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Unit 2
Exploring the Methods of Presenting
the Art Subject
Introduction
Artists are considered persons with the talent and the skills to
conceptualize and make creative works. They have sharp senses, which
anywhere and everywhere they can just pick out subject/s with delighted stories.
They see things in different forms but have one vision and that is to inspire people
through their creative works. They try to effectively express or convey more their
messages.
Thus, this Unit introduces you the methods in which the artists can use in
presenting their art subjects making them more inspiring and stimulating.
Learning Outcomes
At the end of the session, you will be able to:
a. Identify and describe the characteristics of different methods of
presenting the art subject, and
b. Research the work of an artist (historical or contemporary) whose
work responds to the politics, social mores, or significant local or
international events of their time.
Have a closer look at the three pictures below, then name the subjects used
by the artists. In what way did the artists convey messages?
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Unit 2: Exploring the Methods of Presenting the Art Subject
Presentation of Content
In the given activity above, you learned that the artists used various methods
in presenting their subjects just to express the ideas they wanted to share. This
means that the manner of representing subject varies according to the intent and
inventiveness of each artist.
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Unit 2: Exploring the Methods of Presenting the Art Subject
2. Abstraction
Abstract art is an art that does not attempt to represent an accurate depiction
of a visual reality but instead use shapes, colors, forms and gestural marks to
achieve its effect.
(https://courses.lumenlearning.com/sac-artappreciation/chapter/oer-1-4/).
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Unit 2: Exploring the Methods of Presenting the Art Subject
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Unit 2: Exploring the Methods of Presenting the Art Subject
B. Elongation
"Elongation art" refers to paintings that feature figures that are painted with
their forms elongated much more than they are in reality. Elongation is a form of
abstract art that often depicts the stretched forms of people or objects in nature.
Among the artists who created elongation art was early 20th-century artist
Amedeo Modigliani, who is renowned for his use of elongation in portraits as well
as more abstract paintings. Some other artists known for using elongation in their
paintings are modern African-American painter Ernie Barnes and Italian
Renaissance artist Parmigianino, who is noted for the painting "Madonna of the
Long Neck (https://www.reference.com/art-literature/meaning-elongation-art-
relation-painting-47ea573325c5899f).
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Unit 2: Exploring the Methods of Presenting the Art Subject
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Unit 2: Exploring the Methods of Presenting the Art Subject
Looking more like a creation from the twenty-first century than the
sixteenth, The Resurrection by El Greco stands out as a work ahead of its time. The
dramatically elongated figures, bold colors and loose brush strokes were considered
somewhat odd in the Baroque period in which it was painted. But El Greco
considered spiritual expression to be more important than public opinion and it was
in this way that he developed a unique style that has allowed him to be regarded as
one of the great geniuses of Western art
(http://www.dianablake.net/ArtHistoryArticles/ElGrecoResurrection.htm).
C. Mangling
D. Cubism
One of the most influential art movements of the early twentieth century
and one that remains a major source of inspiration for many artists today is Cubism.
Cubism marked a major turning point in the whole evolution of modernist art.
In the field of literature, its influence was most notably in the writings of
Gertrude Stein, James Joyce and William Faulkner, who applied the principles of
abstract language, repetition and use of multiple narrators. And, in music, the
composer Igor Stravinsky credited Cubism for having an impact on his work
(https://manhattanarts.com/what-is-cubism/).
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Unit 2: Exploring the Methods of Presenting the Art Subject
By Pablo Picasso
Types of Cubism
a. Analytical Cubism
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Unit 2: Exploring the Methods of Presenting the Art Subject
(http://cubismsite.com/analytical-
cubism/).
b. Synthetic Cubism
It became a
popular style of artwork that includes
characteristics like simple shapes,
bright colors, and little to no depth. It
was also the birth of collage art in
which real objects were incorporated
into the paintings.
In 1912, Picasso creates
the work called “Still-Life with Chair
Caning”. He inserts an oilcloth with a Still-Life With Chair Caning by Picasso
(1912)
pattern that simulates bars of the chair in
the oval composition of the painting, the
oval itself being bordered by a thick twine – it’s a “frame” of the picture. The
prototype of all ready-made experiments of the 20th century was created
(https://www.thoughtco.com/synthetic-cubism-definition-183242).
E. Abstract Expressionism
Leo Tolstoy could be called a father of abstract expressionism and the
expressionist movements of the 19th and 20th centuries. His “Expression Theory”
centered on the idea that art elicits and provokes emotion in the viewer. Tolstoy
believed that the role of the artist was to provide the viewer with something that
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Unit 2: Exploring the Methods of Presenting the Art Subject
would bring out these effects. Abstract Expressionism achieves this by letting the
medium and composition communicate for itself. Artists like Pollock believed that
it was the viewer (and not the artist) who defines and interpret the meaning of the
abstract expressionist artwork thus, there is no relevance on what artist thinks or
conveys while producing the work.
Abstract Expressionism is an artistic movement of the mid-20th century
comprising diverse styles and techniques and emphasizing especially an artist’s
liberty to convey attitudes and emotions through nontraditional and usually
nonrepresentational means (https://www.theartist.me/art/abstract-expressionism-
definition/).
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Unit 2: Exploring the Methods of Presenting the Art Subject
Although Rothko never considered himself a Color Field painter, his signature
approach - balancing large portions of washed colors - matches up to critics'
understanding of the style. Rothko considered color to be a mere instrument that
served a greater purpose. He believed his fields of color were spiritual planes that
could tap into our most basic human emotions. For Rothko, color evoked emotion.
Therefore each of Rothko's works
was intended to evoke different meanings
depending on the viewer. In the time No. 2, Green,
No. 2, Green, Red and
Red and Blue was made, Rothko was still using lighter
Blue(1953)
tones, Oil on canvas-Private but as more years passed and Rothko's mental
health collection increasingly declined, his Color Fields were
constituted by somber blacks, blues, and
grays(https://www.theartstory.org/movement-
color-field-painting.htm).
3. Symbolism
Symbolism is really an intellectual form of expression. Not content using
color and shape to communicate their feelings, symbolist artists inject their
compositions with messages and esoteric references. It is this narrative content
which turns a work of art into a symbolist work of art.
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Unit 2: Exploring the Methods of Presenting the Art Subject
Caresses (detail; 1896), Fernand Khnopff. Royal Museums of Fine Arts of Belgium,
Brussels. Photo: J. Geleyns Art Photography
Women play a major role in Belgium Symbolism, as they emboy all the
duality and ambiguity of the world. Khnoff and Rops were Belgian Symbolists who
captures and expressed the mystery of women. In khnopff’s case, the woman was
variously angel, muse, and a companion rushing to recue the man, yet she also
appears as a tempress, femme fatale with more than a cash of the perverse-the very
symbol of the Supreme Vice.
The theme of women constitutes an inexhaustible one of the Symbolists,
both painters and authors. Just as Khnopff did in his Caresses, which is perhaps
Khnopff’s most famous creation, he represents this mysterious beauty, but alas the
woman sells herself and her master becomes
Satan(https://artsandculture.google.com/asset/caresses/_AGlYSd0kETwGw).
4. Fauvism
style were known as 'Les Fauves'. The title 'Les Fauves' (the wild beasts) came from
a sarcastic remark by the art critic Louis Vauxcelles. Les Fauves believed that color
should be used to express the artist's feelings about a subject, rather than simply to
describe what it looks like.
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Unit 2: Exploring the Methods of Presenting the Art Subject
5. Expressionism
Expressionism is art that is more associated with emotion or feeling than
with literal interpretation of a subject. Expressionistic art uses vivid colors,
distortion, two-dimensional subjects that lack perspective. It's created to express the
emotions of the artists as well as produce an emotional response of the viewer.
One of the most famous expressionists is the Dutch painter Vincent Van Gogh
(1853-1890). His paintings seem to vibrate with emotion
(https://osnatfineart.com/articles/expressionism.php).
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Unit 2: Exploring the Methods of Presenting the Art Subject
Starry Night by Van Gogh is one famous piece of art. The story of Van
Gogh cutting off his ear after a fight with his friend, the French artist Paul Gauguin,
is one of the most popular anecdotes in art history, and supposedly occurred in
winter 1888, the year before the painting of Starry Night and not long before Van
Gogh's death in 1890. Keeping with his reputation as a crazy artist, Van Gogh was
committed to a mental health asylum in Arles after the ear incident with Gauguin.
History has it that Van Gogh painted Starry Night while in the mental hospital, and
that the landscape in the painting is the view Van Gogh had from his
window(https://legomenon.com/starry-night-meaning-of-vincent-van-gogh-
painting.html).
Edvard Munch's painting The Scream (1893) is one of the most famous
paintings of all time. Sometimes also referred to as The Cry, Munch's painting The
Scream is known for its expressionistic colors, bright swirling sky, and of course its
mysterious subject: a person clasping her face, screaming in anguish alone on a
dock.
The Scream is the best known and most frequently reproduced of all
Edvard Munch’s motifs. With its expressive colors, its flowing lines and striking
overall effect, its appeal is universal.
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Unit 2: Exploring the Methods of Presenting the Art Subject
6. Dadaism
Dadaism or Dada was a form of artistic anarchy born out of disgust for
the social, political and cultural values of the time. It embraced elements of art,
music, poetry, theatre, dance and politics. Dada was not so much a style of art like
Cubism or Fauvism; it was more a protest movement with an anti-establishment
manifesto(http://www.artyfactory.com/art_appreciation/art_movements/dadaism.
htm).
Dada was an art movement formed during the First World War in Zurich
in negative reaction to the horrors and folly of the war. The art, poetry and
performance produced by dada artists is often satirical and nonsensical in
nature(https://www.tate.org.uk/art/art-terms/d/dada).
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Unit 2: Exploring the Methods of Presenting the Art Subject
For Dada artists, the aesthetic of their work was considered secondary to
the ideas it conveyed. “For us, art is not an end in itself,” wrote Dada poet Hugo
Ball, “but it is an opportunity for the true perception and criticism of the times we
live in.” Dadaists both embraced and critiqued modernity, imbuing their works with
references to the technologies, newspapers, films, and advertisements that
increasingly defined contemporary life.
https://www.moma.org/learn/moma_learning/themes/dada/
Dada artists felt the war called into question every aspect of a society
capable of starting and then prolonging it – including its art. Their aim was to
destroy traditional values in art and to create a new art to replace the old. As the
artist Hans Arp later wrote:
In addition to being anti-war, dada was also anti-bourgeois and had political
affinities with the radical left. The founder of dada was a writer, Hugo Ball. In 1916
he started a satirical night-club in Zurich, the Cabaret Voltaire, and a magazine
which, wrote Ball, ‘will bear the name ”Dada”. Dada, Dada, Dada, Dada.’ This was
the first of many dada publications. Dada became an international movement and
eventually formed the basis of surrealism in Paris after the war. Leading artists
associated with it include Arp, Marcel Duchamp, Francis Picabia and Kurt
Schwitters. Duchamp’s questioning of the fundamentals of Western art had a
profound subsequent influence (https://www.tate.org.uk/art/art-terms/d/dada).
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Unit 2: Exploring the Methods of Presenting the Art Subject
7. Surrealism
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Unit 2: Exploring the Methods of Presenting the Art Subject
The 'Metamorphosis of Narcissus' was the first painting that Dali based
on his 'paranoiac-critical' method. It was inspired by the various myths of Narcissus
which explore an abnormal preoccupation with the self, something that Dali was no
stranger to.
Dali's tells his story of Narcissus in two forms, one an echo of the other.
The form on the left is the figure of Narcissus as he bends to look at his reflection
in the pool. His body is turning to stone which both illustrates his inability to move
and indicates his eventual death. The form on the right is his dead, petrified body
which has transformed into a hand holding an egg. A narcissus grows from a crack
in the egg to complete his metamorphosis.
Dali crafts the rest of the painting around this 'paranoiac critical' vision.
The composition of the painting is cut in half by the vertical edge of the cliff face
on the left. This draws a dividing line between the two forms of Narcissus and the
symbolic balance of their color. The warm colors of the Cap de Creus rocks are
used on the left, in and around the dying Narcissus, to suggest that there is yet life
in his ailing body. (The Cap de Creus is a headland near Figueres, Dali's birthplace,
and its typical rock formations appear in many of his works.) The colors on the right
have turned ice cold to convey the idea that Narcissus has passed on. His
metamorphosed form stands like a tombstone overrun by ants, his spirit
encapsulated by the surviving flower. Ants, which also appear in several other
paintings by Dali, are used as symbols of transformation as they constantly collect
and consume dead matter to recycle its energy.
In the center of the painting, a winding road links both images of Narcissus
as it heads off into the distant mountains. Where it passes between the two forms, a
group of Narcissus' rejected suitors weep in grief for their loss. A sense of loss is
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Unit 2: Exploring the Methods of Presenting the Art Subject
further developed in the figure on the right who stands on a plinth in the center of a
checkerboard. This represents Narcissus as he formerly was, glancing round to
admire his own physique.
Surrealism in Literature
Freedom of Love
By Andre Breton
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Unit 2: Exploring the Methods of Presenting the Art Subject
What the futurists proposed instead was an art that celebrated the modern world of
industry and technology:
We declare…a new beauty, the beauty of speed. A racing motor car…is more
beautiful than the Victory of Samothrace. (A celebrated ancient Greek
sculpture in the Louvre museum in Paris.) (https://www.tate.org.uk/art/art-
terms/f/futurism).
Entranced by the
idea of the “dynamic,” the
Futurists sought to represent
an object’s sensations,
rhythms and movements in
their images, poems and
manifestos. Such
characteristics are
beautifully expressed
in Boccioni’s most
iconic masterpiece,
Unique Forms of Continuity
in Space.
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Unit 2: Exploring the Methods of Presenting the Art Subject
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Unit 2: Exploring the Methods of Presenting the Art Subject
References
Retrievedfromhttps://www.artble.com/artists/parmigianino/paintings/madonna_wi
th_the_long_neck on July 14, 2019.
Retrievedfromhttp://www.dianablake.net/ArtHistoryArticles/ElGrecoResurrection
.htm on July 14, 2019.
Retrievedfromhttp://www.artyfactory.com/art_appreciation/art_movements/fauvis
m.htm on July 14, 2019.
Retrieved from
https://www.artble.com/artists/parmigianino/paintings/madonna_with_the_long_n
eck).
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