wearing a mask affected the number of virus particles being breathed out by
the patients.
在呼吸测试中，患者被随机分配为戴口罩和不戴口罩两组，以测试戴口罩是否会影响患者
呼出的病毒粒子数量。
The P-values shown in the diagram are a statistical measure. They show how confident we can be
that the intervention (in this case wearing a mask) is responsible for any difference seen in the data.
图中的 p 值是一种统计度量，表示我们认为干扰因素(在这个案例中，口罩是干扰因素)会造
成数据差异的可信度。
 P-value < 0.05: the difference is significant and likely to be the result of the intervention
P 值< 0.05: 数据差异明显，并且可能是干扰因素造成的。
 P-value > 0.05: the difference could be the result of chance and cannot be relied upon.
P 值> 0.05: 差异可能是偶然性造成的，可以忽略干扰因素。
Page 26 of 33
For a set of data, both the conclusion and the P-value can be affected by the sample size. Large
sample sizes are more reliable.
对于一组数据，结论和 p 值都会受到样本容量的影响。样本容量越大，可信度越高。
新型冠状病毒
每种病毒的复制数量
鼻拭子咽喉拭子不戴口罩时

不戴口罩时戴口罩时直戴口罩时直
直径大于 5 样品类型径大于 5μ 直径小于等径小于等于
μm 的飞沫 m 的飞沫粒于 5μm 的 5μm 的气
粒子子气溶胶粒子溶胶粒子
流感病毒
鼻拭子咽喉拭子不戴口罩时戴口罩时直不戴口罩时戴口罩时直

直径大于 5 径大于 5μ 直径小于等径小于等于
样品类型
鼻病毒
鼻拭子咽喉拭子
不戴口罩时戴口罩时直不戴口罩时戴口罩时直
直径大于 5 样品类型径大于 5μ 直径小于等径小于等于
Page 27 of 33
27. A larger proportion of patients showed zero viral load in throat swabs than in nasal swabs.
咽拭子中零病毒载量的患者比例高于鼻拭子。
True/false. 对/错
28. Rhinovirus has the biggest data set for assessing whether masks are effective at reducing viral
shedding and shows the greatest effect.
鼻病毒有最大的数据集来评估口罩是否能有效减少病毒传播，并且效果最显著。
True/false. 对/错
29. A person looking at this diagram can confidently conclude that requiring patients to wear masks
while infected would reduce their infectiousness.
由上方图表可以准确得出结论，即要求患者在受到感染时戴上口罩会降低他们的传染性。
True/false. 对/错
30. On average, a sample of aerosol particles appears to have a higher viral load than the equivalent
sample of larger droplets.
平均而言，一个气溶胶样本比同等的飞沫样本具有更高的病毒载量。
True/false. 对/错
31. There appears to be a large variation in contagiousness between the patients taking part in the
study.
受试患者之间的传染性似乎有很大的差异。
True/false. 对/错
32. When two data sets are compared, the P-value increases as the difference between two data sets
increases.
当比较两个数据集时，p 值随着两个数据集之间差值的增加而增加。
True/false. 对/错
Page 28 of 33
Section C: Analysis Questions
Use the following information to answer questions 33-35. 根据下列信息回答 33-35 题
Epidemiologists are scientists who study the spread of disease. One of the measures that
epidemiologists use to compare diseases is : the ‘basic reproduction number’.
流行病学家是研究疾病传播的科学家。 :“基本传染数”，是流行病学家比较衡量疾病的
变量之一。
The value can be thought of as the number of new infections that a single infected person can
be expected to cause. Diseases with > 1 can cause outbreaks.
可以认为值是一个感染者可能引起的新感染病例的数量。当某种传染病的 > 1 时，这
种疾病将会爆发。
The table below (from the Wikipedia page on values) shows the values for a range of
common diseases.
下页表显示了一系列常见疾病的值（来自维基百科）。
名传染性疾病的值疾病名称传播途径值

麻疹气溶胶传播 12-18
水痘（牛痘）气溶胶传播 10-12
流行性腮腺炎呼吸道飞沫传播 10-12
小儿麻痹症粪口传播 5-7
风疹呼吸道飞沫传播 5-7
百日咳呼吸道飞沫传播 5.5
天花呼吸道飞沫传播 3.5-6
艾滋病体液传播 2-5
“非典” 呼吸道飞沫传播 0.19-1.08
“非典型肺炎冠状病毒- 呼吸道飞沫传播（气溶 2-6

2”/新型冠状病毒胶传播，尚在调查研究
中）
普通感冒（1918 大流行呼吸道飞沫传播 2-3
流感病毒株）
白喉唾液传播 1.7-4.3
流感（2014 埃博拉流感呼吸道飞沫传播 1.4-2.8
病毒）
埃博拉病毒体液传播 1.5-1.9
流感（2009 大流行流感呼吸道飞沫传播 1.4-1.6
病毒株）
流感（季节流感病毒株）呼吸道飞沫传播 0.9-2.1
MERS 呼吸道飞沫传播 0.3-0.8
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basic_reproduction_number (accessed 26 July 2020).
Page 29 of 33
is calculated like this: 的计算方式如下：
× ×
where: 其中:
= the probability that when a contact event occurs, it will lead to a new infection
= 当发生接触事件时，出现新感染病例的概率
= the rate of contact events between infectious people and non-infected people
= 感染者与未感染者之间发生接触事件的概率
= the length of time the person is infectious (regardless of how they behave)
= 感染者具有传染性的时长（忽略感染者自身出现的行为）
Important notes 注意事项:
 The value of P ranges between 0 and 1. ‘1’ would mean the disease is always passed on
when an infected person meets a non-infected person, and 0 would mean it is never passed
on.
P 值的范围在 0 到 1 之间。“1”表示感染者与未感染者接触时，病毒一定会传播，
而“0”表示病毒不会传播。
 A ‘contact event’ is when an infected person is close to a non-infected person for a certain
length of time. For the questions below, assume that a contact event for coronavirus is
defined as being within 1.5m of a person for at least 15 minutes.
“接触事件”是指感染者与未受感染者近距离接触一定时长的事件。下列问题中，
假设新冠病毒的接触事件是指人与人在 150 米范围内至少接触 15 分钟。
 The value of R0 assumes that the entire population is susceptible (i.e. not immune) to the
disease, and that no control measures (e.g. social distancing) have been taken.
R0 值假定整个人群对于疾病为易感群体（即不能免疫）, 且未采取防控措施 (如保持
社交距离)。
33. From the following list, circle the THREE factors that WOULD affect the value of .
在下面的列表中，圈出可能影响 p 值的三个因素。
Recall that is the probability that when a contact event occurs, it will lead to a new infection.
记住，p 值是指当接触事件发生时，导致新感染的概率。
Page 30 of 33
This question is worth 2 marks.
该题分值为 2 分。
A. How easily the virus particles are destroyed by temperature extremes outside the
body
体外极端温度破坏病毒粒子的难易程度
B. The total length of time for which an infected person is infectious to others
感染者有传染性的总时长
C. Normal cultural practices (e.g. hand shaking, gatherings etc.)

日常社交习俗（如握手、聚会等）
D. Population density 人口密度
E. Ensuring infected people are quarantined (isolated)

确保对感染者进行隔离
F. The average viral dose (number of viral particles) that must enter a susceptible
person to cause them to become infected.
进入易感者体内致其感染的平均病毒剂量（病毒粒子数）。
G. The number of virus particles shed or released by an infectious person

感染者传播的病毒粒子数量
H. Making a vaccine available 研制疫苗
I. Implementations of social distancing measures 采取控制社交距离的措施
34. In the table on page 29, you will notice that in the table above, a range of values is listed for
each disease. The for a disease can vary between city and rural areas, and from country to
country.
在第 29 页的表格中，列出了为每种疾病的 R0 值。疾病的 R0 值会因城市与农村的地区差异
以及国家的不同而变化。
From the following list, select the THREE factors that WOULD contribute to varying between
different geographical locations.
从下面的列表中，选择可能导致不同地理位置之间疾病感染差异的三个因素。
This question is worth 2 marks.

该题分值为 2 分。
Page 31 of 33
A. How easily the virus particles are destroyed by temperature extremes outside the
body 体外极端温度破坏病毒粒子的难易程度
B. The total length of time for which an infected person is infectious to others
感染者有传染性的总时长
C. Normal cultural practices (e.g. hand shaking, gatherings etc.)

日常社交习俗（如握手、聚会等）
D. Population density 人口密度
E. Ensuring infected people are quarantined (isolated)

确保对感染者进行隔离
F. The average viral dose (number of viral particles) that must enter a susceptible
person to cause them to become infected.
进入易感者体内致其感染的平均病毒剂量(病毒粒子数)。
G. The number of virus particles shed or released by an infectious person

感染者传播的病毒粒子数量
H. Making a vaccine available 研制疫苗
I. Implementations of social distancing measures 采取控制社交距离的措施
35. Once measures are taken to reduce the spread of a disease, epidemiologists can calculate (the
effective reproduction number). If the measures work, the value of will be less than that of
.
一旦采取措施抑制疾病的传播，流行病学家可以计算（有效繁殖数）。如果采取的措
施有效，值将小于。
is the reproduction number when: 是再生数的前提是：
 control measures have been taken to reduce the spread of the disease and/or 已采取防控
措施抑制疾病的传播，并且/或者
 When part of the population is immune to the disease 部分人群已对疾病产生免疫
Page 32 of 33
The formula for is similar to that for , but with an extra factor:
的公式与相似，但增加一个影响因素：
× × ×
where is the fraction of the population that is susceptible to the disease.

其中是易感染人口的比例。
Recall: 'susceptible' means 'not immune'.

需注意:“易感”的意思是“无法免疫”。
Four control measures are listed below. Each measure affects one of the factors in the equation for
.
下面列出了四种防控措施，每一项措施都会影响到等式中的一个因素。
Circle one word or letter in each cell of the table to create accurate sentences that describe how
each control measure affects one of the factors.
在表格的每个单元内圈出一个单词或字母，组成准确的句子，描述每种防控措施对某一种
因素的影响。
This question is worth 4 marks. 该题分值为 4 分。
i. Wearing face masks would: Increase/decrease

戴口罩可以：增加/减少
ii. Staying 1.5m apart from other Increase/decrease
people in public would:
增加/减少
在公共场所与他人保持 1.5m 的
距离可以：
iii. Isolation/quarantine of people Increase/decrease
with symptoms would:
增加/减少
对出现症状者进行隔离可以：
iv. Making a vaccine available Increase/decrease
would:
增加/减少
研制疫苗可以：
END OF EXAM
Page 33 of 33

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2020 AUSTRALIAN SCIENCE OLYMPIAD EXAM

JUNIOR SCIENCE OLYMPIAD

Student Name: ………………...…..……………

Exam Code: ………………………………………

 Male  Female  Unspecified

Year 9  Year 10  Year 11  Year 12 

Examiners Use Only:

Reading Time: 10 minutes

 Attempt all questions in ALL sections of this paper.

If there is evidence of collusion or other academic dishonesty, students will

C. Plasma Membrane 细胞质膜

D. Cell wall 细胞壁

A. Viruses rely on other organisms for their continued existence

B. Viruses can be destroyed by exposure to alcohol or soap

C. Viruses don’t have a nucleus

D. Viruses can’t self-replicate

C. Viruses reproduce quickly, so many generations can be produced in a short period

Which is of the following statements is incorrect?

Codon 密码子 Amino acid 氨基酸

A very short protein consisting of alanine-glycine-arginine-alanine would therefore be encoded by

A. Positive feedback systems 正反馈系统

B. Negative feedback systems 负反馈系统

C. Both positive and negative feedback systems are common

D. Both positive and negative feedback systems are rare

华氏温标 摄氏温标 热力学温标

Which of the following statements is correct?

A. (Temperature in Kelvin) = (Temperature in Celsius - 273)

B. There is a nonlinear relationship between the Celsius and Fahrenheit scales

C. 1oF measures a smaller change in temperature than 1oC

D. 50.0oC is equivalent to 74oF

Below is a method for calibrating a thermometer.

第四步: 查看温度是否在 99℃ 到 101℃ 之间

A. Thermometers can’t be adjusted. 温度计不能被校准。

B. You’re only checking one temperature. 这种方法只校准了一个温度。

D. Heat transfer will occur from the water to the mug.

A. The black plastic bag is mostly transparent to infrared radiation.

C. Hair is an insulating material. 头发属于隔热体。

D. The man’s chest is cooler than his face. 图中男人的胸部温度比脸部温度低。

__ C2H5OH + __ O2  __ CO2 + __ H2O

A. Nuclear reactions and chemical reactions both involve energy transformations.

C. Chemical reactions can turn one element into another.

D. Nuclear reactions convert mass to energy.

E. Chemical reactions obey the law of conservation of mass.

A. Isotopes of the same element have different number of electrons.

B. Isotopes of the same element have different chemical properties.

C. Isotopes of the same element have the same atomic number.

D. Isotopes of the same element have the same mass number.

Which of the following statements about light waves is incorrect?

A. The colour or type of light is determined by its wavelength.

B. The frequency of a light wave is directly proportional to its energy.

C. The amplitude of a light wave is related to the intensity of the light.

D. As the energy of a light wave decreases, its wavelength decreases.

What isotope would need to undergo beta-decay to produce Co-59?

Note: 1µm = 1 micrometre = 1 x 10-6 m 提示：1 µm = 1 微米 = 1×10-6 米

Note: the volume of a sphere is calculated as

Note: 1µm = 1000 nm

E. 8.3 x 109 nm3

B. A constant downward force of gravity along with a steadily decreasing upwards

C. A constant downward force of gravity only. 只有一个恒定的向下的重力。

D. A net (total) force of zero. 合力为零。

Use the following information to answer question 23. 根据以下信息回答第 23 题

The balanced chemical equation for the fermentation of glucose is:

C6H12O6  2C2H5OH + 2CO2

华氏温标摄氏温标热力学温标

C2H5OH + O2  CO2 + H2O

鼻拭子咽喉拭子不戴口罩时

鼻拭子咽喉拭子不戴口罩时戴口罩时直不戴口罩时戴口罩时直

名传染性疾病的值疾病名称传播途径值

假设新冠病毒的接触事件是指人与人在 150 米范围内至少接触 15 分钟。