Learning Competencies and Tasks

April 27 to April 30, 2020

Subject: Contemporary World

Learning Competencies:
1. 1. Display first-hand knowledge of the experiences of OFWs
2. Understand the different types of migration
3. Explain the cost and benefits of the country’s labor export policy

Major Concepts (Topic Outline):

I. Global Migration
a. Types of migration
b. Benefits and detriments of global migration
c. Globalization and transnational labor migration
d. Case of labor export in the Philippines

Topic Content:
Global Migration
Words to go by:
 MIGRANT – A person who moves from one place to another,
especially in order to find work or better living conditions.
 REFUGEE – A person who has been forced to leave their country in
order to escape war, persecution, or natural disaster.
 DIASPORA – The dispersion of any people from their original
homeland.
Diaspora – the movement of a community of migrants bound by a
common cultural heritage and/or home country. Bolstered by
advances in transportation and communication and an increasingly
mobile workforce, globalization is contributing to the rise of
interconnected societies and economies. As a result, developing
countries in need of financing can look to expatriates in wealthy
countries for support. This is the idea behind issuing diaspora bonds,
in which migrants receive discounts on government debt from their
home countries. India and Israel have had successful issuances of
diaspora bonds, with expatriates from each country investing billions
of dollars.

 Remittances – money sent by migrants to their home countries

GLOBAL MIGRATION
- A situation in which people go to live in foreign countries, especially in
order to find work. Most global migration is from developing
countries to developed ones.

TYPES OF MIGRATION:
1. INTERNAL MIGRATION – It is the moving within a state, country, or
continent.
2. EXTERNAL MIGRATION – It is the moving in a different state, country,
or continent.
3. EMIGRATION – It is the leaving of one’s country to move to another.
(Ex. Leaving Philippines for United States)
4. IMMIGRATION – It is the moving in from a country to a new one.
 5. POPULATION TRANSFER – It is when a government pushed or forces a
large group of people out of a country or region. This is usually based
on ethnicity or religion. It is also otherwise known as an forced
migration or involuntary migration.
6. IMPELLED MIGRATION – It is also called an imposed
migration or reluctant migration. A group of people or an individual
leaves a country or region because of unfavorable situations due to
political, religious, social factors.
7. STEP MIGRATION – It is a progressive step by step migration from a
shorter distance to a rather farther destination in the end. (Ex. from city
to province to capital to abroad, out of the country.)
8. CHAIN MIGRATION – It is a series or connection of migration within a
family or a defined group of people like ethnicity. It begins with one
individual who brings in other family members after sometime. (Ex.
Chinatowns)
9. INTERCONTINENTAL – It is the movement of people between
continents. (ex. Philippines to United States)
10. INTRA-CONTINENTAL -It is the movement of people between
countries on a given continent. (ex. Philippines to Singapore)
11. INTERREGIONAL – It is the movement of people within
countries. It is domestic in nature that is migration from rural to
urban and vice versa. This is usually the movement of people from the
countryside to cities in search of opportunities. (Ex. Cebu Philippines to
Manila Philippines)
12. SEASONAL MIGRATION – This is usually due to climate or
planting reasons. People in the past move from one place to another for
the purpose of crop planting and harvesting. At present, people move
from one place to the other because of climate. Some retirees move
from one place to the other during winter season.
13. RETURN MIGRATION – Some people returns to the country or
place of origin after outliving the reasons for which they left in the first
place. Many young Filipinos move to United States to find a better place
to earn a living. Ultimately as they retire, they sometimes tend to
retire in the Philippines because of their attachments to family and
friends perhaps.

THE GLOBAL MIGRATION GROUP (GMG):

- The Global migration group also known as GMG is an inter-agency
group bring together heads of agencies to promote the wider application
of all relevant international and regional instruments and norms relating
to migration, and to encourage the adaptation of more coherent,
comprehensive and better coordinated approaches to the issue of
international migration. In addition to that, The GMG is particularly
concerned with improving the overall effectiveness of its members
and other stakeholders in capitalizing upon the opportunities and
responding to the challenges presented by international migration.

BENEFITS AND DETRIMENTS FOR THE SENDING COUNTRIES:

1. GHOSTS VERSUS ZOMBIES - When certain poor countries
experience a contraction of their economies, then it may make
 economic sense for them to lose some population as economic
opportunities within those areas have declined. If people are free to
leave, these places become ghosts of their past selves: doing fine, but
not thriving. This is regrettable, but not as bad as the alternative: if
people aren’t allowed to leave, the places become “zombies” with
terrible living conditions.
2. REMITTANCES - sent by migrants to their family, friends, and local
communities, together constitute a much larger fraction of global
financial flows than all foreign aid.
3. INCENTIVES FOR HUMAN CAPITAL DEVELOPMENT - With the option
of migrating to a country where high-paying high-skilled jobs are
available, people may pay more attention to developing high skills. Some
of these people may ultimately choose not to migrate for personal or
family reasons.
4. EXIT AND COMPETITIVE GOVERNMENT - The threat of exit leads to
more competitive government. Rulers who know that their subjects can
quit are more constrained in the policies they can adopt.
5. BRAIN DRAIN - When high-skilled immigrants leave poor countries
for richer ones, this further impoverishes their source countries.
6. DELAY TO POLITICAL FORM - If people have the option of exiting
immigrant-sending countries, that reduces the pressure for political
reform in immigrant-sending countries.

GLOBALization and TRANSNATIONAL LABOR MIGRATION

- Studies on Philippine migration likewise acknowledge the vital role
performed by families in the migratory process. These studies take
as points of departure the concepts of obligation and reciprocity.
Specific to the Philippines, assistance patterns within families are
reciprocal and thus carry a sense of obligation, or utang na loob
(translated as a debt of prime obligation). In addition, the social
organization of personal obligations is amplified because kinship
ties are composed of extended family members, including
godparents who become "part of the family" through baptisms or
weddings. Filipinos are expected to repay these social debts.
Failure to do so may result in being regarded as walang hiya (i.e.,
without shame), and may be accompanied by ridicule or alienation.
The concepts of utang na loob and hiya are perceived to carry
immense pressures and obligations within the household and
to greatly inform the migration decision-making process.
- As Pessar (1999: 582) contends, critics have objected to the
notion that migrant households are organized solely on principles
of reciprocity, consensus and altruism. To this end, researchers
have challenged the presumption that migrant households and
especially those residing in lesser developed regions, are undivided
by age, gender or family status. As Hondagneu-Sotelo (1994: 55)
 explains, migration is driven by collective calculations or
household-wide strategies becomes increasingly difficult to
sustain. Apart from the danger in reifying family strategies,
household approaches characteristically fail to articulate the

substantial activities of government and private institutions. The

opportunity to migrate is often taken as given; individual migrants
are presumed a priori to be able to pick and choose among a
myriad of destinations.

CASE OF LABOR EXPORT IN THE PHILIPPINES

➔ Philippines is one of the top 10 emigration countries in the
world, and its development of migration is associated with the
larger picture of world trends. Philippines has become an exporter
of goods, particularly its citizen. According to Commission on
Filipino Overseas (2010), there were around 8.6 million Overseas
Filipinos as of December 2009, this is more than 10 percent of its
population. Among these Overseas Filipinos, 4.1 million were
permanent migrants, 3.8 million were temporary, and 0.66 million
were irregulars .They lived in 214 countries; United States, Saudi
Arabia, Canada, the United Arab Emirates, Australia, Malaysia,
Japan, United Kingdom, Hong Kong, and Singapore being the top
10.
➔ The government adopted the labor export program in 1974 as a
stop-gap measure to ease unemployment and foreign exchange
problems, but Philippine economy has become heavily dependent
on remittances.
➔ The Labor Export Policy of the Philippines aims to protect and
support its migrant workers. The government established the
Philippine Overseas Employment Administration (POEA) in
order to provide contract labor directly to foreign employers,
maritime, agencies and governments. Filipinos must go through a
licensed recruiter or a government agency or have their contracts
approved by POEA. Whether recruited privately or by government
agency, workers and recruiters enter into a contract that is
enforceable under Philippine Law
➔ At the same time that the government seeks to open official
access to foreign labor markets, it also tries to prevent its
citizens from using unregulated channels to migrate. The
government prohibits its citizens from overstaying a visa in a host
country and maintains a list of workers banned from future
contracts, in part to support its efforts to market Filipinos abroad
as a high-quality "brand name" of migrant labor.
➔ Migrant Workers and Overseas Filipinos Act of 1995 (RA 8042)
seeks to deliver and provide full protection and promote full and
equal employment opportunities for migrant workers. According to
 POEA, the act is intended for the assurance of the dignity,
fundamental human rights, and freedom of Filipino citizens. It
protects Filipino labor migrants from issues such as illegal
recruitment and abuse by their employers.
◆ To prevent illegal recruitment: issuance of travel
advisories & information dissemination on labor and
employment conditions and migration to be published thrice
a quarter in a general circulation newspaper; creation of the
Migrant Workers Loan Guarantee Fund for pre-departure
and family loans of migrant workers
◆ To aid migrant workers in distress in their host
countries: creation of Emergency Repatriation Fund for
repatriation of migrant workers in times of war, epidemic,
disasters (natural or manmade), etc.
◆ To enforce migrant workers’ rights in their host
countries: establishment of
● Migrant Workers and Other Overseas Filipinos
Resource Center which will provide, among many
others, counsel and legal services, welfare assistance
(medical services), post-arrival orientation, settlement
and community networking services, human resource
development (skills training), monitoring of daily
situations of migrant workers, etc.;
● Rights and Enforcement Mechanisms Under
International Human Rights Systems by the DFA
(which will see to it that Filipino migrant workers who
are victims of abuse and violation will receive the
treatment they deserve under international human
rights systems)
◆ For returning Filipino migrant workers: establishment of
re-placement and monitoring center which will aid their
reintegration into the Philippine society by developing
livelihood programs and promoting their local employment,
among other services
◆ Legal Services: creation of Legal Assistance Fund that will
be used exclusively to provide legal services to Filipino
migrant workers and overseas Filipinos in distress

➔ By migrating officially, migrants receive a number of subsidized

benefits, which are administered by the Overseas Workers
Welfare Administration (OWWA):
◆ pre-migration training on social and work conditions abroad,
◆ life insurance and pension plans,
◆ medical insurance and tuition assistance for the migrant
and his or her family,
◆ and eligibility for pre-departure and emergency loans.
➔ The government's policies have been more reasonable: it has
maintained a market-based exchange rate, worked to make
sending remittances via private banks cheaper and easier, and
 even offered tax-free investment programs aimed at overseas
workers.
➔ Many of the support services the government provides are also
intended to:
◆ promote continued ties with the homeland,
◆ sponsor tours of Philippine entertainers and supports
schools in areas overseas with high concentrations of
migrants
◆ psychological counseling services, that emphasize
maintenance of "Filipino values" are offered through a
network of offices abroad
◆ allow overseas workers to vote in national elections,
◆ support the return of migrant workers part of its policy
priorities
◆ started profitable duty-free shops for returned migrants as
recognition to the propensity for migrants to return with
substantial amounts of foreign goods,
◆ Other privileges granted to returning migrants include tax-
free shopping for one year, loans for business capital at
preferential rates, and eligibility for subsidized scholarships.

Advocates for migrants charge that the government's efforts to protect official
migrants have been inadequate and that it has ignored the abuse and
trafficking of irregular migrants.

● Even by official estimates, undocumented workers

constitute a large percentage of Filipinos abroad and
most of them work in extremely vulnerable sectors, such
as domestic work.
● A significant number of female migrants become victims of
traffickers and are forced into the sex industry.
● They lament the growth of a culture in which work abroad
is viewed as the only way up, and they worry that the best-
educated young Filipinos are often found working
abroad.
● Equally seriously, critics claim that the extended absence of
migrant parents has deprived Filipino children of
parental support and guidance.
● The poorest Filipinos are rarely able to migrate and
studies show that migration aggravates income inequality
in the Philippines.

The Philippine government has been unable to eliminate unwanted forms

of emigration and when it has adopted coercive policies toward migrants, they
have largely failed. Where it has understood the behavior of migrants, worked
with that behavior, and given them positive incentives and support, its policies
have fared much better.

-----------------END OF NOTES-------------------
Activities/Tasks:
Activity 1:
Read the reading material on Global Migration and answer the different guiding
light questions.
1. What are the positive and negative impacts of the labor export policy to
the Philippines?
2. Give your own example (1 example) on the different types of migration.
3. Given the chance to go and live in other country? What country would
you choose and why?
4. Discuss the positive and negative impacts of the labor export policy to
the Philippines
5. Enumerate the different Labor Export policies of the Philippines

Activity 2:
Listen and reflect to these migrant-themed songs and discuss how their
concerns can be solved:
a. Gloc9’s “Walang Natira,”
b. Leon Gieco’s “De Igual a Igual,”
c. Rise Against’s “Prayer of the Refugee, and
d. Coldplay’s “Aliens”.

Guide questions:
1. Write your own reflections on these migrant-themed songs
a. Gloc9’s “Walang Natira,”
b. Leon Gieco’s “De Igual a Igual,”
c. Rise Against’s “Prayer of the Refugee, and
d. Coldplay’s “Aliens”.

2. What are the concerns of the different songs? Discuss how these
concerns can be solved.
a. Gloc9’s “Walang Natira,”
b. Leon Gieco’s “De Igual a Igual,”
c. Rise Against’s “Prayer of the Refugee, and
d. Coldplay’s “Aliens”.

REMINDERS:
- (if the question calls for you opinion please try to answer it on your own
and do not again cut and paste from the internet or from the outputs of
your classmates since handouts and reading materials was already
provided for you, unless the questions calls for an extra effort to research)

-Please do the tasks on your own, remember this online learning is for you
to learn. This is where your values and attitude will be tested as the saying
goes: the basis of one’s character is based from what he/she does when
nobody sees him/her.
-Please upload the file per week using One (1) file only covering the 3 tasks.
Label your file with your family name and title of the output example: Jane
Doe April 27 to 30

-Please end it through private message in the google classroom activity

named: April 27 to 30 Activity and if possible submit it on or before May 5,
2020,.
-IF you don’t have a laptop, you may type it or you may do
handwritten, take a photo of it and send in the private message of the
created activity for that week.

-If the INSTRUCTION is unclear, re-read and understand the guidelines, if

still unclear. Please feel free to ask questions through PM in the google
classroom but please do not ask me a leading question which defeats the
purpose of online learning. Some of you message me directly asking
questions which is already in the notes or can be defined using a
dictionary, even on how to answer the questions which was already in the
instruction. Some even doesn’t know how to use greetings like Good
Morning or Good afternoon.

-Please do not let online learning make you forget your GMRC. You
may have a high grades but still in the real world your character is
very important ;) Make this online as a challenge on your part to be a
better person willing to do and sacrifice everything because you have a
goal that you wanted to achieve. I will just be right here to guide you
on that and in the near future you will get what you deserve and what
you have been working for which is also a self-fulfillment on my part
to be seeing you successful in your endeavor. I MISS YOU ALL, Kahit
di niyo ako namiss ;)