Mathematics in the Modern World

First Semester SY 2018 – 2019

By: Erovita Teresita Bacud Agustin

 Chapter II
WEEK 5
Cartesian Product, Relations and Functions
Cartesian Product, A x B

Given two arbitrary sets A and B, the

Cartesian product A x B is the set of all
ordered pairs (x,y) such that x ∈ A and y ∈ B.
A X B = {(x, y) | x ∈ A and y ∈ B}
Example 1
Consider the sets A= {2,4,6} and B= {2, 5}.
Write the cross – product A X B.

Solution
A X B = { (2, 2), (2, 5), (4, 2), (4, 5), (6, 2), (6, 5)}
Example 2
Consider the sets C= {a,b,c,d} and E= {1, 2}. Write
the cross – product C X E.

Solution
C X E = { (a, 1), (b, 1), (c, 1), (d, 1), (a, 2), (b, 2), (c, 2), (d, 2)}
Example 3
Consider the sets A= {2,3,5}, B= {5} and C= {a, b}.
Write the cross – product A X B X C.

Solution
A X B X C = { (2,5,a), (2,5,b), (3,5,a), (3,5,b), (5,5,a), (5,5,b)}
Relation
Given two arbitrary sets A and B, a relation from
A to B is a subset of A X B. A relation on A is a
subset of A X A.

If x and y are elements of these sets and if a

relation exists between x and y, then we say that
x corresponds to y or that y depends on x and is
represented as the ordered pair of (x,y).
A relation may be associated to different
objects by:

a. one-to-one
b. one-to-many
c. many-to-one
d. many-to-many
Example
Consider the sets A= {2,4,6} and B= {2, 5}.
A X B = { (2, 2), (2, 5), (4, 2), (4, 5), (6, 2), (6, 5)}
Find the elements of the following relations.
a. R1= {(x,y) | x < y}
b. R2= {(x,y) | y < x}
c. R3= {(x,y) | y = x}
Answer:

Consider the sets A= {2,4,6} and B= {2, 5}.

A X B = { (2, 2), (2, 5), (4, 2), (4, 5), (6, 2), (6, 5)}
Find the elements of the following relations.
a. R1= {(x,y) | x < y} = {(2,5), (4,5)}
b. R2= {(x,y) | y < x} = {(4,2), (6,2), (6,5)}
c. R3= {(x,y) | y = x} = {(2,2)}
Function

A function f from X to Y is a relation from X to

Y such that each ordered pair (x,y), each first
coordinate x is paired to exactly one second
coordinate y.
A function Is a subset of a relation.

Domain- the set of all first coordinates

Range- the set of all second coordinates
A function can be described in the
following ways:

• Verbally
• Equations or formulas
• Diagrams
Example 1

Determine whether each of the following relations is

a function.

a. A = {(1,3), (2,4), (3,5), (4,6)}

b. B = {(-2,7), (-1,3), (0,1), (1,5), (2,5)}
c. C = {(3,0), (3,2), (7,4), (9,1)}
Answer:

a. A = {(1,3), (2,4), (3,5), (4,6)} – Function

b. B = {(-2,7), (-1,3), (0,1), (1,5), (2,5)} – Function

c. C = {(3,0), (3,2), (7,4), (9,1)} – not a function;

because it violates the definition of a function
Example 2

Determine if each is a function or a relation.

a. A = {(1,2), (2,3), (3,4), (4,5)}
b. y = 3x + 5
c. X2 + y2 = 9
d. y > x – 1
Solution
Determine if each is a function or a relation.
a. A = {(1,2), (2,3), (3,4), (4,5)} FUNCTION
b. y = 3x + 5 FUNCTION
c. x2 + y2 = 9 RELATION
d. y > x – 1 RELATION