Formalist Functionalist

(Chomsky) (Hymes, 1972)

3. Stubbs 1983: 36 Presentation: fluency is

the ability to handle
con- nected discourse in
real time without prior
rehearsal;
Significance: it is the
ability to improvise,
maintain continuity in
speech and
comprehension,
respond immediately to
unexpected utterances,
make rapid changes of
topic and speaker, and
so on
Implication: the notion
of fluency must be
added to the abilities of
an actual speaker

2. (Canale and Swain 1980) Presentation: These

rules are sociolinguistic
and discoursal:
Significance: they
ensure social
 acceptabil- ity, on the
one hand, and
discourse coherence, on
the other
Implication: The
selection of the
appropriate sequence
depends on a
knowledge of 'speaking
rules' prevalent in the
culture or language
community

1. Corder says (1973: 92) Presentation: a matter of

‘competence' in language to be
able to produce appropriate
utterances as grammatical ones
Significance: The learner must. .
. develop the ability to produce
and understand grammatical
utterances... but he must also
know when to select a
particular grammatical
sequence,
Implication: the one which is
appropriate to the context, both
linguistic and situational.