MODULE

INST 1 – Climate Change and Disaster Risk Management

1. Title of the Module

Chapter 5: Natural and Man-made disasters, Impact and Management Strategies

2. Introduction
Disaster is an event, natural or man-made, sudden or progressive, which impacts with
such severity that the affected community has to respond by taking exceptional
measures. There is an important practical application of the definition of disaster in
disaster management. Such definition helps provide a common concept and theme
throughout disaster management activities. Thus, the chosen definition is valuable for
purposes of policy, organization, planning, and legislation.

3. Learning Outcome
At the end of Chapter 5, you are expected to be able to: a) identify different types
of disaster that occurred globally b) evaluate the impacts of natural and man-
made disaster to humans and in the environment c) determine the possible
effective countermeasures for each disaster d) construct the effective disaster
management strategy for different disaster.
4. Learning Content
Classification of Disasters
Disasters can be divided into 2 large categories:

– Those caused by natural forces.

– Those caused by man.

Natural Disasters
 Hurricanes or cyclones
 Tornadoes
 Floods
 Avalanches and mud slides
 Tsunamis
 Hailstorms
 Droughts
 Forest fires
 Earthquakes
 Epidemics

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*Image Source: Managing Disasters And Conflicts In OIC Countries, 2014

Natural disasters are caused by natural forces, such as earthquakes, volcanic

eruptions, hurricanes, fires, tornados, and extreme temperatures. They can be
classified as rapid onset disasters such as earthquakes or tsunamis, and those
with progressive onset, such as droughts that lead to famine. These events,
usually sudden, can have tremendous effects.
For instance, in November 2013, more than 6000 people died and displaced over
4 million people in Philippines as a result of Typhoon Haiyan. Since it is still
extremely difficult to precisely predict the climatic and geological changes
capable of causing a disaster, preparing for these types of disasters remains a
major challenge. Great natural disasters have also occurred recently throughout
the world.

*Image Source: Managing Disasters And Conflicts In OIC Countries, 2014

(^OIC=Organization of Islamic Cooperation)

The inability to accurately predict these types of events underscore the need for
countries to have disaster response plans to mobilize appropriate resources

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rapidly and efficiently. A well-defined organizational structure also must be
created to coordinate both national and international assistance. Although
significant progress in sanitation and response to disasters has been achieved in
certain regions of the world, developing countries continue to be highly
vulnerable because of their fragile economy and health care and transportation
infrastructure.
Man-made Disasters
Disasters caused by man are those in which major direct causes are identifiable
intentional or non-intentional human actions. They can be subdivided into three
main categories:
Technological Disasters
 Leaks of hazardous materials
 Accidental explosions
 Bridge or road collapses, or vehicle collisions
 Power cuts
Unregulated industrialization and inadequate safety standards increase the risk
for industrial disasters. Examples include the radioactive leak in the Chernobyl
nuclear station in Ukraine (1986) and the toxic gas leak in a Bhopal factory in
India (1984). Both of these disasters were associated not only with many deaths
but also with long-term health effects in the affected population.
Terrorism/ Violence
 Bombs or explosions
 Release of chemical materials
 Release of biological agents
 Release of radioactive agents
 Multiple or massive shootings
 Mutinies
 Intentional fires
The threat of terrorism has also increased due to the spread of technologies
involving nuclear, biological, and chemical agents used to develop weapons of
mass destruction. Too often the professionals who must respond to such
disasters are not appropriately trained, although several national and
international organizations are developing training programs for these types of
events.
Complex Humanitarian Emergencies
 Conflicts or wars
 Genocide

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The term complex emergency is usually used to describe the humanitarian
emergency resulting from an international or civil war. In such situations, large
numbers of people are displaced from their homes due to the lack of personal
safety and the disruption of basic infrastructure including food distribution, water,
electricity, and sanitation, or communities are left stranded and isolated in their
own homes unable to access assistance. These settings are often characterized
by a breakdown in social and physical infrastructure, including health care
systems. Any emergency response usually has to be implemented in a
problematic political and safety environment.
Types of Disasters
The following types of disaster are covered in this chapter.
Wartime civil defense or protection measures have not been specifically
included. It has been assumed that the kind of disaster management measures
advocated throughout the handbook would be broadly applicable to most wartime
civil defense requirements. These measures could then be augmented or
expanded by individual governments, as considered necessary.
The General Effects of Disaster
Generally, typical effects of disasters may be:
 Loss of life,
 Injury,
 Damage to and destruction of property,
 Damage to and destruction of subsistence and cash crops,
 Disruption of production,
 Disruption of lifestyle,
 Loss of livelihood,
 Disruption to essential services,
 Damage to national infrastructure and disruption to governmental
systems,
 National economic loss, and;
 Sociological and psychological after effects
Impacts and Management Strategies
Effects of disasters
Disasters affect communities in multiple ways. They represent a public health
hazard for various reasons:
 Can cause an unexpected number of deaths and wounded or sick people
that exceed the local resources capacity to respond and require external
aid.

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  Can destroy health infrastructure not only affecting the immediate
response, but also disrupting preventive activities, leading to long-term
consequences with increased morbidity and mortality.
 Can have adverse effects on the environment that will increase the risk for
infectious transmissible diseases and environmental hazards. This will
impact morbidity, premature death, and future quality of life.
 Can affect the psychological and social behavior of the community.
 Can cause shortages of food, with severe nutritional consequences.
 Can cause large movements of the population, both spontaneous or
organized, to areas where health services might not be able to handle the
excessive requirement.
Frequent Effects of Disasters

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*Source: Disasters and their Effects on the Population: Key Concepts, 2020

Earthquake
Characteristics
 Usually no warning. However, following a major earthquake, secondary
shocks may warn of a further earthquake.
 Speed of onset usually sudden.
 Earthquake-prone areas are generally well identified and well-known.
 Major effects arise mainly from land movement, fracture, or slippage;
specifically, they include damage (usually very severe) to structures and
systems and considerable casualties due to lack of warning.
General countermeasures
 Developing possible warning indicators,
 Land-use regulations,
 Building regulations,
 Relocating communities, and
 Public awareness and education programs.
Special problem areas for disaster management
 Severe and extensive damage, creating the need for urgent
countermeasures, especially search and rescue, and medical assistance;
 Difficulty of access and movement;
 Widespread loss of or damage to infrastructure, essential services, and
life-support systems;
 Recovery requirements (e.g., restoration and rebuilding) may be very
extensive and costly; and
 Rarity of occurrence in some areas may cause problems for economies of
countermeasures and public awareness.
Volcanic Eruption
Characteristics

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  Volcanoes which are likely to constitute a disaster threat are
internationally well documented and, in many cases, monitored for
possible activity. Usually, therefore, major eruptions can be predicted.
 Volcanic blast can destroy structures and environmental surrounds, and
also cause fires, possibly including forest fires.
 Land surface cracking, resulting from volcanic explosion, may affect
buildings and other structures.
 Lava flow can bury buildings and crops. It may also cause fires and render
land unusable.
 Ash, in its airborne form, can affect aircraft by ingestion into engines.
 Ground deposit of ash may destroy crops and also affect land use and
water supplies.
 Ash may also cause respiratory problems.
 Mud flows may arise from associated heavy rain.
General countermeasures
 Land-use regulations,
 Lava control systems,
 Developing a monitoring and warning system,
 Evacuation plans and arrangements,
 Relocating the population, and
 Public awareness and education programs.
Special problems areas for disaster management
 Access during eruption.
 Timely and accurate evacuation decision(s).
 Public apathy, especially if there is a history of false alarms or small
eruptions. Thus, it may be difficult to maintain public awareness and also
to implement evacuation plans.
 Control of incoming sightseers when evacuation programs are being
implemented.
Tsunami (Seismic Sea Wave)
Characteristics
 The velocity of the wave depends on the depth of water where the seismic
disturbance occurs. Initial wave velocity may be as high as 900 kilometer
per hour (kph) (560 miles per hour [mph]), slowing to approximately 50
kph (31 mph) as the wave strikes land.
 Warning time depends on the distance from the point of wave origin.
 Speed of onset varies (see above).

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  Impact on a shoreline can be preceded by a marked recession of normal
water level prior to the arrival of a wave. This can result in a massive
outgoing tide, followed by the incoming tsunami wave. People may be
trapped when they investigate the phenomenon of the outgoing tide and
then be struck by the incoming wave.
 The tsunami wave can be very destructive; wave heights of 30 meters
have been known.
 Impact can cause flooding; saltwater contamination of crops, soil, and
water supplies; and destruction of or damage to buildings, structures, and
shoreline vegetation.
General countermeasures
 Optimum arrangements for receipt and dissemination of warning;
 Evacuating threatened communities from sea level/low-level areas to high
ground, if sufficient warning is available;
 Land-use regulations (but these are likely to be difficult to implement if the
tsunami risk is perceived as rare); and
 Public awareness and education programs.
Special problem areas for disaster management
 Timely dissemination of warning because of the possible short period
between receipt of warning and the arrival of the tsunami wave;
 Effective evacuation time-scale;
 Search and rescue; and
 Recovery problem may be extensive and costly because of severe
destruction and damage.
Tropical Cyclone (Typhoon, Hurricane)
Characteristics
 Usually long warning, derived from systematic international meteorological
observation (including remote sensing);
 Speed of onset gradual;
 Tends to conform to seasonal pattern;
 Major effects arise mainly from destructive force winds, storm surge
(producing inundation), and flooding from intense rainfall. Landslides may
follow flooding and heavy rainfall; and
 Destruction and/or severe damage to buildings and other structures,
roads, essential services, crops, and the environment generally. Major
loss of life and livestock may occur.
General countermeasures

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  Effective warning arrangements;
 Precautionary measures during warning period (e.g., boarding up
buildings, closing public facilities);
 Moving people to safe shelters;
 General readiness and cleanup measures prior to an expected cyclone
season (especially to reduce the risk of flying objects);
 Building regulations, and
 Public education and awareness.
Special problem areas for disaster management
 Assessing effects and needs may be difficult, especially due to bad
weather following the impact of main disaster and to problems of access
and movement caused by high damage levels;
 Widespread destruction or loss of counter-disaster resources (e.g.,
transport, emergency food and medical supplies, shelter materials);
 Difficulty of access and movement in carrying out urgent relief operations,
especially emergency feeding, shelter and medical assistance programs;
 Search and rescue;
 Widespread destruction/disruption of essential services;
 Evacuating; and
 Rehabilitating agriculture, especially tree crops.
Flood
Characteristics
 Long, short, or no warning, depending on the type of flood (e.g., flooding
within parts of a major river system may develop over a number of days or
even weeks, whereas flashfloods may give no usable warning);
 Speed of onset may be gradual or sudden;
 There may be seasonal patterns to flooding; and
 Major effects arise mainly from inundation and erosion; specifically, they
may include isolation of communities or areas, and involve the need for
large-scale evacuation.
General countermeasures
 Flood control (e.g., by walls, gates, dams, dikes, and levees);
 Land-use regulations;
 Building regulations;
 Forecasting, monitoring, and warning system(s);
 Relocating population;
 Planning and arranging evacuation;

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  Emergency equipment, facilities, and materials such as special floodboats,
sandbags, supplies of sand, and designated volunteers who will
implement emergency measures; and
 Public awareness and education programs.
Special problem areas for disaster management
 Difficulties of access and movement;
 Rescue;
 Medical and health difficulties (e.g., arising from sanitation problems);
 Evacuating;
 Loss of relief supplies; and
 Large-scale relief may be required until next crop harvest.
Landslide
Characteristics
 Warning period may vary. Little or no warning may be available if the
cause is an earthquake. However, some general warning may be
assumed in the case of landslide arising from continuous heavy rain.
Minor initial landslips may give warning that heavy landslides are to follow.
Natural movement of land surface can be monitored, thus providing long
warning of possibility of landslides.
 Speed of onset is mostly rapid.
 Damage to structures and systems can be severe (buildings may be
buried or villages swept away).
 Rivers may be blocked, causing flooding.
 Crops may be affected. Sometimes areas of crop-producing land may be
lost altogether (e.g., in the major slippage of surface soils from a
mountainside).
 When landslides are combined with very heavy rain and flooding, the
movement of debris (e.g., remains of buildings, uprooted trees) may cause
high levels of damage and destruction.
General countermeasures
 Land-use and building regulations;
 Monitoring systems, where applicable;
 Evacuating and/or relocating communities. Relocation has proved
successful where crop-growing land areas have been lost; and
 Public awareness programs.
Special problem areas for disaster management
 Difficulties of access and movement in affected areas;

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  Search and rescue; Risk of follow-up landslides may hamper response
operations;
 Relocation, as distinct from temporary evacuation, may be resisted by
indigenous communities;
 Rehabilitation and recovery may be complex and costly; and
 In severe cases, it may not be possible and/or cost-effective to rehabilitate
the area for organized human settlement.
Bushfire (or Wildfire)
Characteristics
 Most bushfire-prone areas are well-known and well defined.
 Bushfire threat tends to be seasonal.
 Speed of onset may vary. It can be rapid under conditions of high
temperatures and high wind, when major fire fronts advance very quickly.
Also, fragments of fire from a main front may be carried forward by the
wind, starting new fires further ahead. This is sometimes known as
“spotting.”
 Effects can be very destructive, especially in loss of buildings, timber, and
livestock (and human life if counter-disaster arrangements are
inadequate).
 Recovery from effects on the environment may take several years.
 Evacuating communities may be difficult and dangerous in the face of a
major fire front.
General countermeasures
 Accurate risk assessment;
 Effective monitoring and warning systems, including remote sensing to
define “curing” or dryingout of vegetation;
 Fire prevention regulations;
 Seasonal mitigation measures (e.g., fuel reduction);
 Building regulations; and
 Public awareness and education programs, especially to ensure that
individuals, families, and communities cooperate in applying measures for
prevention and mitigation, and especially that they maintain adequate
standards of preparedness during the high- risk season.
Special problem areas for disaster management
 Maintaining adequate community awareness and preparedness;
 The arsonist problem is difficult to counter;
 Establishing and maintaining adequate firefighting resources, especially if
the threat is spasmodic;

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  Establishing an adequate warning system, particularly the meaning of
signals (e.g., sirens) and their interpretation by threatened communities;
 Timely dissemination of warning and, if applicable, decision to evacuate;
 Long-term recovery may be prolonged due to high levels of environmental
damage and destruction; and
 Evacuation movements, either out of affected areas or to safe havens
within such areas.
Drought
Characteristics
 Major areas liable to drought are usually well-known;
 Periods of drought can be prolonged; • Area(s) affected may be very large;
 Long warning;
 Effects on agriculture, livestock, rural industry production, and human
habitation may be severe. This may lead to prolonged food shortages or
famine;
 Long-term effects can be in the form of severe economic loss, erosion
which affects future habitation and production, and sometimes
abandonment of large tracts of land;
 Man-made activities may aggravate the possibility and extent of the
drought problem (e.g., overgrazing of agricultural land, destruction of
forests or similar areas); and
 The inability and/or unwillingness of the population to move from drought-
prone areas may exacerbate the problem.
General countermeasures
 There are few, if any, quick and easy solutions to the drought problem;
effective countermeasures tend to be mostly long term;
 The long-term resolution of drought problems usually rests with national
governments and involves major policy decisions; Since these decisions
involve human settlement, they are often sensitive and difficult ones;
 International cooperation and assistance usually play an important part in
coping with major drought problems;
 Land management and special plans (e.g., for irrigation);
 Response to drought-caused emergencies usually includes providing food
and water supply, medical and health assistance (including monitoring of
sanitation and possibility of epidemic), and emergency accommodation
(may be on an organized camp or similar basis); and
 Information programs, especially to assist aspects such as land
management.
Special problem areas for disaster management

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  Response requirements (e.g., feeding programs) may be extensive and
prolonged, thus involving major commitment and expenditure of
resources.
 Prolonged drought may undermine self-reliance of affected communities,
thus making it difficult to withdraw disaster management assistance.
 Logistic requirements may exceed in-country capability, particularly if large
inputs of outside (international) commodities are involved.
Epidemic
Characteristics
 Disaster-related epidemic arises generally from the disrupted living
conditions which follow disaster impact.
 Epidemic may arise from: food sources; water sources; inadequate
medical and health facilities/standards; malnutrition; and vector-borne
sources (e.g., mosquitoes).
 Types of disease include: hepatitis, typhoid, diptheria, malaria, cholera,
influenza, enteritis, diarrhea, skin diseases, and food poisoning.
 Under post-impact conditions, when personnel and facilities may be
limited, outbreaks may prove difficult to contain and control. This may
particularly apply if community health education is substandard.
 Warning (i.e., risk) is self-evident in most post-impact circumstances.
 Speed of onset is mostly rapid.
General countermeasures
 An effective medical and health sub-plan within the overall local or area
counter-disaster plan. This medical and health plan needs particularly to
cover preparedness measures and the capability to deal with post-disaster
eventualities;
 Close post-disaster monitoring of medical and health aspects;
 Reinforcement of medical resources and supplies in anticipation of
epidemic outbreak; and
 Public awareness and education, both before and after disaster impact.
Special problem areas for disaster management
 Loss of medical and health resources (e.g., clinics, medical supplies)
during disaster impact (e.g., by a cyclone) may inhibit response capability;
 In-country shortage of special equipment (e.g., water purifying plant).
 Integrating outside (international) medical and health assistance with local
systems; and

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  Containing and controlling common diseases (e.g., enteritis and diarrhea)
which can have a mass effect, especially if relevant medical and health
resources are severely limited.
Major Accident
Characteristics
 Usually violent in nature (e.g., industrial or other explosion, aircraft crash,
major fire, train collision);
 Can have limited or widespread effect (e.g., an aircraft crash may affect
only those on board, whereas an explosion involving hazardous chemicals
may affect a wide area of the population);
 Mostly limited or no warning, though there may be longer warning of
effects of, say, chemical or oil spill; and
 Speed of onset usually rapid.
General countermeasures
 Good physical planning (e.g., the siting of potentially accident-prone
buildings or complexes);
 Special building regulations, if applicable;
 Good in-house safety and management standards/procedures, including
evacuation plans and periodic tests;
 Effective organizational emergency services (e.g., fire services and rescue
teams) which are available to immediately respond prior to the arrival of
public emergency services;
 Effective community or area disaster plans so that coordinated response
can be achieved; and
 Training in handling the effects of specific hazards.
Special problem areas for disaster management
 Unexpected nature of accidents may pose problems of reaction and
response time;
 Response problems may be severe, extensive, and difficult (e.g., rescue
from a building collapse, or in circumstances where a chemical or
radiation hazard exists, or where there are multiple casualties such as in a
major rail accident); and
 Identifying victim may be difficult in some cases.
Civil Unrest
Characteristics

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  Usually the responsibility of police, paramilitary, and armed forces.
However, other emergency services such as fire services, medical
authorities, and welfare agencies become involved;
 Violent and disruptive activities occur (e.g., bombing, armed clashes, mob
demonstrations, and violence);
 Patterns of civil unrest are difficult to predict. Therefore, effective warning
may also be difficult;
 In many civil unrest circumstances, especially terrorism, the instigators
have the initiative, thus complicating the task of law enforcement
authorities.
General countermeasures
 Firmly applying law and order regulations and requirements;
 Imposing special emergency measures and regulations (e.g., restricted
movement, curfews, and security checks); and
 Positive information programs aimed at maintaining majority public
support for government action against disruptive elements/factions.
Special problem areas for disaster management
 Overloading of resource organizations (e.g., medical authorities, welfare
agencies, and essential services) because of demands of civil unrest
incidents, in addition to normal commitments; and
 Difficulty of integrating “peacetime” resource organizations (noncombatant
in nature) with “military type” operations which are necessary to deal with
violent civil unrest.
Other Disasters
In some countries, disasters in addition to those listed in paragraph 2 of this
chapter may apply (e.g., severe outbreaks of animal diseases that threaten rural
industries, food production, and so on). In such cases, it is suggested that
disaster managers should assess the particular disaster(s) along the above lines.
Management of Disasters and Conflicts When They Coincide
Strategies, policies and actions on disaster management and conflict
prevention/peacebuilding are often considered in an isolated manner. While the
two crises are usually distinct in both their onset and repercussion, strong
linkages exist especially in terms of how the interface, if not understood and
managed, can escalate and reinforce the impacts of disasters and/or conflict with
potentially severe consequences. It is for this reason a thorough understanding
of how disasters and conflicts can coincide and reinforce both positive and
negative impacts is critical.

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Obviously, there are differences between the disaster and conflict phenomena.
The trigger for disasters is typically a natural hazard while the trigger for conflicts
can be a political decision, a failure of dialogue, a new economic policy, an action
by security agencies, a confrontation between two different social or ethnic
groups or a fight over a scarce natural resource. However, many of the root
causes behind conflicts and disasters are similar and these causes can increase
exposure and vulnerability of a population to conflicts and disasters. Poverty and
socio-economic marginalization of social groups based upon class, ethnicity,
language or other identities increases vulnerability of people to both conflicts and
disasters. Sustainable and equitable management of natural resources is also a
very important strategy for conflict prevention and disaster risk reduction. The
lack of equitable provision of basic services including education, health and
infrastructure aggravates a sense of deprivation and weakens social solidarity
and cohesion, therefore becoming a driver behind instability and conflicts. The
lack of basic services also increases people’s vulnerability to natural hazards.
Finally, an exclusionary political system is an important root cause behind
society’s vulnerability to conflicts and disasters. A political system that is not
democratic, inclusive, transparent and accountable generates a perception of
injustice, helplessness and being wronged.
In order to address the common aspects of conflicts and disasters, OIC countries
need to take special measures in identified areas that are prone to both disasters
and conflicts. The OIC can also develop partnerships with a range of
international and regional stakeholders.
Phases of Disaster
Since interventions in emergencies evolve as a continuum, the identification of
the following four phases is useful to better establish priorities and response
activities, and to systematize previous experiences:
1. Preparedness phase
Planning comprises all the activities and actions taken in advance of a disaster.
Planning should be based on the analysis of a community’s or organization’s risk
for exposure to specific types of disasters. Preparedness plans should take into
account the frequency of occurrence of each type of dis aster, the anticipated
magnitude of effect, the degree of advanced warning or suddenness of onset and
offset, characteristics of the populations most likely to be affected, the amount
and types of resources available within the community or organizational
structure, and the ability to function independently without additional outside
resources for periods of time.
2. Emergency phase

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 Response comprises all activities and actions taken during and immediately after
a disaster. This includes notification of the organizations involved in disaster
response, setting up of initial communication networks, initial search and rescue,
damage assessment, evacuation, sheltering and other multiple activities. The
response phase lasts until the initial casualties have either been rescued or
acknowledged as lost, and enough resources have been made available to meet
immediate humanitarian needs of affected population, assessing damages and
beginning to plan for restoration and recovery. In the case of conflict situation,
displacement could be protracted until safety and security return to the place of
origin of affected people. For those affected, response services may have to
provide in camps designed to host them for short periods. While in most
instances of natural disasters, normalcy returns in days to weeks, in the case of
conflict, this could take several years before people return to their homesteads.
3. Recovery phase
The recovery phase is the period in which the affected organization or community
works toward re-establishing self-sufficiency. This is the period of new
community planning, rebuilding, and re-establishment of government and public
service infrastructure. The health status of affected population begins to return to
pre-disaster conditions and the outside support services are gradually withdrawn.
4. Mitigation and prevention phase
This phase usually occurs when conditions are returning to their pre-disaster
state. Mitigation is the phase in which all aspects of emergency management are
scrutinized for “lessons learned”; the lessons are then applied in an effort to
prevent the recurrence of the disaster itself or to lessen the effects of subsequent
events. Mitigation includes preventive and precautionary measures such as
changing building codes and practices, redesigning public utilities and services,
reviewing mandatory evacuation practices and warning policies, and educating
members of the community. Mitigation and planning are continuous processes,
as lessons learned from a previous disaster are included in planning for the next
one.
5. Teaching and Learning Activities
Activity 1: Classify each disaster as Natural or Man-made and explain your
answer.
_______________1. Pandemic cause by COVID-19
_______________2. Landslide near mining area
_______________3. Leptospirosis outbreak
_______________4. Wildfire
_______________5. Eutrophication
Activity 2: Short Response Essay. Limit your answer in 2 to 3 sentences.

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 1. Why is it important to prepare for the disasters?
2. What information in this chapter helped you learn about disaster
preparedness?
3. Which disasters are more dangerous and should be prepared of? Natural or
Man-made disasters? Why?

Activity 3: Answer the questions below.

1. What is the difference of Preparedness Phase to Mitigation Phase of
Disaster?
2. What are the 4 Phases of Disaster? Briefly define each Phase.
3. What are the things that you and your family usually do as preparation for
disasters/ outbreaks?
a. Typhoons:
b. Pandemic (example: COVID-19):
c. Earthquake:
6. Recommended learning materials and resources for supplementary reading.
Books

 Disaster management: a disaster manager’s handbook (2008) by Carter, W. Nick

 Disasters and their Effects on the Population: Key Concepts, Mahar et al. 2020.
7. Flexible Teaching Learning Modality (FTLM) adopted
Example:
Online (synchronous)
//Youtube, Edmodo/ Google Meet
Remote (asynchronous)
//module, exercises, problems sets, powerpoint lessons
8. Assessment Task

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 A. Extended Essay. Analyze the picture below and summarize what you have
learned from it. Limit your answer in 5 to 8 sentences.

*Source: Oceana Philippines

Your answers will be graded according to the given standards/basis for grading:
5 Points 3 Points 1 Point Score

Followed the Over or short of Over or short of

instruction and sentence/s at most sentence/s and
presented a well- and presented an presented a not so
organized idea. organized idea. good idea.

Total:

References (at least 3 references preferably copyrighted within the last 5 years,
alphabetically arranged)

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Alpay, Savas., Bagci, Kenan., Aydin, Nadi Serhan., Dabour, Nabil M., Ahme, Azhari G.
2014. MANAGING DISASTERS AND CONFLICTS IN OIC COUNTRIES. The
Statistical, Economic and Social Research and Training Centre for Islamic Countries
(SESRIC). Kudüs Cad. No: 9, Diplomatik Site, 06450 Oran, Ankara –Turkey
Carter, W. Nick. 2008. Disaster management: a disaster manager’s handbook.
Mandaluyong City, Phil.: Asian Development Bank.
Mahar, Patrick., Lynch, Julia A., Wathen, Joseph., Tham, Eric., Berman, Stephen.,
Doraiswamy, Sathyanarayanan., Maina, Allen G.K. 2020. Disasters and their Effects on
the Population: Key Concepts. American Academy of Pediatrics.

ISUE__ __ Syl ___

Revision: 02
Effectivity: August 1, 2020

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