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5. mdi, mokï lr.;a ;lafiarelrKh

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mokï lr.;a ;lafiarelrKh 6 - 13 fY%%a◊ i|yd jr®I 2017 iy bka b†˙hg l%%shd;aul ls¯u¶
hk pl%%f,aLh ^weuqKqu 02& wkqj fuu jevms<sfj< 2017 isg mdi,a moaO;sh ;=< l%%shd;aul
fjñka mj;S'

5.1 wruqKq
12 yd 13 fY%◊ %a j, bf.kqu ,nk isiqkaf.a w'fmd'i'^W'fm<& úNd.fha ° ueksh
fkdyels yelshd" ksmqK;d wd†h bf.kqï b.ekaùï l%%shdj,sh is≥flfrk w;r;=r
uek ne,Su;a ≥n,;d yd m%%n,;d y∫kdf.k ≥n,;d we;s isiqka isá;a kï tA i|yd
m%%;sfmdaIK jevigyka l%%shd;aul ls¯u;a fuys wruqK fõ' fuu jevms<sfj< hgf;a
mka;s ldurfha° bf.kqu ,nk úIhhka i|yd ;lafiarelrKh is≥lrkq ,nk w;r
isiqka úiska is≥ lrkq ,nk lKavdhï jHdmD;sh o ;lafiarelrKhg Ndckh flfr®'

5.2 ;lafiarelrKh is≥ flfrk wdldrh

5.2.1 mka;s ldurfha bf.kqu ,nk úIhhka i|yd ;lafiarelrKh

^w& mka;s ldurfha bf.kqu ,nk iEu úIhhla i|yd u jdrhlg tla
wjia:djla u.ska ;lafiarelrKh is≥ flfr®'
^wd& fuys° mdi, mokï lr.;a ;lafiarelrKh i|yd y∫kajd ° we;s bf.kqï
- b.ekaùï ;lafiarelrK m%%fNao Ndú; l< hq;=h'

w'fmd'i'^W'fm<& úNd.h - 2019 iy bka miqj meje;afjk úNd. i|yd m%%Yak m;%% jHQQyh yd uQQ,dlD;s m%%Yak
w'fmd'i'^W'fm<& úNd.h -‐ 2019 iy bka miqj meje;afjk úNd. i|yd m%Yak m;% jHQyh yd uQ,dlD;s m%Yak
- 4-4-
-
 ^we& mka;s ldurfha bf.kqu ,nk iEu úIhhla i|yd u jdrhlg ;lafiarelrK
wjia:d tl ne.ska 12 fY%%a◊fha jdr ;=k i|yd ;lafiarelrK wjia:d
03la o" 13 fY%%a◊fha 1 yd 2 jdr i|yd ;lafiarelrK wjia:d 02la o jYfhka
wjqre≥ fol i|yd ;lafiarelrK wjia:d 05 la is≥ flfr®'
^wE& fuu ;lafiarelrK wjia:d 05 ys ,l=Kq" 13 jk fY%%a◊fha fojk jdrh
wjidkfha ° Y%%S ,xld úNd. fomdr®;fïka;=j fj; f.kajd .kq ,efí'
fuu ,l=Kq wkqj ;SrKh lrkq ,nk ksmqK;d uÜgï w'fmd'i'^W'fm<&
m%%;sM, f,aLkfha fjku ;Srhl my; i|yka wdldrhg we;=<;a flfr®'

mdi, mokï lr.;a

;lafiarelrK ksmqK;d uÜgu
,l=Kq
9, 10 úYsIag uÜgfï ksmqK;dj - (Excellent Level Competency)
8 by< uÜgfï ksmqK;dj - (High Level Competency)
6, 7 iïudk uÜgfï ksmqK;dj - (Credit Level Competency)
4, 5 wdikak ksmqK;dj - (Near Competency)
1, 2, 3 ksmqK;d uÜgug <`.d fkdjQ - (Not reached the Competency Level)

5.2.2 lKavdhï jHdmD;sh u.ska ;lafiarelrKh

m<uqj;djg w'fmd'i'^W'fm<& yodrK iEu isiqjl=u lKavdhï jHdmD;sh ksu l<
hq;= h'

5.2.2.1 lKavdhï jHdmD;sh

^w& lKavdhï jHdmD;sh i|yd isiqka 6 isg 10 fokl=f.ka hqla;
lKavdhula mdif,a wod< .=reNj;=ka úiska kï l< hq;= h'
^wd& lKavdhï jHdmD;sh i|yd o lKavdhu u.ska iq≥iq ud;Dldjla
b†˙m;a fldg wkque;sh ,nd.; hq;= h'
^we& 12 fY%%a◊h 3 jk jdrh iy 13 fY%%a◊h ˚ jk jdrh we;=<; ° fuu
jHdmD;sfha lghq;= ksu l< hq;= h'
^wE& lKavdhï ye`.Sfuka lghq;= ls¯u" úúO wdh;k yd mqoa.,hska
iu. lghq;= ls¯u iy fCIa;%fha lghq;= ms<sn| j wjfndaOhla ,nd
.ekSug wjia:dj ,nd°u fuu jHdmD;sh u.ska n,dfmdfrd;a;= fõ'

5.2.2.2 jHdmD;sh ;lafiarelrKh

^w& ksr®Kdhl 5la hgf;a jHdmD;sh ;lafiare flfrk w;r .=reNj;=ka
úiska tla tla ksr®Kdhlh wkqj isiqka lghq;= lr we;s wdldrh
wOHhkh fldg ,l=Kq ,nd °u is≥ lrkq we;'
^wd& jHdmD;sh i|yd uqΩ ,l=Kq 20 la ,nd fok w;r tu ,l=Kq úNd.
fomdr®;fïka;=jg f.kajd f.k 10 g m˙jr®;kh lrkq ,efí'
^we& fuu jHdmD;sfha ,l=Kq wkqj ;SrKh lrkq ,nk ksmqK;d uÜgu o"
5.2.1 ^wE& ys i|yka wdlD;shg wkqj w'fmd'i'^W'fm<& m%%;sM,
f,aLkfhys we;=<;a flfr®'

w'fmd'i'^W'fm<& úNd.h - 2019 iy bka miqj meje;afjk úNd. i|yd m%%Yak m;%% jHQQyh yd uQQ,dlD;s m%%Yak
- 5-5-
-
 II fldgi

w'fmd'i'^W'fm<& úNd.h - 2019 iy bka miqj meje;afjk

úNd. i|yd m%Yak m;% jHQyh

ÙPK ÙÙPK
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ms<s;=re iemhsh hq;= m%%Yak ixLHdj

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f;dard f.k ms<s;=re iemhsh

f;dard f.k ms<s;=re iemhsh

* m%%Yak iajNdjh

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hq;= m%%Yak ixLHdj

hq;= m%%Yak ixLHdj

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m%%Yak ixLHdj

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ld,h ^meh&

m%%Yak ixLHdj

m%%Yak ixLHdj

ixLHdj
úIh wxlh iy úIhh

(41) nqoaO Or®uh 2 1 5 50 50 3 4 3 2/3 5 5 3/5 5/8

(43) ls%ia;shdks Or®uh 2 1 5 50 50 3 4 3 2/3 5 5 3/5 5/8

(44) bia,dï 2 1 5 50 50 3 4 3 2/3 5 5 3/5 5/8

(45)   fn!oaO YsIagdpdrh 2 1 5 50 50 3 4 3 2/3 5   5 3/5 5/8

(47) bia,dï YsIagdpdrh 2 1 5 50 50 3 4 3 2/3 5 5 3/5 5/8

1 5 30
(48) .S%l yd frdau YsIagdpdrh 2 50 3 3,4     5) 3/5 5 )
  4 3/4 6/9
2 20

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) 1 jk iy 6 jk m%%Yakh wksjdr®h fõ'

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3.   jHQQy.;
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;=kg wu;rj úkdä 10l ld,hla ,nd fokq ,efí'

w'fmd'i'^W'fm<& úNd.h - 2019 iy bka miqj meje;afjk úNd. i|yd m%%Yak m;%% jHQQyh yd uQQ,dlD;s m%%Yak
- 7 -fjk úNd. i|yd m%Yak m;% jHQyh yd uQ,dlD;s m%Yak
w'fmd'i'^W'fm<& úNd.h -‐ 2019 iy bka miqj meje;a
-6-
 III fldgi
uQ,dlD;s m%Yak

w'fmd'i'^W'fm<& úNd.h oaú;Shsl wOHdmkh wjidkfha meje;afjk wjidk iy;sllrK

úNd.hhs' fuu úNd.fha m%%;sM, u; úYajúoHd," fjk;a Wiia wOHdmk wdh;k iy wOHdmk
úoHdmSG jeks wdh;kj,g isiqka f;dard .ekSu o is≥ flfrk neúka fuys f;a¯fï m¯CIKhl
,CIK o wvx.= fõ'

tA wkqj w'fmd'i'^W'fm<& úNd.fha m%%Yak m;%% ilia ls¯fï ° idOk m¯CIKhl ;sìh hq;=
,CIK flfrys jeä wjOdkhla fhduq l< hq;= w;r" fuys m%%;sM, u; úYajúoHd, yd fjk;a Wiia
wOHdmk wdh;k i|yd isiqka f;a¯u o is≥ lrk neúka tA ms<sn| j o wjOdkh fhduq lr we;'

tA wkqj YsIH idOkh we.hSu i|yd ,sÅ; úNd. l%%ufha ° m%%Odk jYfhka u rpkd m¯CIK
iy jdia;úl ^úIh noaO& m¯CIK Ndú; flfr®' rpkd iajrEmfha ms<s;=rl ° m¯CIlhdf.a mqoa.,
noaO;dj n,mdk w;r jdia;úl iajNdjfha m%%Yakhla i|yd tla ksjer† ms<s;=rla muKla ;sîu ksid
th iïmQQr®Kfhka u mqoa., noaO;dfjka f;dr fõ' fuu rpkd iy jdia;úl hk wka; fol w;rg
.efkk §jHQQy.; flá ms<s;=re iemhSfï jr®.fha m%%Yak¶ flfrys jr®;udk m¯CIK fCIa;%fha jeä
wjOdkhla fhduq ù ;sfí' jHQQy.; m%%Yakhla u.ska †h hq;= ms<s;=re" m%%Yakfhka lshfjk hï hï
iSud ;=< ±ä fia md,kh flfr®' tA wkqj ms<s;=re m;a ,l=Kq ls¯fï ° m¯CIljreka w;fr® ,l=Kq
°fï ix.;;dj wdrCId lr.; yels jk ksid jdia;úl yd jHQQy.; iajrEmfha m%%Yakj,g m¯CIK
fCIa;%fha jeo.;a ia:dkhla ysñ fõ'

tA wkqj w'fmd'i'^W'fm<& úNd.fha m%%Yak m;%% ilia ls¯fï ° o w;HjYH wjia:dj,° muKla
rpkd m%%Yak Ndú; flfrk w;r jdia;úl jr®.fha m%%Yak ilia ls¯u flfrys jeä wjOdkhla
fhduq flfr®' tfiau w'fmd'i'^W'fm<& úNd.fha m%%Yak m;%% ilia ls¯fï ° yqfola iaurKh u;
muKla fkd/|S wjfndaOh" Ndú;h" úYaf,aIKh" ixYaf,aIKh iy we.hSu jeks by< udkisl
yelshd uek nef,k wdldrfha m%%Yak ilia ls¯u flfrys wjOdkh fhduq ù we;' yels;dla ≥rg
m%%dfhda.sl isoaêj,g wod< j m%%Yak ilia flfrk w;r tys° hula meye†,s j f;areï .ekSu" W.;a
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ilia flfrkq we;'

fuu ˚˚˚ jk fldgfiys" m%%Yak m;%% jHQQyh iy ,l=Kq ms˙kefuk wdldrh iu. uQQ,dlD;s
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mokï lr .efkk úIh fldgia wkqj wjia:dkql+, j fjkia úh yelsh'

fuys i|yka uQ,dlD;s m%Yakj,g wu;rj jdia;úl iy rpkd m¯CIK i|yd Ndú; flfrk"
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w'fmd'i'^W'fm<& úNd.h - 2019 iy bka miqj meje;afjk úNd. i|yd m%%Yak m;%% jHQQyh yd uQQ,dlD;s m%%Yak
w'fmd'i'^W'fm<& úNd.h -‐ 2019 iy bka miqj meje;afjk úNd. i|yd m%Yak m;% jHQyh yd uQ,dlD;s m%Yak
- 7-7--
 MGLDÂOÂ,KQRD2P &,.(Objective Tests)

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m%%YAk m;%% jHQQyh

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I fldgi
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I PKLCR\GXTßO.T= 100

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tla m%%Yakhla .S%l b;sydifhka o tla m%%Yakhla frdau b;sydifhka o jk fia
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 (48)  fpNuf;f cNuhk ehfupfk;
tpdhj;jhs;fspd; fl;likg;G

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gFjp I - fpNuf;f cNuhk ehfupf tuyhW gw;wpa 5 njupTfisf; nfhz;l 30

gy;Nju;T tpdhf;fisf; nfhz;ljhFk;.
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20 tpdhf;fisf; nfhz;ljhFk;. xU tpdhTf;F 02 Gs;spfs;
tPjk; 40 Gs;spfs;.

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tpdhj;jhs; II     - Neuk; : 03  kzpj;jpahyq;fs;. (Nkyjpf thrpg;G Neuk; 10 epkplq;fs;)

,t;tpdhj;jhs; I, II Mfpa ,uz;L gFjpfisf; nfhz;ljhFk;;.

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tpdhf;fSf;F tpilaspj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. xU tpdhit fpNuf;f
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njupT nra;f. xt;nthU tpdhTf;Fk; 15 Gs;spfs; tPjk; 30
Gs;spfs;.

gFjp II - fpNuf;f cNuhk ,yf;fpak;

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tpdhf;fSf;F tpilaspj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. xU tpdhTf;F 15 Gs;spfs;
tPjk; 30 Gs;spfs;.

tpdhj;jhs; II ,w;fhd nkhj;jg;Gs;spfs; 100 MFk;.

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tpdhj;jhs; II = 100
,Wjpg; Gs;sp = 200  ÷  2 = 100

Fwpg;G : gioa tpdhj;jhs; fl;likg;Gf;F Vw;g tpdhf;fs; jahupf;fg;gLk;.

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-­  62  -­

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-62-
 (48)  Greek  and  Roman  Civilization  
Structure  of  the  Question  Paper

paper  I   -­   Time  :  02  hours  

 
    This  paper  consists  of  two  parts  as  part  I  and  II  

    Part  I
    This  contains  30  multiple  choice  questions  with  5  options  on  Greek  and      
  Roman  Histrory.
    Each  question  carries  02  marks  and  the  total  mark  is  60.
 
    Part  II  
    This  contains  20  short  answer  supply  type  questions  on  Greek  and  Roman
     Literature.  Each  question  carries  02  marks  and  the  total  mark  is  40.
    Total  marks  of  paper  I  =  100

paper  II  -­   Time  :  03  hours  (In  addition,10  minutes  for  reading.)
    This  paper  consists  of  two  parts  as  part  I  and  II      
 
  Part  I  -­  Greek  and  Roman  History

    This   part   contains ¿YH questions.   First   question   is   compulsory   and   it  

carries  20  marks.  Out  of  the  four  remaining  questions,two  questions  have  
to  be  answered,  selecting  one  from  Greek  History  and  one  from  Roman  
History.  Each  question  carries  15  marks  making  a  total  of  30  marks.
 
    Part  II  -­  Greek  and  Roman  Literature  

    This  part  contains  four  questions.  Question  number  six  is  compulsory  
and  carries  20  marks.  Out  of  the  three  remaining  questions,  two  questions  
have  to  be  answered.  Each  question  carries  15  marks  making  a  total  of  30  
marks.  
    Total  marks  of  paper  II  =  100

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      Final  marks     =    200  ÷ 2 = 100      
 
The  questions  will  be  set  according  to  the  previous  structure.

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ˇĀ˳ɢ˂ʯʭˁ



˚˨˫Ʈȝ˗˫˘˳ɢˁȼˣɞǦ

˚˨˫Ʈʯ˗ɕ˫˚˘˳ɢˁȼˣɞǦ

˚˨˫Ʈʯ˗ɕ˫˚˘ʯ˗ɕú˥ˣɞǦ

ˁˢ˫˚ʯ˗ɕ˫˚˘ʯ˗ɕú˥ˣɞǦ

˳ˁʣŸˏ˫˦˝˫ˡǧ˳ˠʤˉɕ˦˧ˁ˫ˡʯ˗ɕ˫˚˘ʯ˗ɕú˥ˣɞǦ

ɪǐ˧ɢ˚ƯˣɞǦ˚ɜ˳ɩ˒˫ǝ˚ƯˣɞǦ˦˧ˡˉ˳ɏʯǩ˞˔˳˚ʥNJ˃ɣˁ˚˫˦ɢˣˢȝ˗˫ǨǦ˳ˣ˔



˚˫˦ˢ˚˖˘ȼˁˡ˃Ʈ˔ú˳˦ʢɞˁˡ˒ˠ±˳ɹʢƝ˦˙˧˫

ˣə˥˦˧
ʳǦʳǎɜˠˎāˠ˫Ʈ˞ˁûɝ˞



ʯ˗ɕ˫˚˘˳ɏ ˘ɫˁˡ˒ ˦˧ ˁ˫ɤ˘ ȝˣ˒˔˫ ˚˫˖ˁ ˁˡ ˃ǧȽǦ ˣː˫Ʈ ˛ˢ˖˫ɑ ˳ˢ˦ ʳ˳˃ǩȼ
ʳ˃ˬǦɫȼāˠ˫ˣɣˠ˜ˢ˃ˬǦɫ˞ʯˡȿƟ˳ˁʣˎ˚˫˦ˢ˚˖˘ȼˁˡ˃Ʈ˔ú˳˦ʢɞˁˡ˒ˠˣə˥
ʆˎ˘ˣȿʑƟˣˡûǦ˚˫˦ɢ˚NJ˗ƯˠƱ˨āˠ˫Ʈ˞ˁûɝ˞ˎʯ˳ȗú˥˫˳ˁ˳ə˳˞˞ˣˬːȘʘ˳ˣ˨
˦ˬˢʈȼûɝ˞˦ʭɪ˗˫˘ˠûɝ˞˦˧āˠ˫Ʈ˞ˁûɝ˞˚˫˦ɢ˞ĵǦʆǐˁˡ˘ʯ˔ˡ˳˞˳˧ˠɫ˞˧˫
ʯǞú˥˒ˠʯ˗ɕ˫˚˘ʯ˞˫˔ɕ˫ʭˤ˳ɏɀɣˁƮˣˠʱƯˣˉ˫Ưˁʯ˗ɕ˫˚˘ʰˠ˔˘ˠɼˢʭˁ˫ɪ˝˫˃
˳˖˚˫ə˔˳ȼǦƱˣ˦˧˚˨˫Ʈʯ˗ɕ˫˚˘˳˖˚˫ə˔˳ȼǦƱɪʆǦʳŻ˳ˁ˳ˡǩʱ˔



 ʼʯǩˣ˳ɹʢƝˣˢ˚˫˦ˢ˚˖˘ȼˁˡ˃Ʈ˔ú˳˦ʢɞˁˡ˒ˣˬːȘʘ˳ˣ˨āˠ˫Ʈ˞ˁûɝ˞
˦ȼ˜Ǧ˗ˣ ʯ˗ɕ˫˚˘ ʯ˞˫˔ɕ˫ʭˤˠ ˉ˫Ưˁ ʯ˗ɕ˫˚˘ ʰˠ˔˘ˠ ˦˧ ɼ ˢʭˁ˫ ɪ˝˫˃
˳˖˚˫ə˔˳ȼǦƱˣ ɪʆǦ ˣɜǦ ˣˡ ˳ȼ ˖úˣ˫ ǧýƮ ˁˡ ʱƯ ʆˠɥ ˞ ˇĀ˳ɢ˂ ʯȴ˜ˣ˫
 ǎ˘ ʆˎ ˚˫˦ˢ ˚˖˘ȼ ˁˡ ˃Ʈ ˔ú˳˦ʢɞˁˡ˒ ˣˬːȘʘ˳ˣ˨ āˠ˫Ʈ˞ˁ ûɝ˞
Șʘ˜˙ ˣ ˳˞˞ ˇĀ˳ɢ˂˳ɏ ɪǝɪ˗˫˘ ˜ˢ˚ˬˣˬƮ ˳ɩ ʼ ʯǩˣ  ˣ˦˳ə ˚ˬˣˬƮ˳ˣ˘
ʯ˳˚ʣ˦ ʵ˳˚˨ ɪ˝˫˃˳ɏ˦˧ʯ˳˚ʣ˦ ˦˫˳˚˨ ɪ˝˫˃˳ɏʆˎ˞˳˞˞˘ˣˇĀ˳ɢ˂˳ɏ
˦˙˧Ǧʵ˚˳˖˦˪ʯǩˣˁˎɒƱˁ˨ɒƱˠ

 ˚˫˦ˢ ˚˖˘ȼ
ˁˡ˃Ʈ ˔ú˳˦ʢɞˁˡ˒ˠ ˦ȼ˜Ǧ˗ˣ ˳ȼ ˦˞ˆ ǧýƮ ˁˡ˘ ɀɣˁ ʵ˚˳˖˦˪
˦ʭĞ˧ˠˎʯ˞˔ˡˣˣˬƋǐˡˎƮ˳ɹʢƝˣˢˎʯ˖˫˨ʵ˚˳˖˦˪ ˉ˫Ưˁʯ˗ɕ˫˚˘ʰˠ˔˘ˠɪʆǦ
˖˳ɹʢƝˣˢˎʯ˖˫˨ʵ˚˳˖˦˪ɼˢʭˁ˫ɪ˝˫˃˳˖˚˫ə˔˳ȼǦƱˣ˞ĵǦ˖ʳǎɜ˳ɏǏǧýƮ
ˁˡǩʱ˔˔ˣ˖˳˞˞ˣˬːȘʘ˳ˣˢˎʯ˖˫˨ȚʑƟˁˎɒƱʆǐûɝ˞ˎ˧˫ǧˠ˫˞˘ˠûɝ˞ˎʯ˖˫˨
- 94 -
-98-
,



 ʆˠɥ ˁˎɒƱ ʯ˗ɕ˫˚˘ ʯ˞˫˔ɕ˫ʭˤˠ ɼ ˢʭˁ˫ ɪ˝˫˃ ˳˖˚˫ə˔˳ȼǦƱˣ ˉ˫Ưˁ ʯ˗ɕ˫˚˘
ʰˠ˔˘ˠ˧˫˚˨˫Ʈʯ˗ɕ˫˚˘˳˖˚˫ə˔˳ȼǦƱʼˁ˫˜NJ˗ˣʆǐˁˡǩʱ˔



 āˠ˫Ʈ˞ˁûɝ˞

 ˳ɹʢƝ˳ɏʆˎ  ˣ˘˳ɹʢƝˠ˖úˣ˫ʆˠɥ ˞˳ɹʢƝˣˢʵ˃Ǧˣǩˢ˜˘ʆˠɥ ˞ɪ˥ˠˠǦ

˦˙˧˫˳˞˞ˣˬːȘʘ˳ˣ˨āˠ˫Ʈ˞ˁˁ˨ɒƱˠ

ʆˎ˖úˣ˫˳ɹʢƝˣˢǏʆʈǦʳ˳˃ǩ˞ˢ˜˘˦˭˞ɪ˥ˠˠú˦˙˧˫˞˚˫˦ɢˣ˫ˡˠˁˎʻú
˔ú˳˦ʢɞˁˡ˒ ʯˣ˦˪˕˫ˣú ˜ˬęǦ āˠ˫Ʈ˞ˁ ûɝ˞ ʯǧˣ˫əˠ ˳ɩ ˳˞˞ ˔ú˳˦ʢɞˁˡ˒
ˣˬːȘʘ˳ˣ˨ʆʈǦ˳Ę˚ˣƯ˘ʳ˳˃ǩȼ˧ˬûˠ˫˞Ÿˎȼ˧ǿ˘˫˳˃˘ʾɬǦˎʯ˳ȗúɿ˔ǧȚ˒˔˫
˞ŸˎȼʯƮ˚Ʈˁˡ˃ˬǨ˞˦˙˧˫ʯˣˤɕȝƯ˳˚ʤ˥˒ˢ˜˫Ǐ˞˳˚ˡ˖ˬɜˣāˠ˫Ʈ˞ˁˁˡǩˢ˜˘
˜ˬɪǦ ěɞˣˡˠ˫˳Ę ʯȴ˞˔ˠ ʯǩˣ ʴˎ ˣː˫ ˣˬƋ ˔ú˳˦ʢɞˁˡ˒ ʯˣ˦˪˕˫ ˃˒˘ú ɬˣ ˖
āˠ˫Ʈ˞ˁˁ˨˧ˬûˠ

 ˦˧Ưˁˁˡ˒ˠ˦˙˧˫ʯ˖˫˨ˁˡ˃Ǧ˘˫˔ú˳˦ʢɞˁˡ˒ʯˣ˦˪˕˫˦ʭ˂ɕ˫ˣ

˚˫˦ˢ˚˖˘ȼˁˡ˃Ʈ˔ú˳˦ʢɞˁˡ˒ˣˬːȘʘ˳ˣ˨˳˔ú˳ɹʢƝ


 ˣ˦ˡʯˣ˦˫˘ȝ˃Ưˣ˫ə˔˫˳ɩ˦˙˧Ǧûɝ˞˦˙˧˫



ɪ˥ˠˠ
ǧȚ˒˔˫˞Ÿˎ˞ưˡ˒ˠûɝ˞˦˙˧˫ʻúˣ˫ˡˠúƱ˨
ʯ˖˫˨ˁˡ˃Ǧ˘˫˔ú˳˦ʢɞˁˡ˒ʯˣ˦˪˕˫˦ʭ˂ɕ˫ˣ

˳ɹʢƝˠ
˳ɹʢƝˠ
˳ɹʢƝˠ
˳ɹʢƝˠ

ʰ˃˞
ȬNJ˗˗ə˞ˠ





˵ˤˣ˘ɜˁ˳˔ʤɣˁ˗ə˞ˠ





ā˦˪Ưˠ˫ǧ˗ə˞ˠʳ˦˪ˢ˫ȼ

ʆʭ˧ˢ˝˫˥˫ˣ˳˖˞˨˝˫˥˫ˣ





ʳʭġʆ





˃Ɲ˔ˠ





ɪ˖ɕ˫ˣ





ʳƯ˧˫˦ˠ





ȷ˳˃ʤˢɪ˖ɕ˫ˣ





Őˣ˘ǧȚ˒˔˫˧˫Țˡˣˬʆʯ˗ɕ˫˚˘ˠ










˳˦ʥǦ˖əˠɪ˥ˠˠǦ





ȝ˫˳ˠʤęˁ˧˫˔˫ú˥Ɲˁý˦ˢ˔˫





˳˦ʥ˂ɕ˧˫ˤ˫ɝɜˁʯ˗ɕ˫˚˘ˠ





˳˖ˣ˘˝˫˥˫ˣ˳ˢ˦





ʆʭ˧ˢ˳˖˞˨









ʯ˳˚ʣ˦ ˦˫˳˚˨ ɪ˝˫˃˳ɏ˦˧Ưˁˁˡ˒ˠ˦˙˧˫

ˣ˘˳ɹʢƝ˳ɏ˚˨ȿˣ˘ˣ˫ˡˠ˳˖ˣ˘ˣ˫ˡˠ˦˧ƱǦˣ˘ˣ˫ˡˠƮˣ˘ ˳ɹʢƝ˳ɏ
˚˨ȿˣ˘ ˦˧ ˳˖ˣ˘ ˣ˫ˡˠƮ ˠ˘ ˣ˫ˡ ˁ ˔ú˳˦ʢɞˁˡ˒ ˢýƟ  ǧȚ˒˔˫ ˞Ÿˎȼ
ưˡ˒ˠûɝ˞˦˙˧˫˳ˠʣ˖˫˃ǩˢˬ˳ȩ

ʻú ʻú ɪ˥ˠ ˦˙˧˫ ʻú ˣ˫ˡˠú Ʊ˨ ˁ˨ ɒƱ ˔ú˳˦ʢɞˁˡ˒ ʯˣ˦˪˕˫ ˦ʭ˂ɕ˫ˣ ˦˧
ʯ˳˚ʣ˦ ˦˫˳˚˨ ǧȚ˒˔˫˞Ÿˎ˞ưˡ˒ˠûɝ˞˦˙˧˫ ˦˧˳ɹʢƝˣɣǦˢ˜˫
˃Ǧ˘˫˔ú˳˦ʢɞˁˡ˒ʯˣ˦˪˕˫˦ʭ˂ɕ˫ˣ˚˧˔ˣě˳ɩ˖ˬú˳ɩ

- 95 -


-99-



ʯ˳˚ʣ˦ ˦˫˳˚˨  ʯ˳˚ʣ˦ ˦˫˳˚˨ 

ǧȚ˒˔˫˞Ÿˎ˞ưˡ˒ˠ ǧȚ˒˔˫˞Ÿˎ˞ưˡ˒ˠ
ɪ˥ˠˠ
ûɝ˞˦˙˧˫ʻúˣ˫ˡˠú ûɝ˞˦˙˧˫˧˫
Ʊ˨ʯ˖˫˨ˁˡ˃Ǧ˘˫ ˳ɹʢƝˣɣǦˢ˜˫˃Ǧ˘˫
˔ú˳˦ʢɞˁˡ˒ʯˣ˦˪˕˫ ȿʚ˔ú˳˦ʢɞˁˡ˒ʯˣ˦˪˕˫
˦ʭ˂ɕ˫ˣ
˦ʭ˂ɕ˫ˣ

ʰ˃˞




˚˨ȿˣ˘ ˝˫˥˫ˣ ˦˧ 


˦˫ʏ˔ɕ

ʳʭġʆ˝˫˥˫ˣ




˃Ɲ˔ˠ



ɪ˖ɕ˫ˣ



ʳƯ˧˫˦ˠ




ˁ˫Ɯːɪ˥ˠˠ



ˁ˫Ɯːɪ˥ˠˠ




ˁ˫Ɯːɪ˥ˠˠ





ʯ˳˚ʣ˦ ʵ˳˚˨ ɪ˝˫˃˳ɏ˦˧Ưˁˁˡ˒ˠ˦˙˧˫

ˣ˘˳ɹʢƝ˳ɏ˚˨ȿˣ˘ˣ˫ˡˠ˳˖ˣ˘ ˣ˫ˡˠ˦˧ƱǦˣ˘ˣ˫ˡˠƮ ˣ˘˳ɹʢƝ˳ɏ

˚˨ȿˣ˘˦˧˳˖ˣ˘ˣ˫ˡˠƮˠ˘ˣ˫ˡˁ˔ú˳˦ʢɞˁˡ˒ˢýƟ˧˫ˁƜː˫ˠȼˣɕ˫˚˲Ư
ˢýƟǧȚ˒˔˫˞Ÿˎ˞ưˡ˒ˠûɝ˞˦˙˧˫˳ˠʣ˖˫˃ǩˢˬ˳ȩ

ʻúʻúɪ˥ˠ˦˙˧˫ʻúˣ˫ˡˠúƱ˨ʆǐˁ˨ɒƱ˔ú˳˦ʢɞˁˡ˒ʯˣ˦˪˕˫˦ʭ˂ɕ˫ˣ˦˧
ʯ˳˚ʣ˦ ʵ˳˚˨  ǧȚ˒˔˫ ˞Ÿˎ˞ ưˡ˒ˠ ûɝ˞ ˦˙˧˫  ˦˧  ˳ɹʢƝˣɣǦ ˢ˜˫
˃Ǧ˘˫˔ú˳˦ʢɞˁˡ˒ʯˣ˦˪˕˫˦ʭ˂ɕ˫ˣ˚˧˔ˣě˳ɩ˖ˬú˳ɩ

ɪ˥ˠˠ
ʯ˳˚ʣ˦ ʵ˳˚˨ ǧȚ˒˔˫ ʯ˳˚ʣ˦ ʵ˳˚˨ ǧȚ˒˔˫

˞Ÿˎ˞ưˡ˒ˠûɝ˞˦˙˧˫ʻú ˞Ÿˎ˞ưˡ˒ˠûɝ˞˦˙˧˫
ˣ˫ˡˠúƱ˨ʻúʻúɪ˥ˠ˦˙˧˫ ˧˫˳ɹʢƝˣɣǦˢ˜˫˃Ǧ˘˫
ʯ˖˫˨ˁˡ˃Ǧ˘˫ ȿʚ˔ú˳˦ʢɞˁˡ˒ʯˣ˦˪˕˫
˔ú˳˦ʢɞˁˡ˒ʯˣ˦˪˕˫˦ʭ˂ɕ˫ˣ
˦ʭ˂ɕ˫ˣ

ʆˠɥ˞ɪ˥ˠˠǦ



ˁƜː˫ˠȼˣɕ˫˚˲Ư





˳˞˞ˣˬːȘʘ˳ˣ˨āˠ˫Ʈ˞ˁûɝ˞Șʘ˜˙ˣˣˬƋǐˡʵ˚˳˖˦˪ˉ˫Ưˁʯ˗ɕ˫˚˘ʰˠ˔˘ˠ
ɪʆǦ˧˫ɼˢʭˁ˫ɪ˝˫˃˳˖˚˫ə˔˳ȼǦƱˣɪʆǦʳǎɜ˳ɏǏǧýƮˁˡǩˢ˜˘ʯ˔ˡʻ˞
ʵ˚˳˖˦˪ ʯǩˣ˳˞˞ˣˬːȘʘ˳ˣ˨˦˫ə˕ˁˣāˠ˫Ʈ˞ˁûɝ˞ˎʯˣˤɕ ʆˠɥȘˠˣˡʾ˜
ɪʆǦ˃˔ɒƱˠ



 ʯ˳˚ʣ˦ ʵ˳˚˨  ˚ǦƯˣˢˎ ʱƱ˨Ʈ ɫ˞ ˦˙˧˫˦˫˞˫˘ɕ ʈǐʈˁȼˠˎ˳Ʈ˚˫˦ˢ ˚˖˘ȼ
ˁˡ˃Ʈ˔ú˳˦ʢɞˁˡ˒ǧȚ˒˔˫˞Ÿˎȼ˳ˠʣ˖˫˃ˬǨ˞

 ˖ˡ˒ ˇĀ˳ɢ˂˳ˠʏ   ʵ˚˳ņ˖ˠ ˧˫    ʵ˚˳ņ˖ˠ ˠˎ˳˔ʏ  ˖ˬú˳ˣ˘
˚ɜǎ
ʯ˳˚ʣ˦ ʵ˳˚˨ ˚ǦƯˣˢˎʱƱ˨Ʈɫ˞˦˙˧˫ʯˣˤɕˣ˘˦˫˞˫˘ɕʈǐʈˁȼʯˣˤɕ˔˫ˣ
˦Țˡ˫ɤ˞˦˙˧˫ʯ˳˚ʣ˦ ˦˫˳˚˨ ɣĐ˔˚ɝú˥˒˳ɏǏɪ˥ˠˠǦˁˎʯˣˤɕ
˦ȼ˞˫˘˦˫˞˫ə˕Ʊ˳˘Ǧʻˁúˢ˜˫˳˘ʣ˞ˬƯʯˣ˦˪˕˫ˣˁǏ˚˞˒úʯ˳˚ʣ˦ ˦˫˳˚˨ 
ɣĐ˔˚ɝú˥˒˳ˠǦʯ˖˫˨ɪ˥ˠˎ˦˫˞˫˘ɕ˦˫˞˫ə˕ˠúˢ˜˫ʱƮ˘ȼ˦˧





- 96 -
-100-
 ʻ˞ ɪ˥ˠˎ˞ ˚˫˦ˢ ˚˖˘ȼˁˡ ˃Ʈ ˔ú˳˦ʢɞˁˡ˒ ˣˬːȘʘ˳ˣ˨ ˠˎ˳Ʈ ˦ȼ˞˫˘ ˳˧ʤ ʴˎ
ʳ˧˨ǧȚ˒˔˫˞Ÿˎ˞úˢ˜˫ʱƮ˘ȼʻˠʻú˦ȼ˞˫˘˦˫˞˫ə˕ˠú˳ˢ˦˦ˢˁǩˢˬ˳ȩ
ʻ˳˧Ʈ ˳˞ˠ ˞˫˗ɕ ˝˫˥˫ˣ ˧˫ ˃Ɲ˔ˠ ɪ˥ˠˠǦ ˦˙˧˫ ʯ˖˫˨ ˁˡ˃˔ ˳˘ʣ˧ˬˁ
ʯ˳˚ʣ˦ ˦˫˳˚˨  ɪ˝˫˃ˠˎ ˳˖ˣ˘ ˣˡˎ ˳˚Ǩ ʆˎ ˦ȼ˞˫˘ˠˁ ʯˣˤɕ˔˫ˣ ˦Țˡ˫ ˃ˬǨ˞ˎ
˳˘ʣ˧ˬû ɭ ʯˠǐȼˁɞˣýˎ ʻˠˎ ˳˚ˡ ˣ˔˫˳ɩ ˚˫˦ˢ ˚˖˘ȼ ˁˡ˃Ʈ ˔ú˳˦ʢɞˁˡ˒ˠ
ˠˎ˳Ʈˣ˘ǧȚ˒˔˫˞Ÿˎȼʯ˖˫˨˚ɜǎ˳ˠʣ˖˫˃˔˧ˬûˠ


 ǧˠ˫˞˘ˠ

˳˞˞ˣˬːȘʘ˳ˣˢǧˠ˫˞˘ˠûɝ˞ʯ˝ɕǦ˔ˡ˧˫˜˫ʏˡˠ˘Ā˞˳˖ˁˎ˞ʆǐˁ˨ɒƱˠ

ʯ˝ɕǦ˔ˡǧˠ˫˞˘ˠ

˚˫˦ɢ˞Ÿˎ˳ȼǧˠ˫˞˘ˠ

ɪǐ˧ɢ˚Ưǧ˳ˠʤˉɕɪǐ˧ɢ˚Ư ʯ˗ɕ˫˚˘˦ʭˣə˗˘ ˦˧ʯʭˤȝ˗˫ǨǦ˳˃Ǧ

˦ˬǐȼˢƮ˞Ɯːˢˠú˞ĵǦʆǐ˳ˁ˳ə



˜˫ʏˡǧˠ˫˞˘ˠ

ˁˢ˫˚˳ˁʣŸˏ˫˦˞Ÿˎ˳ȼǧˠ˫˞˘ˠ

ˁˢ˫˚ʯ˗ɕ˫˚˘ʯ˗ɕú˥ˁˢ˫˚ɪ˥ˠ˝˫ˡǧ˳ˠʤˉɕ˦˧ˁ˫ˡʯ˗ɕ˫˚˘

ʯ˗ɕú˥˦˧ěɞʵ˚˳NJˤˁˣɞǦ˳˃Ǧ˦ˬǐȼˢƮ˞Ɯːˢˠú˞ĵǦʆǐ˳ˁ˳ə

˚˨˫Ʈ˞Ÿˎ˳ȼǧˠ˫˞˘ˠ

˚˨˫Ʈʯ˗ɕ˫˚˘ʯ˗ɕú˥˚˨˫Ʈʯ˗ɕ˫˚˘˳˖˚˫ə˔˳ȼǦƱ˳ɩɪ˥ˠ˝˫ˡ

ǧ˳ˠʤˉɕ˦˧ˁ˫ˡʯ˗ɕ˫˚˘ʯ˗ɕú˥˦˧ěɞʵ˚˳NJˤˁˣɞǦ˳˃Ǧ˦ˬǐȼˢƮ

˞Ɯːˢˠú˞ĵǦʆǐ˳ˁ˳ə

ˉ˫Ưˁ˞Ÿˎ˳ȼǧˠ˫˞˘ˠ

ʯ˗ɕ˫˚˘ʯ˞˫˔ɕ˫ʭˤˠɼˢʭˁ˫ɪ˝˫˃˳˖˚˫ə˔˳ȼǦƱˣ˧˫ˉ˫Ưˁʯ˗ɕ˫˚˘
ʰˠ˔˘ˠ˞ĵǦʆǐ˳ˁ˳ə

Șˎ˚Ʈ

 ˦˝˫˚Ưˉ˫Ưˁʯ˗ɕ˫˚˘˳ˁʣȽ˥Ǧ˦˝˫ˣ

 ʆˠɥ˞ʯƯ˳əˁ˳ɢˁȼˣɞǦʯ˗ɕ˫˚˘ʯ˞˫˔ɕ˫ʭˤˠ

 ɪ˝˫˃˳ˁʣ˞˦˫ɜ˦˪ˉ˘ˡ˫ɢɼˢʭˁ˫ɪ˝˫˃˳˖˚˫ə˔˳ȼǦƱˣ

 ʯ˗ɕú˥ˉ˘ˡ˫ɢˉ˫Ưˁʯ˗ɕ˫˚˘ʰˠ˔˘ˠ

 ʯ˗ɕ˫˚˘ȝˁ˫ˤ˘˳ˁʣ˞˦˫ɜ˦˪ˉ˘ˡ˫ɢʯ˗ɕ˫˚˘ȝˁ˫ˤ˘˳˖˚˫ə˔˳ȼǦƱˣ

 ȝ˗˫˘˳ˁʣ˞˦˫ɜ˦˪ěɞʯ˗ɕ˫˚˘˚ɜ˚˫ˢ˘˧˫ɪ˖ɕ˫șˏˤ˫˂˫ˣ

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