Cagayan State University - Andrews Campus College of Teacher Education

TIME MANAGEMENT PRACTICES AND IT'S RELATIONSHIP TO

ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE OF WORKING STUDENTS IN THE
COLLEGE OF TEACHER EDUCATION

A Research Proposal
Presented to
the College of Teacher Education
Cagayan State University-Andrews Campus
Tuguegarao City, Cagayan Valley

In Partial Fulfilment
of the Requirements for the Degree
Bachelor of Technology and Livelihood Education
S.Y. 2023-2024

Baccay, Judilyn G.
Balwang, Lalaine C.
Libunao, Raymel M.
Pasinos, Myra T.
Viernes, Rio Jean A.

September 2023-2024
Cagayan State University - Andrews Campus College of Teacher Education

Chapter 1
THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

Introduction

Time management is a critical skill for individuals seeking to balance the

demands of academia and employment, particularly for working students who

juggle the responsibilities of both work and education. The effective allocation of

time and resources has been shown to impact academic performance, allowing

students to optimize their learning experiences and achieve better outcomes.

Numerous studies have investigated the impact of time management on

academic achievement, revealing its positive association with student performance

(Britton & Tesser, 2016; Macan, Shahani, Dipboye, & Phillips, 1990). However,

the unique circumstances of working students introduce additional complexities, as

they navigate between employment commitments and academic responsibilities.

The balancing act between these roles can potentially challenge their time

management strategies and subsequently affect their academic performance.

The present study draws upon a theoretical framework that integrates

concepts from both time management theory and student achievement literature.

By examining the strategies employed by working students to manage their time

effectively, this research aims to identify correlations between specific time

management practices and academic success. By investigating these relationships,

educators, institutions, and policymakers can gain insights into tailoring support
Cagayan State University - Andrews Campus College of Teacher Education

systems that cater to the distinct needs of working students, ultimately enhancing

their academic journey.

The secret to achieving success in life is effectively managing this resource

that everyone possesses equally and paying sufficient emphasis to planning

(Macan. Shahani, Dipboye & Phillips, 2000). Though effective and efficient use of

time varies with respect to the tasks performed, the further increase in the level of

knowledge and skills expected from modern employees has further increased the

necessity of time planning. The road to success in social life passes through

effective and efficient working which is only possible via time management. The

competitive environment we live in today encourages people from as early as their

elementary education to plan and manage time effectively. The high performance

required by competitive conditions forces organizations and directors to use time

effectively and stipulates the search to control time (Alay & Koçak, 2003).

Time management plays a vital role in improving student's academic

performance and achievements. Each and every student should have time

management ability which includes setting goals & priorities, using time

management mechanism and being organized in using time. Here time

management is only possible through self-motivation; performance, ability and

motivation (Brigitte, Claessens, Eerde, & Rutte, 2005). These are the few activities

performed by today's university students, which act as a barrier between them and

their academic performance. Due to miss management of time they gap behind.
Cagayan State University - Andrews Campus College of Teacher Education

This study will help to analyze the positive or negative impact of time

management on academic performance of students. It will also help to make some

decision about changes we would like to make to use our time more effectively

(Nofile, Robins & Richard, 2007). There is no one right way to manage our time;

however; it is important to get to know our self, so we can make good decisions

about how to use our time. Likewise, in the process of providing educational

services this issue has been a subject of interest discussed and emphasized in

several platforms and an attempt has been initiated to assess and analyze time and

the time management attitudes and behaviors of students in educational institutes

(Denlinger, 2009).

In developing countries where students have a lot of issues during

academic journey have a new story for the researcher to dig out much more

interesting results. Time management practices have an impact on the results of

students as empirical studies done by past researchers. In spite of knowing about

the impact of time on academic achievement, this relationship is not given

importance by the students (Sevari & Kandy, 2011). At higher education level the

study schedule must properly planned, implemented and controlled for better

results. Emphasizing time also helps to develop cost effective educational policies

by the authorities especially at higher education level (Kaushar, 2013). Ongoing

problem of scarcity of knowledge in connection with time management and

academic outputs is due to lack of easiness and of costly ways of collecting data.

Driven by this fact, particular emphasis has been paid in the modern education
Cagayan State University - Andrews Campus College of Teacher Education

system to time management issues by evaluating 66 Journal of Literature,

Languages and Linguistics www.list.org 0 ISSN 2422-8435 An International Peer-

reviewed Journal Vol 11, 2015 students' attitudes and behaviors related to time and

its management (Karim, Sevari, Mitra & Kandy, 2015). Based on the necessity of

effective time management required from students during their academic and

professional life, field research has been conducted in the present paper towards

the aim of designating their position with respect to effective time management

and determining the effect of their time management skills on their academic

achievements.

The objectives of this research are multifold. Firstly, it aims to explore the

diverse time management strategies employed by working students – from

traditional scheduling techniques to digital tools that promise enhanced efficiency.

Secondly, it seeks to elucidate the potential impact of these strategies on academic

performance. By examining factors such as assignment completion, exam

preparation, and overall GPA, this study endeavors to establish empirical

correlations between time management practices and scholastic achievement.

Moreover, the research aspires to identify challenges that working students

encounter in their pursuit of effective time management. These may include the

psychological toll of balancing responsibilities, the risk of burnout, and the

perpetual negotiation between work, education, and personal life. By

understanding these challenges, institutions of higher learning can design targeted

Cagayan State University - Andrews Campus College of Teacher Education

interventions and support mechanisms that foster an environment conducive to

academic success.

In essence, this research aspires to contribute to the growing body of

knowledge that bridges the domains of education and employment. By shedding

light on the intricate dynamics between time management practices and academic

performance among working students, this study aims to empower educators,

policymakers, and students themselves with insights that can inform effective

strategies for navigating this multifaceted journey. As we embark on this

expedition into the lives and experiences of working students, we recognize the

transformative potential of understanding how time, as an invaluable resource, can

be harnessed to illuminate the path toward scholastic accomplishment amidst the

intricate demands of the modern world.

In conclusion, this research aspires to contribute to the body of knowledge

surrounding the multifaceted relationship between time management practices and

academic performance among working students. Through its intricate exploration,

it aims to offer practical insights for individuals seeking to optimize their time

allocation strategies, educators aiming to enhance pedagogical approaches, and

institutions striving to foster an environment conducive to the holistic growth of

the modern student. Ultimately, the study endeavors to shed light on the intricate

tapestry woven by working students as they navigate the realms of time, education,

and employment. Moreover, it aims to explore the relationship between time

Cagayan State University - Andrews Campus College of Teacher Education

management practices and academic performance of working students in the

College of Teacher Education, shedding light on how these practices influence

their ability to succeed in both domains. By examining the relationship between

these variables and time management practices and and academic performance, we

hope to gain a deeper understanding of the factors that contribute to effective time

management among working students. This knowledge can be valuable in helping

working students to develop the skills and strategies they need to succeed in both

their academic and professional pursuits.

To sum up, our research has the potential to make a meaningful

contribution to the field of time management and education, and we look forward

to seeing the insights uncover.

Statement of the Problem

This study will investigate the relationship between time management

practices and academic performance of working students in the College of Teacher

1. What is the profile of the respondents in terms of:

1.1. Demographic Profile

1.1.1. Sex

1.1.2. Age

1.2. Socio Economic Profile

1.2.1 Parents Monthly Income

1.2.2. Parents Occupation

1.3. Academic Related Profile

Cagayan State University - Andrews Campus College of Teacher Education

2. What is the academic performance of the respondents in the school year

2023-2024?

3. What is the Time Management Practices of the respondents?

3.1. Time planning

3.2 Time Attitudes

3.3 Time wasting

4. Is there a significant difference in the Time Management Practices of the

respondents when grouped according to profile variables?

5. Is there a significant difference in the academic performance of the

respondents when grouped according to profile variables?

6. Is there a significant relationship in the time management practices and

academic performance of the respondents?

Conceptual Framework

The conceptual framework for the research study titled "Time Management

Practices and It's Relationship to Academic Performance of Working Students in

the College of Teacher Education" is based on three main constructs: profile of the

respondents, time management practices and academic performance of working

students.

The study aims to investigate how the time management practices affect

the academic performance of working students in the College of Teacher

Education.
 Cagayan State University - Andrews Campus College of Teacher Education

The conceptual framework suggests that time management practices play a

crucial role in working student's academic performance. By understanding the

DEPENDENT
impact of time management practices, the working students INDEPENDENT
can improve their time
VARIABLES VARIABLES
management skills to reach their full potential in their scholastic achievement.

Research Paradigm

Profile of the respondence Practices

Time Planning
Demographic Profile Time Management
1.1. Sex Time Wasting
1.2. Age
1.3. Socio economic profile
1.4. Parents monthly income
1.5. Parents occupation

Academic Performance

Figure 1. The paradigm showing the interplay of the variables in the study
Cagayan State University - Andrews Campus College of Teacher Education

The diagram above shows the independent and dependent variables

involved in this study. The independent variables focus on the time management

practices of working students that will be used to investigate how they connect

with the dependent variable which is the academic performance of working

students

Hypotheses

The researchers was guided by the following hypothesis:

1. There is no significant difference in the Time Management Practices of the

respondents when grouped according to profile variables.

2. There is no significant difference in the Academic Performance of the

respondents when grouped according to profile variables.

3. There is no significant relationship in the Time Management Practices and

Academic Performance of the respondents.

Scope and Delimitations

The respondents of this study are third year College of Teacher Education

students of Cagayan State University- Andrews Campus enrolled in the First

Semester, Academic Year 2023-2024.

Significance of the Study

The findings of this study shall be helpful to the following:

Cagayan State University - Andrews Campus College of Teacher Education

Working students. The study can help identify effective time management

strategies that can improve their academic and work performance, reduce stress,

and enhance their overall well-being.

Teachers. The study can provide insights into the challenges faced by

working students and help develop effective support programs that promote time

management skills and academic success.

Employers. The study can help employers understand the challenges faced

by working students and support them in managing their work and academic

responsibilities.

Policymakers. The study can inform policies that can support working

students, such as flexible work hours and study leave.

Researchers. This study provides an opportunity to explore the

relationship between time management practices and academic performance of

working students. The findings of this study can be used to develop strategies and

interventions that can improve the academic performance of working students.

Future Researchers. They could use the results of the current study as a

springboard for further research on the improvement of students’ performance on

other major subjects.

Overall, the study of time management of working students can contribute

to the development of effective interventions and policies that can improve the

well-being and success of working students.

Parents. This study can help them understand the challenges that working

students face and provide them with insights on how they can support their
Cagayan State University - Andrews Campus College of Teacher Education

children. For example, parents can encourage their children to develop good time

management skills and provide them with resources that can help them balance

their academic and work responsibilities.

Definition of Terms

To facilitate the readers’ understanding of the contents of this study, the

researchers included the operational and conceptual definition of the following

terms:

Academic Performance. It is the measurement of student achievement

across various academic subjects.

Demographic Profile. This refers to a form of demographic analysis in

which information is gathered.

GPA (Grade Point Average). This refers to the sum of all your course

grades.

Household Help. This refers to the person hired to help in another's home

(especially one employed by a local authority to help the infirm with domestic

work) housekeeper. a servant who is employed to perform domestic task in a

household.

Personal Variables. It is define as individual-based variables such as age,

gender, education level and years of experience.

Retailer. A person or business that sells goods to the public in relatively

small quantities for use or consumption rather than for resale.

Cagayan State University - Andrews Campus College of Teacher Education

Student-Aide. It is an individual less than 16 years of age who is

participating in an educational, curriculum-based course of study; vocational

education; or occupational development program and who.

Service Crew. They are individuals who serve customers directly in a

business organization, like a restaurant, hotel, and even cruise ship. However,

restaurants seem to be the most places they are employed.

Time Management Practices. It is the coordination of tasks and activities

to maximize the effectiveness of an individual’s efforts.

Working Students. It is often used to refer to someone who mainly works

and is also studying (part time).

Cagayan State University - Andrews Campus College of Teacher Education

Chapter 2

REVIEW OF THE RELATED LITERATURE

This chapter presents the summary, citations of some related literature and

studies which the researchers gathered from websites, books, journals, theses, etc.,

which are related to the present study conducted.

The relationship between time management practices and the academic

performance of working students has gained substantial attention in educational

research.

Time Management

There is a titanic difference between secondary and higher education when

it comes to managing time and academic responsibilities. In secondary education,

there was the kind of learning that includes an explanation for everything. On the

other hand, when students enter university, they find out that what they learn is a

lecture, the only includes superficial information and the rest is their job to know

about and explore further (Britton Tesser, 2001). Time management is a skill that

every student should not only know, but also apply. A lot university students
Cagayan State University - Andrews Campus College of Teacher Education

complain about running out of time when asked to do a certain task, they get

frustrate because they are not able to make it before the deadline. Time

management is extremely important, especially when it comes to university

students because it will boost their grades and enhance their productivity (Laurie

Hellsten, 2002). However, most of the time students face problems like task

aversion and uncertainty, so the start to procrastinate because they lack

organizational skills. As a result, students will not be able to organize duties

according to their priorities, so they get distracted easily, ending up

procrastinating. As we can see, time management is quite essential to any

university student, and it is one of the keys to higher academic achievements

(Kelly, 2004).

In the relevant literature there are great number of academic studies

focusing on the relation between time management and academic achievements.

The related literature showed that the time management attitude and skill levels of

university students and the effects of these skills on their academic achievement.

The research revealed that a majority student possesses moderate level time

management skills and only a significantly small portion has high level time

management skills (Yilmaz, Yoncalik & Bektaş, 2006). The literature revealed that

the students' time management skills affect their academic achievement at a

significant level and the skills at one of the predictors of academic performance.

The relevant literature suggested that students should start to acquire time

management senses on their own in their primary school years by reading

materials on the issue via the framework of psychological counseling and guidance
Cagayan State University - Andrews Campus College of Teacher Education

studies applied in schools and adopt effective time management attitudes and

techniques to determine how and where they spend their time (Lisa & Robert,

2008 The various group of students who exploited time-saving proficiencies

notably had rich academic achievement. They accomplished those students who do

not use time saving techniques in their educational surroundings having

significantly lower academic as compared to results students who employ time

management tactics has considerably higher achievement (Mercanlioglu, 2010).

To calculate the cumulative time spent working during a work, these

objects were also added. Time management practices have been proven to be some

of the top indicators toward achieving a high level academic success and

performance. They not only influences on the achievement but using time

management techniques also serve only one reason meaning that there are

multipurpose fulfilled by time management (Faza 2012). Taking part in

proceedings and being engaged in other outside class activities, not inevitably a

job, be being energetic in institution also has a strong correlation to maching high

academic achievements. Various studies showed that time management practices

serve for many purposes not only for challenging performance of the students.

Time management practices show the way not only to a high level of academic

performance, but to good physical condition and lower levels of stress. The

foremost purpose of the present study was educational competency, using time

managing techniques, test pressure, and test proficiency (Faisal, Miqdadi, Abdulla

Mohammad, 2014) Academic competence scores were established to some extent

Cagayan State University - Andrews Campus College of Teacher Education

improved in the current sample indicating that students found courses

material/content encouraging and enjoying their classes.

Dimensions of Time Management

The effectual utilizing of time and managing time requires procedures and

good quality planning behaviors. Or can make use of time effectively and

competently by keeping time logs, setting immediate and long-standing goals,

prioritizing responsibilities, constructing to-do lists and arrangement, and organize

one's workspace, studies of earlier period and plentiful how-to books proposed

(Sabells, 2001). Time saving techniques at behaviors can be categorized into

numerous groups and be liable to contribute to a number of fundamental qualities

in general. There are three surfaces of time management behaviors: short-range

planning, long- tang planning and time attitudes (Laurie & Hellsten 2002) Short-

range planning is the capability to set out an systematize responsibilities in the

short period of time. Long-range planning competence is to handle everyda jobs

over a longer time perspective by keeping follow of significant dates and setting

objectives by puttir adjournment (Alay & Koçak, 2003).

Long Range Planning

Long-range planning means to have long-range objectives and having disciplined

routines. Various researcher named it as having perception of a preference for

organization and it is comparable to long range planning. This acquire a summary

on the everyday jobs that necessitate to be executed, time limits and priorities
Cagayan State University - Andrews Campus College of Teacher Education

which increases the perception of having control over time so, in the long run,

planning enables one to deal with al activities (Kelly, 2004). It directs to have less

perception of control over time because it may be tackling to be familiar with how

much effort requires to be completed within hours, days or weeks; it may even be

immediately measurable effect of planning. This gives the impression to indicate

that time management practices accomplish to have an influence on educational

achievement, but that's not all they affect (Brigitte et al., 2005 It was also found

that the students had advanced overall academic achievements who accounted

using goal oriented time management practices.

Short Range Planning

Short-range planning was defined as time management activities surrounded by

daily or weekly time structure and cover the activities such as setting objectives at

the commencement of the day, planning and prioritizing daily behaviors and

creation work contents (Yilmaz et al., 2006). Numerous studies invented that

Short-range planning behavior, forecasting of time in the short run, surrounded by

the time enclose of a week or less established a constructive relationship to grade

point average Short range planning in interface with accomplishment determined

was optimistically associated to dealing performance as well (Noftle et al., 2007

Likewise, most of the studies that control for the student time do so by determining

total time committed to the course, a variable normally found to be unimportant.

Academic achievement means the educational objecti that is accomplished by a

student, teacher or institution realize over a definite short period (Lisa & Rober
Cagayan State University - Andrews Campus College of Teacher Education

2008). In a different research finding it has been demonstrated that there exists a

positive significant relationship between students' grade point averages and the

time attitudes and the short-range planning

Time Attitude

Time management demands a key shift in emphasis: concentrate on results,

not on being busy, There are a lot cases with people who waste their lives in

discolored doings and attain very small since they are placing their labors into the

incorrect responsibilities or weakening to focus their activity successfully

established that the time management workings directly affect the collective

academic achievements (Mercanlioglu, 2010). The perception of how their time

requires to be used up or planning including utilizing short and long period goal

and time attitudes or students accomplished that both planning and encouraging

time attitudes initiated that had much more time to finish their everyday jobs

because they experiences more in control of how their was exhausted therefore

knowing when they had to state no to activities (Kaushar, 2013). The literature

revealed that time management practices that connected to the individual's

awareness and attitudes about time management and is comparable the perception

of having control over time. Therefore, time attitudes comprise the perception that

the individual is in control of time the perception that the person is efficiently

managing his time and the perception that the individual is making constructive

utilization (Karim et al., 2015).

Working Students
Cagayan State University - Andrews Campus College of Teacher Education

Working students are those who balance their academic pursuits with part-

time or full-time employment. It is a common phenomenon in many countries,

where students need to work to finance their education and living expenses. While

working can provide students with valuable experience and skills, it can also be

challenging to juggle work and academic responsibilities.

Working students are those who are simultaneously enrolled in school and

working to earn money. According to the National Center for Education Statistics

(NCES), about 43% of full-time undergraduate students and 81% of part-time

undergraduate students worked while enrolled in college in 2015-16 (NCES,

2018). Working while studying can provide financial support, work experience,

and skills development, but it can also have negative impacts on academic

performance and overall well-being (Kim & Kao, 2014).

Overall, working while studying can be a double-edged sword. It can

provide students with valuable experience and financial support, but it can also

affect their academic performance and well-being. Therefore, it is important for

students to carefully balance their work and academic responsibilities and choose

jobs that align with their academic and career goals.

Academic Performance of Working Students

Working while studying can be a challenging experience for students, as it

can affect their academic performance due to the demands of balancing work and
Cagayan State University - Andrews Campus College of Teacher Education

study responsibilities. Several studies have investigated the relationship between

work and academic performance among students.

For instance, a study by Joo and Lim (2020) found that working students in

South Korea had lower academic performance compared to non-working students.

The study suggested that the negative impact of work on academic performance

was due to time constraints and stress associated with juggling work and study.

Another study by Kienle and Wacker (2020) examined the relationship

between working hours and academic performance among German university

students. The study found that students who worked more than 20 hours per week

had lower grades compared to those who worked less than 20 hours per week or

did not work at all.

On the other hand, some studies have found no significant relationship

between work and academic performance among students. For example, a study by

Wang and Castañeda (2019) found that working status did not significantly affect

the academic performance of undergraduate students in the United States.

In conclusion, the relationship between work and academic performance

among students is complex and can depend on several factors such as the number

of working hours, job type, and personal characteristics of the student. While some

studies have shown a negative impact of work on academic performance, other

studies have found no significant relationship. Therefore, it is important for

students to carefully consider the potential impact of work on their academic

Cagayan State University - Andrews Campus College of Teacher Education

performance and develop effective strategies to manage their time and

responsibilities.

Overall, personal variables can play an important role in how working

students balance their academic and work responsibilities and achieve positive

outcomes. Students who possess strong time-management skills, motivation, and

self-efficacy are more likely to succeed in both domains.

Types of working Students

There are different types of working students based on their employment

status and work hours.

Student - Aide

Working while studying has become a common practice for many students

in order to support themselves financially and reduce the burden of student loans.

However, the added responsibilities of work can negatively impact their academic

performance and increase their stress levels. To address this issue, many

universities and colleges offer student aide programs for working students.

One such program is the Federal Work-Study Program (FWSP), which

provides part-time jobs for eligible students with financial need. The program

offers students the opportunity to earn money to help pay for their education while

gaining valuable work experience. According to a study by the National Bureau of

Cagayan State University - Andrews Campus College of Teacher Education

Economic Research, participation in the FWSP has a positive effect on students'

academic and career outcomes (Schanzenbach & Rouse, 2006).

Another program is the Student Employment Office (SEO) at Georgetown

University, which offers a variety of part-time jobs to help students finance their

education. The SEO provides job counseling, job postings, and assistance with

resume writing and interview preparation. A study by the National Association of

Student Personnel Administrators found that students who participated in the SEO

had a higher graduation rate than those who did not (NASPA, 2012).

In addition to these programs, some universities offer scholarships

specifically for working students. For example, the University of California,

Berkeley offers the Working Student Scholarship, which provides financial

assistance to students who work at least 15 hours per week while enrolled full-

time. The scholarship covers tuition and fees, as well as a living stipend (UC

Berkeley, n.d.).

Overall, student aide programs for working students can provide much-

needed financial assistance and support while also helping students maintain their

academic performance. These programs can also provide valuable work experience

and career development opportunities.

Household Help

Recent studies have shown that hiring household help can have a positive

impact on working students. According to a study by the International Journal of

Cagayan State University - Andrews Campus College of Teacher Education

Humanities and Social Science Research, hiring a domestic worker can help

working students manage their time more effectively and reduce their stress levels.

The study found that students who hired domestic help reported higher levels of

academic achievement and overall well-being compared to those who did not

(Ogundipe & Ola, 2016).

However, it is important to note that hiring household help can be costly

and may not be an option for all working students. In addition, there are ethical

considerations related to hiring domestic workers, such as ensuring fair wages and

working conditions.

Overall, hiring household help can be a beneficial option for working

students who are struggling to balance their academic, work, and household

responsibilities. However, it is important to consider the financial and ethical

implications of hiring domestic workers.

Part time Employment

Part-time work for students has become increasingly popular in recent

years due to the rising cost of tuition fees and living expenses. Many students now

seek part-time employment to supplement their income while studying. In this

review of related literature, we will explore the benefits and challenges of part-

time work for students, as well as the impact it can have on their academic

performance.

The Impact of Part-Time Work on Students' Academic Achievement

Cagayan State University - Andrews Campus College of Teacher Education

A Meta-Analysis by Xuewei Chen and Shuangshuang Xu, published in the

Journal of Educational Psychology in 2019. This study conducts a meta-analysis of

the impact of part-time work on students' academic achievement. The findings

suggest that working part-time has a negative impact on academic achievement,

particularly for students who work more than 20 hours per week.

The Effects of Part-Time Work on High School Students

A Review of the Literature by Rachel Gali Cinamon and Rona Flum,

published in the Journal of Education and Work in 2015. This study reviews the

literature on the effects of part-time work on high school students, including

academic achievement, psychological well-being, and career development. The

findings suggest that working part-time has both positive and negative effects on

these outcomes, and that the impact may vary depending on the individual and the

job.

Part-Time Employment and High School Students

A Review of the Literature by Michael J. Handel and Richard Arum,

published in the Journal of Youth and Adolescence in 2013. This study reviews the

literature on the relationship between part-time employment and high school

students, including academic achievement, social development, and future career

prospects. The findings suggest that working part-time has mixed effects on these

outcomes, and that the impact may depend on factors such as job quality and the

student's motivation.
Cagayan State University - Andrews Campus College of Teacher Education

The Impact of Part-Time Work on College Students

A Review by David Stern and Nicole M. Nakamura, published in the Journal

of College Student Development in 2017. This study reviews the literature on the

impact of part-time work on college students, including academic achievement,

psychological well-being, and career development. The findings suggest that

working part-time has both positive and negative effects on these outcomes, and

that the impact may depend on factors such as job quality and the student's

motivation.

The Effect of Part-Time Work on the Mental Health of College Students

A Meta-Analysis by Xiaoyan Li and Yan Zhang, published in the Journal of

Vocational Behavior in 2019. This study conducts a meta-analysis of the impact of part-

time work on the mental health of college students. The findings suggest that working

part-time has a negative impact on mental health, particularly for students who work more

than 20 hours per week.

Cagayan State University - Andrews Campus College of Teacher Education

Chapter 3

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

This chapter presents the research design used by the researchers, locale of

the study, respondents and sampling procedure, research instrument, data

gathering procedure, and the statistical tools to treat and interpret the data.

Research Design

This study will apply correlational method. It is a design that tries to

explain the relationship between two or more variables without making any claims

about cause and effect.

It includes collecting and analyzing data on at least two variables to see if

there is a link between them.

Locale of the Study

The study is conducted at Cagayan State University Andrews Campus. In

this study the researchers will focus on the College of Teacher Education 3rd year

working students particularly those students who are working inside and outside

the University.
Cagayan State University - Andrews Campus College of Teacher Education

Research Instrument

The study employed correlational method, which consist of two research

instruments. First, to gather data from the respondents, the researchers used a

modified checklist questionnaire as a survey tool on the time management

practices and academic performance of the working students. The validated

questionnaire specifically includes a Likert scale table to find if there is a link

between the the dependent and independent variables.

Data Gathering Procedure

For the purpose of this research, the data will be collected through survey

questionnaire. Our target respondents are the 3 rd year working students of the

college of teacher education. To collect the data, first we will conduct an online

survey on the 3rd year students of College of Teacher Education to identify who

are the working students. After identifying our respondents, we will float our

research questionnaire.

Data Analysis

To analyze the data collected on time management practices and it's

relationship to academic performance of working students, we employ

correlational analysis. Pearson’s correlation coefficient is used to determine the

strength and direction of the relationship between time management practices

academic performance.
Cagayan State University - Andrews Campus College of Teacher Education
Cagayan State University - Andrews Campus College of Teacher Education

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Cagayan State University - Andrews Campus College of Teacher Education

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Cagayan State University - Andrews Campus College of Teacher Education

Republic of the Philippines

CAGAYAN STATE UNIVERSITY
Andrews Campus
Tuguegarao City, Cagayan
COLLEGE OF TEACHER EDUCATION

Dear respondents,

We, the BTLED students are currently conducting a research study etitled
"TIME MANAGEMENT PRACTICES AND IT'S RELATIONSHIP TO
ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE OF WORKING STUDENTS IN THE
COLLEGE OF TEACHER EDUCATION" in fullfilment of our requirements
for Research.
In connection to this, may we request for your time and cooperation to be
the respondents of our study for the fulfillment and realization of our research's
objectives. We are asking your full support by answering the questions related to
the above research title.
Attached is a questionnaire for you to accomplish.
Cagayan State University - Andrews Campus College of Teacher Education

Rest assured that the information that you provide will be kept confidential.

Very truly yours,

JUDILYN G. BACCAY
LALAINE C. BALWANG
RAYMEL M. LIBUNAO
MYRA T. PASINOS
RIO JEAN A. VIERNES

QUESTIONNAIRE - CHECKLIST OF TIME MANAGEMENT PRACTICES

AND IT'S RELATIONSHIP TO ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE OF WORKING

STUDENTS IN THE COLLEGE OF TEACHER EDUCATION

Section 1: Demographic Information

Name: ________________(optional)

Age: ______

Gender: ______

Academic level: ______

Course/Program: _____________________________

First semester Average grade (GPA scale): _______

Are you currently employed?

(Yes/No)
 Cagayan State University - Andrews Campus College of Teacher Education

 If yes, please provide the number of hours you work per week: _______

Section 2: Factors

Direction: Please indicate your agreement with the following statements on a scale

of 1 to 5, where: 1 (Strongly Disagree), 2 (Disagree), 3 (Neutral), 4 (Agree), 5

(Strongly Agree)

Time Planning 5 4 3 2 1
1. I have set of goals for each week ready at the beginning of the
week.
2. I have spent time each day for planning.
3. I make a list of the things I must do each day.
4. I make the schedule of activities to do on school days/workdays.
5. I have a clear idea of what you want to accomplish during the next
week.
6. I have a set of goals for the entire quarter/semester.
7. I have a clip of xerox articles which, although not presently
important to you, maybe in the future.
 Cagayan State University - Andrews Campus College of Teacher Education

8. I can usually accomplish my goals for a given week.

9. I have defined my short-term and long-term goals
I have identified my top priorities
I have created a to-do list for the day
I organized my task by priority
I have allocated specific time slots for each task
I have reviewed and adjusted my goals for the week
I have scheduled time for important projects
Time Attitudes
1. I have several items to do.
2. I set deadlines for myself for completing work.
3. I try to schedule my best hours for my demanding work.
4. I keep my important dates (e.g. exam dates, research paper due
dates, etc.) on a single calendar.
5. I set and honor priorities.
6. I believe that there is a room for improvement in the way I manage
my time.
7. I am able to make minor decisions quickly.
8. I usually keep my desk clear of everything other than what am I
currently working on.
I perceived time as a valuable resource
I am aware of how you spend your time each day
I make an effort to be punctual for appointments and commitments
I am proactive in tackling tasks and avoiding procrastination
I recognize when I'm procrastinating and take steps to overcome it
I am conscious of how much time is required for different activities
I accurately estimate the time needed for tasks and projects
I am continually working on improving your time management skills
I seek out and implement time-saving techniques and strategies
I am skilled at identifying and focusing on high-priority tasks
 Cagayan State University - Andrews Campus College of Teacher Education

I avoid getting caught up in low-value activities

I am able to manage stress effectively, even when facing time
constraints
I practice relaxation techniques to maintain a healthy attitude toward
time
I am flexible when plans change or unexpected events occur
I handle disruptions to my schedule with a positive attitude
I ensure that your daily activities align with my long-term goals
I am mindful of how my usage of time impacts my aspirations
I avoid overloading myself with too many tasks simultaneously
I am aware of when multitasking is productive or counterproductive
I invest my time in activities that bring personal and professional
growth
Time Wasting
I am aware of my most common time-wasting behaviors
I am aware of the underlying reasons for my procrastination
1. I do things as they naturally occur to me, without an effort to make
a plan in advance and compulsive.
2. I often find myself doing things which interfere with my
schoolwork simply because I hate to say “no” to people.
3. I find myself waiting a lot without anything to do.
4. I continue unprofitable routines or activities
I often delay important tasks or decisions
I frequently checking social media or email during work hours
I use smartphone apps or websites mindlessly
I am easily distracted by external stimuli or interruptions
I struggle to maintain concentration on a single task
I spend excessive time trying to make things perfect
I engaged in activities that serve no real purpose, such as excessive
TV or gaming
 Cagayan State University - Andrews Campus College of Teacher Education

I repeat the same time-wasting behaviors without learning from them