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168 Topic P1 — Energy 167

Kinetic
Energy
and Potential
Stores and
Energy
Systems
Stores
NowEnergy
you've isgot yourused
never headup
around energy
. Instead it's jstores , it's time between
ust transferred to see how you can
different calculate
energy theand
stores amount of energy
different obj ects...
in three of the most common ones — kinetic, gravitational potential and elastic potential energy stores.
Energy is Transferred Between Stores
Movement Means Energy in an Object's Kinetic Energy Store
When energy is transferred to an obj ect, the energy is stored in one of the obj ect's energy stores.
1) Anything
The energy that is moving 1)
stores has energy
Thermalinenergy
its kinetic energy store. Energy5)is transferred
stores Chemical energy to thisstores
store
whenneed
you an obj to ect
know speeds
are: up and is transferred away from this store when an obj ect slows down.
2) Kinetic energy stores 6) Magnetic energy stores
2) The energy in the kinetic energy store depends on the obj ect’s mass and speed.
The greater its mass and3) theGravitational potential
faster it’s going, energy
the more stores
energy 7) be
there will Electrostatic
in its kineticenergy
energy stores
store.
3) There’s a slightly tricky formula 4) Elastic potential
for it, so youenergy stores 8) Nuclear energy stores
EX AM PL E
Energy
have to isconcentrate
transferredamechanically
little bit harder (byfor
a force doing work), electrically (work done
this one. |
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You may also see therm

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by moving charges), by heating or by radiation (e.g. light, Ap.220, car of or sound ). kg is travelling

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mass 2500 20s m/s. al
energyatstore

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called
Kinetic energy (J )
k
2
(Speed) 2E = ½mv Calculate the energy in its kineticinter energy
nal enerstore.
gy stores.

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When a System Changes , Energy (m/s) 2is Transferred
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Ek = ½ × 2500 × 202 = 500 000 J
Mass (kg)
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½mv2 means ½ × m × v2.

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1) A system is j ust a fancy word for a single obj ect (e.g. the air in a piston)
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or a group of obj ects (e.g. two colliding vehicles) that you're interested in.
2) When a system changes, energy is transferred. It can be transferred into or away from the
Raisedsystem,
Objects Store
between Energy
different obj ectsin in Gravitational
the system or between Potential Energy
different types Stores
of energy stores.
1) 3) Closed
Lifting an obj systems
ect in aare systems where
gravitational neither matter
field requires work. nor Thisenergy
causescan enter orofleave
a transfer .
energy
Thegravitational
to the net change potential
in the total energy
energy of a closed
(g.p.e.) store ofsystem is always
the raised zero.
obj ect.
The higher the obj ect is lifted, the more energy is transferred to this store.
Energy can be Transferred
2) The amount of energy in a g.p.e. store depends by Heating ...
g.p.e (J )
on the1) objTake
ect’sthemass
example of boiling
, its height and water E = mgh
in a kettle — you can think of the water as
the strength p
Height (m)
the systemfield
of the gravitational . Energythe objis ect
transferred to the water (from the kettle's heating element)
is in (p.202).
by heating , into the water's thermal energy store (causing the temperature
Mass (kg) of Gravitational
the water field).
to rise
3) You can use this equation to find the change in energy
strength (N/kg)
in an2)obj You
ect'scould also think
gravitational of the kettle's
potential heating
energy store forelement
a change andin the water
height , h .together as a
two-obj ect system. Energy is transferred electrically to the thermal energy store of the
Falling Objects Alsoelement,
kettle's heating Transfer
whichEnergy
transfers energy by heating to the water's thermal energy store.
1) ...or
Whenby something
Doingfalls Work , energy from its gravitational potential
energy store is transferred to its kinetic energy store.
1) Work done is
2) For a falling obj ect when j ust another
there'sway of resistance
no air saying energy
: transferred — they're the same thing.
2) Work can be done when current flows (work is done against resistance in a circuit, see p.179)
Energy
or bylost from moving
a force the g.p.e.an store
obj ect=(there’s
Energy more
gained oninthis
theonkinetic
page energy
203). store
GPE
3) InThe realinitial
life, air resistance
force exerted (p.210) acts to
by a person against allAfalling obj ectsfrom
ball dropped — a height is accelerated
it throw
causesa some energy to be transferred to other energy stores ,
ball upwards does work. It causes by gravity. The gravitational force does work. KE
e.g.
an the
energy thermal energy
transfer fromstores of the obj ect andItsurroundings
the chemical causes energy . to be transferred from
energy store of the person's arm to the the ball's gravitational potential energy
kinetic energy store of the ball and arm. storePotential
to its kinetic Energy
energy store.
Stretching can Transfer Energy to Elastic Stores gravitational force

StretchingThe or friction
squashing between
an objaect
car's
canbrakes andenergy
transfer its wheels
to does work as it slows down.
Spring constant (N/m)
its elasticItpotential
causes an energy
energy transfer
store . from the wheels’ kinetic energy frictional forces cause a
stores to the thermal energy hasstore Elastic potential
So long as the limit of proportionality notofbeen
the surroundings . transfer of energy
exceeded (p.205) energy in the elastic potential
energy (J ) E = ½ ke 2 (Extension) 2
e force between the car (m) 2
In a collision between a car and a stationary
energy store of a stretched spring can be found using: obj ect , the normal contact
and the obj ect does work. It causes energy to be transferred from the car's kinetic energy store
to other energy stores, e.g. the elastic potential and thermal energy stores of the obj ect
Make the and most of your
the car body. Somepotential
energy might also— jump on your
be transferred bed...
away by sound waves.
Wow, that's a lot of energy equations. Make sure you know how to use them, and remember that the energy
in an obj ect's kinetic energy store only changes if it’s changing its speed. Now have a crack at this question... Q1 Video
All this work, I can feel my energy stores being drained... Solution
Q1 A 2.0 kg obj ect is dropped from a height of 10 m.
Energy storesthe
Calculate popspeed
up everywhere in after
of the obj ect physics, thefallen
it has pesky5.0
scoundrels — make
m, assuming there sure
is noyou understand them.
air resistance.
Q1 GiveDescribe the energy
your answer transfers figures.
to 2 significant that occur g= when [3 marks] Q1
the wind causes a windmill to spin. [5 marks]
9.8 N/kg.
Video
Solution

Topic P1 — Energy Topic P1 — Energy