ENGLISH 4TH QUARTER REVIEWER

Religious text - Religious texts, including scripture, are texts which various religions consider to
be of central importance to their religious tradition.

Basic Definition of Qur'an - Muslims accept the Qur'an as God's actual speech told to the
Prophet Muhammad through the Archangel Gabriel over 1,400 years ago. The Qur'an is recited
as an act of worship in the original Arabic by Muslims in prayers. It is considered as the final
revealed scripture for the guidance of mankind and addressed a multitude of subjects, such as:

Faith: Oneness of Allah Almighty, Belief in Angels, Belief in the Resurrection and the
Hereafter, and Belief in the Last Day.

Justice: Accountability, Financial Justice, Social Justice, Human Rights, Enjoining Good,
Forbidding Evil, and Religious Freedom and Tolerance.

Virtue: Mercy, Humility, Patience, Thankfulness, Chastity, Service, and Fulfilling

Contracts and Oaths.

Worship: Prayer, Fasting, Trust in God, Love of God, Fear of God, Hope in God,
Forgiveness, and Zakat and Charity.

Zakat - is the giving of alms to the poor that is also one of the pillars of Islam.

Islam is an Abrahamic monotheistic religion teaching that there is only one God. It teaches
that Muhammad is the messenger of God. With over 1.8 billion followers or 24% of the
world's population, it is the world's second-largest religion.
Muhammad was the founder of Islam. To the Islam believers or the Muslims, he was a
prophet who was sent to present and confirm the monotheistic teachings

Both Christianity and Islam are classified as Abrahamic religions, they are different in a lot
of ways. Each faith has more than a billion followers. Christians believe in an all-powerful
God. They believe the Trinity, the oneness of God the Father, Christ the Son, and the Holy
Spirit (or Ghost). Meanwhile, the Muslims believe only in Allah who is seen as being all-
powerful.

Bible - the sacred scriptures of Judaism and Christianity. The Christian Bible consists of
the Old Testament and the New Testament.

Traditionally, the Jews have divided their scriptures into Three parts: the Torah (the “Law”
or Pentateuch), the Neviʾim (“Prophets”), and the Ketuvim (“Writings” or Hagiographa).
Journalistic Writing - a style of writing that is used to report news stories in a variety of media
formats.

A news story is a written or recorded article that informs the public about current events,
concerns, or ideas. This type of journalistic writing has the following characteristics: factual,
truthful, accurate, unbiased, and interesting.

The relevant terms related to a news report are the lead, headline, byline, and quote.
● Lead — is the beginning of the news story, usually one sentence that tells who, what,
where, when, why, and how.
● Headline— is the title of the story.
● Byline — is the author of the story.
● Quote — expresses exactly what someone said and is placed in quotation marks

Types of Journalistic Writing

● News Report: A news report is a factual story for print or broadcast media about a
person, place or event answering these questions: who, what, when, where, why and
how.
● Editorial Article: An editorial is an article, published in a newspaper or magazine that
mainly reflects the author’s opinion about a subject. Editorials may be supposed to
reflect the opinion of the newspaper.
● Feature Article: An article that appeals to the reader’s interests. It also includes in-depth
reporting on a news event.
● Sports Article: This article is about a sporting event, individual athlete, or sports-related
issues that serve as the dominant subject.

General to Particular; Claim and Counterclaim

General-to-Particular or Specific is a pattern of development that begins with a general idea

or statement and is followed by specific details to support and explain it. The details may
become specific as development continues. The pattern ends with a general statement that
summarizes all the details.

The signal words used in this pattern are:

in fact, such as, like, namely, for instance, that is, for example, in other words, indeed

Claim and Counterclaim Signal Words

A claim is a statement that presents an arguable position. It reflects your interpretation,

belief or opinion. The claim typically answers the question: “What do I think?”

To respond to a claim by denying it with a corresponding reason or evidence is to make a

counterclaim. A counterclaim is the strongest argument against a claim.
Synthesizing simply means combining. Instead of summarizing the main points of each source
in turn, you put together the ideas and findings of multiple sources in order to make an overall
point. At the most basic level, this involves looking for similarities and differences between your
sources.

Four (4) steps to synthesize information from different sources:

1. Organize your sources
2. Outline your structure
3. Write paragraphs with topic sentence
4. Revise, edit, and proofread

Using Problem-Solution Signal Words or Expressions

The Problem-Solution Pattern is one method of organization, composed of two main sections:
(1) the problem and (2) the solution. The problem-solution pattern is used in persuasive writing
with the aim to: convince the reader to support a certain course of action; and make the reader
change his/her opinion or behavior by showing that a problem exists, then providing a solution.
● In the Problem section, the writer aims to: identify the different sides of the problem
being discussed; and, offer the evidence for these problems.
● In the Solution section, the aim is to: identify a possible solution; and, support the
effectiveness of this solution over others.

The common signal words or expressions used in this pattern are the following:
- the problem is, - the question is, - a solution is, - one answer is, - a difficulty is, - clearly
- obviously, - to solve

Cause and effect as a pattern of paragraph development is used to show the relationship
between ideas, topics, etc. It describes how one event is influenced a later event or what
caused an event to take place. The following are considered in this pattern of development:
▪ Why did it happen?
▪ What caused it?
▪ What are its effects?
▪ How is it related to something else?

In a cause-and-effect paragraph, the author discusses the relationship between two or more
events or experiences. He either focuses on both cause and effect or addresses only the cause
or the effect. A cause paragraph dwells on the reasons why something happened while an
effect paragraph focuses on what happens after a particular incident.

The following are the signal words for cause and effect.
as a result, Because, due to, if…then, Therefore, thus
Primary and Secondary source
Primary sources provide raw information and first-hand evidence. A primary source is anything
that gives you direct evidence about the people, events, or phenomena that you are
researching. Examples include interview transcripts, statistical data, and works of art. A primary
source gives you direct access to the subject of your research.

Secondary sources provide second-hand information and commentary from other researchers.
A secondary source is anything that describes, interprets, evaluates, or analyzes information
from primary sources.

What is an Outline?
An outline is a breakdown of the main and supporting ideas in your essay, report, or speech.
Think of it as a map of your paper.

Definition of Terms:
▪ Thesis - The thesis is the idea that you are trying to prove. Your entire paper should reflect
your thesis. Your thesis will usually be at the end of your introduction.
▪ Topic Sentences - These sentences are the evidence you are using to prove your thesis.
Think of a topic sentence as the thesis of each paragraph; however, your topic sentence
usually begins your paragraph.
▪ Support Sentences - These sentences prove your topic sentences.
▪ Conclusion - Your conclusion will reflect back on the rest of your work. You may briefly
mention your topic sentences and restate your thesis.

Writing a paragraph is like making a hamburger. The top bun is the topic sentence while the
patties, onions, tomatoes, lettuce, and cheese are the supporting details and the bottom bun is
the concluding sentence.

Different parts of a paragraph

1. Topic sentence is usually the first sentence of the paragraph. It tells us what the
paragraph is about.
2. Supporting Details are the sentences after the topic sentence. They make up the body
of the paragraph and tell more about the main idea.
1. Concluding Sentence is the last sentence of the paragraph. It tells the main idea again.

In developing an effective paragraph, a combination of sentences joined cohesively together to

further a focused topic requires seven steps: plan, gather, order, compose, elaborate, conclude
and review.

Seven (7) Steps to Developing a Good Paragraph

1. Plan the paragraph
2. Gather the information
3. Organize the support
4. Compose topic sentences
 5. Elaborate with details
6. Conclude the paragraph
7. Review the content

Narrative paragraphs are often used to describe what a person does over a period of time. A
narrative is a sequence of connected events, whether real or fictional. The definition of narrative
is the same as that of a story. There are many types of narratives, such as non-fiction
(journalism, memoir, biography, etc.), prose, drama, and some forms of poetry, songs, and
video games. Thus, narrative is truly a vital aspect of the experience of being human, and has
been
since the beginning of communication.

In an expository paragraph, you give information by giving directions, show how something
happens, or explaining a subject matter. In expository writing, linking or transitional words like
first, second, then, and finally are usually used to help readers follow the ideas.

An explanatory paragraph explains a certain topic, an experience, an activity, or how to do

something. Explanatory writing requires explanations and supportive materials like facts,
findings, data and quotes.

Text Types
Factual Recount
1. It tells about events that the speaker has not necessarily been involved in.
2. Second - or third-person pronouns like "you", "they", "he", "she" are used.
3. It is generally found in newspaper reports, historical events and news broadcast.

Structure of Factual Recount

1. Orientation (optional): who, when, where, what
2. Events
3. Features: written in past tense and it has linking words to do with time.

Personal Recount
1. Personal recount tells about events that the speaker was involved in.
2. Personal pronouns like "I" and "we" are used.
3. Generally found in diaries, journal entries, autobiographies, interviews and conversations.

Structure of personal recount

1. Orientation (optional): who, when, where, what
2. Events

Writing Persuasive Paragraphs

Commercials persuade us to buy new products. Billboards persuade us to see new films.
Politicians give speeches to persuade voters elect them to office.
An argumentative text may involve debate, a possible disagreement, and opinion. It may show
a more subjective style of writing as the writer explains his or her point of view about the topic.

There are four basic types of speech delivery:

1. Impromptu Delivery. As the name implies, this is delivery with little or no preparation.
Impromptu delivery happens when you get called on to answer a question in a class or a
police officer pulls you over to give answers fast, without the benefit of a lot of advanced
planning.
2. Extemporaneous Delivery. When speaking extemporaneously, you have meticulously
researched, organized, and practiced your speech ahead of time. To accomplish this, a
speaker takes all of this well-organized information and places it into outline form.
3. Manuscript Delivery. This is the type of delivery used primarily by formal speakers,
politicians, business executives, etc. when they prepare their speeches well in advance.
Manuscript delivery takes all of that research, organization, and outlining work and then
uses it to write out the speech so it looks just like paper. Then, the speaker reads the
speech off of the paper.
4. Memorized Delivery. As the name implies, memorized delivery is the step beyond
manuscript delivery. The speaker writes the speech out and then memorizes the
manuscript so he/she has no notes, no manuscript, no “help” up there in front of the
audience.

Techniques for Effective Delivery

1. Use of your body. As you stand before an audience, be confident and be yourself.
2. Facial expressions. Facial expressions are often the key determinant of the meaning
behind the message. People watch a speaker’s face during a presentation. When you
speak, your face -more clearly than any other part of your body -communicates to others
your attitudes, feelings, and emotions.
3. Eye contact. Jan Costagnaro says, “When you maintain eye contact, you present an air
of confidence in yourself and what you are communicating. People who are listening to
what you are saying will take you more seriously, and will take what you say as
important. If you lose eye contact or focus on everything else but the person(s) you are
speaking to, you may not be taken seriously and the truth in your points may be lost.
4. Your appearance matters. Make an effort. If your listeners will have on suits and
dresses, wear your best suit or dress—the outfit that brings you the most compliments.
Make sure that every item of clothing is clean and well-tailored.

Effective Vocal Delivery

● Volume
● Rate
● Pitch
● Pauses
● Articulation and Pronunciation