Source: Standard Handbook for Electrical Engineers, 17th Edition

ISBN: 9781259642586
Authors: Surya Santoso Ph.D., H. Wayne Beaty

17.6. SEQUENCE IMPEDANCES

Sequence components are mainly used in fault studies. Even a balanced system becomes unbalanced when a fault other than a
three-phase fault occurs, for example, a single-line-to-ground or double-line with or without ground. It is easier to divide the
unbalanced circuit into three different balanced sequence circuits. Converting voltage into sequence components has been
discussed above. In this subsection, sequence impedances are discussed. Sequence impedance is discussed for balanced
transmission lines and transformers.

17.6.1. Transmission Lines

In this subsection, we discuss the case of sequence components for a balanced transmission line. This happens only when the
line is continuously transposed. The self-impedance is Z s and mutual impedance is Z m as shown in Fig. 17-18. The voltage
current relationship is given by

⎡ Vaa' ⎤ ⎡ Zs Zm Zm ⎤ ⎡ Ia ⎤
⎢ Vbb' ⎥ = ⎢ Zm Zs Zm ⎥ ⎢ Ib ⎥
⎣ V ⎦ ⎣Z Z ⎦⎣ I ⎦
cc' m m Zs c

(17-64)

Figure 17-18 Transmission line showing the self and mutual inductances.

Converting voltage and currents to the sequence components, the equation becomes

⎡ Vaa'0 ⎤ ⎡ Zs Zm Zm ⎤ ⎡ Ia0 ⎤
T ⎢ Vaa'1 ⎥ = ⎢ Zm Zs Zm ⎥ T ⎢ Ia1 ⎥
⎣ V ⎦ ⎣Z Z ⎦ ⎣I ⎦
aa'2 m m Zs a2

(17-65)

where T is the symmetrical components transformation matrix. Multiplying both sides byT −1 on the left gives

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⎡ Vaa'0 ⎤ ⎡ Z s Z m Z m ⎤ ⎡ Ia 0 ⎤
⎢ Vaa'1 ⎥ = T ⎢ Zm Zs Zm ⎥ T ⎢ Ia1 ⎥
−1
⎣V ⎦ ⎣Z Z ⎦ ⎣I ⎦
aa'2 m m Zs a2

(17-66)

Simplifying yields

⎡ Vaa'0 ⎤ ⎡ Zs + 2Zm 0 0 ⎤ ⎡ Ia 0 ⎤
⎢ Vaa'1 ⎥ = ⎢ 0 Zs − Zm 0 ⎥ ⎢ Ia1 ⎥
⎣V ⎦ ⎣ 0 0 Zs − Zm ⎦ ⎣ Ia2 ⎦
aa'2

(17-67)

The diagonal terms of the matrix are the sequence impedances for a balanced transmission line.

Z0 = Zs + 2Zm
Z1 = Zs − Zm
Z2 = Zs − Zm

(17-68)

17.6.2. Transformers
In the case of three-phase transformers, the sequence circuits depend on the type of connections made at the primary and
secondary. We look at five cases: (1) Yg-Yg, both neutrals grounded; (2) Yg-Y only one neutral grounded; (3) Yg-Δ, Y grounded;
(4) Y-Y, ungrounded neutrals; and (4) Δ − Δ.

In all these cases, the positive and negative sequence impedances are the same as described above. Each connection has a
different zero sequence circuit.

Y-Y, Both Neutrals Grounded (Yg-Yg). The voltage equation on the primary side is

VA = VAN + VN

(17-69)

VAN is the primary side voltage across the winding of the ideal transformer.VN is the voltage across the neutral. Converting to
sequence components, we have

VA0 + VA1 + VA2 = VAN

0 + V 1 + V 2 + 3Z I 0
AN AN 1 A

(17-70)

where IA0 is zero sequence current on the primary side Z 1 is grounding resistance on the primary side.

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Similarly, on the secondary side

Va0 + Va1 + Va2 = Van

0 + V 1 + V 2 − 3Z I 0
an an 2 a

(17-71)

where Ia0 = zero sequence current on the secondary side. Z 2 is grounding resistance on the secondary side.

The negative sign in Eq. (17-70) is to account for the direction of the current. Using the transformation ratio, we can write the
following relations between primary and secondary voltages and currents:

IA
Van = nVAN; Ia =
n

(17-72)

n being the turns ratio. Substituting for it in Eq. (17-71), we have

3Z2IA0
Va0 + Va1 + Va2 = nVAN
0 + nV 1 + nV 2 −
AN AN n

(17-73)

Dividing both sides by n, we get

Va0 + Va1 + Va2 3Z2IA0

= VAN
0 +V 1 +V 2 −
AN AN
n n2

(17-74)

Substituting Eq. (17-70), we can write

Va0 + Va1 + Va2 3Z2IA0

= VA0 + VA1 + VA2 − 3Z1IA0 −
n n2

(17-75)

By equating terms of same sequence one can obtain the following expressions:

Va1 = nVA1; Va2 = nVA2

= VA0 − [3Z1 + 3nZ22 ] IA0

Va0
n

(17-76)

Therefore,

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Z0 = Z + 3Z1 + 3Z2′

(17-77)

where Z = leakage impedance

Z 1 = primary neutral impedance

Z2′ = secondary neutral impedance referred to primary

Yg-Y, Only One Neutral Grounded. In this case, no zero-sequence current can flow as one of the neutral is ungrounded.
Therefore, the zero sequence circuit in the case of a Y-Y transformer with only neutral grounded is shown as an open circuit
between primary and the secondary.

Y-Δ, Y Grounded. In this case, the zero sequence current flows only on the Y side. The zeros sequence component in this case
is Z 0 = 3Z N, where Z N is the grounding impedance. No zero-sequence current can flow in the Δ side.

Y-Δ, Ungrounded Neutral. If the Y side is not grounded, there can be no zero-sequence current on the Y side. As discussed
before, there can be no zero-sequence current in the Δ side.

Δ − Δ Transformer. In this case, there can be no zero-sequence current either on the primary or the secondary sides. Though
there can be circulating zero sequence current in the delta winding.

A summary of zero-sequence circuits for all different transformer connections is shown inFig. 17-19.

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 Figure 17-19 Connection of the zero sequence impedance for the most common transformer
configurations.

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