States of matter

What is matter?

•Matter is anything that has mass and

occupies space
•Particles of matter are constantly in motion
and tend to move away from each other
•Particles are attracted to each other by
inter-particle forces
Different states of matter
•Solid
•Liquid
•Gas
Confidence Builder 1

•1. Which condition •2. Can ALL matter

(temperature or exist in the three
pressure or both) different states? If
can cause matter to not, give ONE that
change between the cannot.
different states?
Fourth state of matter?
•Plasma is a state of ionised
gas i.e. gas that has been
heated to extremely high
temperatures and their
fundamental particles begin
to separate from each other.
Plasma only exist in stars like
our Sun. Thus there are only
3 states of matter that exist
on Earth.
Properties of solids,liquids and gases
Solids Liquids Gases
arrangement of closely packed random arranged in individual particles
particles and arranged clusters with small randomly arranged
orderly distances between with large spaces
them between them
shape definite shape indefinite shape indefinite shape
volume definite volume definite volume indefinite volume
strength of strong moderate weak
interparticle
forces
compressibility none negligible high
energy levels and low energy moderate energy high, individual
motion of levels,particles levels, clusters of particles move around
particles vibrate about an particles move rapidly in random
average position randomly fashion
Confidence Builder 2
•1. Matter is anything that •2. A substance that takes it
........... the space of its container
and can pour or flow is most
A has mass likely
B has mass and gives off
heat A a solid
C has mass and takes up B a gas
space C a liquid
D has volume D plasma
Transitions between states of matter
• VIDEO

Sublimation is the process by which

a solid goes directly to the gas state
or a gas goes directly to the solid
state without passing through the
liquid state. VIDEO

Examples of solids that sublime are

iodine crystals, solid carbon dioxide
gas “dry ice” and ammonium
chloride.
Confidence Builder 3
•When a solid is heated until •An example of a substance
it forms a liquid, this process that sublimes is....
is called..... •A salt crystals
A melting
•B iodine crystals
•B freezing
•C menthol crystals
•C boiling
•D ice crystals
•D sublimation
Cooling curve 1 of 2
COOLING CURVE
•When a substance is heated
slowly and a temperature is
taken at regular intervals, a
heating curve can be
obtained. If a gas is allowed
to cool naturally to a solid
and temperature readings
are taken at regular intervals
a cooling curve is obtained.
Cooling curve 2 of 2
•A heating curve is a MIRROR
IMAGE of a cooling curve.

•However the first step has

the label melting point and
the second step has the
label boiling point
Confidence Builder
1. When condensation occurs,
what state(s) is/are present?
A only liquid
B liquid and solid
C liquid and gas
D only gas
2. Would the melting
temperature of a
substance have the
same value as the
freezing temperature?
Give a reason for your
answer.
Evaporation vs Boiling

•Evaporation takes •Boiling occurs

place on the surface throughout the
of a liquid liquid
•Evaporation can •Boiling occurs at
occur at any only ONE
temperature temperature
 Practice Questions 1 of 3
• 1. When water is heated until it boils and 2. Label the processes
forms steam. Which of the following
statements would most likely be true? numbered 1 - 5 on the
diagram
• A The particles of steam are bigger than
the particles of water
• B The particles of steam are further apart
than the particles of water
• C The particles of steam are smaller than
the particles of water
• D The particles of steam are closer than
the particles of water
Practice Questions 2 of 3
• 3. To the left is a heating curve for
substance X. Answer the questions
that follow

• i) What is the melting and boiling

point of substance X?
• ii) At what state of matter is
substance X in at 70 °C?
• iii) What is the temperature range
for the liquid state of substance X?
Practice Questions 3 of 3
The particulate theory of matter
• This theory illustrates or provides evidence that
all matter is made up of particles. These particles
are constantly in motion and are attracted to
each other by inter-particle forces. There are
three pieces of evidence to show that matter is
made up of particles:- diffusion, osmosis and
Brownian Motion.
 Diffusion
• The process by which particles
spread out and mix thoroughly
• e.g. the detection of perfume from
across a room or the changing of The rate of diffusion is directly related to
the colour of water when drink the temperature of the particles i.e. if
crystals are placed in it without the temperature is high, diffusion occurs
stirring quickly
• NB Diffusion occurs from a region of The rate of diffusion is indirectly related
to the mass of the particles i.e. if the
high concentration (where there are
particles are heavy, the particles will
a lot of particles) to a region of low
diffuse slowly
concentration (where there are little
particles)

Confidence Builder 4
• You have two glass jars of water.
Glass jar A contains water at
20 oC, while glass jar B contains
water at 90 oC.
If an orange crystal is placed in
each glass jar, in which glass jar
would diffusion occur FASTER?
• Suggest an explanation for your
answer above
• Below shows an experiment
involving diffusion of two gases:-
ammonia (on the left)and
hydrogen chloride (on the right).
When the two gases met, they
form a white ring.
• Suggest what the position of the
white ring means with regards to
the masses of the two different
gas particles
Osmosis 1 of 2
• Definition: diffusion of solvent
molecules across a
semipermeable membrane
• NB Osmosis occurs from a region
of high concentration (where
there are a lot of particles) to a
region of low concentration
(where there are little particles)
and only liquid particles undergo
osmosis
 Osmosis 2 of 2
• Other examples of osmosis would
be seen with cucumber slices
placed in salt – water would soon
be present on the slices
• OR
• Placing potato slices in water vs
salty water. The potato slices places
in pure water are very rigid. While
the potato slices placed in salty
water becomes very soft and
flexible.
Confidence Builder
•Which diagram
represents diffusion and
which represents
osmosis?
 Brownian Motion 1 of 2
•Definition:- the random
motion of solid particles
in air or water
To the right is a diagram showing the movement of
a dust particle in air. The large circle represents the
dust particle and the many tiny circles represent the
“invisible” air particles. As the air particles collide
with the dust particle randomly and unevenly, the
movement of the dust particle is also random,
shown by the solid line trailing behind the dust
particle which represents the path it travelled.
Brownian Motion 2 of 2
•It is also seen in a beam of
light in a darkened room or
in a beam of light from a car
headlights. “Dancing” lights
moving randomly
•These are the dust particles
being bombarded randomly
with air particles
 Practice Questions 1 of 4
• 1. When salt is sprinkled on cucumber
slices, they appear “wet” after a few
moments. This is due to a process called
osmosis. Which of the following correctly
describes Reverse Osmosis?
• A Red blood cells swelling until they burst
when they are placed in pure water
• B The detection of perfume from across a
room
• C The random movement of pollen grains
in water
• D Water particles moving from salt water
in an area of pure water across a
semipermeable membrane
• 2. A balloon was blown up with warm air
and placed in a cold room. What is most
likely to happen?
• A The balloon would shrink because the
particles got smaller
• B The balloon would shrink because the
particles move around less as their kinetic
energy decreased
• C The balloon would get bigger because
the particles got bigger
• D The balloon would get bigger because
the particles move around more as their
kinetic energy increased
 Practice Questions 2 of 4
•To the right represents
a diagram that can be
used illustrate osmosis.
Explain ALL
observations fully
Practice Questions 3 of 4
•What state of matter
would the metal (from
the diagram on the right)
be at 2000 oC?

A solid B liquid
C gas D plasma
 On the diagram below label the:
Practice Questions 4 of 4 • Semi permeable membrane (M)
• Area of higher water concentration (HC)
• Area of lower water concentration (LC)
•Moths emit chemicals • Direction of flow of water (arrow)

called pheromones to
attract a mate.
•Which process is
responsible for the
distribution of these
chemicals through the
air?
 YOU DID IT!
STATES OF MATTER IS DONE!!