Chapter 1

2023年2⽉21⽇ 星期⼆ 下午8:27

Structure(結構) and Bonding

Structure of atom
• Nucleus(核)
— Positively(正) charged
— 10!"# to 10!"$ 𝑚 in diameter(直徑)
• Electron cloud(電⼦雲)
— Negatively charged electrons in cloud around nucleus
— Atomic diameter is about 2 Angstroms(A), 1 𝐴 = 10!"% 𝑚
• Atomic number(Z, 原⼦序)
— Number of protons in the atom’s nucleus
• Mass number(A)
— Number of protons(質⼦) plus neutrons(中⼦) in the atomic’s nucleus
• Isotopes(同位素)
— The same element that have different number of neutrons(中⼦)
• Atomic mass(atomic weight)
— Weighted average mass in atomic mass

Orbitals(軌道)
Quantum Mechanical Model
• 𝑠, 𝑝, 𝑑, and 𝑓 are different kinds of orbitals
• 𝑠 orbitals — Spherical(球形), nucleus at center
• 𝑝 orbitals — Dumbbell-shaped(啞鈴形), nucleus at middle
• 𝑑 orbitals — Elongated(細⻑) dumbbell-shaped, nucleus at center

Electron shell(電⼦殼)

The Nature(本質) of Chemical Bonds : Valence(價) Bond Theory

Bond length

𝑆𝑃& Hybrid Orbitals(混成軌域) and the Structure of Methane(甲烷)

• Each C–H bond in methane has a strength of 436 kJ/mol and a length of 109 pm

𝑆𝑃& Hybrid Orbitals(混成軌域) and the Structure of Ethane(⼄烷)

• Tetrahedral(四⾯體)
• Bond angles are near 109.5'

𝑆𝑃( Hybrid Orbitals and the Structure of Ethylene(⼄烯)

• Ethylene
— Four shared electrons
— Planar(平⾯)
— Bond angles 120'
• 𝑆𝑃( Hybrid Orbitals
— Derived by combination(組合) of an s atomic orbital with two 2p atomic orbitals

𝑆𝑃 Hybrid Orbitals and the Structure of Acetylene(⼄炔)

• Acetylene
— Liner
— Bond angles are 180'
• 𝑆𝑃 Hybrid Orbitals
— The two 𝑆𝑃 hybrids are separated(分開) by an angle of 180'