Visualizing Geology 3rd Edition Murck

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Package Title: Testbank
Course Title: Visualizing Geology, 3e
Chapter Number: 07

Question Type: Multiple Choice

01) The never-ending formation and destruction of Earth materials is called the _______.

a) water cycle
b) life cycle
c) tectonic cycle
d) rock cycle
e) none of the above

Answer: D

Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective 1: Contrast chemical and mechanical weathering and their place in the rock cycle.
Section Reference 1: Weathering- The First Step in the Rock Cycle

02) Partially decayed organic matter in soil is called _______.

a) humus
b) sand
c) kaolin
d) clay
e) slurry

Answer: A

Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective 1: Describe the end products of weathering and the difference between soil horizons
and soil profiles.
Section Reference 1: Products of Weathering

03) The figure below shows an example of _______.

a) oxidation
b) dissolution
c) root wedging
d) frost wedging
e) sheet jointing

Answer: E

Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective 1: Contrast chemical and mechanical weathering and their place in the rock cycle.
Section Reference 1: Weathering- The First Step in the Rock Cycle

04) _______ is the type of weathering in the figure below.

a) Frost wedging
b) Exfoliation
c) Dissolution
d) Ion exchange
e) Oxidation

Answer: A

Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective 1: Contrast chemical and mechanical weathering and their place in the rock cycle.
Section Reference 1: Weathering- The First Step in the Rock Cycle

05) In the figure below, what type of weathering is being shown?

a) oxidation
b) dissolution
c) root wedging
d) frost wedging
e) sheet jointing

Answer: D

Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective 1: Contrast chemical and mechanical weathering and their place in the rock cycle.
Section Reference 1: Weathering- The First Step in the Rock Cycle

06) _______ is the extremely slow downslope granular flow of regolith.

a) solification
b) slump
c) slides
d) creep
e) flow
Answer: D

Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective 1: Identify the sources of erosion and mass wasting.
Section Reference 1: Erosion and Mass Wasting

07) A permanent body of ice, consisting largely of recrystallized snow and showing evidence of
movement under the pull of gravity is known as _______.

a) a glacier
b) mass wasting
c) creep
d) debris avalanche
e) none of the above

Answer: A

Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective 1: Identify the sources of erosion and mass wasting.
Section Reference 1: Erosion and Mass Wasting

08) A member of this family of hydrous alumino-silicate minerals is generally referred to as a _______.

a) sand
b) soil
c) sediment
d) regolith
e) clay

Answer: E

Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective 1: Describe the end products of weathering and the difference between soil horizons
and soil profiles.
Section Reference 1: Products of Weathering

9) The small spaces between mineral grains are called _______.

a) pores
b) flow
c) slump
d) regolith
e) soil

Answer: A

Difficulty: Easy
Learning objective 1: Contrast chemical and mechanical weathering and their place in the rock cycle.
Section Reference 1: Weathering- The First Step in the Rock Cycle

10) A white clay found in China that has been used to make porcelain is known as _______.

a) sand
b) kaolin
c) soil
d) joints
e) erosion

Answer: B

Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective 1: Describe the end products of weathering and the difference between soil horizons
and soil profiles.
Section Reference 1: Products of Weathering

11) The uppermost soil horizon that contains a high amount of organic matter is known as the _____
horizon.

a) A
b) E
c) B
d) O
e) none of the above

Answer: D

Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective 1: Describe the end products of weathering and the difference between soil horizons
and soil profiles.
Section Reference 1: Products of Weathering

12) Sediment that is moved along the bottom of a stream is known as _______.

a) suspended load
b) dissolved load
c) bed load
d) clay
e) sand

Answer: C

Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective 1: Identify the sources of erosion and mass wasting.
Section Reference 1: Erosion and Mass Wasting
13) In the photo below, what does the arrow indicate?

a) bottom of A layer
b) top of B layer
c) top of A layer
d) top of O layer
e) bottom of O layer

Answer: A

Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective 1: Describe the end products of weathering and the difference between soil horizons
and soil profiles.
Section Reference 1: Products of Weathering

14) The figure below what gives the stream its muddy appearance _______.
a) bedload
b) suspended load
c) saltated load
d) floodplain
e) levee

Answer: B

Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective 1: Identify the sources of erosion and mass wasting.
Section Reference 1: Erosion and Mass Wasting

15) The _______ layer is the deepest layer of soil that consists of parent rock material in various stages of
weathering.

a) O
b) E
c) A
d) B
e) C

Answer: E

Difficulty: Easy]
Learning Objective 1: Describe the end products of weathering and the difference between soil horizons
and soil profiles.
Section Reference 1: Products of Weathering

16) A sediment that is made of relatively coarse mineral grains is known as _______.

a) clay
b) soil
c) sand
d) kaolin
e) saltation

Answer: C

Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective 1: Describe the end products of weathering and the difference between soil horizons
and soil profiles.
Section Reference 1: Products of Weathering

17) A _______ is a fracture in the rock in which no appreciable movement has occurred.

a) wedge
b) soil
c) slump
d) joint
e) bedload

Answer: D

Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective 1: Contrast chemical and mechanical weathering and their place in the rock cycle.
Section Reference 1: Weathering- The First Step in the Rock Cycle

18) A _______ involves a rotational movement of rock or regolith.

a) fall
b) creep
c) flow
d) slump
e) slide

Answer: D

Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective 1: Identify the sources of erosion and mass wasting.
Section Reference 1: Erosion and Mass Wasting

19) A type of chemical weathering in which minerals react with dissolved oxygen in water is known as
_______.

a) frost wedging
b) oxidation
c) root wedging
d) acid rain
e) ion exchange

Answer: B

Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective 1: Contrast chemical and mechanical weathering and their place in the rock cycle.
Section Reference 1: Weathering- The First Step in the Rock Cycle

20) Flowing regolith that is not saturated with water is known as a _______ flow.

a) granular
b) slurry
c) slump
d) creep
e) gradient

Answer: A
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective 1: Identify the sources of erosion and mass wasting.
Section Reference 1: Erosion and Mass Wasting

Question Type: True/False

21) Dissolution is a good example of mechanical weathering.

Answer: False

Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective 1: Contrast chemical and mechanical weathering and their place in the rock cycle.
Section Reference 1: Weathering- The First Step in the Rock Cycle

22) The figure below illustrates a good example of repeated rockfalls.

Answer: True

Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective 1: Identify the sources of erosion and mass wasting.
Section Reference 1: Erosion and Mass Wasting

23) The figure below illustrates a good example of a debris flow.

Answer: False

Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective 1: Identify the sources of erosion and mass wasting.
Section Reference 1: Erosion and Mass Wasting

24) The process of large, curved slabs of rocks peeling off from the surface is known as dissolution.

Answer: False

Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective 1: Contrast chemical and mechanical weathering and their place in the rock cycle.
Section Reference 1: Weathering- The First Step in the Rock Cycle

25) Kaolin is a clay material used in the production of fine porcelains.

Answer: True

Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective 1: Describe the end products of weathering and the difference between soil horizons
and soil profiles.
Section Reference 1: Products of Weathering

26) A rockslide involves rotational movement of rock and regolith along a curved surface.

Answer: False

Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective 1: Identify the sources of erosion and mass wasting.
Section Reference 1: Erosion and Mass Wasting

27) The large boulders in the figure below are an example of mechanical weathering.
Answer: True

Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective 1: Contrast chemical and mechanical weathering and their place in the rock cycle.
Section Reference 1: Weathering- The First Step in the Rock Cycle

28) The C-layer in a soil succession is known as the zone of accumulation.

Answer: False

Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective 1: Describe the end products of weathering and the difference between soil horizons
and soil profiles.
Section Reference 1: Products of Weathering

29) Anthropogenic sulfur and nitrogen contribute to chemical weathering.

Answer: True

Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective 1: Contrast chemical and mechanical weathering and their place in the rock cycle.
Section Reference 1: Weathering- The First Step in the Rock Cycle

30) The splitting of rocks due to the repeated freezing and thawing is known as root wedging.

Answer: False

Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective 1: Contrast chemical and mechanical weathering and their place in the rock cycle.
Section Reference 1: Weathering- The First Step in the Rock Cycle
31) When regolith is saturated with water, it is known as a slurry flow.

Answer: True

Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective 1: Identify the sources of erosion and mass wasting.
Section Reference 1: Erosion and Mass Wasting

32) Mechanical weathering is the breakdown of rock by physical processes that involve chemical
alteration.

Answer: False

Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective 1: Contrast chemical and mechanical weathering and their place in the rock cycle.
Section Reference 1: Weathering- The First Step in the Rock Cycle

33) The weathering of bedrock and transportation of the resulting loosened particles is known as erosion.

Answer: True

Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective 1: Contrast chemical and mechanical weathering and their place in the rock cycle.
Section Reference 1: Weathering- The First Step in the Rock Cycle

34) The jumping of sediment grains along the stream bed is known as bedload.

Answer: False

Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective 1: Identify the sources of erosion and mass wasting.
Section Reference 1: Erosion and Mass Wasting

35) The Old Man in the Mountain in New Hampshire was a victim of dissolution.

Answer: False

Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective 1: Contrast chemical and mechanical weathering and their place in the rock cycle.
Section Reference 1: Weathering- The First Step in the Rock Cycle

36) The uppermost layer of regolith that can support rooted plants is known as soil.

Answer: True
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective 1: Describe the end products of weathering and the difference between soil horizons
and soil profiles.
Section Reference 1: Products of Weathering

37) Some plants can be responsible for mechanical weathering.

Answer: True

Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective 1: Contrast chemical and mechanical weathering and their place in the rock cycle.
Section Reference 1: Weathering- The First Step in the Rock Cycle

38) In a soil profile, the A and E layers are both layers that are leached.

Answer: True

Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective 1: Describe the end products of weathering and the difference between soil horizons
and soil profiles.
Section Reference 1: Products of Weathering

39) Stone Mountain, Georgia and Ayer's Rock in Australia are both examples of frost wedging.

Answer: False

Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective 1: Identify the sources of erosion and mass wasting.
Section Reference 1: Erosion and Mass Wasting

40) Air is 1200 times less dense than water.

Answer: False

Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective 1: Identify the sources of erosion and mass wasting.
Section Reference 1: Erosion and Mass Wasting

Question Type; Fill-In-The-Blank

41) _______ is the process of ice splitting rocks during freeze/thaw cycles.

Answer: Frost wedging

Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective 1: Contrast chemical and mechanical weathering and their place in the rock cycle.
Section Reference 1: Weathering- The First Step in the Rock Cycle

42) _______ often involve(s) the massive displacement of rock or sediment straight down a steep slope.

Answer: Slides

Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective 1: Identify the sources of erosion and mass wasting.
Section Reference 1: Erosion and Mass Wasting

43) _______ is the type of weathering illustrated in the figure below?

Answer: Sheet jointing; exfoliation

Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective 1: Contrast chemical and mechanical weathering and their place in the rock cycle.
Section Reference 1: Weathering- The First Step in the Rock Cycle

44) In the figure below, this form of chemical weathering is known as the ________.
Answer: dissolution of calcite

Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective 1: Contrast chemical and mechanical weathering and their place in the rock cycle.
Section Reference 1: Weathering- The First Step in the Rock Cycle

45) Slurry flows can move down slope at speeds of _______ km/h.

Answer: 160

Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective 1: Identify the sources of erosion and mass wasting.
Section Reference 1: Erosion and Mass Wasting

46) In the figure below, these _______ were formed by the mechanical erosion of glaciers.
Answer: striations; abrasions

Difficulty: Easy
Section Reference 1: Weathering- The First Step in the Rock Cycle
Section Reference 2: Erosion and Mass Wasting
Learning Objective 1: Contrast chemical and mechanical weathering and their place in the rock cycle.
Learning Objective 2: Identify the sources of erosion and mass wasting.

47) In the figure below, Ayer's Rock (Australia) was formed by _______.

Answer: isolated erosion

Difficulty: Medium
Section Reference 1: Erosion and Mass Wasting
Learning Objective 1: Identify the sources of erosion and mass wasting.

48) The _______ -horizon in a soil profile is known as the zone of accumulation.

Answer: B

Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective 1: Describe the end products of weathering and the difference between soil horizons
and soil profiles.
Section Reference 1: Products of Weathering

49) Stone Mountain, Georgia and Ayer's Rock, Australia are erosional remnants called _______.

Answer: monadnocks; inselbergs

Difficulty: Easy
Section Reference 1: Erosion and Mass Wasting
Learning Objective 1: Identify the sources of erosion and mass wasting.
50) Atmospheric water that reacts with anthropogenic sulfur and nitrogen forms _______.

Answer: acid rain

Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective 1: Contrast chemical and mechanical weathering and their place in the rock cycle.
Section Reference 1: Weathering- The First Step in the Rock Cycle

51) A _______ is any mass-wasting process that involves a flowing motion (movement) of regolith
containing water and/or air in its pores.

Answer: flow

Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective 1: Contrast chemical and mechanical weathering and their place in the rock cycle.
Section Reference 1: Weathering- The First Step in the Rock Cycle

52) A type of chemical weathering that involves the atoms giving up or accepting electrons is known as
_______.

Answer: ion exchange

Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective 1: Contrast chemical and mechanical weathering and their place in the rock cycle.
Section Reference 1: Weathering- The First Step in the Rock Cycle

53) Soil profiles that contain a distinct E-horizon typically form in _______.

Answer: evergreen forests

Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: Describe the end products of weathering and the difference between soil horizons
and soil profiles.
Section Reference 1: Products of Weathering

54) “Black water” found in swamps is formed from a high amount of organic matter found in the _______
load.

Answer: dissolved

Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective 1: Identify the sources of erosion and mass wasting.
Section Reference 1: Erosion and Mass Wasting
55) In areas of high rainfall, where soil is thin over bedrock, and in areas where the ground is frozen to
depth, slow slurry flows can occur through a process called _______.

Answer: solifluction

Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective 1: Identify the sources of erosion and mass wasting.
Section Reference 1: Erosion and Mass Wasting

56) The “bouncing” of grains along a stream bed is known as _______.

Answer: saltation

Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective 1: Identify the sources of erosion and mass wasting.
Section Reference 1: Erosion and Mass Wasting

57) In the figure below, a decrease in temperature and rainfall will lead to an increase in _______.

Answer: mechanical weathering

Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective 1: Contrast chemical and mechanical weathering and their place in the rock cycle.
Section Reference 1: Weathering– The First Step in the Rock Cycle

58) In the figure below, an increase in rainfall and temperature will lead to a(n) _______ in chemical
weathering.
Answer: increase

Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective 1: Contrast chemical and mechanical weathering and their place in the rock cycle.
Section Reference 1: Weathering– The First Step in the Rock Cycle

59) The figure below is an example of the use of _______, which is composed of fine-grained hydrous
alumino-silicate minerals.

Answer: clay

Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective 1: Describe the end products of weathering and the difference between soil horizons
and soil profiles.
Section Reference 1: Products of Weathering
Question Type: Essay

60) What is the difference between weathering and erosion?

Answer: The term “weathering” includes the entire group of processes that break down rock,
mechanically and physically, by water, air, and biological organisms. “Erosion” is specifically the
wearing away of rock and the transport of sediment by means of air or water.

Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective 1: Contrast chemical and mechanical weathering and their place in the rock cycle.
Learning Objective 2: Identify the sources of erosion and mass wasting.
Section Reference 1: Weathering– The First Step in the Rock Cycle
Section Reference 2: Erosion and Mass Wasting

61) Explain the primary difference between mechanical weathering and chemical weathering?

Answer: Mechanical weathering is breakdown of rock into solid fragments by physical processes that do
not change the rock’s chemical composition. Chemical weathering involves the decomposition of rocks
and minerals by chemical and biochemical reactions. Chemical weathering replaces the original minerals
with new minerals that are stable at Earth’s surface.

Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective 1: Contrast chemical and mechanical weathering and their place in the rock cycle.
Section Reference 1: Weathering- The First Step in the Rock Cycle

62) Explain the similarities and differences between root wedging and frost wedging.

Answer: Both processes are types of mechanical weathering that result in the splitting of rocks. In root
wedging, the rocks are split apart by root growth, and in frost wedging, the rocks are split by the repeated
freezing and thawing of water.

Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective 1: Contrast chemical and mechanical weathering and their place in the rock cycle.
Section Reference 1: Weathering- The First Step in the Rock Cycle

63) Explain the similarity and difference between a slurry flow and a granular flow.

Answer: Both are considered types of mass movements. A slurry flow occurs when the regolith is
saturated with water. A granular flow occurs when the regolith is not saturated with water.

Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective 1: Identify the sources of erosion and mass wasting.
Section Reference 1: Erosion and Mass Wasting

64) Describe the difference between laminar and turbulent flow in a liquid.
Answer: Laminar flow occurs when the fluid particles all travel parallel to each other. Turbulent flow is
complex and erratic, characterized by swirls and eddies.

Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective 1: Identify the sources of erosion and mass wasting.
Section Reference 1: Erosion and Mass Wasting

65) What role does climate play in erosion?

Answer: Climates that are more hot and humid are more conducive to chemical weathering, particularly
due to the greater presence of water. Climates that are colder and drier are more conducive to mechanical
weathering.

Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective 1: Contrast chemical and mechanical weathering and their place in the rock cycle.
Section Reference 1: Weathering- The First Step in the Rock Cycle

66) Discuss the similarities and the differences between bedload, suspended load, and dissolved load.

Answer: Dissolved load, suspended load, and bedload are the three ways in which a stream transports
material. Bedload is the large sediment that travels along the floor of the stream by way of saltation
and/or traction. Suspended load is the sediment that is carried in the water column, and dissolved load is
the soluble materials released by chemical weathering, carried in solution.

Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective 1: Identify the sources of erosion and mass wasting.
Section Reference 1: Erosion and Mass Wasting

67) By looking at the figure below, why do forests have a larger O-layer than grasslands and deserts?

Answer: The O-horizon is the layer of organic-rich matter that forms the uppermost horizon in some soil
profiles, particularly those formed under a forest canopy. Forests produce a thicker O-horizon because
they are constantly supplied with leaf litter, which lays on the forest floor and decays, providing a
renewed source of organic material.
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective 1: Describe the end products of weathering and the difference between soil horizons
and soil profiles.
Section Reference 1: Products of Weathering

68) With your knowledge of weathering and the location of New Hampshire, what was the primary cause
of the demise of the Old Man in the Mountain?

Answer: Since New Hampshire has a somewhat cold climate, there is a fair amount of water that can
freeze and thaw daily. The primary cause of the demise of the Old Man in the Mountain was frost
wedging.

Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective 1: Contrast chemical and mechanical weathering and their place in the rock cycle.
Section Reference 1: Weathering- The First Step in the Rock Cycle

69) Explain how monadnocks form?

Answer: Monadnocks are erosional remnants (inselbergs). They form because they are either more
resistant than the surrounding rock, or they are unjointed. They frequently have a dome shape because of
the process of exfoliation.

Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective 1: Identify the sources of erosion and mass wasting.
Section Reference 1: Erosion and Mass Wasting

70) Discuss the difference between slump and creep.

Answer: Slump involves the rotational movement of rock or regolith down a steep slope. Creep is the
extremely slow granular flow of regolith down slope.

Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective 1: Identify the sources of erosion and mass wasting.
Section Reference 1: Erosion and Mass Wasting

71) Describe the negative effects that farming in hilly terrain might have on the land.

Answer: The farmer should avoid plowing straight up-and-down the hills. Straight up-and-down plowing
will ultimately result in the formation of deep gullies, resulting form water running down the hills and
eroding the exposed soil.

Difficulty: Medium
Section Reference 1: Products of Weathering
Learning Objective 1: Describe the end products of weathering and the difference between soil horizons
and soil profiles.
72) Describe the rock cycle.

Answer: The rock cycle consists of all the processes whereby materials beneath and at Earth's surface are
weathered, transported, and deposited by mechanical and chemical processes. These processes are
controlled by forces in the hydrosphere, biosphere, and atmosphere, along with larger scale tectonic
factors.

Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective 1: Contrast chemical and mechanical weathering and their place in the rock cycle.
Section Reference 1: Weathering– The First Step in the Rock Cycle

73) Briefly describe the factors that control weathering.

Answer: There are several factors that control the rate and type of weathering that occurs on the planet.
They include tectonic factors, the rock structure present, the topography in a given geographic location,
the presence or absence of biological organisms, the composition of the rock, the presence or absence of
vegetation, and the overall climate. Any combination of these factors will produce different degrees and
forms of weathering.

Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective 1: Contrast chemical and mechanical weathering and their place in the rock cycle.
Section Reference 1: Weathering– The First Step in the Rock Cycle