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Lesson 7 Cartesian Product Relations and Functions

Bachelor of Science in Accountancy (University of Saint Louis)

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MATHEMATICS in the MODERN WORLD First Semester SY 2021 – 2022 1

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LEARNING OUTCOMES
At the end of the lesson, the students should be able to:
1. Define a Cartesian product, a relation and a function;
2. Construct the Cartesian product of two sets or more;
3. Provide examples of relations and functions; and
4. Compare and contrast a relation and a function.

LESSON 7 Cartesian Product, Relations and Functions MIDTERM

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INTRODUCTION

The Cartesian product is named after René Descartes, whose formulation of analytic geometry gave
rise to the concept, which is further generalized in terms of direct product.

Source
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartesian_product

CARTESIAN PRODUCT, A x B
In sets, the order of elements is not important.
For example, the sets {1, 2, 3} and {3, 1, 2} are
equal to each other. However, there are instances
in mathematics where the order of elements is
important. For example, the pairs of numbers
with coordinates (4,5) and (5,4) represent
different points on the cartesian plane. This leads
to the concept of ordered pairs.
An ordered pair is defined as a pair of elements
that occur in particular order. Ordered pairs are
usually written in parentheses.
In the ordered pair (4, 5) the element 4 is called
the first entry or first component, and 5 is called
the second entry or second component of the
pair. Two ordered pairs (a, b) and (b, a) are equal
if and only if a = b.
Given two arbitrary sets A and B, the Cartesian
Product A × B is the set of all ordered pairs
(x, y) such that x ∈ A and y ∈ B.
A × B = {(x, y) / x ∈ A and y ∈ B}
The Cartesian product is also known as the
cross – product.
EXAMPLE 1
Write the cartesian product of
A = {2, 4, 6} and B = {2, 5}.
Solution:
A × B = { (2, 2), (2, 5), (4, 2), (4, 5), (6, 2), (6, 5)}
EXAMPLE 2
Let A = {H, T} and B = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}. Write the
cartesian product A × B and cartesian product B × A.
Solution:
A × B = {(H, 1), (H, 2), (H, 3), (H, 4), (H, 5),
(T, 1), (T, 2), (T, 3), (T, 4), (T, 5)}
B × A = {(1, H), (2, H), (3, H), (4, H), (5, H),
(1, T), (2, T), (3, T), (4, T), (5, T)}
As you can see from this example, the Cartesian
products A × B and B × A do not contain exactly the
same ordered pairs. So, in this case, A × B ≠ B × A.
Hence, the Cartesian product is not commutative.
EXAMPLE 3
Consider the sets C = {a, b, c, d} and E = {1, 2}. Write
the cross – product C × E.
Solution:
C × E = {(a, 1), (b, 1), (c, 1), (d, 1), (a, 2), (b, 2),
(c, 2), (d, 2)}
We can construct the Cartesian product of more than
two sets in a similar manner.
Let A1, A2, ..., An be a collection of sets. Then the
Cartesian product of these sets with this prescribed
the sets order is the set of ordered n-tuples:
A1 × A2 × ... × An = {(x1, x2, ..., xn) : xi ∈ Ai for
each i = 1,2, ..., n}

LESSON 7 Cartesian Product, Relations and Functions MIDTERM

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EXAMPLE 4 EXAMPLE 5
Consider the sets A = {2, 3, 5}, B = {5}. Find the Consider the sets A = {1, 3}, B = {3, 5, 7}. Find
following sets: (A × B) ∩ (A × B).
a. (A ⋃ B) × C
b. C × (A ∩ B) Solution
STEP 1
Solution Determine the following cross – products:
a. (A ⋃ B) × C A × B and B × A
STEP 1
Determine the union of sets A and B A × B = {1, 3} × {3, 5, 7}
(A ⋃B) × C = ({2, 3, 5} ⋃ {5}) × {a, b} A × B = {(1, 3), (1, 5), (1, 7), (3, 3), (3, 5), (3, 7)}
(A ⋃B) × C = {2, 3, 5} × {a, b}
B × A = {3, 5, 7} × {1, 3}
STEP 2 B × A = {(3, 1), (3, 3), (5, 1), (5, 3), (7, 1), (7, 3)}
Determine the cartesian product of sets {2, 3, 5}
and C STEP 2
(A ⋃B) × C = ({2, 3, 5} ⋃ {5}) × {a, b} Determine the intersection of A × B and B × A:
(A ⋃B) × C = {2, 3, 5} × {a, b} (A × B) ∩ (B × A) = { (3,3)}
(A ⋃B) × C = {(2, a), (2, b), (3, a), (3, b), (5, a), (5, b)}
Hence, the intersection of A × B and B × A is
{ (3,3)}.
b. C × (A ∩ B)
STEP 1
Determine the intersection of sets A and B
C × (A ∩ B) = {a, b} × ({2, 3, 5} ∩ {5}) EXAMPLE 6
C × (A ∩ B) = {a, b} × {5} Consider the sets A = {2, 3, 5}, B = {5} and
C= {a, b}. Write the cross – product A × B × C.
STEP 2
Determine the cartesian product of sets C and {5} Solution
C × (A ∩ B) = {a, b} × ({2, 3, 5} ∩ {5}) A × B × C = {(2, 5, a), (2, 5, b), (3, 5, a), (3, 5, b),
C × (A ∩ B) = {a, b} × {5} (5, 5, a), (5, 5, b)}
(A ⋃B) × C = {(a, 5), (b, 5)}

RELATIONS
Given two arbitrary sets A and B, a relation from A to B is a subset of A × B. A relation on A is a subset of
A × A.

Relation Representation
There are other ways to write the relation, apart from set notation, such as through tables, plotting it on
XY- axis or through mapping diagram.

Relation in Table Relation in Graph Relation in Mapping Diagram

LESSON 7 Cartesian Product, Relations and Functions MIDTERM

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EXAMPLE
Consider the sets A = {2, 4, 6} and B = {2, 5}.

A X B = { (2, 2), (2, 5), (4, 2), (4, 5), (6, 2), (6, 5)}

Define the elements of the following relations.

1. R1= {(x,y) / y > x}
2. R2= {(x,y) / x > y}
3. R3= {(x,y) / y = x}

Solution:
1. R1= {(x,y) / y > x} = {(2, 5), (4, 5)}
2. R2= {(x,y) / x > y} = {(4, 2), (6, 2), (6, 5)}
3. R3= {(x,y) / y = x} = {(2, 2)}

FUNCTIONS
A function f from X to Y is a relation from X to Y such that for each ordered pair (x,y), each first
coordinate x is paired to exactly one second coordinate y.

Note
A function is a subset of a relation. All functions are relations, but not all relations are functions.

EXAMPLE 1
Determine if each is a function or a relation.
1. A = {(1, 2), (2, 3), (3, 4), (4, 5)}
2. y = 3x + 5
3. x2 + y2 = 25
4. y>x–1

Solution
1. A = {(1,2), (2,3), (3,4), (4,5}
x y
1 2
2 3
3 4
4 5
From the table, each x-coordinate is paired exactly to one y-coordinate.
Hence, A = {(1,2), (2,3), (3,4), (4,5)} is a FUNCTION.

LESSON 7 Cartesian Product, Relations and Functions MIDTERM

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2. y = 3x + 5
Let’s try plugging values for x and determine the corresponding value for y. If x = 1, y = 8.
Do this for other values of x.
x y
1 8
2 11
3 14
4 17
From the table, we can see that for every value of x, there is a unique value of y. Hence, the
linear equation y = 3x + 5 is a FUNCTION.

3. x2 + y2 = 25
If we substitute 3 as the value of x in the above equation,
x2 + y2 = 25
(3)2 + y2 = 25
y2 = 25 - 9
2 2
√y2 = √16

y=±4
If x = 3, y = +4 and - 4. Since there are two values of y for a unique value of x,
then x2 + y2 = 25 is a RELATION.

4. y>x–1
There are several possible solutions for this inequality. Let us try the ordered pairs (2,3)
and (2,4).

If x = 2 and y = 3: If x = 2 and y = 4
3>2–1 4>2–1
3>1 ✓ 4>1 ✓
There is more than one possible value of y for each value of x.
Therefore, the inequality y > x – 1 is a RELATION.

EXAMPLE 2
Use the mapping below to
1. Determine whether the relation is a function.
2. Find the elements of A.
3. Find the elements of B.

SET A: Subject Number (x) SET B: Subject Code (y)

668
669
MATH 1013
673
678
968
SOMN 1013
969
970
822
GEOM 1013

1. MATH 1013 and SOMN 1013 have 4 and 3 subjects codes respectively. Each x – value is
not matched with only one y – value, hence this relation is not a function.
2. Set A contains the elements MATH 1013, SOMN 1013 and GEOM 1013.
3. Sets B contains the elements 668, 669, 673, 678, 968, 969, 970 and 822.

LESSON 7 Cartesian Product, Relations and Functions MIDTERM

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REFERENCES
Printed References
1. Quintos, R. et.al. (2019). Mathematics in the modern world. Bulacan: Saint Andrew Publishing
House.
2. Aufmann, R.N. et.al. (2018). Mathematics in the modern world. Manila: Rex Bookstore, Inc.
3. Reyes, J.A. (2018). Mathematics in the modern world. Manila: Unlimited Books Library Services
& Publishing Inc.

Electronic Resources
1. Lippman , David. Sets. Retrieved February 5, 2021 from http://
https://courses.lumenlearning.com/atd-hostos-introcollegemath/chapter/set-theory/
2. Khan Academy. Sets. Retrieved February 5, 2021 from
https://www.khanacademy.org/math/statistics-probability/probability-library/basic-set-
ops/v/intersection-and-union-of-sets
3. Pishro-Nik , Hossein. Introduction to probability: operations on sets. Retrieved February 5, 2021
from https://www.probabilitycourse.com/chapter1/1_2_2_set_operations.php
4. Svirin, A. Cartesian product. Retrieved September 20, 2021 from
https://math24.net/cartesian-product-sets.html

Learning Materials
1. Worksheet
2. Module

LESSON 7 Cartesian Product, Relations and Functions MIDTERM

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