Human Migration

Labour Migration - movement of persons from one state to another, or within their own country or residence, for the
purpose of employment.

Migration
 Migration is the process of moving from one place to another with the intent to settle, either permanently or
temporarily.
 The word migration derives from the Latin verb migrare, meaning “to move from one place to another.”

TYPES OF MIGRATION

1. Chain Migration
- is a process whereby people migrate to a new location in groups, often following family or friends who
have already made the move.
- reason they migrate is that it can be cheaper than migrating alone. When people migrate in groups, they
can often pool resources and share costs, making the overall journey more affordable.
- migrants often move to the same neighborhoods of other expatriates, creating clusters such as a ‘Little
Italy’ or ‘Chinatown’ within a city.

2. Cyclical Migration
- a type of migration pattern in which people move back and forth between two or more destinations over a
period of time.
- can be motivated by a variety of factors, including economic opportunities, family ties, and cultural
attachments.
- this migration that occurs for economic reasons often takes place during seasons. People will migrate
during harvest seasons to get work, then return to their homeland once the harvest is over.

3. Economic Migration
- refers to the movement of people from one place to another in order to find work or improve their standard
of living.
- people engage in economic migration for the reasons, including poverty in their homeland, lack of
employment opportunities, and natural disasters that have devastated their home economies.

4. Environmental Migration
- defined as the movement of people from one place to another due to environmental factors such as climate
change, natural disasters and pollution.

5. External Migration
- refers to any movement of people from one country to another.
- can be motivated by a variety of factors, including economic opportunities, family ties, and cultural
attachments.

6. Internal Migration
- refers to the movement of people within a country or a migration within a territory.
- people may internally migrate for economic, political, social or for environmental reasons.

7. Interregional Migration
- a sub-category of internal migration. It describes the movement of people from one region of a country to
another.
- may take place due to economic factors (e.g. one state is more prosperous than another), to follow family
(chain migration), or for lifestyle factors.

8. Intraregional Migration
- another sub-category of internal migration. It describes short-distance migrations within the same region of
a country.
- this can happen for a variety of reasons, including due to economic pressures, for quality of life, or to be
closer to family.
- A quintessential example of intraregional migration is the movement of young adults from the suburbs
where they grew up into nearby cities to attend university and pursue a career.

9. Forced Migration
- refers to a migration to which people are displaced against their will, often due to conflict or natural
disaster. Forced migrant is often treated with most sympathy by host nations because their migration was
not of their choosing and may be displaced within their own countries (internally displaced persons) or
across international borders (refugees and asylum seekers).
10. Step Migration

- a migration journey that occurs in several stages.

- originally conceptualized by Ernst Ravenstein in 1885 as migration of people from rural areas of a country
to cities via outer suburbs. They would first move to the suburbs to begin integration, where it’s cheaper,
before taking the final step into urban areas.
- Example of step migration is someone seeking to move to a desirable country such as the USA, but only
being able to find a job in an undesirable area of the country. They agree to work in the less desirable area
for a number of years to secure residency before moving on to their preferred area of the country once
they have obtained access.

11. Transnational Migration

- defined as the movement of people from one country to another in order to live and work while maintaining
strong ties to their homeland.
- become increasingly common in recent years as globalization has made it easier for people to move back
and forth between countries. Transnational migrants often send money back to support their families or
return to visit them regularly.

12. Voluntary Migration

- defined as the movement of people from one place to another in which they have chosen to make the
journey, as opposed to being forced to migrate due to factors such as conflict or natural disaster.
- people choose to migrate for a variety of reasons, such as seeking better economic opportunities,
fleeing persecution or violence, reuniting with loved ones, due to the love of a different culture, or the
desire for adventure.

Causes of Migration

 Unemployment
 Overpopulation
 Insufficient Medical Care
 Natural Disaster such as Drought or Flooding
 Conflict and Wars
 Pollution
 High Crime Rates
 Poverty
 Wish for a Better Future
 To Reunite or Join Family
 Travelling

Effects of Migration

Positive Side
 Better Economic Opportunities
 Chance to Escape Extreme Poverty
 Better Education Opportunities
 Higher Quality of Life
 Better Medical Conditions
 Better Social and Political Security
 Low Crime Rates
 A Way to Explore Different Cultures and Enjoy Life

Negative Side
 Communication Problem Due To Language Barrier
 Homelessness
 Poverty
 Lack of Job Opportunities
 Adjustments to Different Cultures
 Higher Population Density
 Racism
 Discrimination

Submitted by:
Aiko Moreno
Princess Dianne Pinuela
Sandara Sabdula

Submitted to:
Ronel Gevero