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HEMOSTASIS
Menghentikan perdarahan
Koagulasi :
M4
Mae
FAS UN SIRKULASI
TROMBOGENIK
INTERAKSI ELEMEN HEMOSTASIS
Collagen p li oye
rostacyclin Vasodilatation
Inhibition of platelet aggregation
Gasemert fa Nitric oxide
membrane
Platelet-collagen adhesion
von Willebrand Factor
von Willebrand Factor |
| arriage of factor VIII
Microfibrils een: a9 ad
Tissue factor
Elastin | pathway inhibitor,
NS Protein S a
Mucopolysaccharides Thrombo- a ; Inhibition of blood coagulation
Activation of protein C
modulin
Sooners Tissue plasminogen activator Fibrinolysis
Fig. 18.12 The endothelial cell forms a barrier between platelets and plasma clotting factors and the sub-endothelial connected tissues.
Endothelial cells produce substances which can initiate coagulation, cause vasodilatation, inhibit platelet aggregation or haemostasis or
activate fibrinolysis.
Il. TROMBOSIT
Structure 3zones:
. Volume heterogenous 7.06 + 4.85 fL, ¢ Peripheral
diameter 3.6 + 0.7 um, thickness 0.9 + 0.3 ¢ Sol-Gel
pm
¢ Organelle
. No nucleus, cytoplasm contain granules
. Discoid, elliptical, ovoid or round cells
Plasma Membrane
PF, Glycogen
terior Coat
Alpha Granules (Glycocalyx)
PF, Fibrinogen Ne
Factor V Fibronectin Mitochondria
Factor VIllR:ag 6 Thromboglobulin
(vWF :ag)
STN are Lec)
Cytosol Connecting System
Factor Xlll
MEGAKARYOPOIESIS
Megakaryocyte
PERANAN TROMBOSIT DALAM HEMOSTASIS
Adhesi
Reaksi pelepasan (release reaction/activation)
WaNeaneee
hs
Aktivitas koagulasi
Adhesion eS ee A
e ar)
Change
: +
Release aa) 3 seconds
10 seconds
Coagulation
lee e.
Fibrin , :
Formation Ne 5 minutes
ADHESI TROMBOSIT
GP la/lla
Jaq hesion
ADP PF4pTG \/ Aggregation
Serotonin
Activation
ae . yo And Release
Platelet
membrane
Adhesion
Von Willebrand
factor
Collagen
Subendothelial
microfibrils
— F. Causes of Thrombocytic and Vascular Bleeding Tendency
lib/Ita reduced
Ca™ Ca
—» Platelet Aggregation ———_—— Thrombin
,Fibrinogen
Formation of
Primary Hemostatic Plug enc geeee Blood Coagulation |
: 5 minutes
Platelets :
Consolidation of ~
Hemostatic Plug Factor Xllla _ Fibrin
Sistem koagulasi terdiri atas 12 faktor koagulasi
Proses koagulast :
Reaksi berantait perubahan proenzim menjadi
enzim, dapat dimulai melalui jalur ekstrinsik atau
intrinsik menghasilkan fibrin yang membuat
sumbat trombosit menjadi non-permeable
Factor I Fibrinogen
Factor II Prothrombin
Factor III Tissue Thromboplastin
Factor IV Calcium Ions
Factor V Labile Factor, Proaccelerin
Factor VII Stable Factor, Proconvertin
Factor VIII Antihemophilic Factor
Factor IX Christmas Factor
Factor X Stuart-Prower Factor
Factor XI Plasma Thromboplastin Antecedent
Factor XII Hageman Factor
Factor XIII Fibrin Stabilizing Factor
Intrinsic Pathway Kinins HMW Kininogen
Kallikrein ontact activation
Prekallikrein
Extrinsic Pathway
Villa~— VIII
Tissue factor Cat+
Phospholipid
Common Pathway Xa x
Va~q VV
Catt
Phospholipid
XIII
lla——>
Fibrinogen 4, Fibrin Allla
Xilla Cross-linked Fibrin
Akttvator protombin (FX, FV, trombosit dan fosfolipid)
mengawali pemecahan protrombin — trombin.
—
Tissue
factor
4
Platelet release reaction
Serotonin Platelet
Se phospholipid
Vasoconstriction
_—_——— Thromboxane A,, ADP
ae Blood
coagulatio
cascade
Platelet aggregation
I Thrombin
Reduced Primary
blood flow haemostatic plug
\
[menses]
Fig. 18.13 The involvement of blood vessels, platelets and blood coagulation in haemostasis. ADP, adenosine diphosphate.
; FIBRINOLISIS (
tPA release —
Fibrinogen > Fragment X, Y
Soluble fibrin Fragment D, E
thrombin
<4Factor Xilla — ntivates
X-oligomers
Crosslinked fibrin -——p D-dimer
oe
ve Kee.
“e Blood vessel endothelium
1%
Inhibition
C@eyrvey Fa
ce xe ce xe AS
Fibrin
|
|
Sn
Plasminogen = — Plasmin =
tA
——— F
|
ia]
woe
Nee
: Fibrin degradation
Streptokinase products (FDPs)
Coagulation Inhibition
Prothrombin Plasminogen
Of fibrinolysis
HEMOSTASIS
Primary vs. Secondary vs. Tertiary
* Primary Hemostasis
~ Platelet Plug Formation
— Dependent on normal platelet number & function
* Secondary Hemostasis
— Activation of Clotting Cascade 1] Deposition & Stabilization of
Fibrin
* Tertiary Hemostasis
— Dissolution of Fibrin Clot
= Dependent on Plasminogen Activation
Comparison of the Features of
Disorders of Primary, Secondary, or
Tertiary Hemostasis
-KELAINAN VASKULER
-KELAINAN TROMBOSIT
-KELAINAN FAKTOR PEMBEKUAN
-CONGENITAL
-DIDAPAT
IN VASKULE
TES KHUSUS : (- )
BERSIFAT :
* CONGENITAL
* DIDAPAT
) _—a Rn
A. PURPURA SIMPLEX
B. SENILE PURPURA
C. NON THROMBOCYTOPENIC PURPURA
1. INFEKSI
2. OBAT - OBATAN
3. UREMIA
4, CUSHING DISEASE (PEMAKIAN CORTICOSTEROID )
5. SCURVY
6. DYSPROTEINAEMIA
7. HENOCH - SCHONLEIN PURPURA
D. LAIN - LAIN
- ORTHOSTATIC PURPURA
- MECHANICAL PURPURA
- FAT EMBOLISME
- AUTO —- ERYTHROCYTE SENSITIZATION
- SYSTEMIC DISORDERS — COLLAGEN DISEASE,
POLYARTERITIS NODOSA, AMYLOID DISEASE, ALLERGY.
- Waktu perdarahan normal
B. SENILE PURPURA
- Pada laki2 = wanita; > 60 th
- Trauma kecil > purpura
- Atrofi kolagen > kulit mudah digerakkan
- Tes Torniket (+)
6. DYSPROTEINEMIC
e KELAINAN PLASMA PROTEIN
- CRYOGLOBULINEMIA
- HYPERGLOBULINEMIA
- MACROGLOBULINEMIA
- MULTIPLE MYELOMA
[§ - STREPTOCOCCUS HEMOLYTICUS
KELAINAN a oUt au a
- KELAINAN SENDI
- GINJAL
- ANAK - ANAK s/d DEWASA MUDA:: =O” >>
- BISA JUGA KARENA MAKANAN , GIGITAN SERANGGA, VAKSINASI
-TIMBUL REAKSI INFLAMASI. ARTERIOL DAN KAPILLER > PERMEABILITAS KAPILER >>
> EKSUDASI DAN PERDARAHAN
I. KELAINAN JUMLAH Il_ KELAINAN FUNGSI
A. TROMBOSITOSIS A. KELAINAN ADHESI
B. TROMBOSITEMIA B. KELAINAN PELEPASAN
C. TROMBOSITOPENIA C. KELAINAN AGREGASI
A. TROMBOSITOSIS :
- JUMLAH TROMBOSIT MENINGKAT SEMENTARA
- FISIOLOGI : - GERAK BADAN
-PATOLOGIS :-TRAUMA
- KEGANASAN
- PERADANGAN
- RANGSANGAN/KAUSA HILANG > NORMAL
B. TROMBOSITEMIA :
- TROMBOSITOSIS YANG MENETAP
\ - FUNGSI : ABNORMAL
C, PENIA
va
Lovccmo
POOL
“ THROMBOPOIETIC
SOUL
MATURE
INEFFECTIVE
TROMBOPOIESIS
IONUS) Dost
on a
NORMAL :
ABNORMAL
vi CIRCULATING Ce LZ
PLATELET POOL ABNORMAL POOLING
OR DISTRIBUTION
SPLENIC PLATELET
30% POOL ee
PLATELET
\ ACCELERATED
DESTRUCTION
|
UTILIZATION
TROMBOSITOPENIA
- TROMBOPOIESIS
PENGHANCURAN MENINGKAT > TROMBOSITOPENIA
Kelainan :
* PEMAKAIAN t
1. PEMBENTUKAN TROMBUS
2. DIC = DISSEMINATED INTRA VASCULAR COAGULATION
3. TTP = THROMBOTIC THROMBOCYTOPENIC PURPURA
* PRODURSEY ZANMIFGAKARYOC
YG KHROMBOCYTIOPENEX
1.MYELOPHTHISIS 7
- Ca PROSTATE ,
- Ca MAMMAE TERJADI BILA PENYEBARAN LUAS
KELAINAN SUMSUM TULANG PRIMER
- LEUKEMIA AKUT
- CLL
SOW
- ANEMIA APLASTIK
_INFEKSI :
PALING SERING INFEKSI VIRUS
- INVASI MEGAKARIOSIT
- PENGHANCURAN TROMBOSIT
- VIRAL ANTIGEN — ANTIBODI - KOMPLEKS
_OBAT - OBATAN
- THIAZIDE
- ALKOHOL
- OBAT ANTI KANKER
- IMMUNOSUPRESSIVE
> - CHLORAMPHENICOL
1. ANEMIA MEGALOBLASTIK : — - PALING SERING
- PANSITOPENIA
2. ANEMI SIDEROBLASTIK
3. PRELEUKEMIA
4, PAROXYSMAL NOCTURNAL HEMOGLOBINURIA (PNH)
#* ABNORMAL POOLING
PRODUKSI TROMBOSIT :N ATAU @
PADA SPLENOMEGALIT : 60-90% TROMBOSIT BERADA DALAM LIMPA (N : 30%)
* PENGENCERAN TROMBOSIT
DARAH SIMPAN 9 2 AN DUS! WAKTU SINGKAY
1. TROMBOSITOPENIA
2. PENGENCERAN DARAH RESIPIEN
3. PEMBEKUAN DARAH LABIL <<
PEMAKAIAN PLASMA EXPANDER SEPERTI : DEXTRAN > TROMBOSITOPENIA
1. PENGENCERAN
> 2. MERUSAK TROMBOSIT
ITP AKUT ITP KRONIS
Anak-anak 2-6 th Pubertas-50 th
ae ee
Lama 2-6 minggu Beberapa bulan - tahun
atslAAlsiioL 0b, Fluktuasi
© KARIER
CHINA JARANG
- NEGRO TIDAK BIASA
- DERAJAT PENYAKIT KADAR F. VUI
- BERAT — +» 0-2%
- SEDANG ———_ 2-5 %
BS OO
- “SUBHEMOPHILIA”—> 25 - 50 %
ws
HEMOPHILIA ———— © NORMAL
® @ )
role 25 % 25% 25
HEMOPHILIA — @ a )
- DEFISIENSI F. XI
- AUTOSOMAL DOMINAN
- TERUTAMA DARAH YAHUDI
- PERDRAHAN >RINGAN
- HEMARTROSIS JARANG TERJADI
- PERDRAHAN MANIFAS BILA ADA LUKA ATAU OPERASI
FRAGMEN Y 155.000
- FIBRINOLISIS SEKUNDER
3 (tiga) MASALAH
1 FAKIORSEEMBEKUAN) DAN MROMBGSiiy aa
- PERDARAHAN
- FIBRINOLISIS @
2. ISKEMIA ORGAN TERUTAMA GINJAL
3. FRAGMENTASI ERITROSIT = ANEMIA MICROANGIOPATHIC
HEMOLYTIC ANEMIA
LABORATORIUM
1, PROTHROMBIN TIME (PT) : MEMANJANG
2. ACTIVATED PARTIAL THROMBOPLASTIN TIME (aPPT) :MEMANJANG
3. THROMBIN TIME (TT): MEMANJANG
4. JUMLAH TROMBOSIT MENURUN
5. APUS DARAH TEPL :
FRAGMENTASI
ERITROSIT SCHISTOSIT
MIKROSFEROSIT
rte - ABRUPTIO PLACENTAE
- EMBOLI AIR KETUBAN
- KEMATIAN JANIN DALAM KANDUNGAN
- ABORTUS SEPSIS
- OPERASI JANTUNG DAN PARU - PARU
- REAKSI HEMOLITIK PADA TRANFUSI
- SEPTIKEMIA TERUTAMA GRAM (-) DAN MENINGOCOCCUS
- EMBOLI PARU - PARU
- 6GIGITAN ULAR BERBISA
SUB AKUT/KHRONIS :
- KARSINOMA LOKAL 3% DIFFUS
- LEUKEMIA AKUT (PROMIELOSITIK)
- KEMATIAN JANIN DALAM KANDUNGAN
- THROMBOTIC THROMBOCYTOPENIC PURPURA
- PURPURA FULMINANT
- GIANT HEMANGIOMA
at PLASMA
ACIIVATO EI TUAA
NNT TN
PLASMINOGEN PLASMIN
MENGHANCURKAN
_ FDP, F.I @
a FDP, F.I@,F.V
a PTT FDP, F.I @,F.V é,
nee a
TROMBOSIT IN
ag SEDIKIT a JELAS A PLASMIN
- TROMBIN
FIBRINOGEN < NA 4 - PLASMIN
FIBRIN MONOMER BIASANYA (-) TROMBIN
EUGLOBIN CLOT
LYSIS TIME 2) PLASMIN
PLASMINOGEN
mp7. eu
b. DI RUSAK
cme 7. @. Ul
b. DI RUSAK