Social Problems 14th Edition Kornblum

Test Bank
Visit to download the full and correct content document:
https://testbankdeal.com/download/social-problems-14th-edition-kornblum-test-bank/
 CHAPTER 7

RACISM, PREJUDICE, AND DISCRIMINATION

MULTIPLE CHOICE

1. In the early 1940s, Swedish social scientist Gunnar Myrdal published a book entitled An
American Dilemma. In Myrdal's view, the "American dilemma" was __________.
a. the United States' indecision in the late 1930s about joining the Allies in World
War II
b. the question of what to do about the Russians after World War II was concluded
c. the situation of “poor and suppressed” minorities in the land of freedom and
opportunity
d. the expropriation of land and extermination of Native Americans during westward
expansion
e. the United States' failure to more quickly invade Germany in order to stop what
was happening to Jews in concentration camps

2. The constitutional bases for racial equality in the United States were laid by which
Amendments to the Constitution?
a. Thirteenth, Fourteenth, and Fifteenth
b. First, Fourth, and Fifth
c. Second, Nineteenth, and Twenty-Second
d. Sixth, Seventh, and Eighth
e. Twelfth, Eighteenth, and Twentieth

3. In 1954, the United States Supreme Court handed down the Brown v. Board of Education
of Topeka decision. The Brown case involved __________.
a. compensation for those Americans deprived of property and interned on the West
coast in World War II
b. opening voting rolls to minorities by ending the poll tax
c. making discrimination in housing illegal
d. deciding that segregation in vehicles and terminals in interstate travel was
unconstitutional
e. declaring segregated educational facilities to be inherently unequal

4. How did the Civil Rights Act of 1964 differ from those in 1957 and 1960?
a. Lyndon B. Johnson had an important role in the 1964 act.
b. The 1964 act provided ways to deny federal money to local government units that
permitted discrimination.
c. The earlier acts did not cover discrimination against blacks.
d. The 1964 act covered schools as well as public facilities.
e. The earlier acts focused on voting, not economic discrimination.

220
Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
5. The Civil
Rights Acts
and Voting
Rights Act
were passed
during the
__________.
a. Truman presidency from 1945-1952
b. Eisenhower presidency from 1952-1960
c. Kennedy-Johnson presidencies from 1960-1968
d. Nixon-Ford presidencies from 1968-1976
e. Reagan presidency from 1980-88

6. The Civil Rights Act of 1968 __________.

a. included a federal prohibition against housing discrimination
b. established affirmative action plans
c. declared segregated schools unconstitutional
d. ruled that voting discrimination denies a basic civil right
e. was the first major civil rights act passed by the U.S. Congress

7. The first of the major urban riots of the 1960s occurred in a region called Watts, which
was a mostly black section of __________.
a. Detroit
b. Washington, D.C.
c. Los Angeles
d. Newark, New Jersey
e. Gary, Indiana

8. The National Advisory Commission on Civil Disorders is best known for its conclusion
that __________.
a. separate schools for whites and blacks are inherently unequal
b. the U.S. Constitution permits segregation in housing when important economic
interests are threatened by desegregation
c. Lee Harvey Oswald assassinated President John F. Kennedy
d. our nation is moving toward two societies, one black, one white—separate and
unequal
e. the riots were caused by a black underclass that came to these cities from outside
in order to make trouble

9. The 1975 extension of the Voting Rights Act included two provisions especially
important to Americans whose native language is not English. These provisions were
__________.
a. federal registrars and interpreters at the polls
b. bilingual elections if a city has a sizeable language minority and a ban of literacy

221
Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
 tests as a prerequisite for voting
c. bilingual instruction in our schools and ballots printed in two languages
d. bilingual candidates and voting registration that ignores the residence of voters so
they could not be identified as residing in an ethnic residential area
e. elections held on holidays celebrated by the minority and immediate (no waiting-
period) registration

10. Stanley Lieberson argues that when an immigrant group is small, adjustment to American
society is facilitated. The advantage he believes small size gives an immigrant group is
that it __________.
a. makes it easier to organize politically
b. is easier to maintain norms against out-marriage
c. provides a more compact group to move from place to place
d. makes it easier to register to vote since small numbers are less likely to be
recognized
e. makes it easier to develop an occupational niche or specialty

11. Categories of people who do not receive the same treatment as other categories in the
same society are termed __________.
a. selectivities
b. discriminators
c. minorities
d. categories
e. discriminatees

12. People who share certain inherited characteristics (such as eye folds or brown skin) are,
in the United States, members of __________ minorities.
a. ethnic
b. cultural
c. racial
d. religious
e. status

13. People in the United States who share non-American cultural features, such as language
and national origin, and regard themselves as a distinct group are members of
__________ minorities.
a. ethnic
b. religious
c. nationalist
d. racial
e. international

14. When members of either a racial or an ethnic minority group take on the characteristics
of the mainstream culture by adapting their own culture patterns, __________ has
occurred.

222
Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
 a. adaptation
b. assassination
c. cooptation
d. coercion
e. assimilation

15. Of the following, which is the LEAST important characteristic in a group being defined
as a minority by the larger society?
a. possession of socially visible physical or cultural traits seen as undesirable by the
dominant group in the society
b. a tendency to marry within the group
c. the subordination of the minority group
d. the numerical size of the minority group
e. a sense of group consciousness or "we-feeling"

16. Which of the following is NOT a basic characteristic of a racial or ethnic minority
group?
a. Members of the group practice exogamy; i.e., they marry outside of the group.
b. Members of the group develop a sense of group consciousness or "we-feeling."
c. Members of the group are born into it; their membership is transmitted by rule of
descent.
d. Members of the group have socially visible physical or cultural traits singled out
by the dominant group.
e. The group is subordinate to others in society.

17. Which of the following are minority groups in that they occupy a subordinate status,
possess special traits, and have group self-awareness?
a. racial and ethnic groups
b. the aged
c. homosexuals
d. All of the above
e. None of the above

18. Which is the principal characteristic of a minority group?

a. small numerical size
b. cultural distinctiveness
c. group out-marriage
d. a sense of group consciousness
e. subordinate status

223
Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
19. The MOST important characteristic of dominant groups in all societies around the world
is their __________.
a. white skin
b. Protestant religious ethic
c. larger numerical size
d. economic and political power
e. level of education

20. The principal weapons in the protection of dominant group privilege are __________.
a. prejudice and discrimination
b. economic boycotts
c. beliefs and values
d. attitudes and inaction
e. political supplication and economic retaliation

21. __________ is behavior, in word or deed, that is motivated by the belief that human races
have distinctive characteristics that determine abilities and cultures.
a. Prejudice
b. Racism
c. Institutional discrimination
d. Stereotyping
e. Ethnocentrism

22. __________ refers to the differential treatment of individuals considered to belong to a

particular social group.
a. Prejudice
b. Behavior
c. Discrimination
d Attitudes
e. Attractions

23. The two tendencies on the part of people that usually result in prejudice against the
subordinate group are the tendencies to __________.
a. be tentative and to be uneducated
b. rationalize discrimination and to be ethnocentric
c. hate and to be ignorant
d. accumulate wealth and to deny wealth to others
e. despise others and to do something about it

24. _________ refers to an emotional, rigid attitude toward the members of a subordinate
group.
a. Discrimination
b. Emotion
c. Prejudice
d. Predisposition

224
Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
 e. Emotional illness

25. Prejudice is to attitudes as discrimination is to __________.

a. emotion
b. belief
c. strategy
d. thinking
e. behavior

26. The builder of a cooperative apartment house may not be negatively predisposed toward
Jews, but nevertheless may refuse to sell to a Jewish family in the belief that doing so
may make it difficult to rent the other apartments. In Robert Merton's typology of the
relationships between prejudice and discrimination, this builder would be a __________.
a. prejudiced discriminator
b. nonprejudiced nondiscriminator
c. prejudiced nondiscriminator
d. nonprejudiced discriminator
e. latent bigot

27. Using Robert Merton's perspective on the relationships between prejudice and
discrimination, "institutional discrimination" would involve __________.
a. discrimination where prejudice is absent
b. prejudice without discrimination occurring
c. discrimination where prejudice is present
d. prejudice combining with discrimination, with prejudice occurring first
e. discrimination combining with prejudice, with discrimination occurring first

28. An employer with substantial federal contracts holds negative attitudes toward members
of a particular group and doesn't wish to hire them. In fear of losing these contracts, the
employer gives all applicants fair consideration. In Robert Merton's typology of the
relationships between prejudice and discrimination, this employer would be a/an
__________.
a. active or outright bigot
b. prejudiced nondiscriminator
c. prejudiced discriminator
d. nonprejudiced discriminator
e. nonprejudiced nondiscriminator

29. To understand the origins of prejudice and discrimination in a society, one must consider
both_________.
a. the felt needs of individuals and the structural organization of society
b. society in theory as well as society in practice
c. individual psychological and physiological processes
d. individual ideals and individual actions
e. dominant group practices and dominant group beliefs

225
Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
30. Sometimes aggression cannot be directed at the real source of frustration but is redirected
toward a similar but safer and more convenient target. In this situation, aggression
involves __________.
a. submission
b. rejection
c. a scapegoat
d. reorientation
e. stereotyping

31. In essence, frustration-aggression involves __________.

a. selecting the strongest target for your aggression
b. having prejudice eliminate reason
c. selecting dominant group members for acts of aggression
d. displacing aggression toward a safer target
e. lynching the supposed perpetrator of a crime

32. Attributing those personal traits that you consider undesirable to the members of a
minority group, and then condemning these people for having these traits refers to
__________.
a. rationalization
b. aggression
c. projection
d. rejection
e. frustration

33. According to the authors of your text, which of the following is a commonly cited
example of projection?
a. believing that the Russians want to dominate the world
b. blaming ourselves for prejudice against minorities
c. Hispanic beliefs that blacks take their jobs
d. beliefs among immigrants that America will be, for them too, a land of
opportunity
e. white beliefs that exaggerate black sexuality

34. When we consider factors of social structure that are important in the origins of prejudice
and discrimination, we observe that dominance and subordination involve a competitive
struggle for possession of valued goods. According to the text, this is, ultimately
__________.
a. a psychological process, understood by investigating human acquisitiveness
b. an economic process of free-market competition
c. an educational process involving the acquisition of skills
d. a religious process, reflecting the dominant values of the society
e. a political process involving a struggle for power

226
Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
35. Which of the following are the most obvious forms of economic exploitation of
subordinate groups by dominant groups?
a. slavery and serfdom
b. wage rates and piece-rate employment
c. expulsion and genocide
d. discrimination and underemployment
e. bureaucratic supervision and industrial management

36. A very important cultural factor in prejudice and discrimination involves the social
standards that specify the kind of behavior that is appropriate in a given situation. These
standards are called social __________.
a. values
b. beliefs
c. norms
d. statuses
e. judgments

37. Children are likely to learn the prejudices of their parents, and group members are likely
to discriminate if discrimination is common in the group. This reflects the power of
__________.
a. habit
b. social norms
c. education
d. individuality
e. values

38. __________ is the requirement that one must marry a person similar to oneself in
religion, social class, and race or ethnicity.
a. Endogamy
b. Polygamy
c. Exogamy
d. Polyandry
e. Homogamy

39. In 1960, _______ percent of Americans approved of interracial marriage; by 2004,

__________ percent expressed approval.
a. 55, 30
b. 20, 73
c. 35, 55
d. 45, 35
e. 55, 73

227
Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
40. Attributing a fixed, exaggerated, distorted, and usually unfavorable or inaccurate
conception to a category of people illustrates the process of __________.
a. scapegoating
b. simulation
c. projection
d. stereotyping
e. rationalization

41. Some people believe that all Sicilians are gangsters, that all old people are senile, that all
people with long hair are drug addicts, and that all Native Americans are alcoholics.
These beliefs are the product of __________.
a. empirical experience
b. stereotyping
c. projection
d. rationalization
e. scapegoating

42. Milton Yinger has pointed out that human problems like racial disharmony are best
viewed f rom which of the following perspectives?
a. psychological
b. social-structural
c. cultural
d. All of the above
e. None of the above

43. Discrimination built into the structure and form of society is called __________
discrimination.
a. institutional
b. structured
c. conscious and intended
d. erected
e. formal

44. The text observes that many blacks, Chicanos, Native Americans, Puerto Ricans, women,
and members of other minority groups have questionable protection of the law in their
dealings with public institutions. This reflects ___________.
a. institutional discrimination
b. systematic prejudice
c. stereotyping
d. reverse discrimination
e. racial profiling
45. The phenomenon described as “Driving While Black” is an illustration of __________.
a. ethnocentrism
b. cultural relativity

228
Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
 c. selective perception
d. racial profiling
e. segregation

46. At all levels of education, minority group members earn less than their nonminority
counterparts, and the text observes that even better than a “sheepskin” is __________.
a. a technical credential
b. practical, “street smarts”
c. to be independently wealthy
d. to apprentice with a majority-group member
e. a white skin

47. De jure segregation refers to __________.

a. segregation that results from custom
b. segregation of juries
c. segregation required by law
d. segregation because of economic advantage
e. exclusion of blacks and other minorities from juries

48. __________ segregation results from housing patterns, economic patterns, and
gerrymandered school districts.
a. Gerrymandered
b. Ex-post facto
c. De jure
d. De facto
e. Ad hoc

49. A recent study by the Harvard Project on School Desegregation revealed that
__________.
a. resegregation of the races is decreasing
b. the vast majority of white students attend schools that enroll an equal number of
white and of minority group members
c. enrollment of Hispanic students has decreased by almost 200 percent
d. All of the above
e. None of the above

50. In a study of trends in residential segregation and poverty in the United States, sociologist
Douglas Massey and his colleagues found that __________.
a. the largest cities have made the most progress in reducing housing segregation
b. many urban problems are actually lessened by heavy segregation
c. failure to enforce federal laws against housing discrimination continues to
produce rates of black segregation that are far higher than those experienced by
any other group in U.S. history
d. Both a and c above
e. None of the above

229
Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
51. In order to avoid desegregating a neighborhood, some real estate agents avoid showing
minority group members housing in that neighborhood, and, instead, show them housing
only in areas where minority group members live. This is referred to as __________.
a. property avoidance
b. exercising a restrictive covenant
c. selective selling
d. browbeating
e. racial steering

52. An agreement among neighborhood homeowners not to sell their property to people who
were designated as "undesirable" involves what is called a __________.
a. restrictive covenant
b. racial lease
c. discriminatory clause
d. property avoidance certificate
e. de facto discriminatory section

53. Which of the acts listed below that prevents minority groups from having equal access to
housing) have been judged to be illegal?
a. racial steering
b. restrictive covenants
c. blockbusting
d. All of the above
e. None of the above

54. In __________ a black or minority couple is sent to real estate agents and shown (or not
shown) certain types of housing. Then a white couple is sent to the same agents and the
results are compared; this process is repeated many times with different agents to
determine whether a systematic pattern of discrimination exists.
a. blockbusting research
b. restrictive covenant research
c. racial leasing research
d. property avoidance research
e. audit research

55. In some ways, discrimination in employment is a direct result of discrimination in

__________.
a. education
b. voting
c. public accommodations
d. religion
e. the family

230
Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
56. The access of blacks to good jobs has often been impeded by discrimination against
blacks in the training programs and apprenticeships of __________.
a. government agencies
b. trade schools
c. labor unions
d. proprietary law schools
e. professional schools

57. Within the United States population, the problem of finding adequate employment is
MOST serious for __________.
a. adult white females
b. young black and Hispanic men
c. middle-aged white males
d. young white males and females
e. middle-aged white and Hispanic females

58. Melvin Oliver and Thomas Shapiro found that about __________ of Americans own
almost no assets other than a car.
a. one-fourth
b. one-third
c. one-half
d. two-thirds
e. three-fourths

59. Recent research on impoverished ghetto neighborhoods by William J. Wilson emphasizes

that the economic and social distance between the small minority middle class and the
poor is __________.
a. shrinking
b. stabilizing
c. widening
d. fluctuating
e. staying exactly the same

60. In 2004, the median net worth of Hispanic households was approximately__________.
a. $88,000
b. $58,750
c. $28,500
d. $17,500
e. $8,474

61. According to your text, the American criminal justice system may be most inherently
discriminatory in __________.
a. the arrest process
b. the parole process

231
Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
 c. the bail system
d. sentencing
e. the jury system

62. According to the Universal Declaration of Human Rights section on the Right to
Participate in Government, every citizen shall have which of the following rights and
opportunities?
a. To take part in the conduct of public affairs
b. To vote and to be elected in genuine periodic elections
c. To have access, under general conditions of equality, to the public service of his
country
d. All of the above
e. None of the above

63. According to The Sentencing Project, an estimated ___ million Americans adults have
currently or permanently lost the ability to vote because of a felony conviction.
a. .9
b. 1.9
c. 2.9
d. 3.9
e. over 10

64. In states with the most restrictive voting laws, __________ percent of African American
men are likely to be permanently disenfranchised.
a. 40
b. 50
c. 60
d. 70
e. 80

65. In his study of the effects of discrimination on individual personalities, Children of

Crisis, Robert Coles used an unusual research method, which was __________.
a. videotaping interaction among white and black children in the classroom
b. interviews with teachers and parents
c. interviews with schoolchildren
d. stress tests of white and black children placed by the researcher in antagonistic
relationships
e. analysis of how they depicted their world and themselves through drawings

66. In his study of the effects of discrimination on individual personalities, Robert Coles
determined that with continuous friendly contact between white and black children ____.
a. the prejudices of both the children and their parents were broken down
b. interracial dating occurred
c. school performance of both whites and blacks increased
d. prejudices held by the children were affirmed and intensified

232
Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
 e. extracurricular activities became segregated

67. The first significant public protest in the movement for civil rights for blacks during the
mid-twentieth century in the United States was the __________.
a. march in Alabama from Selma to Montgomery
b. "freedom rides" through the south
c. lunch counter sit-ins in Greensboro, North Carolina, and Nashville, Tennessee
d. Montgomery, Alabama, bus boycott
e. march on Washington, D.C.

68. Research conducted by sociologist Joe R. Feagin in major metropolitan areas documented
__________.
a. the persistence of discrimination and prejudice directed against middle-class
blacks in public places
b. that blacks frequently experience avoidance by whites and are rejected, harassed,
and victimized by other threats
c. that black citizens are increasingly asserting their rights even in embarrassing
social situations and are demanding redress and apologies from business owners
d. All of the above
e. None of the above

69. The Civil Rights Act was passed in

a. 1954
b. 1964
c. 1974
d. 1984
e. 1994

70. __________ refers to policies based on a body of federal law originating in the 1964
Civil Rights Act that bans discrimination on the basis of race, religion, sex, or national
origin in such areas as employment, education, and housing.
a. Affirmative action
b. Public accommodation
c. Desegregation
d. Anti-racism
e. Obligatory integration

71. The United States Supreme Court decision regarding Alan Bakke and the University of
California at Davis Medical School was a landmark case in __________.
a. school desegregation
b. public accommodation
c. affirmative action
d. voting rights
e. government-funded scholarships

233
Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
72. What is referred to as "reverse discrimination" is __________.
a. discrimination that blacks extend toward whites
b. giving minorities a preference that some whites feel discriminates against them
c. slowing or reversing the civil rights gains of the 1960s
d. reversing the policies of the Reagan administration that discriminate against the
poor and minorities
e. reversing the policies that favor private business over the public sector

73. Which of the following is an example of the racialization of Mexican Americans?

a. In 2010, Arizona state legislature passed a severe immigration control bill that
requires police to ask for identification and proof of citizenship or legal status
b. In 1997, African American farmers in the South sued the government for past
discrimination in farm loans, arguing that they were deprived of the opportunity
to make a living from their land.
c. In 1975, Allan Bakke, a white student who was denied admission to the
University of California at Davis, sued the university’s regents.
d. All of the above are examples of racialization of Mexican-Americans.
e. None of the above are examples of racialization.

74. In an influential study titled American Apartheid, sociologists Douglas Massey and
Nancy Denton demonstrate that native-born blacks in the United States are __________.
a. less segregated (and always have been) than most other racial and ethnic groups
b. equally segregated in comparison to other racial and ethnic groups
c. far more segregated (and always have been) than any other racial or ethnic group
d. slightly more segregated (but only recently) in comparison to other racial and
ethnic groups
e. None of the above

75. __________ refers to federally funded preschool programs aimed at preparing

disadvantaged children for school, and also to counter the effects of discrimination. .
a. Pre-school Boost
b. Head Start
c. Pre-school Advantage
d. Operation Push
e. Program Equalizer

76. Critics of federally funded preschool programs aimed at preparing disadvantaged children
for school point out that, considering the period in the lifespan when the most important
emotional and intellectual development occurs, the most important "educators" must be
__________.
a. college teachers
b. peers
c. parents
d. employers
e. high school teachers

234
Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
77. Which of the following statements about immigration is FALSE?
a. Social scientists argue that for a country with low overall birthrate, the combined
flow of legal and illegal immigration can spur economic growth.
b. The Immigration Act of 1986 increased the quotas of immigrants significantly,
and attempted to decrease illegal immigration from Mexico.
c. Anti-immigration sentiments have declined significantly since passage of the Act
of 1986.
d. Citizens of immigrant-receiving states like California and Arizona harbor
negative feelings about the economic and social competitions they will face from
immigrants.
e. None of the above.

ESSAYS

78. The United States has a long history of inequality. Identify the major minority groups in
American history, citing important events and changes during their time in the United
States.

79. Define the term minority group. Identify the important minority groups in the United
States today. How can they be classified?

80. What is assimilation? What are the important factors affecting the rate of assimilation of
a group?

81. What are the basic characteristics of dominant groups? How do they establish and
maintain their dominance?

82. Define prejudice and discrimination. In what possible ways do they relate to each other?

83. What is racism? Give several examples to support your answer.

84. There are social, structural, and cultural approaches to explaining prejudice and
discrimination. Describe each, including in your discussion the important concepts that
are part of these approaches.

85. What is institutional discrimination? How does it work and in what ways are people
affected by it?

86. One of the most common techniques employed to effect school desegregation was
busing. What does the evidence of over two decades of busing show?

87. Minority group members suffer discrimination in various areas of American life.

235
Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
 Describe the patterns of discrimination against minorities in housing, employment,
justice, and political discrimination.

88. Describe the consequences of prejudice and discrimination for both those who are the
objects of prejudice and discrimination and for the society at large.

89. Affirmative action has been a way to redress the discrimination that minority groups have
received. What is affirmative action, and how does it work? What are the arguments for
and against this policy?

90. What is political discrimination? Has the election of Barack Obama in 2008 as the first
black president reduced incidents of political discrimination? Give reasons for your
answer.

91. Describe the racialization of Mexican Americans in the southwestern states. Do you think
the passage of strict immigration laws by the states has contributed to this problem?
Explain, giving examples.

92. It is widely concluded that reducing non defense governmental expenditures for "social
programs" hurts minorities. In what ways do these reductions hurt minority group
members?

236
Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
KEY TO MULTIPLE CHOICE ITEMS
Q A P Q A P Q A P
1. c 226 27. a 232 53. b 241
2. a 226, 227 28. b 232 54. e 241
3. e 227 29. a 232 55. a 243
4. b 227 30. c 232 56. c 243
5. c 227 31. d 233 57. b 243
6. a 227 32. c 233 58. b 243, 244
7. c 227 33. e 234 59. c 244
8. d 227 34. a 234 60. d 244
9. b 227 35. d 234 61. c 245
10. e 228, 229 36. c 234 62. d 246, 247
11. c 227, 228 37. b 234 63 d 247
12. c 229 38. e 234 64. a 248
13. a 229 39. b 234 65. e 248
14. e 229 40. d 234, 235 66. a 248
15. d 229 41. b 235, 236 67. d 248
16. a 229 42. d 236 68. d 249
17. d 229 43. a 236 69. b 250
18. e 229, 230 44. a 236 70. a 250
19. d 229, 230 45. d 237, 238 71. c 251
20. a 230 46. e 239 72. b 251
21. b 230 47. c 240 73. a 252
22. c 231 48. d 241 74. c 252, 253
23. b 231 49. e 240, 241 75. b 227, 252
24. c 231, 232 50. e 241 76. c 255
25. e 231, 232 51. e 241 77. c. 255
26. d 231, 232 52. a 241

220
Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.