AmericanSchoolTextbookCore 2

How do historians and archaeologists study the past?
.--
(
Historians often spend Archaeologists examine Archaeologists visit ruins

their time studying primary artifacts and remains of ancient buildings to see
and secondary sources. for clues about the past. how people used to live.
Vocabulary Preview I Write the correct word next to its meaning.
timeline archaeologist historian eyewitness artifact
1 _ __ _ _ _,: a person who studies history or the past

2 _ __ __ _,: a person who studies the remains of past human cultures
3 _ __ _ _ _,: a person who was present at an event
4 _ _ _ __ _ ,: a diagram of events arranged in order according to when they happened
5 _ __ _ _ _,: a man-made object from a past culture or civilization
unit 0 1 9
H istory is the study of people, places, and events from the
past. We study history to learn about the past.
Experts, such as historians and archaeologists, help us
understand the past. To learn about life from long ago, they
examine clues and records from people in the past. How
do they do this? Historians use both primary sources and
secondary sources. A primary source is material written at
the time an event happened. It is often written by a person
who was an eyewitness to the event. Primary sources can be
books, diaries, reports, official documents, and photographs.
A secondary source is material written based on primary
sources. Some historians also study oral history. This is a
collection of stories that are told and passed down from one
generation to the next.
What happens when there is no record or written history
left behind? That is where archaeologists are needed. They
10
examine artifacts. These are man-made objects used by
past civilizations. Historical artifacts include tools, pottery,
clothes, jewelry, and even paintings. Archaeologists also
study human remains, such as bones and hair. There are
many ruins of ancient buildings for them to study as well.
All of these contribute to archaeologists learning how people
lived in the past.
Many historians often ... artifacts
make timelines to list events
lioo 1600 1700

in history. Timelines show
the dates that various events
occurred and let historians
see the order of past events.
...timeline On many timelines, there are
"' almanac
sometimes the abbreviations B.c. and A.D. after dates. B.c.
stands for "before Christ." A.D. stands for "anna Domini:'
That is Latin for "years after the birth of Christ:'
Nowadays, historians have access to many modern
technologies. This makes studying the past much easier.
Many primary sources have been translated and published in ... atlas
books or on CD-ROMs. Other books, such as encyclopedias,

almanacs, and atlases, provide much information, too.
Studying the past has never been easier than today.
• Main Idea and Details
1 What is the passage mainly about?

a. How historians and archaeologist s do their work
b. The importance of pri mary and secondary sources
e. How modern technology can help historians
2 help historians see the dates of past events and the order in which they occurred.
a. CD-ROMs b. Timelines e. Artifacts
3 What is oral history?
a. Stories passed down from one generation to th e next
b. History books th at are spoken aloud to others
e. Speeches and other saying s from famo us people in history
4 What does oral mean?
a. wr itten b. official e. spoken
5 Complete the sentences.
a. sources include books, diar ies, report s, and official documents.
b. The of ancient build ing s can teach archaeologists about the past.
e. B.C. and A.D. are abbreviations th at are used with _
6 Complete the outline.
Sources of th e Past Clues from th e Past
• Primary sources = materia l written at the • Artifacts = C objects from past

time an event happened civilizations
•a = material • Human d = bones and hair
written based on primary sources • Ruins = ancient buildings
• Oral history = stories told and passed down • e = let historians see the order
from one b to the next of past events
• Vocabulary Review Complete each sentence. Change the form if necessary.
clue based on remains ruins abbreviation
1 B.C.E. is an for "before the common era:'
2 They found some hum an w hile they were digging in t he ground.

3 The histori an is searching for some in that ancient text .
4 The were part of an ancient city that was powerfu l a thousand years ago.
5 The book th at he wro te is pr imary sources.
12
What are some important documents in American history?
The Constitution created

The Decla ration of the three branches of The Bill of Rights amended
Independence was signed government and explained the Constitution and gave
on July 4 , 1776. each one's duties. various rights to the people.
Founding Fathers Declaration of Independence Constitution Bill of Rights delegate
1 _ _ _ __ __ : a person w ho is chosen to represent other people at a meeting

2 _ _ __ _ __ : the document that declared America's freedom from England
3 ____ __ _: th e fir st ten amendment s to the Constitution
4 _ _ __ _ _ _ : the group of peopl e w ho helped make the United States a free country
5 _______ : the document that madethe United States a country and established its laws
unit 02 13
hen America was becoming a free land, its Founding
W Fathers wrote three important documents. They were
the Declaration of Independence, the Constitution, and the
Bill of Rights.
In May 1775, about a month after the American
Revolution began, delegates from all thirteen colonies met
in Philadelphia at the Second Continental Congress. In July
1775, the Congress sent a petition to King George III asking
him to repeal his policies concerning the colonies. But it was
refused. In June 1776, the Congress appointed a committee to
write the Declaration of Independence, the official document
stating that the colonies were independent from England.
At last, the final version of the Declaration of Independence
was approved by the Congress on July 4, 1776. Americans
...the key Founding Fathers: celebrate this date as "Independence DaY:'
Benjamin Franklin , In the Declaration of Independence, the Americans said
ThomasJefferson,
George Washington that all men were created equal. They said that there were
14
certain inalienable rights given to men by God,
not by kings. These rights included life, liberty, and
the pursuit of happiness. They also said that, when
a government mistreated its people, the people had
the right to alter or ab olish that govern ment. That
is what gave the Americans the right to declare
their independence from England.
After th e Revolutionary War, the thirteen • t he Secon d Con tinental Cong ress
colonies wanted to form one united country. In
1789, some Founding Fathers met to create a government
for the new nation and wrote the Constitution for the new
United States. It became the supreme law of the country. The
Constitution divided the Ame rican government into three
parts: the executive, legislative, and judiciary branches. It
gave specific powers to each branch. And it explained how to
elect the president, senators, and representatives.
But many Am er icans feare d the federal government
wou ld become too powerfu l. They tho ught it would
eventually become like the British monarch y. So the y
dem anded certain rights for in dividua l citizens. In 1791, John Han cock's signature
(As preside nt of the Second
ten amendments were added to the Constitution. These ten Continent al Congre ss, he
signed th e Declarati on of
amendments are called the Bill of Rights. Independ ence first.)
The Bill of Rights protects the basic rights that every
American has. Among the freedoms promised in th e Bill of
Rights are those of speech, religion , and assem bly.
Quick Check Chec k T (True) o r F (False).
1 Amer icans celebrate Inde pendence Day on July 4, every year. ITJ [£]
2 TheDeclaration of Independence protectsthe rightsof speech, religion,and assembly. IT] [£]
3 The three branches of government are the executive, legislative, and judiciary branches. IT! IT]
unitOl 15
1 What is t he ma in idea of the passage?

a.The Revol ut ionary War let America gain its independence from England.
b. Three major docum ent s helped create the United States as a country.
c. The Bill of Rights made so me major chang es to th e Constitution.
2 The Declaration of Independence said peop le had a ~~~_ to abolish a bad government.
a. righ t b. declaration c. pow er
3 What is t he Bill of Rights?
a. The rig ht s of speech, relig ion, and assembl y
b. The fir st te n amen d me nt s to t he Con stituti on
c. All of th e amendment s to th e Constitution
4 What does amendments mean?
a. const itu t ion b.dem ands c. changes
5 According to the passage, w hich statement is true?
a. The Second Continental Congress met in New York.
b. The Declarat io n of Independence says that God, not men, gives people rig hts.
c. The Co nst it ut io n became the supreme law of th e United States on July 4, 1776.
( Declaration of Independence ) ( Constitution ) Bill of Rights
• Wrinen by the Second • Wrinen by the Founding Fathers • First ten amendments to
Continental Congress after the RevolutionaryWar in 1789 the e-~~~-
•a on July 4, 1776 • Established the executive, • Were added in 1791

c , and jud iciary
• Sa id all men were created equal • Protected t he basic
• Rights included life, liberty, and branches rights of Americans
the b of happiness • Explained how to elect the • Included f of
• Sa id people had a right to president, d , and speech, religion, and
overthrow a bad government representatives assembly
• Vocabulary Review Com plete each sente nce. Change t he fo rm if necessary.
declare inalienable abolish Revolutionary War petition
1 The Founding Fathers ~ t h at America was independent from England.
2 When America w on t he , it gained it s in dependence.

3 The col onists sent a to King George 111, bu t he ignored it.
4 The Ame rican s man aged to the colonial rule of England .
5 An ~~~~~_ right is a right that cannot be changed or taken away.
16
What is the American presidential election process?
Every four years, A ca ndidate must win The Electoral College

Americans elect the nomination of his or makes the fina l vote
a president. her political party at t he for president.
national convent ion.
d emocracy republic p olitical party presidential electio n finish er
1 _ _ _ __ _ _ : a g roup of people wit h similar political ideas

2 _ _ __ __ _ : a person wh o com pletes somethi ng
3 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ : a type of government in whic h powe r is held by the people
4 _ _ __ _ _ _: an election in which t he people vote for preside nt
5 _ _ _ _ ___: a type of government in which the governmentleaders are elected bythe people
unit03 17
T he United States is called a democratic republic. In a
democracy, power is held by the people. People use that
power when they vote for the leaders who will represent them.
A republic is a form of government in which the government
leaders are elected by the people. In a republic, people vote for
most of the government leaders. Voting is an important right
.. American political and responsibility of people in a democratic republic.
pa rty mascots
Every four years, Americans vote for president. The
election process is quite long.
There are two major political parties in the United States.
They are the Republican Party and the Democratic Party.
About two years before the presidential election, candidates
in both parties start running for president. They want to be
their party's presidential nominee.
In an election year, every state has a primary or caucus. In
these events, party members vote for one of the presidential
candidates. The top finishers receive a certain number of
delegates depending upon how well they did. To be nominated
for president, a candidate must get a specific number of
delegates.
18
The New Hampshire Primary is the first primary in the
country. The Iowa Caucus is the first caucus. Both are held
early in the year. After that, other states hold primaries and
caucuses. One day-called Super Tuesday- is important
since several states have their elections then.
As the primaries and caucuses progress, unpopular
candidates drop out. Wh en one candidate has en ough
delegates, he or she becomes the party's nominee. By May
or June, each party's nominee is usually kn own . Late r, in .. voting booth
August or September, the parties hold their conventions. The
delegates can then form ally vote for their party's candidate
for president. They officially nominate their presidential and
vice presidential candidates there.
During September and October, the candidates for both
parties travel across the country trying to win votes. Finally,
on the first Tuesday in November, American citizens vote for
president. However, the U.S. does not determine the winner
by popular vote. Instead, it uses the Electoral College. So
people vote for Electoral College on that day. .. the number ofthe
Electoral College
In mid December, the Electoral College makes the final members that each
state has
vote for president. It has 538 members. The ME
WA
tt •
number of members from each state is the MT ND
number of sen ato rs and repres entatives

,
OR
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a 3
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MN
" WI
te ., NY
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the state has. Wyom ing has 3 members CA • "'• , co .0

u 20 'NY VA
KY S 13
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while Californ ia has 55. In most states, the AI
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popular vote winner receives ever y elector. ~
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This is called winner-take-all. NI
•
Quick Check Check T (True) or F (False).
, In the Unite d States, th e peopl e vote for a president every four years. [jJ III
2 The fi rst primary is always the New Hampshire Prima ry. ITJ III
3 The Electoral College has 55 members who must vote for the next president. IT] II]
unit 03 19

a. How a person can become t he president of the United States
b. When each state in the country has it s prim ary or caucus
e. The importance of the El ectoral College in determining the next president
2 The political parties usually have their national in Augu st or September.
a. primaries b. caucuses e. convent ions
3 What does the Electoral College do?
a. Its members decide on the no minees for president.
b.lts members choose when the presidential election will be.
e. Its members make the final vote for the president.
4 What does nominated mean?
a. cho sen b. approved e. considered
5 Answer th e questions.
a. What are the two major political parties in th e United States?
b. What is Super Tuesday? _

e. What determ ines the number of members in the Electoral College?
Running for President The El ection Process
• Candidates begin running about 2 years • Candidates travel around the country trying
before an election to win votes in September and October
• There is a a or caucus in every state • Election Day = first d in
• The top finishers receive certain numbers of November
b •e = 538 members
• The presidential nominee is decided at the • Makes the final vote for presidentin mid
national c December
• Vocabulary Review Com plete each sentence. Change the form if necessary.
r epresent drop out nominee run for popular vote
1 At t he nati ona l conven tion, the part y will decide on its for president.
2 In the United States,the winner of the does not always become president.
3 Which candida tes w ill t heir po litical parties this year?
4 She is thin king of mayor of her hometown.
5 He has no chance to win t he elect ion, so he wi ll of the race.
20
Who were some important men during the American Civil War?
Abraham Lincoln was president General Ulysses S . Grant General Robert E. Lee was
of the United States and was the leader of all Union the leader of all Confederate
kept the Uniontogether. military forces. military forces.
. I
slave labor free state slave state Uman Confederacy
1 _ _ _ _ _ __ : the group of Southern states that seceded from the U.s.

2 _ _ __ ___: a state in which slavery was illegal
3 _______: another name for the United States of America
4 _ _ _ __ _ _ : a state in which slavery was legal
5 _ _ _ __ __ : work done by slaves
unit 04 21
B y the 1850s, America's population
and industry had grown rapidly.
As the United States became larger, the
country was growing into two separate
regions: the North and the South. The North's economy was
industrial and had many factories. The South's economy was
focused on agriculture. Tobacco an d cotton were especially
" slave labor
important cash crops in the South. Most tobacco and cotton
was grown on large plantations. To run the plantations, slave
labor became a central part of life in the South.
In most Nort hern states, slave ry was illegal. Many
Northerners believed slavery was wrong and sho uld be
abolished. However, many people in the Southern states
believed they needed to use enslaved people to maintain their
plantations. They also claimed that each state should have the
right to decide about slavery. So the country was divided into
free states, where slavery was forbidden, and slave states,
where slavery was legal.
22
In 1860, Abraham Linco ln was elected
president. He was a strong opponent of slavery.
Soon, several Southern states, including South
Carolina, Mississi ppi, and Texas, seceded from ""'......
1Ik",,:arooina
SclJlh
'''.lISa. "" .hom" Caf"t.r.:
M,ni : &e<lrYI. FOri Sumte r
the Union . Eve ntually, 11 So uthern states .,Ipr'
Lo"lSi.n~
Confed e rate sta tes

seceded. The word Union describes the group of Union sta tes and'Ierrtrorjes
states that made up the United States at that time. " t he Union and
the Confederacy
In 1861, 11 Southern states formed a new country called th e
Confe derate States of America, or the Confederacy.
In April of 1861, Confederate soldiers fired on Union
troops at Fort Sumter, South Carolina . The Civil War
began. It lasted more tha n four years. Each side had cert ain
advantages. The South had excellent generals and was
motivated to fight. The North had railroads, raw materials,
and a bigger population. " the Battle of Gettysburg, 1863
At first, th e South won several battles . But the North

Lee
Grant;
would not quit. In 1863, President Lincoln declared that all
slaves in the Confe derate states were free. This was called the
Emancipation Proclamation.
Lincoln's anno unce ment marked a turning point in
the war. T he Union began to win more an d more battl es
under General Ulysses S. Grant. Finally, on Apr il 9, 1865,
" t he surrender of General
th e Confed erate commander, Genera l Robert E. Lee, Leeto General Grant
surrendered to Grant at Appomattox Cou rt House in

Virginia. The war was over. By the end of the Civil War, more
than 620,000 Americans had been killed.
Quick Check Check T (True ) or F (False).
1 The North and South both had high ly developed in dustria l areas. IT] III
2 Abraham Lincoln was the president of the Confederate States of America. IT] III
3 Hun d reds of th ousand s of Am erican s died d ur ing the Civil War. IT] [I]
unit 04 23

a. Slavery and Abraham Lincoln
b. Reasons for the Civil War and the process of the war
c. The Emancipation Proclamation and the Confederacy
2 The declared that all slaves in the Confederacy were free .
a. Declaration of Independence
b. Gettysburg Address
c. Emancipation Proclamation
3 Which of the following was an advantage that the Confederacy had in the Civil War?
a. It had more raw materials than the North.
b. It had many excellent generals.
c. It had a large population of men.
4 What does fired on mean?
a. shot at b. invaded c. took over
a. Some Southerners grew tobacco and cotton on large '
b. Ownership of was a big reason why the Civil War occurred.
c. The Civil War ended when surrendered to Grant at Appomattox Court House.
Reasons for the Civil War The Process of the Civil War )
• Sout hern a relied on slave labor • The d vs. the Confederacy

• Northerners believed b was wrong • Began in April 1861 at Fort Sumter
• Southerners thought that slavery was necessary • The South won many batt lesat first
• Southerners wanted each state to decide to be • Turn ing point = Emancipation e
1
a free or C state • Lee surrendered to Grant at Appomattox
Court House on April 9, 186S
surrender industrial abolish secede turning point

-
1 South Carolina was the first state to from the Union.
2 The power of the Union let it manufacture many tools of war.
3 The Confederate forces to the Union after they were defeated in battle.
4 General Lee's defeat at Gettysburg was a major in the war.
S Most Northerners wanted to slavery in the United States.
24
What were some of the major events that happened after the Civil
War?
President Abraham Lincoln The Thirteenth Amendment Union troops remained in the
was assassinated only a few to the Constitution made South until Reconstruction
days after the war ended. slavery illegal in the country. ended in 1877.
Reconstruction assassinate amnesty Black Codes African-American
1 _ _ _ _ __ _: an American whose origins are in Africa

2 _ _ _ __ _ _: forgiveness, often concerning a legal matter
3 _ __ __ __ : laws in the American South that limited the basic rights of blacks
4 _ _ _ _ _ __ : the period after the CivilWarwhen the South was reintegrated into the Union
5 _ _ _ _ __ _: to kill a famous or important person
unit 0 5 25
hen the Civil War ended, President Abraham Lincoln was
W preparing to reintegrate the South into the Union through
what is known as Reconstruction. However, he never got a chance
to do that. Only five days after the war ended, John Wilkes Booth
assassinated President Lincoln. Andrew Johnson became the new
president.
When the war ended, America was a "house divided:' Americans
disagreed on how to reunite the country. Lincoln had wanted the
Southern Confederate states to be integrated back into the Union.
However, Reconstruction did not go smoothly. Many Northerners
believed the Southern Confederates should be punished. The Radical
Republicans especially wanted the government to force changes upon
the South. They also insisted that blacks must have the right to vote.
However, Lincoln's successor, President Johnson declared an
amnesty for Southerners. If they simply pledged their loyalty to
...President the Union, then they would qualify for amnesty. He insisted that
Andrew Johnson
slavery must be abolished, but each state was allowed to decide what
rights blacks would have. Most white Southerners were happy with
Johnson's plan, but they rejected giving blacks the right to vote.
26
In the South , many states even passed laws known as
WAITING ROaN
Black Codes. These laws restricted the basic rights of blacks FOR WHITE ONLY
to own property and to engage in certain businesses. They +-
BY O RDER
POLICE DEPT.
also made it difficult for blacks to vote. Black Codes upset
Radical Republicans in the North. In 1867, Congress passed the
radical's Reconstruction Act, which forced the states to allow I
.. Black Codes restricting
all male citizens, including blacks, to vote . It also forced the the righ ts of blacks
former Confederate states to remain under the con trol of the
federal army until they satisfied all of Congress's requirements.
During Reconstruction, the country adopted
\/ ~
three new amendments to the Constitution. The ."'~ ~w
".," YOC« ~~
VM(l J)\
Thirteenth Amendment made slave ry illegal. ~ l£W1ltSer
- ............" -
m",.
- ~ -~
The Fourteenth Amendment says that everyone ~
born in the United States is automatically a

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1868
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citizen of the United States and has the right ~..,"ro MISSI
SSIPPI ALABAMA
GEORGIA
1810
..
1870 1868
~,
to get "equal protection" under the law. The 1810

,
lOUISIANA
Fifteenth Amendment makes it illegal for the e xi' 0
state and federa l governments to discriminate .. Confed erat e states

aga inst people be cause of their race or color. However, it under the control of
the fede ral ar my by the
was not until the middle of the twentieth century that many Reconstruction Act
African-Americans could achieve the equality promised by

the three new amendments.
Reconstruction lasted from 1865 to 1877. During this
per iod, life in the South was hard. However, the states began to
restructure, and people's lives slowly got better. Still, it was one
of th e most difficult periods in all American history.
Quick Check Chec k T (True) o r F (False).
, Presid ent Abraham Lincoln was killed in the middle of Reconstruction. IT] [fJ
2 The Radical Republicans pa ssed many Black Codes. IT] [fJ
3 The Fiftee nt h Amendment made racia l d iscr im ination illegal. ITI [fJ
un it 05 27

a.The three new amendments passed during Recon structi on
b. How the North managed to punish the South
c. The period of Reconstruction after th e Civil War
2 Laws that rest ricted the rights of blacks were call ed _
a. Black Codes b. Black Barriers c. Black Laws
3 After the Civil War, who wanted to force the South to make changes?
a. President Abraham Lincoln b. President Andrew Johnson
c. Radical Republica ns
4 What does restricted mean?
a.limited b. freed c. enslaved
5 According to the passage, which statement is t rue?
a. John Wilkes Booth assassi nated President Andr ew John son.
b. President Andre w Johnson was a member of t he Con federacy.
c. The Thirt eenth Amendment made slavery ill egal in th e U.S.
6 Comp lete the outline.
Discrimination against Blacks
Reconstruction
Black Codes
• Lasted from 186S to 1877 • Restricted the rights of blacks to own
• Americans disagreed on how to reunite the country d and to engage in certain
• Southerners were given a for pledging businesses
loya lty to the Union by President Johnson • Made it hard for blacks to vote
• Congress passed the radical's b _ • Upset Rad ical Republicans in the North
in 1867 • African-Americans could not achieve
• Therewere 3 new c to the e until the middle of the
Constitution twentieth century
r eint egrate loyalty enga ge in discriminate equality
1 It is illegal to against a person because of th at person's race.

2 Many Southerners prov ed thei r to the Union by becom ing good citiz ens.
3 It was important to t he Southern states into th e Union.
4 under the law gua rantees t hat all people are t reated fairly.
5 The Black Codes limited the blacks' rights to _ certain businesses.
28
What were some inventions that helped improve people's lives in
the nineteenth century?
The telephone let people The electric light and the The steam locomotive
easily communicate phonograph improved connected remote parts of
with each other people's quality of life. the country with big cities.
over long distances.
Vocabulary Preview I Write the correct word next to its mean ing.
steam locomotive transcontinental railroad skyscraper monopoly union
1 _______: a business that has no competitors

2 _______: a railroad that linked the ea stern United States to the we st
3 _ _ _ __ _ _ : a locomotive powered by a stea m engine
4 _ _ _____: a very tall build ing often found in large cities
5 _ _ __ _ __ : a group of workers who unite to demand better working conditions
unit 06 29
fter the Civil War ended, the United States became an
A increasingly industrialized nation . Along with rapid
industrial expansion, towns and cities grew quickly. More and
more people left their farms and went to work in factories.
Many significant inventions spurred the growth of
industries. The development of better and faster forms of
transportation was especially important. The invention of
the steam locomotive connected remote parts of the country
with the cities . New railroads, such as the transcontinental
railroad, linked the eastern United States to the west
and made industry more efficient. The telephone and the
electric light greatly changed people's ways of life. Improved
.. transcontinental railroad
building methods let skyscrapers start appearing in
America's urban centers.
A lot of these inventions required steel and
oil. The birth of the oil industry and abundant
natural resources helped the country industrialize
further. During this period, several enormous
30
companies emerged. Joh n D. Rockefelle r founded Standard
Oil. It became the largest oil company in the worl d. Andrew
Carn egie dominated the steel industry through the Carnegie
Steel Company. These two companies-and many others-were
monopolies. A monopoly means that one company controls
an enti re market. During the period, the government did not " Andrew Carneg ie.
t he steel king
enact regulations that would slow their pace of growt h. So these
monopolies dominated all aspects of their markets.
As more pe ople began working i n factor ies , some
Americans becam e interested in improving these laborers'
lives. Working in factories could be dangerous and unhealthy.
Most laborers worked long hours in dangerous conditions yet
received little pay. These laborers incl uded poor whites an d
freed black slaves. Others were immigrants from Europe and
Asia.
To fight for better working conditions, laborers organized
them selves into unions. One of the earliest national labor
organizations was the American Federation of Labor (AFL). It
sought to protect the rights of workers. Union members and " early industrialization
management often engaged in violent clashes, yet working
conditions began improving.
The federal government also started to regulate
mon opolies . The Sherman Antitrust Act in
1890 allowed fo r fair co m pe t ition by outlawi n g
monopolies in all markets.
" a labor strike
Quick Check Check T (True) or F (Fal se ).
1 The development of new forms of transportation accelerated the growth of industries. ITJ III
2 Andre w Carnegie founded Standard Oil a nd gained a monopoly. ITJ [I)
3 Poo r w hites an d free d b lack slaves ofte n labored in poor wo rking co nd itions. IT] [£]
un it 06 31
, What is t he passage main ly about?

a. Why labor unio ns began t o form afte r t he Civil War
b. How t he u.s. expanded econo mically afte r t he Civil War
c. Which invent ions spurred th e growt h of industries
2 is a compa ny t hat has no competition in its sector.
a. An invent ion b. A mo no po ly c. A union
3 What was one of the fi rst un ion s founded in the United States?
a. Stand ard Oil b. The Sherman Antitrust Act
c. The American Federati on of Labor
4 What does enact mean?
a. pass b. consider c. remo ve
5 Answe r t he questions .
a.What were some import ant inven t ions afte r t he Civil War?
b. What di d John D. Rockefeller do ? _

c. Who oft en wo rked in factories? _
Important Inventions Companies and Their Workers
• Steam a = connected remote • Enormous companies such as Standard Oil

parts of the country with cities and the Carnegie Steel Company appeared
• The transcontinental b linked the • Often formed d- -- - -
east and the west • Working conditions in factories were poor
• Telephone and electric light = changed •e formed to improve working
people's ways of life condit ions
• C began to appear in urban • The Sherman Antit rust Act regulated
centers monopolies
expansi on spur dom i n a te w orking con ditions em erge
1 New technology is helping econo mic growt h.

2 The in modern fact ori es are better th an the y were in the past.
3 A lot of new compan ies in th e late 1800s and became very large.
4 The of t he econom y made many people richer.
5 Monopolies are able to their competitors because they are so powerful.
32
What were some of the main features of the Age of Imperialism
from 1880 to 1914?
European countries The Europeans often Feelings of nationalism

competed for colonies treated their colonies arose in Europe and in other
in Africa and Asia . poorly. places around the world.
the Great Game Industrial Revolution imperialism nationalism World War I
1 _______: the period of time when goods began to be made by machines

2 _ _ _ _ _ __ : the control of the economy and government of one country by another
3 _ _ _____: an excessive feeling of pride in one's country or ethnic group
4 _ _ _ ____: the competition for colonies and power by European countries
5 _ _ _ _ __ : the global war that was fought from 1914 to 1918
unit Ol 33
T h e Industrial Revolution took p lace between 1750
and 1830. Many goods started to be manufactured by
machines instead of being made by hand. New machinery
and technology allowed the mass production of goods .
Factories produced goods more quickly and cheaply than ever
before, and mo re people were able to buy them. The Industrial
Revolution changed the way people lived and worked. It
...The Industrial Revolution began in Great Britain around 1750 and then spread to other
made mass production
possi ble. European countries and the United States.
As the Industrial Revolution proceeded,
industrialized European countries looked for
colonies. To keep their factories operating and
to expand their economies, they needed raw
materials and new places to sell their goods. So
they started to establish colonies in Asia and
Africa.
34
We call the years between 1880 and 1914 the
"Age of Imperialism:' Imperialism refers to the
control of the economy and government of one
country by another. During this time, European
countries competed to establish colonies in Asia
and Africa. Nationalism contributed to the fierce
competition for colonies as well. Nationalism is ~ Great Brita in
CiJr reoce
extreme pride in belonging to a country or ethnic e.! Belgium
_ Germany
group. .
•
11<1ly
Portu gal
EJ Spa in
England, France, Belgium, Germany, and Italy o independe nt
established numerous colonies in Africa. And ...colonies in Africa, 1914

England, France, the Netherlands, and others
established colonies in Asia as well. This was called "t h e
Great Game" as countries tried to gain influence around the
world. England had the largest and the greatest number of
colonies.
Imperialism caused many problems. The Europeans
... British troops in Calcutta,
often treated their colonies poorly. The people who were India
colonized were abused and led poor lives. The Europeans
also ignored these countries' histories, traditions, and
cultures. Meanwhile, imperialism caused conflicts between
rival nations, and these led people to develop strong feelings
of nationalism. Eventually, these conflicts and the feelings of
~
nationalism among European nations caused World War I ... the poor lives of
colonized people
to begin.
1 TheIndustrial Revolution started in Great Britain and then went to the United States. !II IT]
2 The Age of Imperialism lasted from 1880 to 1914. ITJ IT]
3 The Great Game was a competition for colonies between Europe and Asia. IT] m
unit 0 7 35
1 What is the main id ea of the passage?

a.lmperialism and nationalism developed during the 1800s.
b. World War I began because of excessive feelings of national ism.
c. Colonia lism in Asia and Africa caused many problems for people.
2 _ _ _ __ _ was the count ry that had th e most colonies.
a. France b. Germany c. England
3 What is nationalism?
a. A desire to colonize people in other countries
b. Extreme pride in one's nation or ethn ic gro up
c. A competit ion to gain more land than ot her countries
4 What does extreme m ean?
a. excessive b. obviou s c. enough
5 Complete the sent ences.
a. European countries looked for new colonies in and Asia.
b. With colonies, European countries could have more aro und t he world.
c. began because of rivalries between countries and feelings of nationalism.
Imp erialism ( Nationalism )
• Industrial Revol ution let people mass- • Is extreme pride in belonging to a

produce goods by :' _ country or d _
• Factories needed b_ _ and • Contributed to the European
placesto sell their goods establishing of colonies
• European countriescolonizedcountries in • Was one of the reasonsthat e _
Asia and Africa _ _ _ bega n
• The Age of C = 1880-19 14
• Countries treated their colonies poorly
mass production ex p a n d est ab lish compete influence
1 The Industrial Revolution allowed the of goods .

2 European nations to ob tain raw mate rials.
3 England had a great on many countries all around the world.
4 European countries sought to the number of colon ies they possessed.
5 Great Britain colon ies bot h in Africa and Asia.
36
What were some of the important events in World War II?
Japanese forces attacked Allied forces landed on The Americans dropped an

American naval forces the beaches of Normandy, atomic bomb on Hiroshima ,
at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, France, on D-Day Japan, on August 5, 1945.
on December 7, 1941. on June 6, 1944.
Vocabulary Preview Write t he correct word next to its meaning.
dictatorship fascist Allies atomic bomb Axis Powers
1 _ _ _ __ _ _ : England, France, Russia, the U.s., and their allies in World War II
2 _ _ _ __ _ _: a very powerful bomb that causes an explosion by splitting atoms
3 ___ _ _ _ _ : government by a dictator; a country under the control of a dictator
4 _ __ _ _ _ : Germany, Italy, Japan, and their allies in World War II

5 ___ _ _ __ : someone who supports fascism
unit 08 37
uring the 1920s and 1930s, nations around the world
D suffered from economic depressions . As a result,
dictatorships began to arise.
In Germany, Adolph Hitler and his Nazi party came to
power in 1933. After World War I, Germany had to pay huge
fines for the damage caused by the war. This greatly hurt
the German economy. Hitler used propaganda and blamed
Germany's problems on the Allies, communists, and especially
the Jews. In Italy, Benito Mussolini started leading a fascist
government in 1922. Fascist governments are totalitarian.
They encourage nationalism, a strong military, and often
racism. Japan was controlled by a totalitarian government,
too.
In t h e 1930s, these three coun tr ies began ac ting
aggressively toward their neighbors. Japan invaded China.
Italy attacked Eth iopia. And Germany invaded Austria and
Czechos lovakia.
Then, on Sep tember 1, 1939, German forces invaded
.. Benito M ussol ln i Poland. Wo rld War II h ad b egun. The Allies, in cludin g
38
England, France, and Russia, fought the Axis
Powers, wh ich included Germany, Italy, and
Japan. When the war began, the Axis Powers-
especially Germany-were h igh ly successful.
By 1940, several countries in Europe, including
France , had s u rre n d e r ed to Germany. In
A German invasio n of Pol and
Western Europe, England was fighting the Axis
alone .
Suddenly, o n December 7, 1941, Japan
launched a surprise air attack on American
naval base at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii. The United
States promptly entered the war on the side of
the Allies. ... Na zi occupa tion of Paris,
France
On Jun e 6, 1944, th ere was a turning point in the war.
This was th e D-Day attack, which opened a new fro nt in
the war. The D -Day attack is known as th e Invasion of
Normandy or the No rm an dy landings. On this da y, the
Allies launched a massive assault and landed on the beaches
of Normandy, France. The surprise att ack worked, and the
Allies started defeating Italy and Germany. Italy surrendered
first. Later, Ger m any surrendered on May 8, 1945 , after
Hitler killed himself. A destru ction in Belg ium
Meanwhile, in the Pacific O ce an, American plane s
d ropped atomic bombs on H iroshima and Nagasaki,
Japan, on August 5 and 8, 1945. On August 14, 1945, Japan
surrendered.
1 Adolph Hitler g ain ed p ower in Germany in 1933.

2 On December 7. 1941, the Germans b om be d Pearl Harbor. Hawaii.
3 World War II came to an end after the Japanese surrendered in 1945.
unit 08 39

a. How World War II beg an
b. How World War II proceeded
c. The important leaders during World War II
2 Benito Mussolini was the leader of - - - -- -

a. Germany b. Japan c.ltaly
3 Which event happened on June 6, 1944?

a. The bombing of Hiroshima, Japan
b. The invasion of Europe on D-Day
c. The surprise attack on Pearl Harbor, Hawai i
4 What does launched mean?

a. planned b. started c. won
5 According to the passage, which statement is NOT true?

a. World War II began when German forces invaded Poland.
b. The Axis fo rces st arted an attack on the Allies on D-Day.
c. American planes dropped atomic bombs on Japan.
( Before World War II During World War II
• Nations had economic a in 1920s • Septem ber 1, 1939 = Germanyinvaded Poland

and 1930s • Germany won many battles
• Hitler and the Nazis gained power in b- - -- • December 7, 1941 = Japan attacked u.s. at
• Mussolini had a fascist government in c_ _ d
---
• Japan had a totalitarian government • June 6, 1944 = D-Day
• Germany, Italy,and Japan were aggressive toward • May 8, 1945 = Germany surrendered
their neighbors • August 14, 1945 = Japan surrendered after two
e were drop ped on it
• Vocabulary Review Complete each sentence. Cha nge th e form if necessary.
propaganda totalitarian aggressively turning point surrender
1 Mussolini's _ _ _ _ _ _ government took complete control of Italy.

2 One _ _ _ _ _ ___ _ in World War II happened when the U.s. entered the w ar.
3 Hitler used _______ to convince the Germans to go to war.
4 German forces _ _ __ _ _ afte r Adolph Hitler committed suicide.
5 The Allies _ _ __ _ _ fought back against Germany and eventually won the war.
40
l
Wrap-Up Test 1.
o Complete each sentence with the correct word. Change the form if necessary.
e...- Declaration of Independence archaeologist legislative Civil War artifact

e...- Electoral College Bill of Rights democratic free state Confederate
1 To learn about life from long ago, histo rians and examine clues and
records f rom people in t he past.
2 are man-made objects used by past civilizations.
3 The final version of the was approved by
Congress in 1776.
4 The Constitution divided th e government into three parts: the executive, _
and j udiciary branches.
s The protects th e basic rights that every Amer ican has.
6 Voting is an important right and responsibi lity of people in a repu blic.
7 In mid December, the makes the fin al vote for president.
s The United States was divided into r wh ere slavery was forbidden,
and slave states, w here slavery was legal.
9 In 186 1, 11 Southern states formed a new country called t he States of
America.
10 By th e end of the , more th an 620,000 Americans had been killed .
o Com plet e each sentence with the correct word. Change the form if necessary.
<:...t> Axis Powers industriali zed reunite Black Codes amendment

c..... Industrial Revoluti on im periali sm union atomic bomb Normandy
1 When t he Civil War ended , Americans disagreed on how to t he coun try.

2 restricted the basic rights of blacks to own property.
3 During Reconstruction, t he country adopted t hree new to the
Con stitution.
4 After the Civil War, the United States became an increasingly nat ion .
s To fight for better working conditions, laborers organized t hemselves into _
6 As the pro ceeded, European countries looked for colonies.
7 refers to the cont rol of t he economy and government of one country
by another.
s The Allies, incl uding England, France, and Russia, fought the _
which includ ed Germany, Italy, and Japan.
9 The D-Day attack is known as the Invasion of Normandy or th e landi ngs.
10 Amer ican planes dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Japan,
in 1945.
41
G Match each wo rd with the cor rect de finition and write the mean ing in Korean .
CC C C
1 eye witness 0
a. a business that has no competitors
2 timeline 0 b. a person who was present at an event
3 Bi ll of Rig hts 0 c to kill a famous or important person
.
d. forgiveness, often concermn
. g a legal matter
.. '
4 po litical party 0 e a group 0 peo
f pie with similar poht lCal ldeas
f' the first ten amendments to the ConshtutlOn
. .
5 a m nesty 0 ~ a diagram of events arranged in order

. according to when they happened
6 assassinate 0 h. the period of tim e when goods bega n to be
made by machin es .
7 monopoly 0 i.
England, France, Russia, th e U.S., and then
allies in World War II .
8 Indu st rial Revolution 0 j . a very pow
erful bomb that causes an exploslOn
by splitting ato ms
9 ato mic bomb 0
10 Allies 0
e Write the meanings of the wo rds in Korean.
rema ins 16 presidential election

2 clue 17 repub lic
3 ruins 18 secede
4 a rchaeologist 19 surrender
5 artifact 20 turn ing po int
6 Revo lution ar y War 21 Union
7 Declarat ion of Independence 22 Confed er acy
8 petitio n 23 slave lab or
9 a bo lish 24 discri minate
10 inalienab le rig ht 2S reinteg rate
11 dem ocracy 26 Recon stru ct ion
12 delegate 27 spur
13 nomi nee 28 imp e rialism
14 po pula r vote 29 totalita rian
15 run for 30 fascist
42
How do organisms interact in ecosystems?
Bees and flowers Remoras engage Viruses engage

engage in mutualism in commensalism. in parasitism.
with one anot her.
biotic factors abiotic fa ctors mutualism symbiosis commensalism
1 _ _ _____ : th e nonliving parts of an eco syste m

2 _______: the living parts of an ecosystem
3 _ ______: any kind of close, long-t erm relationship between two organisms
4 _____ __ : a symbiot ic relationship in which both organ isms benefit
5 _ _ _ ____: a symbiotic relationship in which one organism benefits while the
other is neither harmed nor helped
unit 09 45
n ecosystem is all the living and nonliving things in an
A area. All living and nonliving th ings in an ecosystem
interact with one ano ther so that the system stays in balance.
There are many types of ecosystems. An ecosystem can be as
large as the Amazon Rainforest or the Sahara Desert of Africa.
It can also be as small as a puddle of water or a backyard.
Whatever its size, all ecosystems have bo th biotic and
.., Ecosystems co nsist of abiotic factors. The biotic factors are the living parts of an
biotic and abi otic fact ors.
ecosystem. These include plants, animals, fungi,
protists, and bacteria. The abiotic factors are the
no nliving parts of an ecosystem . These include the
sunlight, climate, soil, water, mi nerals, and even
the atmosphere. All living things need certain
nonliving th ings to survive. And these biotic and
abiotic factors together determ ine the kinds of
organisms that the ecosystem can support.
46
In an ecosystem, organisms compete for limited three types of
symbiotic relationships
resources to stay alive. A food web is a good way to show
the relationships between all of the species. However, not
all organisms compete with one another. Some organisms
live together in relationships called symbiosis. Symbiosis
occurs when two different kinds of organisms form close and
long-term relationships. There are three types of symbiotic ... mutualism
relationships.
One is called mutualism. In mutualism, both organisms
benefit from their relationship with one another. Often, one
could not survive without the other. For instance, flowers
provide insects with nectar for food. Then, the insects
pollinate the plants as they feed on the nectar. The plants are
able to reproduce thanks to the insects.
...commensalism
The second type of symbiosis is called commensalism.
In commensalism, one organism benefits and the other
organism is neither helped nor harmed. For instance, there •
j
is a fish called a remora. It attaches itself to sharks. Remoras virus
often feed off of the fish scraps that sharks leave after they
eat. So the remoras gain an advantage while the sharks are ... parasitism
not harmed.
The third type of symbiosis is called parasitism. In
parasitism, one organism benefits while the other is harmed.
A parasite is an organism that lives in or on the host. For
instance, viruses need living organisms to survive. However,
they often cause damage-and may even kill-that organism.
1 Plants, anima ls, and climate are some of the biotic factors in an ecosystem. IT] [I]
2 A food web can show the relationships between the organisms in an ecosystem. IT] [I]
3 Remoras are one type of organism t hat engages in parasitism. IT] W
unit 09 47
1 What is the mai n idea of the passage?

a. Symbiotic relat ionships involve close and long-te rm relation ships.
b. There are many ways th at organ isms interact with one anot her.
c. There are both biotic and abio tic factors in every ecosyste m.
2 Insect s and flowers engage in with one another.

a. mutualism b. commen salism c. parasiti sm
3 What can people use to show the relationships between the organisms in an ecosystem?
a. Biotic factors b. Parasit ism c. A food web
4 What does ben efit mean?
a. profit b. compete c. survive
5 Complete the sente nces.
a. There are forest, plain, and desert in places all around th e world .
b. is a close, lon g-term relati onship between two organisms.
c. are one type of organism th at engages in parasitism.
6 Complete t he ou t line.
Mutualism Commensalism Parasitism
• Both organisms benefit • One organism benefits • One organism benefits

from their relationship while the other is while the other is
b harmed nor d
• One might not be able to
survive without the other helped • Ae lives in or
• Insects and a are • C and sharks on a host
a good exa mple are a good example • Viruses are a good
example
i n teract sup port parasite relationshi p p arasiti sm
1 An ecosystem must be in balance to all of th e organisms living in it.

2 is a type of symbiosis during wh ich on e organism harms anot her.
3 A is an organism t hat lives in or on th e host .
4 When org anism s w it h one another, they can result in various effects.
5 Organisms frequently have various with one another.
48
What are some of the different biomes that are found on the
Earth?
Deserts are very dry areas Tropical ra infores t s a re Deciduous forests are
that get little ra infa ll. very hot and wet regio ns forest biomes wit h trees
wit h diverse life. t hat lose t heir leaves
in winter.
tu ndra ta iga ecological succession tropical rainforest pion eer species
1 _ _ _ __ __ : cold regions with conifers

2 _ _ _ _ __ _ : the extremelycold treeless region in the far north
3 _______: a hot and wet reg ion near the equa to r with an abunda nce of life
4 _ ______ : th e fi rst orga nisms to live in a lifeless area
5 ___ _ __ _ : th e process in which gradual changes take place in an ecosyste m
unit 10 49
T
here are six major kinds of ecosystems, called biomes,
on the Earth. They are grasslands, deserts, tundra, taigas,
deciduous forests, and tropical rainforests. A biome is defined
by its climate and by the types of plants and animals that live
there. Each biome can be found in different parts of the world.
Grasslands are biomes in which grasses are the main
plants. In general, grasslands do not get enough rainfall for
large trees to grow. They cover large areas in South America
and Africa. Deserts are very dry regions with little rainfall and
little plant life. Every continent has at least one desert. The
Sahara Desert in Africa is the largest desert on the Earth. The
,. world biomes
Gobi Desert in China and Mongolia is the
world's second largest. Tundra is a treeless
region in the far north . It has the coldest
climate and gets very little precipitation.
The taiga biome has long and cold winters.
The trees in taigas are mostly conifers that
• grassland • taiga • tundra desert do not lose their leaves all year long. The
• deciduous forest • tropica l rainfo rest
deciduous forest biome has four seasons and
50
is mostly made up of decid uous trees that lose their leaves in winter. Tropical
rainforests are located on or near the equator. They are hot and humid
regions that receive very muc h rainfall. They have the greatest diversity of life.
Ecosystems do not always remain the same. In fact, they are constantly
undergoing changes. Many ecosystems that are full of life now might once
have been empty and abandoned lands . But, as the years passed, they changed
to become places with many kinds of organisms. Most of these changes take
a long time to occur. This process of gradual change in an ecosystem is called
ecological succession. It can occur in many ways.
Ecological succession can begin where a comm unity is already exists. This
is called secondary succession. Ecological succession can also begin whe re
little life exists. This is called primary succession. This cou ld be a desert, a
glacier, or an area swept by a forest fire or volcani c eruption.
The first org anisms to live in a lifeless area are called pioneer species.
Then, the pioneer species attract animals, such as insects and prey animals.
As a resu lt, predators, such as foxes and wolves, may move in . Eventually,
they form a new community, called a pioneer community. Over time, the
community becomes balanced and stable. Ecological succession then either
slows down or stops. At this point, it is called a climax community, which is
the final stage of succession .
stages of succession
mosses
exposed grasses shrubs young mature climax

rocks and weeds forest fore st forest
1 The largest desert in the wo rld is t he Sa hara Desert in Africa. m II]

2 Taiga bio mes most ly have con ifers th at keep t heir leaves all year long. m II]
3 A clim ax commu nity occurs wh en organisms move into a lifeless area. ITJ [I]
unit 10 51
1 Wh at is the passage mainly about?

a. How biomes are different from each other
b. The different biomes and ecological succession
c. The proce ss of ecological succession
2 Ecol ogical successio n that begins in a place with little life is call ed _
a. primary succession b. seco ndary succession c. a pioneer community
3 Which biome has the coldest weath er of all?
a.Ta iga b. Desert c. Tundra
4 What does aba ndoned mean?
a. dead b. fert ile c. vacant
5 According to the passage, whi ch st at em ent is true?
a. There are many grasslands in Asia and Africa.
b. Conifers are the main types of t rees in taigas .
c. Tropical rainforests have four di stinct seasons.
6 Complete the outlin e.
Ecologi cal Succession
Biomes
• The process of C change in an
• Grasslands = grasses are the main plants ecosystem
and have few trees • Secondary successio n = change where a
• Deserts = very dry regions community exists
• Tundra = cold treeless regions • Primary succession = change where little life
• Ta igas = cold places wit h a _ exists
• Deciduous forests = have four seasons and • Pioneer species = first species in a lifeless area
b trees •d = formed by
• Tropical rainforests = hot, wet regions wit h pioneer species
diverse life • Climaxcomm unity = final stage of
e
• Vocabulary Review Complete each sentence. Change t he form if nec essary.
biome precipitation swept by grassland con i fer

--==--=---:::- -
1 Large parts of South America and Africa are _
2 refers to rainfa ll.

3 include all of the major ecosystems on the Earth.
4 Pine trees are a type of that does not lose its needles in t he winter.
5 Some regions are fore st fires every year du ring th eir dry seasons.
52
What are the three layers of Earth?
The cruet. Ie Earth'5 The mantle is Earth's The core is the innermost
hard surface and is thlckest. layer and i5 divided layer of Earth and is divided
where humans live. into a 50lid part and into the inner core and
a liquid part. the outer core.
crust mantle core lithosphere plate tectonics
1 _ __ _ _ __ : the theory that the crust is divided into constantly moving plates
2 _ _ _ _ __ _ : the middle layer of Earth
3 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ : the innermost layer of Earth
4 _______: the thin outer layer of Earth
5 _ _ _ __ __ : the part of Earth that includes the crust and the upper mantle
unit 11 53
a r t h has three main layers. They are the crust, the
E mantle, and the core. The crust is Earth's hard surface
where all humans live. It is the outermost and the thinnest
of Earth's layers. Undern eath the crust is the mantle, Earth's
thickest layer. The rocky material in the upper mantle is rigid.
However, beneath this rigid upper mantle lies a very hot and
soft rock zone. Below the mantle is the core. The core has two
parts: a liquid outer core and a solid inne r core.
., Earth's layers The crust and the uppe r mantle
------~~~~~~~~
form a rigid layer of rock called the
lithosphere lithosphere. Below the lith osphere is
asthenosp here ------
the asthenosphere. It is very hot and
o uter core ..---- soft and can flow like a heated liqu id.
inne r core ....-- Thus, the rocky material in the mantle
is constantly in motion. It rises and
pushes against the bottom of the crust.
54
This movement causes the thin crust to break into pieces
called plates.
In fact, Earth's crust is composed of many of these
plates. The plates vary in size and shape. The major plates
are named after the continents or oceans that they support.
Some of them are the Eurasian Plate, the North American
Plate, the Pacific Plate, and the Caribbean Plate. These plates
are constantly in motion. Remember that Earth's lithosphere
sits on top of the mantle. Because the mantle flows, it makes
Earth's plates
the plates in the lithosphere move. As a
result, Earth's crust is constantly moving.
The theory that Earth's crust is divided Eurasian
Plate
into plates that are constantly moving is
called plate tectonics.
However, these plates do not move
very quickly. They may only move a few
centimeters a year. But, over many years,
these movements can cause major changes
in the plates. When plates collide, they may form mountain
chains. When they move away from each other, they may
form ocean trenches. The movement of the pla tes is also
what causes earthquakes and volcanoes.
,
,
.'
,..
• Check T (True) or F (False).
1 The lithosphere is very hot and soft and can flow like a heated liqu id.
2 There are several p lates th at support the continents and oceans.
The plates in th e crust can form mountain s or tr enche s very rapidl y. m

a.The three layers of Earth
b. What causes earthquakes and vo lcanoes
c. What p lates are and how they mo ve
2 The asthenosphere is located _
a. di rect ly beneat h th e crust b. bet ween th e core and the mantle
c. right below the lithosphere
3 What happens when two or more plates collide?
a.They may form mou ntains. b.They may form ocean t renches.
c. They may form new continent s.
4 What does sits mean?
a. form s b.lies c. consists
5 According t o the passage, which statement is NOT true?
a. Earth 's crust is com posed of many of moving p lates.
b. The flowing mantl e makes t he plates in th e lithosphere move.
c. Beneat h t he core is a very hot and soft rock zone.
The Earth's Layers The Lithosphere Plate Tectonics
• Cru st = the outermost • Is a rigid layer of rockformed • Plates support the oceansand
layer by the b and upper continents
• a = partly rigid mant le • Plates are moving on top of the
and partly a hot soft rock • Is in constant motion because flowing mantle
zone of the c _ • Plates e - form mountains
• Core = the inner core and • Is broken into piecescalled • Plates move apart = form ocea n
the outer core d
- - - trenches
r igid asthenosphere composed of collide flow
1 The upper part of the mantle is r like Earth's crust.

2 Since Eart h's plates move, th ey often wi t h one anot her.
3 Eart h is _ _ three main layers.
4 The melt ed rock foun d in th e mantl e is constantly _
5 The is part of the mantle below the lithosphere.
56
What are some im portant features of Earth's atmosphere?
The atmosphere contains Most weather occurs Satellites and the

many gases, including in the troposphere. international space station
nit roge n and oxygen. orbit Earth high in the
a t mosphere.
Vocabulary Preview I Write the co rrect word next to its mea ning.
m esosphe re atmosphere thermosphere stratosphere troposphere
1 _ _ __ __ _ : th e laye rs of air th at surround Eart h

2 _ _ _ _ __ _ : t he laye r of t he at mosp here closest to Eart h's surface
3 _ _ _____ : th e laye r of t he atmos phere that conta ins the ozone layer
4 _ _ _ _ _ __ : th e layer of th e atmos phere that has t he coldest temperatures
5 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ : the layer of th e at mosphere where space beg ins
unit1 2 57
arth's atmosphere is made up of the layers of air that
E surround Earth . Thanks to the oxygen found in the
atmosphere, humans and other organisms can breathe.
Yet oxygen is not the only element in the atmosphere. The
atmosphere is actually made up of around 78% nitrogen and
21 % oxygen . The remaining 1% of th e atmosphere contains
several other gases . These include argon, carbon dioxide,
water vapor, and ozon e.
'" air in the atmosphere
The atmosphere has four major layers. The closest layer
to Earth's surface is the troposphere. The troposphere
78%
nitrogen extends from Earth's surface to about 8 to 15 kilometers
ab ove sea level. It contains most of the air and oxygen
21 %
oxygen
in the atmosphere, so all life on Ear th exists here. The
troposphere is also where mos t of Earth's weather occurs.
1%
The closer to the ground, the warmer the air is. Higher up
argon, carbo n dioxide,
wate r vap or, ozo ne, etc. in th e trop osphere, the air becomes much colder.
58
The second layer of the atmosphere is the
stratosphere. The stratosphere extends to
.. - .
around 50 kilometers above Earth's surface . '\

Near the top of the stratosphere is the ozone \
layer. The ozone absorbs ultraviolet (UV)
radiation from the sun . The ozone layer helps
protect life on Earth's surface from the sun's
...ozone layer ab sorbing
harm ful UV rad iat ion . Unfortunately, there are holes in UV radiat ion from the
sun
several parts of the ozone layer. This could have a negative
effect on life on Earth.
The thi rd layer of the atmosphere is the mesosphere.
It reaches up to around 80 kilometers above Earth . The
mesosphere has the coldest temperatures in th e atmosphere.
It can be as cold as -100°C there.
Th e fourth layer is called the thermosphere. It reaches
up to around 600 kilometers above Earth . This is where
outer space begins. The international space station orbits
the planet from this layer. The
the layers ofthe atmosphere
temperatures here are extremely
high . They get up to 1,200°c.
1 Around 78% of the Eart h's atmosphere is oxyg en . IT] II]

2 Th e majority of th e ga ses in t he atmosphere are in the troposphere. IT] [I]
3 The thermosphere is where the atmos phere is the hottest. III [I]
unit 12 59

a. The layers of the at mosp here
b. The formati on of t he at mos p here
c. The co mposit ion of the at mosphere
2 The most abundant gas in the atmosphere is '
a. oxyg en b. nitroge n c. argon
3 Which layer conta ins most of the air in the atmosphere?
a. t herm o sph ere b. stratos p he re c. t ro posph ere
4 What does extends m ean ?
a. fi nd s out b. begins w ith c. reaches to
a. m akes up aro u nd 2 1% of Earth's at mosphere.
b. The ozone layer is found in t he _
c. The thermos p here goes up to aro und above the ground .
6 Complete t he outl ine.
The Atmosphere The Layers ofthe Atmosphere
• Has four main a- -- • Troposphere = closest to the ground and

• Ismade up of many gases hasthe air that people breathe; all
.78% b- - - - C occurs t here
• 21%oxygen • Stratosphere = contains the ozone layer
• 1% argon, carbon dioxide, water vapor, • d = the coldest layer
ozone, and ot her gases • Thermosphere = the hott est layer; where
e begins
sea l evel orb i t absorb ozone lay er outer sp ace
1 The protects Earth fr om d an gerou s UV radi ati on .

2 Mo st airplanes fly hi gh in the atmo sphere m ile s above '
3 Satellites Eart h from th e therm osphere.

4 When Earth 's at mosphere end s, begi ns.
5 Ozone UV rays from the su n so that they cannot reach Earth's su rface.
60
What are some elements that exist in the universe?
Elem ents in the uni verse

Na+CI
= salt
Hydrogen
73% ~.--,
helium
25%
other 2%
Hydrogen is the most

common element About 75 percent of the Sodium and chlorine can
in the universe. elements are metals. combine to make salt.
physical property element compound proton atom
1 _ _ _ __ _ _ ,: a pure substance that cannot be broken down any further

2 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ : the smallest unit of an element
3 _ _ _ __ _ _ : the positively charged particle in the nucleus of an atom
4 ___ _ _ _ _ :, a chemical combination of two or more elements
5 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ : a property that describes a matter by it self
unit13 61
verything in the universe is made up of matter. All of
E the gases, liquids, and solids that occupy physical space
are matter. All matter has physical properties, such as color,
shape, mass, volume, and density. These vary depending on
what the matter is.
All matter is made of elements. An element is a pure
substance that cannot be broken down into any smaller
substance, such as aluminum, gold, and helium. Elements are
'1 the basic building blocks of all matter. And elements are made
) 1
I of atoms. An atom is the smallest unit of an element.
Atoms contain three kinds of particles: protons, neutrons,
and electrons. The protons and neutrons are located in the
atomic nucleus. The electrons are outside the nucleus and
revolve around it. In an atom, the protons have a positive
charge, the electrons have a negative charge, and the neutrons
...physical properties have no charge at all. The most important feature is the
62
number of protons. The reason is that the number of protons the structure of matter
in an atom, called its atomic number, determ ines what
element it is. For example, any atom that contains 13 protons
is an aluminum atom. Any atom with 79 protons is a gold
atom. All atoms of an element have the same n umber of
protons.
There are more than 110 known elements in the universe.
But only 90 of them occur in nature whi le the rest are
... helium at om (2 protons)
man -made. Some natural elements are hyd ro gen, h eliu m ,
nitrogen, oxygen, carbon, iron, gold, silver, and copper. electron
o
Elements ofte n combine to form compounds. A r····· neutron
o
compound is a substance made of two or more elements
o
that are chemically combined. The chemical for mula for
u
a compound shows the elements that are in it. Typically, o proton u
u 0
there are at least two d ifferent elements in a co mpou nd.
The properties of the compound are often completely ...alumi num ato m
(13 protons)
different from the individual elem ents. For instance, salt is a
compound of sodium and chlorine. Sodium
elements in a compound
is a soft metal while chlorine is a green-
colored gas. However, salt looks nothing
like eit he r of th em. Water is another
commo n compound . It is a compou nd
formed by two hydrogen atoms and one
oxygen atom.
... sodium + chlorine ... hydrogen + oxygen
= table salt = wa t er
1 Elect rons are th e negatively charged part of an atom. IT] [£]

2 There are 90 known element s in the universe. [f] [II
3 A compound often lacks th e pro pert ies of the eleme nts t hat make it up. IT] [I]
unit 13 63

a. The three parts of an atom b. The elements in the universe
c. What element s and com pound s are
2 The basic building blocks of all matter are _
a. electrons b. element s c. proton s
3 What is found in the atomic nucleu s of an atom?
a. Protons and electrons b. Neutrons and protons c. Elect rons and neutron s
4 What does man-made mean?

a. temporary b. radioactive c. art ifici al
5 According to the passage, which statement is true?
a.lt is impossible to break an element down into anything smaller.
b. All gold atoms contain 13 protons in their nucle us.
c. Salt is a chemica l combination of sodium and aluminum.
Atom s Element s
• The smallest unit of an element • Are pure substa nces that cannot be
• Have t hree parts: the proton, neutron, broken down further
and a- - - - • Are determined by t he number of
• Proton = positively charged and in d in their atoms
t he atomic nucleus • Number of protons = atomic number
• Neutron = no charge and in the • more than 110 known elements
b
--- • 90 natural elements
• Electron = C charged • Can form e that have
and orbits the atomic nucleus their own properties
• Vocabulary Review Compl ete each sentence. Change the form if necessary.
substance neutron electron atomic n umber property
1 have a negative charge and orbit the nucleus of th e atom .

2 All matter is made of various kinds of _
3 A compound has many , such as its smell, weight, and appearance.
4 A is a part of an atom t hat has no charge at all.
5 An atom 's is th e number of proto ns th at it cont ains.
64
What happens when you combine two or mo re substances with
one another?
.. .~ .
,:,.;.
, ...... t ' _ ..--9

. ~ ", '
\
.:
. ' .
/' . ,
Oil and water do not The combin ing of suga r and Iron and su lfur combine to
combine with one another, water results in a solution. create a new compou nd:
so they form a mixture. iron d isulfide.
chemical ch a n ge physical ch a n ge mixture solution alloy
1 ___ _ __ _ : a mixture in which t he substances are ble nded compl etely

2 _ _ _____: t he result of t he com bining of two or more subs tan ces tha t do not
prod uce a new substa nce
3 _ _ __ _ __: a new compo und formed by the combining of two or more metals
4 _ _ __ _ __: a change th at does not make a substa nce into a new substance
5 _ _ _____: a change that makes a substance into a new one
unit 14 65
ave you ever stirred sugar into a glass of water? When
H the sugar was completely melted, could you see it?
You could not see the sugar because it had dissolved into the
water. But you could still taste it. Matter can undergo many
changes. These can be physical changes or chemical changes.
In a physical change, matter can change in size, shape, or
state. But the substance does not change its original properties
in this process. A physical change does not turn a substance
into a new one. Two types of common physical changes are
mixtures
mixtures and solutions.
In a chemical change, atoms in
the substances unite in new ways
to form new substances. These
new substances, or compounds,
.. a mixture of .. a mixture of .. a mixture of have different properties from the
sand and water oil and water cereal
original substances.
66
Let's lea r n more about m ixt ures, so lu tions, and
solutions
compounds . A mixture is a combination of two or more
substance s t h at retain th ei r original prope rties . T h e
substances in a mixture can be physically separated from one
another. Mixtures can be solids, liquids, or gases.
For instance, pu t so me sand in a bucket. Then , pour
some water into the bu cket. The sand an d wat er remain
.. salt water
separate from one another. They do not comb ine to for m
a new compound. This is a mixture. You can pour oil and
water together. The oil and water remain separate from one
another, so th ey form a m ixture. Ma ny cereals and fruit
cocktails are good examples of mixtures as well.
A solution is a mixture in which all of the substances are .. soft dr ink
blended com pletely. There are many types of solutions. Sugar
water is one example of a solution . In this case, the water
is called the solvent while the sugar is called the solute. A .. brass
solution results when a solute dissolves in a solvent. You can
also dissolve a gas in a liquid. A soft drink is carbon dioxide
dissolved in flavored water. You can even dissolve a solid in compounds
a solid. Brass is an alloy formed by a mixture of copp er and
zinc.
Compounds are produced by chemically combining
substances. For examp le, iron disulfide is a compound made
of iron and sulfur. Un like iron, iro n disulfide has totally
.. iron disu lfid e
different properties and is not magnetic.
1 A mixture is a type of ch emical ch ang e.

2 A solvent is a substance that gets d issolved in a so lut io n.
3 Copperand zinc can combine to form brass.
unit 14 67

a. Why chemical changes do not always take place
b. Which elements are the most likely to change physically
c. How mi xtures, solutions, and compounds are different
2 The combining of water and sugar will produce a ,
a. solution b. mixture c. compound
3 What is a solute?
a. Something that dissolves in a solvent
b. Something that gets dissolved by another substance
c. Something that cannot be dissolved by another substance
4 What does retain mean?
a. remove b. alter c. keep
5 Answer the questions.
a. How can matter alter du ring a physical change? _
b. What is the result of combining water and sand? _
c. What is the name of a compound made of iron and sulfur? _
( Mixture ) ( Solution Compound )

• Is a combi nation of two or • Isa mixture in which all of • Is produced by chemically
more substances that retain the substances are blended combining substances
their original a completely • Is a d change
• Is a physical change • Is a b change • Forms a new substance
• Sand and water, oil and water, • Sugar and water • Iron disulfide = iron and
cereals. and fruit cocktails • Soft drink = carbon dioxide and sulfur
water
•c = copper and zinc
• Vocabulary Review Com plete each sentence. Change th e form if necessary.
unite remain blend dissolve stir
1 Some elements chemically to create new compounds with their own properties.
2 If you pour salt into water, the water will the salt.
3 Many substances separate from one another even when they are combined.
4 It is possible to several substances with one another.
5 _ _ _ the sugar into the water until it is completely melted.
68
What are some of the different stages of human development?
When babies are born. Young children develop After a person goes
they are helpless and need quickly and learn skills such through adolescence, he or
support in order to survive. as speaking and walking. she becomes an adult.
uterus fetus infancy puberty adolescence
1 _ _ _ _ _ _ : the stage during which a person's sexual and physical characteristics develop
2 _ _ ____: the part of the woman's body where the fertilized egg develops
3 _ _ _ _ _ _ : th e stage duri ng w hich a person goes through puberty
4 _ _ _ __ _ : an unborn baby
5 _ _ _ _ _ _,: the stage during which a child is a baby
un it 15 69
ike all organisms, humans go through several different stages in their life
L cycle.
Human reproduction is very similar to reproduction in other mammals.
In females, an egg cell is released every month. If it is not fertilized, it passes
into the uterus and then out of the body. This monthly process is called
menstruation. If the egg is fertilized, it develops into a zygote and implants
itself in the wall of the uterus. Then, the woman becomes pregnant.
Inside the womb, the zygote develops into an embryo and
then grows into a fetus. About eight weeks after conception,
the baby's arms and legs begin forming. After twelve weeks,
the major internal organs, such as the heart, brain, and
lungs, form . Finally, about forty weeks after conception, the
.. fetus
fetus is developed enough to be born.
When a baby is born, it is in the stage of infancy. At birth, infants are
helpless and would not survive without someone to take care of them. In
th e second to third months after birth , babies develop th eir eyesight and can
70
perceive colors. From seven to nine months of age, they can
crawl and sit up by themselves. When they are about a year
r·········· urethra
old, they typically speak their first words and can walk.
Over the next couple of years, toddlers start developing
distinct personalities and become capable of expressing .pents
..-
th emselves emotionally. By the time a child is five years old,
the child can speak well and has full control of his or her
.......testis
motor functions. scrotu m -.._. ....! (= test icle)
The next major stage of development is puberty. Between

the ages of eight and seventeen, most humans will experience thefemale
a period of rapid growth and change in their bodies. This reproductive organs
is when a person's sexual and physical characteristics begin ovary fallopian tU;be
maturing. For girls, their ovaries produce estrogen, and for
boys, their testicles produce testosterone. Girls also develop
breasts and begin to menstruate regularly. Both of them then ..... ce rv ix
uteru s
(ewombl
become capable of reproducing.
_... vagina
While the boy or girl is going through puberty, he or she
is in the adolescence stage. During adolescence, powerful
chemicals called hormones are released into the bloodstream.
These hormones cause physical, mental, and emotional
changes in the body. When adolescence ends, the person is
an adult. The person stops developing physically at this time.
'"the stages of human growth
baby toddler child

... ..
teen
__ ''- J
adult middle age old age
Quick Check CheckT(True) or F(False).

, Awoman becomes pregnant after a fertilized egg becomes a zygote. IT] IIJ
2 At birth, babies are able to take care of themselves fairly well. IT] IIJ
3 Between the ages ofeig ht and seventeen, most humans experience puberty. m []
unit 15 71
1 What is the main idea of the passage?

a.There are many distinct stages of human development.
b. After being born, human babies develop many skills.
c. During adolescence, boys and girls undergo a lot of changes.
2 Chemicals called are released during a person's adolescence.
a. zygotes b. organs c. hormones
3 How old is a fetus when its major organs form?
a. Eight weeks old b. Twelve weeks old c. Forty weeks old
4 What does perceive mean?
a. remember b. identify c. imagine
a. A fetus is ready to be born around fo rty weeks after _
b. A child can control all of his or her functions by the age of five.
c. Girls' produce estrogen when t hey are going through puberty.
Before Birth After Birth
• An egg is a in the uterus Infancy

• A fetus beginsto develop • The stage of growth at birt h
• 8 weeks = the baby's arms and legs • Learn s to walk and talk and gainsother abilities
begin forming Puberty
• 12 weeks = t he major internal • A period of d _
b form
• Sexual and physica l characteristics mature
• C = the fetus is ready Adolescence
to be born
• The stage during which a person is going
through puberty
• The person becomes an e when it ends
reproduction conception crawl toddler hormone
1 Chemicals called cause changes during adolescence.

2 Human is what enables a woman to give birth to a baby.
3 A is a young child that is no longer an infant.
4 Babies must learn to before they are able to walk.
S After r a fetus forms and begins to develop in the uterus.
72
{
Wrap-Up Test 2__
o Complete each sentence with the correct word. Change the form if necessary.
symbiosis compete for biome conifer rigid layer

abi otic pioneer species para sitism benefit pl ate tectoni cs
What ever it s size, all ecosystems have both biotic and factors.
2 In an ecosystem, organisms Iimit ed resources to stay alive.
3 Some organi sms live together in relationships called _
4 In mutualism, both organisms from their relationship w it h on e another.
s In " one organi sm benefits whi le the othe r is harmed .
6 A is defined by it s climate and by t he t ypes of plant s and animals t hat live
the re.
7 The tre es in taigas are mostly th at do not lose t heir leaves all year long.
8 The first organisms to live in a lifeless area are called _
9 The crust and the upper mantle form a of rock called the
lithosph ere.
10 The the or y that Earth 's crust is divided into plates tha t are const antl y moving is called
o Complete each sentence with the correct word . Change the form if necessary.
e:..- atmosphere troposphere proton fetu s physical property

<-- ozone layer adolescence element in fan cy solution
1 Earth's _____ _ _ is mad e up of the layers of air th at surround Earth.

2 The _ _ _ __ __ contains most of th e air and oxygen in the atmo sphere.
3 The _ _ __ _ _ _ _ help s prot ect life on Eart h's surface from th e sun's harmfu l UV
radiation .
4 All matter has , such as color, shape, mass, volume , and den sity.
5 Atoms conta in three kinds of particles: , neutron s, and electrons .
6 There are more t han 110 known in the universe.
7 Two ty pes of comm on physical changes are mixtu res and _
8 Inside th e wom b, th e zygo te develops int o an embryo and t hen grows into a _
9 When a baby is born, it is in the st age of _
10 While the boy or girl is go ing through puberty, he or she is in the stage.
73
a Match each word with the cor rect defin ition a nd write the mea ning in Korea n.
C
1
2
biotic factors
symbiosis
0
0
C
a. an unb orn baby
C
b. the smallest unit of an element
"
3 ecological succe ssion 0 c. the living parts of an ecosystem
d. a chemical combination of two or more
4 tundra 0 elements
e. the layer of the atmosphere where space begms
.
5 thermosp her e 0 f.
the extremely cold treeless region in the for
north d
6 com po und 0 g. the part 0 f Ea rth that includes the crust an
the upper mantle . '
7 all oy 0 h. any kind of close, long-term relatIOnshIp
between two orgamsms
8 fet us 0 i.
the process in which gradual changes take
place in an ecosystem . .
9 lithosphere 0 j.
a new compound formed by the combmmg
of two or more metals
10 ato m 0
G) Write the mea nings of the words in Korea n.
1 abiotic factor 16 atomic numbe r

2 mutua lism 17 e le me nt
3 comme nsa lism 18 dissolve
4 precipitation 19 stir
5 biome 20 solut io n
6 co nifer 21 physical chan ge
7 pioneer species 22 chemical chang e
8 co ll ide 23 inte ract
9 be composed of 24 pa rasite
10 asthe no sp here 25 to ddle r
11 plate tectoni cs 26 crawl
12 sea level 27 conceptio n
13 outer space 28 puberty
14 atm os ph ere 29 uterus
15 troposphere 30 infanc y
74
0%
What are some rules for operations?
1-
6x(3+2) X+20=32
-+6 x 5 = 3 0 5+3+1=9
X=32 -20
(6 + 5) - 3 3+1+5=9
-+11-3=8 X=12
L -'
Do the operation In addition problems, addends To so lve equations,

inside parenthesis first. can beadded in any order use inverse operations.
without changingthe sum.
property inverse operations equ a t i on variable factor
1 _ _ _ _ __ _ : a number sentence which shows that two quantities are equal

2 _ _ _ _ ___: a number that is being multiplied by another
3 _ _ __ ___: a rule that is involved in a mathematical computation
4 _ _ _____: a letter that stands fo r an unknown nu mber in an equation
5 _ _ __ _ _ _ : operations that "undo" each other; oppos ite operations
un it 16 77
,-
W h e n solving problems wi th different kinds of

operations, you need to know which operation to do
first. We call it the order of operations.
-@J 1) First, do the operation inside the parenthesis.
Ih the order of q 6 x(2 +1) = 6 x3 = 18.
LL operations
2) Next, multiply and divide from left to right. Then, add and
subtract from left to right.
q 20 - 1x 3 - 2 x 2 = 20 - 3 - 4 = 17- 4 = 13
'---" <:»
There are some other rules for operations. When you solve
addition problems, you need to know some certain rules for
-GY
addition called Properties of Addition.
1) First, the Commutative Property of Addition states that the

-'<
1{
J
Properties
of Addition
numbers can be added in any order and the sum will be the
same. This means that 4 + 2 = 6 is the same as 2 + 4 =6.
2) Next, the Associative Property of Addi tion states that the
numbers can be grouped in any way and the sum will be the
same. Therefore, (1 + 4) + 3 = 1+ (4 + 3). No matter how the
addends are grouped, the result is still the same.
These properties do not work with subtraction however.
4 - 2 =2, and 2-4 =- 2, so 4 - 2 ~2 -4.
78
Rem ember that additio n and sub trac tion are i nv er se
operations. 5 + 3 = 8, 5 = 8 - 3, and 3 = 8 - 5 are three di ffere nt
ways of writing the same information. You can use addition
and subtraction as inverse operations to solve equations.
x+20 =32 s> To solve the equatio n, rewrite it as
a subtraction problem.
x= 32 - 20 s> Subtract 20 from 32.
X= 12 c:> The letter x, which stands for an
unknown number, is called a variable.
~
There are also certain ru les fo r m ult iplication called
Properties of Multiplication.
I) First, the Commutative Pro perty of Multip lication states vv'"

that you can multiply two factors in any or der and th e Properties of
Multiplication
product will be the same. For example, 3 x 6 = 18, and 6 x 3
=18,s03 x6 =6 x3.
2) Next, the Associative Property of Multiplic ation states th at
you can group factors in any way and the prod uct will be
the same . Therefore, (2 x4) x3 =24, and 2 x(4 x3)=24, so
(2 x 4) x 3 = 2 x (4 x 3).
These properties do not work with division.

10-;- 5= 2, and 5 -;- 10=0.5, so 10-;- 5 ~ 5 -;- 1O .
Like addition and subtraction, multiplicatio n a n d

division are inverse operations.
n x20=5 c:> To solve the equation, rewrite it as a
division problem.
n=20 -;-5 c:> Divide 20 by 5.
n=4 o? The letter n is a variable in this equation.
Quick Check CheckT(True) or F(False).

1 5 - 2 = 3 and 2 - 5 = - 3 are the same equations. IT] [I]
2 Division and multiplication are inverse operations. IT] [I]
3 The variable in the equation 4 + x = l Ois 4. IT] [I]
un it 16 79

a.The prop erties of add it ion and multipl ication
b. Some mathematica l operat ions and th eir inverse operations
c. The ideal ways to add and multiply num bers tog ether
2 In the problem 3 x 4 = 12, 3 is a _
a. facto r b. variable c. equat ion
3 What is t he inverse operation of division?
a. Addit ion b. Subtra ctio n c. Multiplicati on
4 What does solve mean ?
a. answer b. w rit e c. group
5 According to the passage, which statement is true?
a. If you change th e order of th e addend s, the sum w ill change.
b. If you group the adde nds in different ways, the sum w ill change.
c. If you change the order of the factors, th e sum w ill not change.
Order of Operations Properties of Addition Properties of Multiplication
• Do t he operation inside • b Property • Comm utative Property of

a first of Addition = can be added Multiplication = can multipiy
• Multiply and divide in any order two factors in any order
from left to right. Then, • Associative Property of • d Property of
add and subtract from Addition = can be grouped Multi plication = ca n group
left to right in any way the factors in any way
• Subtraction = c _ • Division = inverse operation
_ _ _ _ of addition of multiplication
paren the sis addend work with group th e same as
1 The equation 4 + S = 9 is 5 + 4 = 9.
2 The prop erti es of multi plicat ion do not division.
3 The in t he equ ation 1 + S = 6 are 1 and 5.
4 are important when considering the order of operations .
5 In multiplication, it is not important how the factors . _
80
50%
What are some different ways to express probability?
-------------..'\
I .. ..
- " (
•
I
•.. ..
• 2:3
A ratio is a comparison Weather forecasters often You can express probability

of two amounts. use percentages to explain by using ratios.
what the weather will be like.
Vocabulary Preview Write the correct wo rd next to its meaning.
compare ratio percent probability at random
1 _ _ __ _ __ : to show how two things are sim ilar or related to one another
2 _ _ __ ___: a chance that something will happen
3 _ _ _ _ _ __ : a comparison of one number to 100
4 _ _ _ __ _: by chance
5 _______: a comparison of two amounts
unit 17 81
Ratios, Percents,
and Probabilities
ratio compares two amounts. For instance, if you have

A 3 pens and 4 pencils, the ratio of pens to pencils is 3 to 4.
The ratio can be written in three ways.
3
3 to 4 3 :4 4
However, when you read each of the se ratios, you always

say, "Three to four:'
One typ e of ratio is expressing numbers as a percent.
A percent is the ratio of a number to 100. In other words,
a percent compares one number to 100. The term percent
• •
t f. means "per hundred:' So, 60 percent of something means
60
100 or 60 out of 100. You can use the symbol % to express
percent. So 35% means 35 out of 100, and 15% means IS out
... the ratio of girls to boys:
2to1 2:1 + 0000.
82
Both percents and ratios are helpful when expressing the
probability that something is going to happ en. Probability
refers to the likelihood of some event occurring in the future.
For example, if there is a 90% chance of rain, 90 times out of
100, given the current weather conditions, it will rain . That
is a very high probability. However, if the weatherman says
that there is only a 10% chance of rain, then 10 times out of
100, given the cur rent weathe r conditions, it will rain. That is
a very low probability. The probability
of getting 5
"
You can also express probability by using ratios. For is . . .?
instance, perhaps you have 6 pens that all look alike in your
pencil case. 5 of th em have black ink while only 1 of them •
has red ink. If you choose a pen at random from the pencil
case, th en the probability of choosing a black pen are 5 to 6,
or ~. On the other hand, the probability of choosing a red
pen is only 1 to 6, or t.
1 A ratio compares three or more numbers with one another. [f] [I]
2 40% means 40 t imes out of 50. [f] W
3 A 90% chance of somet hing happen ing is a hig h probability. IT] [II

a. How to express probability
b. What a percent actually is
c. The ways to write ratios
2 A ten-percent chance of something happening is _

a. a very low probability
b. an average probability
c. a very high probability
3 How do you read the ratio ;?

a. Four of five b. Fourto five c. Four out of five
4 What does likelihood mean?
a. condition b. consideration c. chance
a. What number does a percent compare one number with? _
b. What is a probability? ~
c. If there are 2 red pensand 4 black pens, what is the probability of picking a black pen at random?

Ratios and Percents Probability
Ratios • Is the d of some event

• Use to a two amounts occurring in the future
• Can write 3 to 4, b_ _, and ~ • May use percent to express probability
Percents • May use e as well
• Can use percent to express a ratio
• Percent compares a number with c_ _
• Use the symbol % to express percent
per out of chance of current on the other hand
1 What is the picking a red pen at random?

2 The chance of cloudy weather is 40%.
3 ______ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ , ratios can also be used to express probability.
4 There are ten people table at the event.
5 Five people _ seven are interested in learning about the event.
84
Who were some of the gods and goddesses in Greek mythology?
Zeus was the king

of all the gods and Artemis was the goddess Nemesis was the goddess
the husband of Hera. of the hunt and spent her of divine justice
time in the forests. and revenge.
Vocabulary Preview I Write the correct word next to its me aning.
nymph renowned for restrain grief-stricken vain
1 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ : to keep back; to keep someone from doing something

2 _ _ _ _ _ _ : full of pride in oneself
3 _ _ _ __ _ _ : famous for; known for
4 ____ _ __ : a fairy in Greek mythology that often lived in the forest or water
5 _ _ _ _ _ _ _: overcome by sadness; extremely sad
unit 18 85
T here was once a beautiful nymph named Echo who loved her own voice.
Echo spent her time in the forest and loved to be with Artemis, the
goddess of the hunt. However, Echo had one problem: She was too talkative.
One day, Hera was looking for her husband Zeus, who was with a group
of nymphs that dwelled in the woods. Zeus loved consorting with beautiful
nymphs and often visited them. When Hera was about to find Zeus, Echo
appeared and took her aside to distract her with a long and entertaining
story until Zeus could escape. When Hera discovered what Echo had done,
she punished Echo. She said, "You will no longer be able to speak except to
reply. You will always speak only the last words you hear, and you will never
speak first:' Thus, from that time, Echo could only
repeat the last words of what someone said to her.
. .., Later, Echo saw a handsome young man in
the forest. His name was Narcissus, who was
renowned for his beauty. She immediately fell
in love with him and followed him around. She
could not speak with him, so she secretly followed
and watched him for days.
86
One day, Narcissus got lost in the forest and shouted out, "Is there anyone
here?" and Echo replied, "Here." Narcissus saw nobody, so he shouted,
"Where are you? Come at hand." Echo repeated, "Come at hand:' Narcissus
went toward the voice. Echo, unable to restrain herself, showed herself and
rushed to embrace the lovely Narcissus. But
Narcissus pulled away from her and said,
"Get away. I would rather die than be with
you." Echo responded, "Be with you:'
Narcissus turned and walked away. Poor
Echo, grief-stricken, wandered through
the forest alone. Eventually, she died of a
broken heart, and her body transformed
into a rock. The only thing that remained of her was her voice. She still cannot
speak first, but she is always ready to echo what someone else says.
As for Narcissus, he never loved anyone but himself because he was so
vain. He ignored the other nymphs just like he had ignored Echo. But one
rejected nymph prayed that Narcissus would fall in love yet not have his love
returned. The prayer was answered by the goddess Nemesis.
While Narcissus was in a forest one day, he came upon a pool full of clear
water. As he looked into it, he saw a beautiful face looking at him, and he
immediately fell in love with his own reflection. He thought it was the image
of a beautiful water nymph . He tried to kiss the image, but it always fled. Now
Narcissus understood the desire and longing he had caused in others. He
could not tear himself away from his own reflection, so he stared at
it for many days. He neither ate nor drank, so he grew weak and
thin. He died beside the pool. On the place where he died, there
grew a lovely flower: the narcissus.
1 Echo was a talkative nymph who upset Zeus one day. [f] [fJ
2 Echo fell in love with Narcissus, but he rejected her. [f] [I]
3 Narcissus fell in love with his own image and died because of that. IT] [I]
unit 18 87

a. The stor y of Echo and Narcissus
b.The reason why Echo and Narcissus died
c. The reason why people's voic es echo
2 Echo helped Zeu s but was cursed by _
a. Nemesis b. Hera c. Artemis
3 What was the curse that Echo received?
a. She could only respo nd to people.
b. She fell in love w it h Narcissus.
c. She had to speak fi rst to everyone.
4 Wha t does embrace mean?
a. shake hands with b.hug c. talk to
a. Hera w as looking fo r Zeus, who was w ith a gro up of beautifu l _
b. Echo loved , bu t he rejected her love.
c. In the place where Narcissus d ied, a grew from the ground.
Echo Narcissus
• Was a talkative a _ • Was a beautiful yet vain man

• Delayed Hera with a long story so that Zeus • Was loved by Echo, but he rejected her
could escape • Was cursed by Nemesi s to love
• Was cursed to be able only to repeat individuals' someone but to be rejected
last words • Saw his d in a pool and fell
• Fell in love with b but was rejected in love wit h it
• Died and only her voice remained as an C • Died and t he e grew in his
place
• Vocabulary Review Complete each sentence. Change t he form if necessary.
dwell in co nsort with fall in love with pull away t ear away
1 Narcissus from Echo when she tried to embrace him.

2 Narcissus could not himself from th e image he saw in the fountain .
3 Greek gods often humans and other fanta stic creatures.
4 In Greek mythology, most nymphs liked to t he forest.
S Echo Narcissus, but he ignored her.
88
What are some common mistakes that people make in English?
-- - -, ( rr: _.. ._._------,

"Was a go od time:' ??
I "This is deli ciou s,
I i
. I lik e it a lot:'
- .. ??
"There are three p en." ??
Words must agree with Sentence fragments express Run-on sentences combine
each other in person, case, incomplete thoughts and two complete sentences
number, and gender. are not full sentences. with an improper comma.
predicate part of speech comma sp lice gender sentence fragment
1 _ _ _ _ ___: a distinct group of words such as noun , verb, adjective, and adverb
2 _ __ _ _ _ _ : a se nte nce th at lacks either a subject or a verb
3 _ _ _ _ _ __ : a set of classes for noun s that includes masculine and feminin e words
4 _ _ _ _ _ _: a part of a sentence that tells what the subject is or does
5 _ __ _ __ _ : the improper use of a comma to join two sentences
unit 19 89
.
--
com Plet e sentence has two main parts: the subject and the
A predicate. The subject tells whom or what the sentence is about.
The subject is usually a noun or a pronoun. The predicate tells what the
subject is or does. The predicate includes the verb, objects, and other
parts of speech in the sentence.
The object, which follows the verb, may be either a direct object or an
indirect object. A direct object receives the action of a transitive verb. In
the sentence "I found the key;' "the key" is the direct object. An indirect
object is indirectly affected by the verb. In addition, it often includes a
preposition and may follow an intransitive verb. For example, in the
sentence "Give the ball to me;' "to me" is an indirect object.
I found the key. Give the ball to me.

(D.O) (D.O.) (1.0)
In English, it is very important that the different parts of a sentence

agree with one another. Typically, the subject and the verb must agree. We
d on 't say, "She run," or, "They eat s." We say, "She runs,"an,
d "They eat."
We call this subject-verb agreement. There must be agreement in case,
gender, and number, too. As for case, you say, "I met John;' not, "Me met
John:' As for gender, you say, "Mrs . Smith lost her book;' not, "Mrs . Smith
90
lost its book:' An d as for number, you say, "I have two pens;' not, "I have
two pen:' Agreement is
important in
English .
She runs fast. They eat a lot.
I met John . Mrs. Smith lost her book.
I have two pens.
Oth er common mistakes that people make when th ey are wri ting are
using sentence fragments and run-on sentences. Senten ce fragments are
n ot complete sentences. For instance, "Tasted good;' "Was lots of fu n;'
and, "Sinc e you called;' are all sentence frag ments. On th e other h and,
run -on sentences are two complete sentences that are imprope rly joined
by a comma. The following are run-on sentences:
I met Janet yesterday, we had coffee together. (x)

It is cloudy outside, it is going to rain soon. (x)
These sentenc es each h ave a co m m a splice. To corre ct them, th e

comma should be rem oved, and a period shou ld be put in its place.
Now, read the following paragraph, and try to find the mistakes in it.
There are a total of seven mistakes in the passage. Then , fix th e mi stakes
by wr iting the correct English.
Let 's correct
t he mistakes.
This morning, John woke up at seven. Had breakfast with his family.
After breakfast, his got dressed. Then, he went to school. At school, he
met Stuart and Craig, they talked a lot. Then, they went to his first class.
Mr. Patterson gave them a test, they did well on it. They had two more
class and then ate lunch. After lunch, John had thr ee more classes. After
school, he played soccer, he went home after that.
, A d irect object follows a transit ive verb. ITJ II]

2 Subjects and verbs must agree with each othe r in case, gender, and number. ITJ II]
3 Run-on sent ences are two sente nces improperly join ed by a comma. ITJ [f]
unit 19 91
1 What is the main idea of the passage?

a. A complete sentence has t wo main parts: t he subject and t he pred icate.
b. Subjects and verbs need to agree with one another in English.
c. There are many comm on mistakes people make in English.
2 "Was lots offun" is - - - - - -
a. a run-on sente nce b. a sentence fragm ent c. an indirect object
3 What is a run -on sentence?
a. A predicat e b. An incomplete sentence c. A comma splice
4 What does j oined mea n?
a. connected b. relat ed c. separated
5 Accord ing to the passage, which statement is true?
a. An indirect object oft en foll ows an intran sitive verb.
b. "Me met John" has a probl em w it h gender agreement.
c. A comma splice is anot her name for a sente nce frag ment.
Complete Sentence Common Mistakes
Subj ect •d agreement

• Tells whom or what the a isabout = the subject and verb must
• Is a noun or a pronoun agree in person, case, gender,
and number
Predicate
• Tells what the b is or does • Sentence fragment = an
e sentence
• Is the verb, object, and other words not
including the subject • Run-on sentence = a comma
splice
• C = receives the action of a
transitive verb
• Indirect object = indirectly affected by the verb
transitive verb intransitive verb subject-verb agreement run-on sentence case
1 An onl y ind irect ly affects an ind irect object.

2 The sentence" Her ate dinner" has a problem with _
3 Case, gen der, and number should be considered for proper ,
4 A di rect object can only fo llo w a _
5 are the combination of two complete sentences with an improper comma.
92
What are some famous works of art that were created during the
Renaissance?
Michelangelo sculpted David. The fresco The Creation of

Leonardo da Vinci painted one of the greatest sculptures Adam was painted
the famous MonaLisa. of the Renaissance. by Michelangelo.
Renaissance perspective anatomy parachute illusion
1 ___ _ ___: a method of drawing that shows distance and depth in a painting
2 _______ : something that seems to be real but is not
3 ______ _ : a period in which there was a rebirth of knowledge
4 ___ __ _ _ : a device that allows a person to float down from the sky
5 _ _ _ _ __ : the study of the structure of human body
un it 20 93
round 1400, the Middle Ages came to an end. In Italy,
A there was a new movement called the Renaissance.
During this period, interest in the classical world was reborn,
and advances were made in science, philosophy, literature,
music, art, and architecture. Indeed, much of this knowledge
came from ancient Greece and Rome, the classical world. That
is why we call this age the Renaissance, which means "rebirth:'
During the Middle Ages, much art looked unrealistic. In
Leonardo da Vinci
addition, most of the themes were religious. But this changed
during the Renaissance. Renaissance artists studied the works
of ancient Greek and Roman masters. They learned to use
light, color, and spacing. They learned about perspective.
Th is enabled them to draw people and other objects in
different sizes depending upon their location in the painting.
Renaissance artists focused on the human body and made
Mich elangelo people look m ore realistic. And, while they still painted
94
pictures with religious imagery, they also made other types
of paintings, such as portraits, still-lifes, and landscapes.
During the Renaissance, some men excelled in several
different fields. A person like that was called a Renaissance
man . Leonardo da Vin ci was one of the most fam o u s
Renaissance men. Not only was he an artist, but he was
also a designer, inventor, engineer, and military authority,
and he was an expe rt in many branches of science as well.
He painted the Mona Lisa, one of the world's mos t famous
... Vitruvian Man
paintings. He studied human anatomy, and he even sketched by l eonar do da Vinci
designs for bicycles, helicopters, and parachutes.
Michelangelo was another
Renaissance man. His sculptures
David and Pieta were works
of beauty inspired by class ical
mo dels. He also painted the
fresco called The Last Judgment
...Pieta by Mich elangelo in the Sistine Chapel in the
Vatican . Michelangelo's The .. Sant a Maria del Fiore
by Filippo Brunelleschi
Creation ofAdam is one of the most famous works
of art from the Renaissance .
There were advances made in architecture,
too. One of the most well-known architects was
Filippo Brunelleschi. He used a technique called
linear perspective. This let him create the illusion
of both space and distance in his buildings.
1 The Renaissance began in Italy before t he Middle Ages. ITJ [f]

2 Renaissance arti sts got much of th eir knowledge from ancient Greece and Rome. ITJ [f]
3 Leon ardo da Vinci was a Rena issance man because he excelled in many field s. m m
u nit 20 95

a. How perspective chang ed t he works of Renaissance art ists
b. Som e of th e advances and art ists in t he Renaissance
c. The greatest works of Leonardo da Vinci and Michelangelo
2 During t he Middle Ages, most of the paintings _
a. focused on the hum an bod y b. di d not loo k realisti c c. were st ill- lifes
3 What did Filippo Brunellesch i do?
a. He pain t ed land scapes by using perspective.
b. He studied anato my and many other fi elds of science.
c. He used linear perspective in his architectural designs.
4 What does authority mean?
a. general b. expert c. soldier
a. What did Renaissance art ists learn from th e wo rks of ancient Greece and Rome?
b. What do people call a person w ho excels in several diffe rent field s? _

c. What were some of Michelangelo's greatest wo rks? _
( Changes during t he Renaissance ) Renaissance Artists
• Gained knowledge from ancient a _ Renaissance men

and Rome • Leonardo daVinci = painted the Mona Lisa;
• Used light, color, and spacing had many unique skillsand abilities
• Lea rned about perspective • Michelangelo = d David
• Focused on the b- - _._- - and Pieta: made the e The Last
• Made C , still-lifes, and landscapes Judgment and The Creation of Adam
• Used linear perspective in architecture
indeed en ab le excel in inspired by linear perspective
1 Mu ch work during t he Renaissa nce was art ists fr om classical times .

2 The Renaissance was a time of great learning and a rebirt h of knowl edge.
3 Michelang elo sculpt ing as well as painti ng.
4 Archit ects began to use when design ing th eir bui ldings.
5 Perspecti ve th e Renaissanceartists to draw more realist ic painting s.
96
What are some musical inst ruct ions that musicians must know?
<,-. ...". ....)

..... .. 3 --...~
'ff'.
" ~" ~
r ; ,
............
' -;
.
; '. r
' ~'
ff is the sym bol for pp is the symbol for Musical inst ruct ions
fortissimo, which means to pianissimo. which means to such as andante and allegro
play music very loudly. play music very softly. indicat e the tempo of
a musical piece.
dynamics temp o musical instructions BPM m etronome
1 _ _ __ _ __: directions t hat musicians must follow while playing a piece of music
2 _ __ _ __ _: the volume or soun d of a note
3 _ _ _ _ __ _: a device for marking musical tem po
4 _ _ _ _ __ _: beats pe r minute
5 _ _ _ _ _ __: th e speed of a piece of music
unit 21 97
omp osers represent their music by placing musical
C notes on a staff. However, sometimes just writing down
t he n otes is n ot enough to represent the d ynamics and
tempo of a piece. When composers want to create tension
and excitem ent or tell how fast or slow a piece sh ould be
played, th ey give more specific instructions. Most of these
words are Italian. This is a t raditi on from th e Baroque Period,
when Italian opera was very popular throughout Europe and
many of most important composers were Italian. Since many
later comp osers often studied in Italy, Italian words came
to be used to indicate musical instructions. This tr adition
continues even today.
Here are some Italian words and abbreviations that
comp os ers use to tell the dyn amics of a musical piece.
The dyn amics of a mu sical piece refers to its volume. It is
arranged from softest to loudest.
pp (pianissimo): very soft
p (piano): soft
mp (mezzo piano): moderately soft
mf tmezzo forte): moderately loud
f(forte): loud
if (fortissimo): very loud
There are also a number of musical instructions for the
tempo of the music. The tempo of a musical composition refers
to its speed. In modern music, tempo is usually indicated
in beats per minute (BPM) . The greater the tempo, the
greater the number of beats that must be played in a minute.
Mathematical tempo markings of this kind became popular
during the first half of the 19th century after the metronome .. metronome
had been invented. Before the metronome, words were the

only way to describe the tempo of a composition. Yet even
after the metronome's invention, these words continued to be
used. They often additionally indicated the mood of the piece.
Here are some Italian words that composers use to tell
musicians how fast or slow a piece should be played.
largo: very slow lento: slower than adagio

•
adagio: slow andante: moderate, walking tempo
moderato: medium allegro: fast
presto: very fast prestissimo: as fast as you can go
When composers want to show that the musicians should

gradually increase the speed of the music, they use the term
accelerando . To slow down the pace of the music gradually,
they use the term ritardando.
1 Piano is the word that indicates a piece must be played softly. IT] [I]
2 A piece w ith a fast tempo has few BPM. IT] [I]
3 The term andante is used t o indicat e speed as fast as a wa lking tempo. III [II
uni t 2 1 99
1 What is th e main idea of the passage?

a.There are many instructions to indicate the dynamics and t empo of music.
b. Mu sicians must learn Italian in order to be able t o playas well as possible.
c. Several Italian term s are used to let musicians know t he speed of t he music.
2 A m edium tempo is indicated by the t erm '
a. allegro b. moderato c. andante
3 Why are many musical instructions written in Italian?

a. Many import ant composers used to be Italian.
b. Latin was too difficu lt for musicians to learn.
c.The Italian lang uage prov ides clear musical inst ruct ions.
4 What d oes slow down mean?

a. indicate b. decrease c. increase

a. It was during the Period that mu sical inst ructions were first wri tten in Italian.
b. The invention of the enabled people to make mathemat ical tempo markings.
c. is the t erm used to indicate t hat the speed should gradually be increased.
6 Complet e th e outline.
Musical Volum e Musical Tempo
• pp (pianissimo) : very soft • fargo: ( • lento: slower than adagio

• P (piano): soft • adagio: slow • andante: moderate, walking tempo
• mp (mezzo piano): a soft • moderato: medium • allegro: d_ _
• mf (mezzo forte): moderately loud • presto: very fast • prestissimo: as fast as you can go
• f (forte): loud • accelerando: e _
• ff (fortissimo): b- - • ritardando: gradually slower
abbreviation be arranged composition as fas t as gradually
1 This beg ins soft ly but ends with the musicians playing very loudly.
2 You must play th is piece of music ~ you can.
3 Musical instructions often use that musicians have to understand .
4 When you see t he term ritardando, you mu st slow down the pace of the piece.
5 The musicians in t he orchestra in a particula r ord er.
100
{
Wrap-Up Test 3
o Complete each sentence with the correct word. Change the form if necessar y.
grief-stricken Commutative vain likelihood consorting

equation Associative nymph parenth esis percent
When solving problem s with different kind s of operations, do the operat ion inside the
2 The Property of Additi on states that t he numbers can be added in

any order and the sum will be t he same.
3 You can use addition and subtraction as inverse operati ons to solve _
4 The Property of Multiplication states that you can group factors in any
way and t he product w ill be the same.
s One type of rat io is expressing numbers as a _
6 Probability refers to the of some event occurring in the fu ture.
7 There was once a beautiful named Echo who loved her own voice.
8 Zeus loved with beautifu l nymphs and often visited t hem.
9 Poor Echo, , wandered through t he fore st alone.
10 As for Narcissus, he never loved anyon e but him self because he wa s so _
o Complete each sentence with the correct word . Change the form if necessary.
c.... Renaissance Renaissance man musical instructions staff tempo

e-. predicate li near perspective direct object fragment focus
1 A complete sentence has two main parts: the subject and t he _

2 The object, which follows the verb, may be either a or an indi rect
obje ct.
3 Sentence are not complete sentences.
4 artists studied t he works of ancient Greek and Roman masters.
s Renaissance art ists on t he hum an body and made people look more realist ic.
6 Leon ardo da Vinci was one of the mo st famous - - ----
7 Filippo Brunelleschi used a technique called _
8 Comp osers represent t heir mu sic by placing musica l note s on a _
9 When composers want to represent the dynamics and of a piece, they give
more specific instructions.
10 From th e Baroque Period, Italian word s came to be used to indicate _
10 1
a Match each word with the correct defi nition and write the meaning in Korean.
1 equat ion ____ 0

2 factor ____ 0 a. by chance
b. fa mous for; known for
3 property ____ 0 c. full of pride in on eself
d. overcome by sa dness; extremely sad
____ 0
°
4 variable e. the study of the stru ctu re of human body
f. a number that is being multiplied by a no th er
5 inverse operat io ns g. a ru le that is in volved in a mathematIcal
com puta tion .
6 at random ____ 0 h. opera tions tha t "u ndo" each oth er; opposIte
____ 0 operations
°
7 vain i. a num ber sen tence which shows th a t two
quantities a re equa l
8 be renowned for letter tha t sta nds for an u nkn own n umber
j. a
9 anatomy ____ 0 in a n equation
10 grief-st ricken ____ 0
a Write t he m eanings of the words in Korean .
adde nd 16 restrain
2 parent hesis 17 nym ph
3 chance of 18 intra nsit ive verb
4 curren t 19 tr ansitive verb
5 on th e ot her hand 20 case
6 per 21 subject-verb agreement
7 out of 22 run-on sentence
8 probabil ity 23 part of speech
9 percent 24 sentence fragment
10 ratio 25 gende r
11 pull away from 26 predicate
12 tear away from 27 inspired by
13 consort wit h 28 indeed
14 dwe ll in 29 excel in
15 fall in love wi th 30 compos ition
102
Answers II
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ei *1~\i 'j,g. (def. 1 (b ) 2 (a) 3 (b) 4 (c) 5 (b)
Voc abul ary Preview 6 a. Approved b. pursuit c. le g isla t ive d. se nato rs
e. Constitution f. freedo m
1 historian 2 archaeologist 3 eyewitness
4 t imeline 5 artifact Vocabul ary Review
Quick Check
1 declared 2 Revolution ary War 3 petition
4 abolish 5 ina lien able
1 (F) 2 (T) 3 (F)
M ain Idea and Details
1 (a) 2 (b) 3 (a) 4 (c)
5 3. Primary b. ruins c. dates
6 a. Secondary sources b. g en e ration c. man-made
Q) The American Presidential Election System
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Vocabulary Preview
Quick Check
1 Con fede racy 2 f ree state 3 Un ion
1 (T) 2 (T) 3 (F)
4 slave state 5 slave labor
M ain Idea and Details
Quic k Chec k
1 (a) 2 (c) 3 (c) 4 (a J
1 (F) 2 (F) 3 (T)
5 a. They are the Repub lica n Party and the Democratic
Party. Main Idea and Details
b. It is the day when severa l states hold their primarie s 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (b) 4 (a)
or caucuses. 5 a. plantations b. slaves c. Lee
c. lt is de term ined by the number of senato rs and 6 a. plantation s b. slavery c. slave d. Union
rep resentative s t hat each state has.
e. Proclamation
6 a, prima ry b. delegates c. convention
Vocabulary Review
d. Tuesday e. Electoral College
1 secede 2 ind ustr ia l 3 surr endere d
Vocabulary Review
4 turning point 5 abolish
1 nominee 2 popular vote 3 represent
4 running fo r 5 dro p out
105
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Main Idea and Details
1 African-American 2 a m ne sty 3 Black Codes
1 (b) 2 (bl 3 (e) 4 Ca )
4 Reconstruction 5 assa ssin ate
5 a. They we re the steam locomotive, the te lephone,
Quick Check the electric light, and the skyscraper.
1 (F) 2 (F) 3 (T ) b. He founded Standard Oil, wh ich became th e largest
Main Idea and Details oi l company in the world.
1 (e) 2 (a) 3 (c) 4 (a) 5 (e)
c.. Poor whites, freed black slaves, and immigrants
often worked in factories.
6 a. a mnest y b. Recon struction Act c. amendments
6 a. loco mot ive b. railroad c. Skysc rapers
d. prope rty e. equa lit y
d. mo nopolies e. Unions
Vocabulary Review
Vocabulary Review
1 di scrim inate 2 loya lty 3 re integ rate 4 Equality
1 spur 2 wo rking conditions 3 emerged
5 engage in
4 expansion 5 dominate
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Vocabulary Preview , Allies 2 atomic bomb 3 dictatorship

4 Axis Powe rs 5 fascist
1 Industrial Revolution 2 imperialism
3 nationalism 4 the Great Game 5 World War I Quick Check
Quick Check 1 (T) 2 (F) 3 (T)
1 (T) 2 (T) 3 (F) Main Idea and Details
Main Idea and Details I (b) 2 (c) 3 (b) 4 (b) 5 (b)

1 (a) 2 (c) 3 (b) 4 (a) 6 a. depressions b. Germany c. lta ly
5 a. Africa b. influence c. World War I d. Pearl Harbor e. atomic bombs
6 a. machines b. raw materials c. Imperialism Vocabulary Review

d. ethnic group e. World War I 1 totalitarian 2 tu rn ing point 3 propaganda
Vocabulary Review 4 surrendered 5 aggressively
1 mass production 2 competed 3 influence
4 expand 5 established iNMANi"
A
1 archaeologists 2 Artifacts
3 Declaration of Independence 4 legi slative
5 Billof Rights 6 democrat ic
7 Electoral College 8 free states
1920';1r1Io1I"j I9.)0';1r1!oI1<l '11 /11"-I -O;-7HC.'" 7<J "II -lH NI A]"'51 9 Confederate 10 Civil War
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3 EftiH. njlO1, ~~ 4 .Jl.JJ.2tAt
1 a biotic fa ctors 2 biotic factors 3 symbios is
6 ( O l ~) ~ ~ ~ ~
4 mutualism 5 commensal ism
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12 [/jQll'J. cHR
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,9 ~~ o ~q, ~~ § ~q 20 ~~~ 6 a. flowers b. neither c. Remo ras d. ha rmed
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Voca bula ry Review
25 AH~ ~J.q 26 El'!j:!.~ XH ~~. El'¥2.l XHl:! 1 support 2 Para sitism 3 parasite 4 inte rac t
27 Ift*~ 7 ~i5 lc~. 'Cl~ ~O I !q q 28 Xil~-9-21 5 relat ionships
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<D Interactions among living Things o Biomes and Ecological Succession

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Vocabulary Review
1 ta iga 2 tundra 3 tropical rainforest
1 rigid 2 collide 3 composed of 4 flowin g
4 pioneer species 5 ecologica l succession
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1 (b) 2 (a) 3 (e) 4 (e) 5 (b) ED What Makes Up the Atmosphere?
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1 (a) 2 (b) 3 (c) 4 (c) 1 Ele ct ro ns 2 substances 3 prope rt ies 4 neutron
5 a. Oxygen b. stratosphere c. 600 kilometers 5 atomic nu mber
6 a. layers b. nitrogen c. weather d. Mesosphere
e. outer space
Vocabulary Review
1 ozone layer 2 sea level 3 orbit 4 outer space
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1 element 2 atom 3 proton 4 co mpo und 1 (c) 2 (a ) 3 (a> 4 (c)
5 phy sical property 5 a. Matter ca n change its size, shape, or state.
Quick Chec k b. Combining water a nd sand res ults in a mix t ure.
1 (T) 2 (F) 3 (T) c. It is iron dis ulfide.
Main Idea and Details 6 a. properties b. physical c. Brass d. chemical
1 (c) 2 (b ) 3 (b ) 4 (c) 5 (a) Vocabulary Review
6 a. elec t ron b. atom ic nucleus c. negatively 1 unite 2 d issolve 3 remain 4 blend 5 Stir
d. protons e. com pou nd s
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Vocabulary Preview
1 puberty 2 uterus 3 adolescence 4 fetus ED The Order of Operat ions and
Inverse Operat ions \'!{lS'j fr.!.12.1 "1{l
5 infancy ... - ~ -. --- - -"-- - -- - - - - - -~- ---._.------._---- --_._-_ __ ._-
Quick Check Ai .£. I::t-e- ~l-Si Z!{l-°l 9l~ ~~Hi g ~ 11~ 'c. O1 uj ,?:!{f-g~ 1?l;>;i
1 (T) 2 (F) 3 IT) "5~0 ]: i&71 ~]-o]: ~-t:]-. -i'- ~ ~ 0 l3:! -g~ ,?::!~9.] ,;?A-1etJI ~t:}.
Main Idea an d Details
I) J8 Ai -¥l:-~ «l-<2J '?:J.~l-% t114. q 6x(2+l) = 6 X 3 = 18.
1 (a) 2 Ie) 3 (b) 4 (b)
2) q.g-OJ1-i=- ~~OJI Ai _9_ ~ ~.93_ ~.i>}~ Y--'f-<1et. J.2-j.:ii ~ ~OJ1Ai
.2.:''i'~_ rM .il ""~ '*. q 20-1;<}-ZS =20-H =17-4 =13
5 a. conception b. moto r c. ovaries
~~ ~1 ~- r+g. lt3J%£ 'V.cf-. C;J, AJ) ~flj1~ % 111122 '"[::;P,j9-1 0-
6 a. fertilized b. organs c. 40 weeks
d. rapid growth e. adult
~[ ~ i,J ro l 2-}jl "Or-c, SQA,joj] ¥!-~ -~:;>;j ~ T?-i,J ~ ~ ~l-o} % %liD }
'1leJ
Vocabulary Review
1) J:,'}Ai ' 9!~ £'l .:ul~l'i:l~ ·.g. Tzl--g-.g. OlUj trAi~~ Cii>~ ~ 4'=- 1l.2-
1 hormones 2 reproductio n 3 toddle r U'j :l tl".f'::- R[l~ w~-l"[::1-. 01 ~ .g- 4 +2 =(),g- 2+4 = 6:i'} HC~c ~-~
4 crawl 5 conception Q]n ] ~-}cl-.
2) et-g-~ 'S! "',!]<2.1 ~'il .'tl~ '.g. ~::q2d-.g.. o-]~ lolJ~~-c cR-<4 ~ T-
10M.Wi " :v,2-u:j :l 'f}~ ~r::r2 tt~r::}. .:l~1 u 'i. (1 +4)+3 = 1+(/1+3)01r::+. 7}
T=7} o-]~ ljl -¥.-°l7-]-c ~ j!t--C o'l:di5] QC]-.
A
1 abiotic 2 compete for .:J.ciL-~ ol'li ~ Aa *"i.~ ~~ 1J OJ1 A~~ ~H}i;l-;:>;l ?i:c-t:]-.
3 symbiosis 4 ben efit 4-2 =201.il, 2-4 =-201= . 4-2 ~ 2-40l q

5 parasitism 6 biome
11 1
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x =12 '" 01*1 n'?
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3x6=6x3°1 q.. Vocabulary Preview
2) ct-g...c?..£. '-N~.e1 ~ *~ ~1' .g. 'i!n -{i- o-J Ifi ~t-l .2.£~ ~--fr --T
1 compare 2 probability 3 percent 4 at random
'V...2..Ul :J.~.g. n -q..:i! 'll ~. :z.~~ (2x4) X3==24012. 2x(4
5 ratio
x3)=2401.'e..S'.. (2x4)x3 =2X(4X3)01q..
Quick Check
°lTi:! 4fAJ%-@- L}-x11l 0 11 Ai-c ~%Bl-Al ?l-ct1-.
1 (F) 2 IF) 3 IT)
1O"'5=2oj :c.. 5 "'IO=05°lo"_1ll "' 5~5"'1001q. .
Main Idea and Det ails
i]J!f- flt~7l-Al .!?. ~t 'Jij J!} L-l-X1'1s:. ~ {}Olq..
~ "'~ l;1lIl!"'
1 (a) 2 (a) 3 (b ) 4 (c)
n X2U=5 q 01 ~~~l{} .~~ 'i! .::l~{- l.-l*"'~ ~~I\..£. q Al =!joJ2l-.
n :: 20-7-5 L) 20-~ 55!_ 1-f-To14. 5 a. A percent compares one number wit h 100.
n =4 <:;> 01 dJ-1i~ otIAi-c ~Al- no1 \,!-?ol t:+. b. A probability is the like liho od of some event
occurring in the future.
Vocabulary Preview
C. The probability of picking a black pen is 4 to 6. or : .
1 equation 2 factor 3 property 4 var iable
6 a. compare b. 3 :4 c. 100 d. like lihood e. ratios
5 inve rse operations
Vocabulary Review
Quick Check
1 chance of 2 current 3 On the other hand
1 (F) 2 (T) 3 (F)
4 per 5 out of
Main Ide a and Det ails
1 (b) 2 (a) 3 (c) 4 (a> 5 (c)
6 a. parenthesis b Commutative
c. inverse operation d . Associative ED Echo and Narcissus
0I1i!2t LfE.7 1+AI LfSA~)
Vocabu lary Review
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Vocabulary Preview
-c 5:..¥ 77] S'.i ..2..-n-%ol Vg-, J~ t:f% 78~~ oaot*-'AV1 J..2.*
1 rest rain 2 vain 3 renowned for 4 nymph ~--%T~tHC-l-.
5 grief-stricken
..2..'2 ol-~ g 7AloJ1 'fJ.o-];;;l:cl. =r~ 7~:i!l- W'J)]l 0l-1J ~:- ~Siq..
Quick Check 0l-1J ~l A} -'?=- ::I__i:- *-& 'llS1l1 =rcj2 ~.il!.Ojl :Qq., ~-~oj]A'j .:It -
1 (F) 2 (T) 3 (T) ~tt-~.§..~ 3..?1] o l:L~- ~\J:cl-. ~%.g. ~.g. 0loF7]-g.. ~-et. .:L~ J!.

'lA, :3.i}-!' :3.·CcQI ~ 4-'iloJ1 1}"1'llQ, *1", ,H'cl°l ::HHI711
A]'il;>;] -§- "T-1irt. .=t%.g.. =r~ -~- {!' ~:.u-c}. .:L-~.g.. T~% -T- "H!" cl
1 (a) 2 (b) 3 (a) 4 (b )
i>]-.:i2. 1l-tl-g- i2j':(let. {j{l ¥- ~,'? -9-~-.'}~1l AlD.- c1 .~s::tT:1-. HJi'-t,q-
5 a, nymphs b. Narcissus c. flower .:L-i:- .~ 7 & 9111 ~l lj'..oJl .:r-i:- ~ .2....?_ :;{l:l-.
6 a nymph b. Narcissu s c. echo d. reflection
e. narcissus ~8 '
Vocabulary Review T h is mornin g, J o h n w oke u p a t seve n . He had

b re ak fa st w ith his family. Aft er brea kfast , h e g ot
1 pu lled away 2 tear away 3 consorted with
dr esse d. Then, he went to sc hoo l. At sc hool, he mer
4 dwe ll in 5 fell in love with
Stu art and Cra ig. They talked a lo t. The n , th e y we nt to
th e ir first class . 1-1r. Pa tte rso n gave th em a te st. They
d id well on it. They had two more classes a nd then 'a te
C!) Common Mistakes in English lun ch. Arter lunch , Jo hn ha d three mo re classes. After
sch ool . he playe d socce r. He "vent home afte r that.
<i?3D-l Ol IA~~ ~~ ~~
!{!~Y!- PJ-& 'TOi2t ~Oi, °1~ J11 T 7\-71 T-l~ ~-~ 7}7.] jl ~ Vocabulary Preview
q. ?Ort- {L-.?-Jol n - EE-c -!f-'3Hl {1~ ->!'tlAj W~l:}. T-C1-c q , part of speech 2 sentence fragme nt 3 gender
711 ~ A l-q tl1~j,l-° l[l ~--o-J~ -TOl7} T~~17. 1 ~ -T-~ -S- <"5}C:A] 4 predicate 5 comma splice
~~rl-. ~1-c %J.}, ~Z:j 0i, -=rC-12 -P JQ:j rl--c- -:g-Al-~-&- ~W-~--eJ-.
Quick Check
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5:. 'Vcr. 3J1J-&~ol -c- ~ -5-Al-21 ~J8-% \!!-cr:]-. ·tfC ~S1~- ~'-5:{
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~~J% ;~}-1Fi~ ~.ct:-] .. EE J ~ .g- ~"G-l ~7;lAt--~- £*o:rt9 At-%'- 1 (c) 2 (b) 3 (c) 4 (a) 5 (a)
Ar -'fl oJ] ~- -T..T.. ?let. 011* ~lt! , '4i711 ::L -H-$=- ::rf2H=- ?JollJ.i 'l~ 6 a. se nten ce b. subject c. Direct object
~1'7) nll*"l"i 0 Ic]" d. Subject-verb e. incomplete
1 fo u nd [he key. Vocabulary Review
~~~Gj
1 int ransitive verb 2 case 3 subject·verb agreement
~ OloJ1Ai 'TI- ~:ZJ9-J ;'1£ qg. iLS::~ol ),1 £ ~;<;JoH=- ~~ 01- 4 tran sit ive verb 5 Run-on sente nces
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23 A.D. (=anno Domini) 7 1Y:! ~ 30 fear
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116

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How do historians and archaeologists study the past?

Historians often spend Archaeologists examine Archaeologists visit ruins

Vocabulary Preview I Write the correct word next to its meaning.

timeline archaeologist historian eyewitness artifact

1 _ __ _ _ _,: a person who studies history or the past

make timelines to list events

lioo 1600 1700

books or on CD-ROMs. Other books, such as encyclopedias,

1 What is the passage mainly about?

6 Complete the outline.

Sources of th e Past Clues from th e Past

• Primary sources = materia l written at the • Artifacts = C objects from past

• Vocabulary Review Complete each sentence. Change the form if necessary.

clue based on remains ruins abbreviation

1 B.C.E. is an for "before the common era:'

2 They found some hum an w hile they were digging in t he ground.

5 The book th at he wro te is pr imary sources.

The Constitution created

Vocabulary Preview I Write the correct word next to its meaning.

Founding Fathers Declaration of Independence Constitution Bill of Rights delegate

1 _ _ _ __ __ : a person w ho is chosen to represent other people at a meeting

Quick Check Chec k T (True) o r F (False).

1 What is t he ma in idea of the passage?

( Declaration of Independence ) ( Constitution ) Bill of Rights

•a on July 4, 1776 • Established the executive, • Were added in 1791

• Vocabulary Review Com plete each sente nce. Change t he fo rm if necessary.

declare inalienable abolish Revolutionary War petition

1 The Founding Fathers ~ t h at America was independent from England.

2 When America w on t he , it gained it s in dependence.

Every four years, A ca ndidate must win The Electoral College

Vocabulary Preview I Write the correct word next to its meaning.

d emocracy republic p olitical party presidential electio n finish er

1 _ _ _ __ _ _ : a g roup of people wit h similar political ideas

number of sen ato rs and repres entatives

the state has. Wyom ing has 3 members CA • "'• , co .0

Quick Check Check T (True) or F (False).

1 What is the passage mainly about?

b. What is Super Tuesday? _

6 Complete the outline.

Running for President The El ection Process

r epresent drop out nominee run for popular vote

Vocabulary Preview I Write the correct word next to its meaning.

1 _ _ _ _ _ __ : the group of Southern states that seceded from the U.s.

Confed e rate sta tes

At first, th e South won several battles . But the North

surrendered to Grant at Appomattox Cou rt House in

Quick Check Check T (True ) or F (False).

1 What is the passage mainly about?

6 Complete the outline.

• Sout hern a relied on slave labor • The d vs. the Confederacy

• Vocabulary Review Complete each sentence. Change the form if necessary.

surrender industrial abolish secede turning point

S Most Northerners wanted to slavery in the United States.

Vocabulary Preview I Write the correct word next to its meaning.

Reconstruction assassinate amnesty Black Codes African-American

1 _ _ _ _ __ _: an American whose origins are in Africa

Thirteenth Amendment made slave ry illegal. ~ l£W1ltSer

born in the United States is automatically a

to get "equal protection" under the law. The 1810

Fifteenth Amendment makes it illegal for the e xi' 0

state and federa l governments to discriminate .. Confed erat e states

African-Americans could achieve the equality promised by

Quick Check Chec k T (True) o r F (False).

1 What is the passage mainly about?

1 _ _ _ : a person w ho is chosen to represent other people at a meeting

1 _ _ _ : cold regions with conifers