 Inductive vs. Deductive Reasoning.

In Fib(6)= 8
exercises 1 and 2, determine whether
the argument is an example of inductive Fib (7)= 13
or deductive reasoning. Fib(8)= 21
1. Two computer programs, a
bubble sort and a shell sort, are Fib(9)= 34
used to sort data. In each of 50
Fib(10)= 55
experiments, the shell sort
program took less time to sort 5. In each of the following,
the data than the bubble sort determine the nth-term
program. Thus the shell sort formula for the number of
program is the faster of the two square tiles in the nth figure.
sorting programs.

Answer: Inductive Reasoning

2. If a figure is a rectangle, then it

is a parallelogram. Figure A is a
rectangle. Therefore, Figure A is
a parallelogram.

Answer: Deductive Reasoning

3. Use a difference table to predict

the next term in the sequence -
1, 0, 9, 32, 75, 144, 245, … .

-1 0 9 32 75 144 245 293

-1 9 23 43 69 10 48

8 14 20 26 32 38

6 6 6 6 6

Answer: 293

Answer: An = 4n
4. List the first 10 terms of the
Fibonacci sequence.

Answer: Fib(1) = 1 𝑎1 = 4( 1)
Fib(2)= 1 𝑎1 = 4
Fib(3)= 2

Fib(4)= 3 𝑎2 = 4( 2)
Fib(5)= 5 𝑎2 = 8
 𝑎3 = 4( 3)

𝑎3 = 12 𝑎5 = 3(5) + 1

𝑎5 = 16
𝑎4 = 4( 4)
𝑎4 = 16 6. A sequence has an nth-term formula of
( )𝑛 𝑛(𝑛 − 1)
𝑎𝑛 = −1 ( )
𝑎5 = 4( 5) 2
Use the nth-term formula to determine
𝑎5 = 20 the first 5 terms and the 105 th term in
the sequence.

Answer:

𝑎 𝑛 𝑛(𝑛 − 1)
𝑛= ( −1) ( )
2

𝑎1= ( −1)1 (1(1 − 1))

2
𝑎1= 0

Answer:

3𝑛 + 1 𝑎2= ( −1)2 (2(2 − 1))

2
𝑎1 = 3(1) + 1
𝑎2= 1
𝑎1 = 4

𝑎2 = 3(2) + 1
𝑎3= ( −1)3 (3(3 − 1))
𝑎2 = 7 2

𝑎3 = 3(3) + 1 𝑎3= 3

𝑎3 = 10

𝑎4 = 3(4) + 1 𝑎4= ( −1)4 (4(4 − 1))

2
𝑎4 = 13
𝑎4= 6
 diagonals are shown by the blue line
5(5 − 1) segments.
𝑎5=( −1)5 ( )
2
𝑎5= − 10

𝑎 ( −1)105
105(105 − 1)
105= ( )
2
𝑎105= − 5460

7. Terms of a Sequence. In a sequence:

A1 = 3, A2 = 7, and An = 2an-1 + an-2 for n ≥ 3

Use a difference table to predict the
Find a3, a4, and a5. number of diagonals in

a. a heptagon (a 7-sided polygon)

Answer:
Answer: 15
𝑎𝑛 = 2𝑎𝑛−1 + 𝑎𝑛−2

GIVEN:

𝑎3 = 2(3 − 1 ) + 3 − 2

𝑎3 = 5

b. an octagon (an 8-sided polygon)

𝑎4 = 2(4 − 1 ) + 4 − 2 Answer: 20
𝑎4 = 8

𝑎5 = 2(5 − 1 ) + 5 − 2

𝑎5 = 11

8. Number of Diagonals. A diagonal of a

polygon is a line segment that connects
9. State the four steps of Polya’s four-step
nonadjacent vertices (corners) of the
problem-solving strategy.
polygon. In the following polygons, the
Answer:
 Understand the Problem
  Devise a Plan
 Carry out a plan
 Review the solution
10. Make Change. How many different
ways can change be made for a dollar
using only half-dollars, quarters, and/or
dimes?
11. Counting Problem. In how many
different ways can a basketball team
win exactly four out of their last six
games?
Answer: There are 15 ways for a basketball
team to win exactly of their lasr 6 games.
WWWLL, WLWWLW, WWLWLW, WWWLWL,
Answer: There are 56 different direct routes
LWWWLW, LLWWW, WLWWWL, WWLWWL,
from point A to point B.
LWLWWW, LWWWWL, LWLWW, WWLLWW,
WWWLLW, LWWLWW, LLWWWW
13. Vacation Money. Shelly has saved some
money for a vacation. Shelly spends half
of her vacation money on an airline
ticket; she then spends $50 for
sunglasses, $22 for a taxi, and one-third
of her vacation money for a room with
a view. After her sister repays her a loan
of
$150, shelly finds that she has $326.
How much vacation money did shelly
have at the start of her vacation?
14. Number of Different Routes. How many
different direct routes are there from
point A to point B in the following
figure?

12. Units Digit. What is the units digit (ones

digit) of 34,513?

Answer: Every 4 terms, the ones digit are the

𝟒𝟓𝟏𝟑

same. Therefore is equal to 1128 with a

𝟒
remainder of 1. Since the remainder is 1, the
ones digit of 𝟑𝟒𝟓𝟏𝟑 is 3.
15. Number of League Games. In a league
Sol’n: of nine football teams, each team plays
every other team in the league exactly
31 = 3
once. How many league games will take
32 = 9 place?
33 = 7 Answer: The 9 teams will have to play 72 league
games.
34 = 1
LET G the number of games
35 = 3
G= 8+7+6+5+4+3+2+1
36 = 9
=36(2)
37 = 7
=72
38 = 1
 16. Ages of Children. The four children in Conjecture: For all real numbers x, x ≤ x2.
the Rivera family are Reynaldo, Ramiro, Answer:
Shakira, and Sasha. The ages of the two 1
teenagers are 13 and 15. The ages of Let 𝑥 =
4
the
younger children are 5 and 7. From the 𝑥 ≤ 𝑥2 1 1
following clues, determine the age of does not apply since is greater than
4 16
each of the children. so we have found a counterexample. Thus, 𝑥 ≤
𝑥2, for all number x is a false statement.
a. Reynaldo is older than Ramiro.
b. Sasha is younger than Shakira.
19. Find a Sum. Find the following sum
c. Sasha is 2 years older than Ramiro.
without using a calculator.
d. Shakira is older than Reynaldo.
 Answer: Shakira is the eldest at 15 1 + 2 +3 + 4 + … +497 + 498 + 499 + 500
years old, Reynaldo is 13 yrs. Old,
Answer: The sum of the first 500 terms is
Sasha is 7 years old and Ramiro is the
125,250.
youngest at 5 years Old.
Sol’n:
𝑛(𝑛 + 1)
𝑠𝑛 =
2
500(501 + 1)
𝑠𝑛 =
2
250,000
𝑠𝑛 = = 125,250
2

20. Motor Vehicles Thefts. The following

17. Counterexample. Find a counter graph shows the number of U.S. motor
example to show that the following vehicle thefts for each year from 2009
conjecture is false. to 2014.

Conjecture: For all numbers x,

(𝑥−4)(𝑥+3)
𝑥−4 = 𝑥+3

Answer: Let x=4

(4+4 )(4+3)
4 −4 ≠ 4 + 3 since a fraction with a
denominator of 0 is undefined, so we have found
(𝑥+4 )(𝑥+3)
a counterexample. Thus 𝑥 −4
= +3, for all
number x is false statement.

18. Counterexample. Find a counter

example to show that the following
conjecture is false.
 a. Which one of the given years had the
greatest number of U.S. motor vehicle
thefts?

Answer: The greatest number of U.S motor

vehicle thefts was recorded in the year 2009
with 796,000.

b. How many more U.S. motor vehicle

thefts occurred in 2011 than in 2013?

Answer: The thefts in 2011 is 717,000 and the

thefts in 2013 is 700,000. By subtracting it,
there are 17,000 more thefts in 2011 than in
2013.

c. During which two consecutive years

did the largest decline in motor vehicle
thefts occur?

Answer: 2009 – 2010

2009-2010 : 796-740 = 56

2010-2011 : 740-717 = 23

2011-2012 : 717-723 = -6

2012-2013 : 723-700 = 23