GE8 OVERALL HANDOUTS
CHAPTER 1 KEYNOTES
 History
∞ It is derived from the Greek word historia
which means learning by inquiry
∞ The systematic accounting of a set of natural
phenomena, that is, taking into consideration
the chronological arrangement of the
account.
∞ It is referred usually for accounts of
phenomena, especially human affairs in
chronological order.
 Factual history
∞ It presents the basic and plain information to
the reader with emphasis only of ‘who’,
‘what’, ‘when’ and ‘where’ of history.
 Speculative history –
∞ It goes beyond dates, places, persons,
events because it attempts to explain the
‘how’ and ‘why’ of events. It discusses the
causes and effects of such happening which
resulted to another face of change.
 Historians
∞ Individuals who write about history.
∞ They undertake arduous historical research
to come up with a meaningful and organized
rebuilding of the past.
 Historiography
∞ The practice of historical writing.
∞ The traditional method in doing historical
research that focus on gathering of
documents from different libraries and
archives to form a pool of evidence needed
in making a descriptive or analytical
narrative.
 Verisimilitude
∞ The truth, authenticity, plausibility about a
perished past.
 Historical Method
∞ The process of critically examining and
analysing the records and survivals of the
past.
 Historiography
∞ The imaginative reconstruction of the past
from the data derived by that process.
 Historical Analysis
∞ The process of selecting the subject to
investigate.
∞ Collecting probable sources of information
on the subject.
∞ Examining the sources, genuineness in the
collected partial data.
∞ Extract credible ‘particulars’ from the sources
(or parts of sources).
 Historical Data
∞ The source from artefacts that have been left
by the past.
 Historical Sources
∞ The materials from which the historians
construct meaning.
 Relics or ‘Remains’
∞ The existence which offers researchers a
clue about the past.
 Testimonies of Witnesses
∞ The oral or written details which, may have
been to serve as records.
 Narrative or Literature
∞ Chronicles or tracts presented in narrative
form, written to impart a message whose
motives for their composition vary widely.
 Scientific Tract
∞ Typically composed in order to inform
contemporaries or succeeding generations.
 Diplomatic Sources
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∞ Understood to be those which
document/record an existing legal situation
or create a new one.
∞ A kind of historical source that professional
historians considered as the purest, the
∞ ‘best’ source.
 Social Documents
∞ Information pertaining to economic, social,
political, or judicial significance.
∞ They are records kept by bureaucracies.
 Material Evidence
∞ One of the most important unwritten pieces
of evidence.
∞ This includes artistic creations such as
pottery, jewelry, dwellings, graves, churches,
and roads.
 Oral Evidence
∞ The tales and sagas of ancient peoples and
the folk songs or popular rituals.
∞ During the present age, interview is another
major form of oral evidence.
 Primary Sources
∞ The original and first-hand account of an
event or period that are usually
∞ written or made during or close to the event
or period.
 Secondary Sources
∞ The materials made by people long after the
events being described had
∞ taken place to provide valuable
interpretations of historical events.
 Historical Criticism
∞ It examines the origins of earliest text to
appreciate the underlying circumstances
upon which the text came to be.
∞ To determine the authenticity of the material.
∞ To weigh the testimony of the truth.
 Internal Criticism
∞ It examines the trustworthiness of the
testimonies, as well as, the
∞ probability of the statements to be true.
 External Criticism
∞ It determines the authenticity of the source.
 Content Analysis
∞ A systematic evaluation of the primary
source be it a text, painting,
∞ caricature, and/or speech that in the process
students could develop readings and
∞ present an argument based on their own
understanding of the evidence.
 Contextual Analysis
∞ It considers specifically the time, place, and
situation the primary source was written.
∞ The analysis includes the author’s
background, authority on the subject and
intent perceptible, and its relevance and
meaning to people and society today.
 Isographies
∞ The dictionaries of biography giving
examples of handwriting.
 Anachronistic References
∞ The dating of a document at a time when the
alleged writer could not possibly have been
at the place designated (the alibi) uncovers
fraud
The Limitation of Historical Knowledge
 Most human affairs happen without leaving any
evidence or records of any kind, no artifacts, or if
there are, no further evidence of the human
setting. The incompleteness of records has
limited man's knowledge of history.
 Historians study the records or evidence that
survived the time. They tell history from what
they understood as a credible part of the record.
GE8 OVERALL HANDOUTS
Historical records may confirm or dispute their
claims; therefore, their claims may be varied.
The Subjective Process of Re-Creation
 From the incomplete evidence, historians strive
to restore the total past of mankind.
 For the historian, history becomes only that part
of the human past which can be meaningfully
reconstructed from the available records and
inferences regarding their setting.
 Historians deal with human testimonies as well
as physical traces since documents and relics
are scattered and do not together comprise the
total object that the historian is studying.
Historical Method and Historiography
 Historical Method - The process of critically
examining and analyzing the records and
survivals of the past.
 Historiography - The imaginative reconstruction
of the past from the data derived by that process.
 The historian endeavors to reconstruct as much
of the past of mankind as he/ she can. Even in
this limited effort, however, the historian is
handicapped. For the past is conceived of as
something that "actually occurred " and thus
places obvious limits upon the kinds of record
and imagination that the historian may use.
Historical Analysis
 Historical analysis is also an important element of
historical method. In historical analysis,
historians: (
∞ Select the subject to investigate.
∞ Collect probable sources of information on
the subject.
∞ Examine the sources genuineness, in part of
in whole
∞ Extract credible "particulars" from the
sources (or parts of sources). The synthesis
of the "particulars" thus derived is
historiography.
 Synthesis and analysis cannot be entirely
separated since they have a common ground,
which is the ability to understand the past
through some meaningful, evocative and
convincing historical or cross-disciplinary
connections between a given historical issue and
other historical contexts, periods, or themes.
Sources of Historical Data
 Historical Data - sourced from artifacts that have
been left by the past. These artifacts can
either be relics or remains, or the testimonies of
witnesses to the past. Thus, historical sources are
those materials from which the historians construct
meaning
Types of Historical Data
 Relics - whose existence offer researchers a clue
about the past
 Testimonies of Witnesses - have been created to
serve as records or they might have been
created for some other purposes
Written Sources of History
 Narrative or Literature
∞ Chronicles or tracts presented in narrative
form, written to impart a message whose
motives for their composition vary widely
∞ Examples: Personal narratives or diaries,
Novels or films, Biographies
 Diplomatic Sources
∞ Document/record an existing legal situation
or create a new one, and it is these kinds of
sources that professional historians once
treated as the purest, the "best" source.
∞ Examples: Legal documents (issued by
public authorities to seal transactions):
handprint, seal, rhetorical devices, images
 Social Documents
∞ Information pertaining to economic, social,
political, or judicial significance. They are
records kept by bureaucracies.
∞ Examples: government reports: municipal
accounts, research findings; parliamentary
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procedures: civil registry records, property
registers, and records of census
Non-Written Sources of History
 Material Evidence (archaeological evidence)
∞ One of the most important unwritten pieces
of evidence as these artifacts can tell a great
deal about the ways of life of people in the
past, and their culture
∞ Examples: pottery, jewelry, dwellings,
graves, coins, money, churches, roads
 Oral Evidence
∞ Much are told by the tales or sagas of
ancient peoples and the folk songs or
popular rituals from the premodern period of
Philippine history
∞ Examples: In the present age, Interviews
Primary Sources VS Secondary Sources
 Primary Sources
∞ Original, first-hand account of an event or
period that are usually written or made
during or close to the event or period
∞ Original and factual, not interpretive.
∞ Examples: diaries, journals, newspapers,
magazines, government records,
photographs, maps, postcards, recorded or
transcribed interviews from witnesses,
novels, songs, paintings, sculptures.
 Secondary Sources
∞ Materials made by people long after the
events being described had taken place to
provide valuable interpretations of historical
events.
∞ A secondary source analyzes and interprets
primary sources.
∞ Examples: biographies, histories, literary
criticism, books written by a third party about
a historical event, art and theater reviews,
newspaper or journal articles that interpret
Historical Criticisms
 Examines the origins of earliest text to appreciate
the underlying circumstances upon which the text
came to be (Soulen & Soulen, 2001).
 Two Important Goals:
∞ To discover the original meaning of the text
in its primitive or historical context and its
literal sense or sensus literalis historicus.
∞ To establish a reconstruction of the historical
situation of the author and recipients of the
text.
 Two Parts of Historical Criticism
∞ Determine The Authenticity of The Material -
The critic should determine the origin of the
material, its author, and the sources of
information used External criticism is used in
determining these facts
∞ Weigh The Testimony to the Truth - The
critic must examine the trustworthiness of
the testimonies as well as determine the
probability of the statements to be true. This
process is internal criticism or higher
criticism since it deals with more important
matters than the external form.
 Types of Historical Criticisms
∞ External Criticisms
 Determines the authenticity of the
source
 The authenticity of the material may
be tested in two ways,
1. By paleographical: The
deciphering and dating of
historical manuscripts
2. Diplomatic criticism:
Critical analysis of
historical document to
understand how the
document came to be, the
information transmitted,
and the relationships
between the facts
purported in the document
and the reality
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 The critic must determine
whether the material under
investigation is raw, meaning
unaltered, and it exists exactly
as the author left it
 The content must be viewed in
every possible angle,
∞ Internal Criticisms
 determines the historicity of the
facts contained in the document. It
is not necessary to prove the
authenticity of the material or
document, however, must first be
tested before any conclusion
pertaining to it can be admitted.
 It must be ascertained first that the
critic knows exactly what the author
said and that he/she understands
the document from the standpoint
of the author.
Test of Authenticity
 The historian must use tests common in police
and legal detection to distinguish hoax or
misinterpretation from the document.
 Isographies - the dictionaries of biography giving
examples of handwriting
 Paleography and Diplomatic – techniques used
to decipher handwriting and the style and form of
official documents were conventionalized
 Seals - the subject of special study by
sigillographers, and experts can detect fake
ones.
 Anachronistic styles - detected by specialists who
are familiar with contemporary writing, revealing
forgery through unhistoric grammar
 Anachronistic references to events - uncovers
fraud by the absence of trivia and otherwise
unknown details. Sometimes, it can be
crosschecked through the provenance (custody)
or in family archives.
CONTENT CONTEXTUAL ANALYSIS OF
SELECTED PRIMARY SOURCES
Content Analysis
 A systematic evaluation of the primary source be
it a text, painting, caricature, and/or speech that
in the process students could develop and
present an argument based on their own
understanding of the evidence from their
readings.
 Examples: Identification of the importance to their
understanding of history to the current.
Contextual Analysis
 Considers specifically the time, place, and
situation when the primary source was written.
 Examples: author's background, authority on the
subject and intent perceptible, and its relevance
and meaning to people and society today.
CHAPTER 2 KEYNOTES
THE COMPLETE KNOWLEDGE of the past through
credible and reliable sources is essential to the
understanding and learning of the students of their
own history. History must be studied carefully; hence
it necessitates the application of historical method.
Historical method is the process of critically
examining and analyzing the records and survivals of
the past (Gottschalk, 1969).
Content analysis is a systematic evaluation of the
primary source be it a text, painting, caricature, and/or
speech that in the process students could develop
and present an argument based on their own
understanding of the evidences from their readings.
The Philippine island in 1521 has been "rediscovered"
by the Spanish commissioned authority, Ferdinand
Magellan, a Portuguese navigator who gained
confidence and support from the monarchy of Spain.
This information on rediscovery which the world is
cognizant of is attributable to an Italian chronicler,
Antonio Pigafetta.
THE CUSTOMS of the Tagalogs is a narrative on the
established culture of the Tagalogs in Luzon written
by Juan de Plasencia, a Franciscan missionary in the
Tagalog region since 1578 until 1590.
HISTORICAL PAINTINGS are visual representations
of concrete happenings on the life of people in a
specific period. The idea about certain events and
people is communicated or expressed aesthetically
through art with form, technique, and style.
GE8 OVERALL HANDOUTS
Essentially, these paintings are instrumental to the
visualization of the reality which stands equally with
texts, photos, caricatures, and films.
SPOLIARIUM 19TH Century --Juan Luna
This is the most valuable oil-on-canvass painting with
a size of 4.22 meters x 7.675 meters, making it the
largest painting in the Philippines. It won First Gold
Medal in 1884 as an entry to the prestigious
Exposicion de Bellas Artes in Madrid.
The students will be exposed to determining and
seeing the balance between history and imagination.
The artwork itself will be scrutinized and examined as
to how it shows the reality contextually.
Juan Luna and Fernando Amorsolo's paintings are
presented in this lesson as subject for analysis and
discussion.
Juan Luna (1857-1899) is best known for impressive
rendition of classical subjects in his academic works.
These works include historical scenes and portraiture,
however, subsequently he turned to realism depicting
social inequalities. In this lesson, the "Spoliarium" and
"The Parisian Life" are Luna's paintings presented for
the analysis of the students.
Fernando Amorsolo (1892-1972) delights people of
his impressionistic technique depicting idyllic country
scenes, beautiful maidens, and colorfully dressed
peasants planting or harvesting rice. The paintings
are significant in the development of the formation of
Filipino notions of self and "Palay Maiden" paintings
are presented for analysis.
THE UNDERSTANDING OF POLITICS and society in
a certain period of time can be known and understood
not only through texts but also through cartoons or
caricatures. A Political caricature is a type of drawing
that is used to present a comment, opinion, or
criticism on a particular event, person, and situation. It
is also known as editorial cartoon found in a
newspaper.
THE SPEECH presented in this lesson was obtained
from an official gazette which is an official journal of
the Republic of the Philippines. This speech was
delivered by the late Corazon C. Aquino in the US
Congress, Washington DC, on September 18, 1986
six (6) months after her assumption into office as
president of the Republic of the Philippines.
CHAPTER 3 KEYNOTES
IT HAS been said that the first Catholic mass in the
Philippines was held on March 31, 1521. However,
there's an issue as to where it was celebrated. The
start of Christianity in the Philippines is a controversy
because some historians are actually pushing for the
recognition of Masau in Butuan city as the real site.
Yet, some had a conclusion that the First Holy Mass
was celebrated in Limasawa (Southern Leyte). Below
is a credible primary source that explains the issue as
to where the first Christian mass really happened. It is
a portion of Pigafetta's accounts found in pages 23-32
of his book entitled, First Voyage Around the World
which was a material provided by CHED-RIPH team.
MANY BELIEVED that one of the factors that ignited
the Filipino sense of nationhood and eventually led to
the Philippine Revolution in 1896 was the Cavite
mutiny. This event has been remarkable among
Filipinos because it prompted to the martyrdom of
Gomburza (the acronym that represents the
surnames of the priests Mariano Gómez, José
Apolonio Burgos, and Jacinto Zamora, who were
executed on February 17, 1872).
Gov. General Rafael Izquierdo made a report to the
Spanish Ministry of War on January 23, 1872. In his
report he blamed the native clergy, scholars, and
some residents of Manila and the neighboring
provinces as the instigators of Cavite Mutiny. He
expressively describes Cavite Mutiny as an
“insurrection”, “uprising” and a “revolution”. Below is
the text of Gov. General Izquierdo's report.
CHAPTER 4 KEYNOTES
ITS POLITICAL ASPECT
The interference of the friars in the government of the
Philippines is so ingrained that without difficulty the
friars control the status quo of the country in defiance
of the nation and the institutions.
In charge of almost all the parishes, their parochial
mission takes on the double character of a political
organ and popular patronage. This mission gives the
curate great power in each locality; and this power, as
it does not lose its monastic character, is at the
command of the regular prelates under whose
GE8 OVERALL HANDOUTS
guidance the parish priests think, preach, confess,
and act with marvelous uniformity.
ITS RELIGIOUS ASPECT
In the performance of their duties, the municipal
officials depend on the parish priest. To report the
conduct of a citizen the testimony of one hundred
members of the Principalia is not enough. The
essential requirement is the curate's approval. The
signature of the curate is necessary to the census of
residents in a municipality, to the conscription of
eligible young men, to formalize accounts and other
official documents; to everything and for everything
the curate's signature is an essential requisite.
ITS ECONOMIC ASPECT
The laws that regulate the foundation and
development of convents in the Philippines are
undoubtedly based on the belief that monastic life is
unproductive. Numerous are the regulations
pertaining to the manner of supplying their need for
wine, oil, and other things of the kind.
But the abundance found in the convents makes
laughable the pity of the government. The Philippine
government lacks resources to undertake public
works; on the other hand, the monastic orders build
grand and costly convents in Manila and in each
parish of three thousand souls, they erect a spacious
palace for the residence of the regular curate.
Taxes during the Spanish period in the Philippines
were the tribute, sanctorum, donativo, caja de
communidad, and servicio personal (Boncan, 2016).
1. Tributo was a general tax paid by the Filipinos to
Spain which amounted to eight Reales. Those who
were required to pay the tributowere the (a) 18 to 50
years old males, (2) the carpenters, bricklayers,
blacksmiths, tailors, and shoemakers, and (3) town
workers such as those in road construction, and those
whose is public in nature.
2. Sanctorum was a tax in the amount of 3 Reales.
These were required for the cost of Christianization,
including the construction of churches and the
purchase of materials for religious celebrations.
3. Donativo was a tax in the amount of half Real for
the military campaign of the government against the
Muslims. In later years, however, the amount
collected from donativo was almost exclusively used
for the Spanish fort in Zamboanga.
4. Caja de comunidad was a tax collected in the
amount of 1 Real for the incurred expenses of the
town in the construction of roads, repair of bridges, or
the improvement of public buildings.
5. Servicio personal also called polo y servicios was a
form of forced labor during the Spanish period in the
Philippines. All able-bodied males, 16 to 60 years old
were required to work in the construction of bridges,
churches, and galleon ships. They were called
polista. Earlier, the polistas were required to work for
40 days; however, the number of days was lowered to
15 days in 1884 as a result of the tax reform issued
through a Royal Decree. Some of the polistas were
brought to fight against the Muslims and others were
brought in the Spanish expeditions. The only way that
a polista can be freed from forced labor was when he
paid a falla, or fine. But only very few could afford to
pay the fine. The gobernadorcillo, cabeza de
barangay, and other members of the principalia were
exempt from forced labor and falla.
Cagayan and Dingras Revolts (1589). In 1589, the
Cagayan and Dingras Revolts against the tribute
occurred on Luzon in the present-day provinces of
Cagayan and Ilocos Norte. The revolt of thellocanos,
Ibanags and other Filipinos was triggered by the
alleged abuses of the tax collectors, including the
collection of high taxes.
Agustin Sumuroy's Revolt (1649-1650). On June 1,
1649, Agustin Sumuroy, who was a Waray from
Palapag in today's Northern Samar, together with his
followers rose in arms against the Spaniards over the
polo y servicio or forced labor system being started in
Samar.
Francisco Maniago's Revolt (1660-1661). In 1660,
Francisco Maniago, a Kapampangan, led an uprising
in Pampanga. The Kapampangans were against the
tribute, forced labor, and rice exploitation.
Andres Malong Revolt (1660-1661). Malong (who was
the Maestro de Campo of Binalatongan, now San
Carlos City, Pangasinan), in the 1660s was coaxed
by Maniago to revolt against the abuses of the
Spaniards because they were experiencing the same
abuses.
GE8 OVERALL HANDOUTS
The Cedulas Personales. Cedulas were first issued
based on the Royal Decree on March 6, 1884. All
men and women residents of the islands - Spaniards,
foreigners, and natives -who were over 18 years old
were required to obtain a cedula. The only exceptions
were the Chinese, who paid another poll tax, the
remontados d'infieles, that were not subject to the
local administration, and the natives and colonists of
the archipelago of Jolo and of the islands of Balabac
and Palawan.
AGRARIAN REFORM PROGRAM
• The Philippines Department of Agrarian Reform is
the lead government agency that holds and
implements comprehensive and genuine agrarian
reform which actualizes equitable land distribution,
ownership, agricultural productivity, and tenurial
security for, of and with the tillers of the land towards
the improvement of their quality of life.
• The Philippines Department of Agrarian Reform is
the lead government agency that holds and
implements comprehensive and genuine agrarian
reform which actualizes equitable land distribution,
ownership, agricultural productivity, and tenurial
security for, of and with the tillers of the land towards
the improvement of their quality of life.
PRE-SPANISH PERIOD
Filipinos already lived in villages and barangays even
before the Spaniards came to the Philippines. The
settlements were ruled by chieftains or datus who
comprised the nobility. There were also the
maharlikas (freemen), the aliping mamamahay (serfs)
and aliping saguiguilid (slaves). Despite the existence
of a social structure, everyone had access to the fruits
of the soil. Rice was the medium of exchange as
money was yet unknown.
SPANISH PERIOD (1521-1896)
The Spaniards introduced the concept of encomienda
to the Philippines. Encomienda was a system of
giving lands (Royal Land Grants) to the Spanish
conquerors that were loyal to the Spanish monarch.
As a matter of policy, encomenderos must defend his
encomienda from external attack, maintain peace and
order within, and support the missionaries. In turn, the
encomenderos were given the right to collect taxes
(tribute) from the indios (natives). Because of this,
encomenderos started to abuse their power by
renting their lands to a few powerful landlords, and
the natives who once freely cultivated the land
became share tenants.
AGRARIAN UPRISINGS (1745-46)
Taxation was not only the reasons for the revolts of
the Filipinos during the Spanish period, but the
agrarian unrest as well. The Agrarian Revolt
happened between 1745 and 1746 in Batangas,
Laguna and Cavite, and Bulacan. The revolt
happened in the towns of Lian and Nasugbu in
Batangas. The grabbing of lands by the Catholic
religious orders angered the native lands owners and
demanded that their lands be returned based on
ancestral domain. However, the Spanish priests
refused which resulted to riots and massive looting of
convents and the burning down of churches and
ranches. Troops were sent from Manila to Batangas
to quell the disturbance. The encounter was bloody
and those who surrendered were pardoned
THE FIRST PHILIPPINE REPUBLIC
When Gen. Emilio Aguinaldo came to power in 1899,
the Malolos Constitution which they crafted intended
to confiscate the so-called Friar lands and other large
estates. However, the First Philippine Republic was
short-lived so that the plan to confiscate the lands
was never executed.
AMERICAN PERIOD (1898-1935)
There were some noteworthyregulations enacted
during the American period. These were the
Philippine Bill of 1902, which set the ceilings on the
hectarage of private individuals to 16 hectares, and
1,024 hectares for corporations. The Land
Registration Act of 1902 (Act No. 496), which
provided for a comprehensive registration of land
titles under the Torrens system. The Public Land Act
of 1903, which introduced the homestead system in
the Philippines. The Tenancy Act of 1933 (Act No.
4054 and 4113), which regulated relationships
between landowners and tenants of rice (50-50
sharing) and sugar cane lands.
COMMONWEALTH PERIOD (1935-1942)
During this period, President Manuel L. Quezon
advocated the Social Justice program to block the
increasing social unrest in Central Luzon. Significant
legislations enacted during Commonwealth period
were the following:
GE8 OVERALL HANDOUTS
• The 1935 Constitution, which was
promulgated for the promotion of social justice to
ensure the well-being and economic security of all
people, should be the concern of the State.
• The Commonwealth Act No. 178 (An
Amendment to Rice Tenancy Act No. 4045), enacted
on Nov. 13, 1936, provided for certain controls in the
landlord-tenant relationships.
• The National Rice and Corn Corporation
(NARIC) of 1936 established the price of rice and
corn that helped the poor tenants as well as
consumers.
• The Commonwealth Act. No. 461, 1937,
specified the reasons for dismissal of tenants and
only with the approval of the Tenancy Division of the
Department of Justice.
• The Rural Program Administration, created
on March 2, 1939, provided the purchase and lease
of haciendas and their sale and lease to the tenants.
• The Commonwealth Act No. 441, enacted
on June 3, 1939, created the National Settlement
Administration with a capital stock of P20,000,000.
JAPANESE OCCUPATION
During the Second World War (that started in Europe
in 1939 and in the Pacific in 1941), the Hukbo ng
Bayan Laban sa Hapon (HUKBALAHAP) controlled
the areas of Central Luzon. The HUKBALAHAP was
composed of peasants and workers who took up
arms against the Japanese forces. Peasants who
supported them earned fixed rentals, while
landowners who supported the Japanese lost their
lands to peasants. But this was short-lived because it
ended with the end of WWII.
The problems of land tenure in the Philippines
remained even after the Philippine Independence in
1946. To address the problem, the Philippines
Congress revised the tenancy law.
PRESIDENT MANUEL ROXAS (1946-1948)
During Roxas' administration, the following laws were
enacted: Republic Act No. 34, which established the
70-30 sharing arrangements and regulated the share-
tenancy contracts. Republic Act No. 55, which
provided for a more effective safeguard against
arbitrary ejectment of tenants.
PRESIDENT ELPIDIO QUIRINO (1948-1953)
President Elpidio Quirino (1948-1953) issued
Executive Order No. 355 on October 23, 1950,
replaced the National Land Settlement Administration
with Land Settlement Development Corporation
(LASEDECO) that took over the responsibilities of the
Agricultural Machinery Equipment Corporation and
the Rice and Corn Production Administration.
PRESIDENT RAMON MAGSAYSAY (1953-1957)
President Ramon Magsaysay (1953-1957) enacted
the following laws:
(a) Republic Act No. 1160 of 1954, which abolished
the LASEDECO and established the National
Resettlement and Rehabilitation Administration
(NARRA) to resettle dissidents and landless farmers.
It was particularly aimed at rebel returnees providing
home lots and farmlands in Palawan and Mindanao.
(b) Republic Act No. 1199 (Agricultural Tenancy Act
of 1954), which governed the relationship between
landowners and tenant farmers by organizing share-
tenancy and leasehold system. It also created the
Court of Agrarian Relations.
(c) Republic Act No. 1400 (Land Reform Act of 1955),
which created the Land Tenure Administration (LTA)
that was responsible for the acquisition and
distribution of large tenanted rice and corn lands over
200 hectares for individuals and 600 hectares for
corporations.
(d) Republic Act No. 821 (Creation of Agricultural
Credit Cooperative Financing Administration), which
provided loans to small farmers and share tenants
with interest rates of as low six to eight percent.
PRESIDENT CARLOS P. GARCIA (1957-1961)
President Carlos P. Garcia (1957-1961) who
succeeded the presidency after the death of
President Ramon Magsaysay continued the program.
PRESIDENT DIOSDADO MACAPAGAL (1961-1965)
President Diosdado Macapagal (1961-1965) enacted
Republic Act No. 3844 of August 8, 1963 (Agricultural
Land Reform Code) that abolished share tenancy,
institutionalized leasehold, set retention limit at 75
GE8 OVERALL HANDOUTS
hectares, invested rights of preemption and
redemption for tenant farmers, provided for an
administrative machinery for implementation,
institutionalized a judicial system of agrarian cases,
incorporated extension, marketing and supervised
credit system of services of farmer beneficiaries.
FERDINAND E. MARCOS SR.
PD no.27 it provided for tenanted lands devoted to
rice and corn to pass ownership to the tenants, and
lowered the ceilings for Landholdings to 7 hectares.
The law stipulated that share tenants who worked
from a landholding of over 7 hectares could purchat
the land they tilled, while share tenants on land less
than 7 hectares would become leaseholders.
This agrarian reform program was designed to uplift
the farmers form poverty and ignorance to make them
useful, and progressive partners in nation buildings.
THE FIVE MAJOR COMPONENTS OF
PRESIDENTS MARCOS AGRARIAN REFORM
PROGRAM
 Land Tenants Program
 Institutional Development
 Agricultural Development
 Human Resources
 Physical Development
President Marcos Agrarian reform program was
labelled as "revolutionary" by some sectors, for two
reasons:
- It was pursued under martial law and intended to
make quick changes without going through
Legislative or technical processes; and
-It was the only law in the Philippines ever done in
handwriting.
CORAZON CUANGCO AQUINO
The Constitution ratified by the Filipino people during
the administration of President Corazon C. Aquino
provides under Section 21 under Article II that "The
State shall promote comprehensive rural
development and agrarian reform."
On June 10, 1988, former President Corazon C.
Aquino signed into law Republic Act No. 6657 or
otherwise known as the Comprehensive Agrarian
Reform Law (CARL). The law became effective on
June 15, 1988.
CORAZON AQUINO ENACTED LAWS
Executive Order No. 228, July 16, 1987 - Declared full
ownership to qualified farmer-beneficiaries covered
by PD 27. It also determined the value remaining
unvalued rice and corn lands subject of PD 27 and
provided for the manner of payment by the FBs and
mode of compensation to landowners.
Executive Order No. 229, July 22, 1987 - Provided
mechanism for the implementation of the
Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program (CARP).
Proclamation No. 131, July 22, 1987 - Instituted the
CARP as a major program of the government. It
provided for a special fund known as the Agrarian
Reform Fund (ARF), with an initial amount of Php50
billion to cover the estimated cost of the program from
1987-1992.
Executive Order No. 129-A, July 26, 1987 -
streamlined and expanded the power and operations
of the DAR.
Republic Act No. 6657, June 10, 1988
(Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Law)
An act which became effective June 15, 1988 and
instituted a comprehensive agrarian reform program
to promote social justice and industrialization
providing the mechanism for its implementation and
for other purposes. This law is still the one being
implemented at present.
Executive Order No. 405, June 14, 1990-Vested in
the Land Bank of the Philippines the responsibility to
determine land valuation and compensation for all
lands covered by CARP.
These invasions have shaped the Filipino people's
history, culture, traditions, and beliefs.
Executive Order No. 407, June 14, 1990 -
Accelerated the acquisition and distribution of
agricultural lands, pasture lands, fishponds, agro-
forestry lands and other lands of the public domain
suitable for agriculture.
FIDEL V. RAMOS
When President Fidel V. Ramos formally took over in
1992, his administration came face to face with
GE8 OVERALL HANDOUTS
publics who have lost confidence in the agrarian
reform program. His administration committed to the
vision "Fairer, faster and more meaningful
implementation of the Agrarian Reform Program.
President Fidel V. Ramos Enacted the Following
Laws:
-Republic act no. 7881, 1995
 An act amending certain provisions of
republic act no. 6657, entitled "an act
instituting a comprehensive agrarian reform
program to
 Promote social justice and industrialization,
providing the
 Mechanism for its implemetation, and for
other purposes"
-Republic act no. 7905, 1995
 An act to strengthen the implementation of
the comprehensive agrarian reform program,
and for other purposes.
•Executive order no. 363, 1997
 Prescribing guidelines for the protection of
areas non-negotiable for conversion and
monitoring compliance with section 20 of the
local government code
JOSEPH ESTRADA
He first entered politics in 1967 when he was elected
Mayor of the Municipality of San Juan and served up
to 1986.
In 1992, he was elected Vice President of the
Philippines and concurrently served as Chairman of
the Presidential Anti-Crime Commission (PACC)
On May 1998, he was elected President of the
Republic of the Philippines and on February 2002, he
was overthrowned by EDSA II Revolution which was
triggered by the impeachment case filed against him.
ERAP initiated the enactment of Executive ORDER
NO 151, SEPTEMBER 1999 (farmers Trust Fund)
President Estrada launched the Magbalikat para sa
Kaunlarang Agraryo or MAGKASAKA.
GLORIA MACAPAGAL ARROYO
• Gloria Macapagal Arroyo, born April 5, 1947
• Daughter of Diosdado P. Macapagal.
• President of the Philippines from 1961 to 1965
• Studied and got degrees
• Won a seat in the Senate in 1992 Elected as Vice
President in 1998
• Estrada corruption scandal = Arroyo new president
(January 20, 2001)
• Coup d'etat
• Reelected as pres in 2004
• Terrorism Investigated for various crimes
• Neckbreaker
BENIGNO AQUINO
 Full name: Benigno Simeon Cojuangco
Aquino
 He is the third child of Cory and Benigno
Aquino Jr.
 15th President of the Philippines
Agrarian Policies by the Former President Benigno
Aquino
• Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program (CARP)
• Hacienda Luisita
• Agrarian Reform Community Connectivity and
Economic Support Services (ARCCESS) project
• Agrarian Production Credit Program (APCP)
• The Legal Case Monitoring System (LCMS)
Executive Order No. 26, Series of 2011
to mandate the Department of Agriculture-Department
of Environment and Natural Resources-Department of
Agrarian Reform Convergence Initiative to develop a
National Greening Program in cooperation with other
government agencies.
RODRIGO DUTERTE
He is tenured as the 16th President of the Philippines.
• He is the first president from Mindanao; at age 71,
he is the oldest person to be elected as President of
the Philippines.
GE8 OVERALL HANDOUTS
• Known for his authoritarian leadership style,
decisiveness and man-of-the- people persona.
• He believed an "iron fist" was needed to inculcate
discipline in his administration, and cultivated a public
image of a father figure "Tatay Digong" (Father
Digong) who instills order and discipline within the
nation • Several scholars used the term "Dutertismo"
to refer to Duterte's style of governance, and the
various illiberal and radical elements of his
presidency.
-Duterte increased infrastructures spending and
Launched "BUILD! BUILD! BUILD! PROGRAM", an
ambitious building program. He initiated liberal
economic reform to attract foreign investors and
reformed the country's tax system.
-There were 6,854 bridges constructed, widened,
upgraded, rehabilitated and strengthened.
It was on November 1, 1897 that the Republic of
Biak-na-Bato (República de Biac-na- Bató) was
established during a meeting held at Biak-na-Bato in
the town of San Miguel de Mayumo in Bulacan. This
was a De Facto Constitutional Republic. In this
meeting, the constitution written byIsabelo Artacho
and Felix Ferrer was promulgated by the Katipunan,
which acted as Constitutional Assembly. The
Constitution of Biak-na-Bato known as the
"Constitución Provisional de la República de Filipinas"
was short-lived as it operated only from November 1,
1897 to December 14, 1897.
TYDINGS-MCDUFFIE ACT OF 1934
On March 24, 1934 the United States passed the
Tydings-McDuffie Act that allowed the Filipino nation
to have a self-government. A ten-year transition
period was granted by this Act so that Filipinos could
be prepared for self-government and full
independence.
THE 1935 PHILIPPINE CONSTITUTION
This constitution was written in 1934 with the goal of
meeting the United States' expectation of political
maturity among Philippine leaders so that a full and
real independence could be granted by the US. This
constitution was promulgated by the 1934
Constitutional Convention and was in operation
during the Commonwealth era (1935-1946), until the
Third Republic (July 4, 1946 - January 16, 1973). The
Third Republic started with the granting of Philippine
independence from US domination on July 4, 1946 to
Roxas Administration (1946-48), Quirino
Administration (1948-53), Magsaysay Administration
(1953–57), Garcia Administration (1957-61), and
Macapagal Administration (1961-65).
The 1943 Constitution was in operation in Japanese-
controlled areas of the Philippines from October 14,
1943 to August 17, 1945. However, the United States
and the Commonwealth government which was in
exile did not recognize the said constitution. Laurel
formally dissolved the Second Philippine Republic
following the surrender of Japan in World War II.
THE 1986 FREEDOM CONSTITUTION
Right after the 1986 People Power Revolution that
compelled President Marcos to step down from
power, President Corazon Aquino issued
Proclamation No. 3 to serve as a provisional
constitution. The proclamation contained some
provisions adopted from the 1973 Constitution.
Powers such as government reorganization, removal
of officials, appointment of a commission to draft a
new and more formal Constitution, which upon
ratification, would supplant the Freedom Constitution.
THE 1987 PHILIPPINE CONSTITUTION
The 1987 Philippine Constitution was drafted by a
constitutional assembly that was mandated in
Proclamation No. 3. The commission composed fifty
members appointed by President Corazon Aquino
from various backgrounds: former members of the
House of Representatives, former justices of the
Supreme Court, a Roman Catholic bishop, and
political activists against the Marcos regime. Cecilia
Muñoz-Palma, who was a former Associate Chief
Justice of the Supreme Court was elected by the
commission as its president. The final draft of the
1987 Constitution was finished on October 12, 1986
and was presented to President Aquino on October.
The constitution was ratified on February 8, 1987
through a nationwide plebiscite.
CHAPTER 5 KEYNOTES
GE8 OVERALL HANDOUTS
Local history is the key to understanding the different
cultures & perspectives of small communities. It
presents the the past events and experiences of
single communities that live equally unique among
the others. It may be the history of a municipality,
countryside, a residential area, or a metropolis
neighborhood. Local history aims to gain a better
insight upon others and ourselves. The national
history can be completely read and realized when
there are collective recordings of the local history,
which reflects vivid illustrations of the general course
of the national history" (Healey, 2008).
ART MUSEUMS
The art museum (called art gallery in some places) is
concerned primarily with the object as a means of
unaided communication with its visitors. Aesthetic
value is therefore a major consideration in accepting
items for the collection. Traditionally these collections
have comprised paintings, sculpture, and the
decorative arts. A number of art museums have
included the industrial arts since the 19th century,
when they were introduced, particularly to encourage
good industrial design.
MUSEUMS IN THE PHILIPPINES
1. University of Santo Tomas Museum of Arts and
Sciences. It is located at the University of Sto. Tomas,
Espana Boulevard, Manila. Starting out as Gabinete
de Fisica, an observation room of mineral, botanical
and biological collections for science courses
especially in Medicine and Pharmacy in the 17th
century, the University of Santo Tomas Museum,
known to be the oldest existing museum in the
Philippines boasts of a vast collection. Preserved for
over 300 years, the collection expanded to include
cultural pieces and artifacts. A large part of the UST
Museum's pieces are cultural artifacts indigenous to
the Philippines, categorized into tribal musical
instruments, three-dimensional artifacts and petrified
animals. It even includes the chair Pope John Paul II
sat in during his 1981 visit to Manila, leftover pieces
from old Intramuros churches, gold pieces found all
over the Philippines, household wares, weaponry,
brass and metal crafts and burial jars.
2. Ayala Museum. The location is in Makati Ave. cor.
Dela Rosa St., Makati City. It can be found at the
heart of the country's business district, Makati City,
the Ayala Museum is one of the most important and
most visited private museums. It houses a large
number of rare and priceless cultural and historical
items not found elsewhere in the country. For over 40
years, its handcrafted dioramas of Philippine history
scenes have impressed visitors. But the Ayala
Museum really has so much more to offer. The
Maritime Vessels Collection of finely crafted ship
models paying tribute to ancient boats is worth every
visit. The museum's fine arts collection, which
includes paintings by Juan Luna, Fernando Amorsolo,
and Fernando Zobel, representing Philippine art from
the late 19th to the 20th century, is not one to be
missed. It also holds a small collection of
ethnographic artifacts of Filipino minority communities
that include tools, weapons, ritual objects, clothing,
body ornaments and musical instruments.
3. Rizal Shrine. It is situated at Calamba, Laguna.
Being one of the most frequented historical and
tourist sites in Laguna, Jose Rizal Shrine in Calamba
has an average of 270,000 visitors annually. The
museum is a replica of the ancestral house where
Jose Rizal was shaped and molded and who would
later become the finest expression of his race. With
the house destroyed during World War II, President
Elpidio Quirino ordered the reconstruction of the
national hero's home through the supervision of
National Artist, Architect Juan Nakpil. It was
inaugurated in 1950. One of the known features of the
Spanish-Colonial house is a deep well that has
become a "wishing well" for tourists and visitors. It is
home to various memorabilia, books, manuscripts
and artworks that belonged to the Philippine national
hero.
4. The National Museum of Natural History. The new
museum is part of the National Museum complex in
Manila, along with the National Museum of Fine Arts
and the National Museum of Anthropology. The new
museum showcased the country's rich biodiversity
and wide variety of flora and fauna, interactive
activities and models, life-size replica of "Lolong the
crocodile," and many more.
5. The Mind Museum. It is located at JY Campos
Park, 3rd Avenue, Bonifacio Global City. The Mind
Museum is the first world-class science museum in
the Philippines that makes everything you didn't
bother learning in grade school suddenly so
fascinating. It has five interesting galleries namely: (1)
The Story of the Universe: Its Beginning and Majesty;
(2) The Story of the Earth: Its Story across the
Breadth of Time; (3) The Story of Life: The Exuberant
GE8 OVERALL HANDOUTS
Varieties of Life; (4) The Story of the Atom; The
Strange World of the Very Small; and (5) The Story of
Technology: The Showcase of Human Ingenuity-
presenting science through five main stories. All the
exhibitions are originally designed by Filipino artists
and fabricators who worked closely with both local
and international scientists. 6. National Museum of
the Philippines. It is situated at Taft Ave, Ermita,
Manila, Metro Manila. The National Museum, officially
the Museum of the Filipino People, in Rizal Park,
Manila was originally designed as a public library in
1918 before it was inaugurated on July 16, 1926. In
2003, renovations started
7. Museo Dabawenyo. Museo Dabwenyo or the
"Museum of the people of Davao" is one of the two
known museums in Davao. Although it is directly
translated as "Davao Museum", it is commonly known
as the NEW Museum. The other museum is known as
the OLD Davao Museum which is located inside
Insular Village just about a hundred meters from the
main gate and is slightly bigger than Museo
Dabawenyo. Because of its fine outside appearance,
most locals and foreigners visit Museo Dabawenyo to
see a glimpse of the past scenes of Davao in the
Philippines. It is a rich collection of the best and most
prominent handicrafts that Davao is known of. Museo
Dabawenyo is divided into four rooms: The
Indigenous People's Gallery is a collection of arts,
crafts, musical instruments, weapons and like made
by the different tribes who lived in the province.
8. Butuan National Museum. Butuan National
Museum displays the historical relics in the city, the
museum also showcases the cultural heritage of the
province and the whole region, including
archaeological artifacts, ethnographic materials, and
some heirloom pieces from the Butuan Museum
Foundation. Its gallery has two sections. The first
section is named the Prehistoric and Archaeological
Hall and the second section is named the Ethnology
Hall.
a. Prehistoric and Archaeological Hall. This area
showcases different kinds of primitive artifacts such
as specimens of stone crafts, Metal crafts, potteries,
goldsmithing, burial coffins, a variety ofartifacts
recovered at diverse periods of man's subsistence,
the Golden Tara-represents the relativity of Butuan to
Indonesia, and other ceramic wares withbeautiful
guild ornaments and beads. It also contains a bronze
pestle which was a foreign object dug up in 2001 in
Pinamanculan, believed to be brought byforeigners
trading with the locals.
b. Ethnology Hall. The area contains some artifacts
and objects that feature the cultural Communities of
the Manobo, Mamanwa, Higaonon, and the lowland
Butuanons.
HISTORICAL SHRINES IN THE PHILIPPINES
The Philippines is not only an archipelago with
beautiful beaches and colorful festivals and
hospitable people but also a country that is rich in
historical heritage and landmarks. If you are travelling
across the islands of the Philippines, you will not only
be travelling through different places but also through
different historical points in time. Here are some of
the historical shrines (Man, 2015):
1. Rizal Shrine. The Rizal Shrine, dedicated to the
lifework of Jose Rizal, is located on Santa Clara
Street, Fort Santiago in Intramuros, Manila. This is a
fortified complex which houses the building Rizal
spent his last night and where his family later found
concealed in an oil lamp, the famous poem Mi Ultimo
Adios (My Last Farewell). The shrine is home to
various memorabilia, books, manuscripts and
artworks belonging to the polymath and Renaissance
man Rizal.
2. Pinaglabanan Shrine and the Spirit of
Pinaglabanan. Pinaglabanan Shrine commemorates
the Battle of San Juan del Monte, the first attempt of
the Katipuneros led by Andres Bonifacio and Emilio
Jacinto to fight the Spanish forces in late August of
1896. Although the battle of San Juan del Monte was
won by the Spaniards, the Katipuneros, who were
only armed with bolos and homemade guns, did not
lose their spirits. The guts and bravery of the Filipinos
who fought during the battle sent a warning to Spain
that their colonization of the Philippines will soon be
over.
The five-hectare Pinaglabanan Memorial Shrine
includes the Museo ng Katipunan, the Battle of
Pinaglabanan statue (statue of a woman supported
by two children, holding up a bolo), and the
monument of the Spirit of Pinaglabanan (the shrine's
centerpiece which is a statue of elongated figures
created by Edgardo Castrillo). It is located at
Domingo corner Pinaglabanan Street, San Juan,
Metro Manila. It was designed by Eduardo Castrillo
GE8 OVERALL HANDOUTS
and built in 1974. It is dedicated to the brave
Katipuneros who fought and died in that battlefield.
3. Lapu-Lapu Shrine. Lapu-Lapu is considered as the
first Filipino hero who successfully defended the
Philippines from the Spanish invasion. He's a symbol
of courage and success in defeating enemies. In fact,
his image is the central figure in the seal of the
Philippine National Police and the Bureau of Fire
Protection. He is best known as the hero of the Battle
of Mactan on April 27, 1521. The battle of Mactan
stopped the invasion of Magellan in Cebu and
delayed the Spanish occupation of the islands by over
forty years until the expedition of Miguel López de
Legazpi in 1564.
The monument of Lapu-Lapu is in Liberty Shrine
(Mactan Shrine), where the historic battle of Mactan
took place at dawn on April 27, 1521. The area is also
the place where Magellan Shrine and the marker of
the spot the Portuguese conquistador was killed are
located. It is located at Liberty Shrine, Punta Engaño,
Lapu-Lapu CityCebu and it is dedicated to Lapu-
Lapu, a native chieftain of Mactan who defeated
Magellan in the battle of Mactan in 1521. It was
sometime in 1969 through RA. 5695
LUMAD
1. The Cotabato Manobo is a group that has
traditionally lived in the southwest highlands of
Mindanao. Also known as the Dulangan and Tudag,
they are mostly Christians and have been largely
assimilated and their traditional culture has
disappeared. In the old days in Northern Cotabato,
after Manobo boys and girls filed and blackened their
teeth, they underwent a ceremony of tasting new rice
which qualifies them for admission into full manhood
and womanhood.
2. The Bagobos are a group that live in a very
mountainous region of Mindanao between the upper
Pilangi and Davao rivers. Also known as the Manobo,
Manuvu, Obbo and Obo, they are divided into two
main groups: the coastal Bagobo who were
influenced by Christianity, plantations and were
largely assimilated; and upland Bagobo, who
traditionally practiced slash and burn agriculture and
derived about 25 percent of their food from hunting,
gathering and fishing. Some upland Bagobo villages
are very small and consist of only a few families living
on a hill top. Others are larger. Bagobo culture is
characterized by strict incest prohibitions, the
formation of vengeance groups and the production of
long epic poems called tuwaang.
3. The Bilaanor B`laan is a group that lives in south-
central Mindanao. Also known as the Balud, Baraan,
Bilanes, Biraan, Blann, Buluan, Buluanes, Tagalagad,
Takogan, Tumanao, Vilanes, they live in houses
scattered among gardens and are also ruled by datu.
The Bilaan people of Mindanao wrap their dead inside
tree barks. Being enveloped as such, the dead
person's body is then suspended from treetops.
4. The Bukidnon is a group that lives in the highlands
of north-central Mindanao. Also known as the Binokid,
Binukid, Higaonan and Higaunen, they have
traditionally been farmers who raised corn, rice, sweet
potatoes, bananas and coconuts and used water
buffalo to plow their fields. Many have been
assimilated and most are Catholics. The ones who
remain closest to the old ways live near the
headwaters of the Pulangi Rover on the slopes of
Mount Kitanglad or Mount Kalatungan. They used to
live in communal houses with as many as fifty families
but now they live in single-family houses.
5. The Mandaya are an animist ethnic group that lives
along the Mayo River. In the old days, Mandaya youth
filed and blacken their teeth upon reaching puberty.
These acts were considered aids to beauty which
helped a young person find a suitable partner for
marriage.
6. The T'boli of Mindanao (pronounced "Tiboli")
people live in the southern part of the province of
Cotabato, in the area around Lake Sebu, west of the
city General Santos. In the past the T'boli practiced
"slash and burn" agriculture. "Slash and burn" means
that the people will clear a part of the forest by cutting
the big trees and burning the lower and smaller trees
and bushes, after which they use the cleared plots as
arable land for some years without any fertilization.
Rice, cassava and yams were the most important
agricultural products. Next to that, the people went
hunting or fishing for additional food. These days
slash and burn agriculture is no longer possible.
MUSLIMS
GE8 OVERALL HANDOUTS
1. Maguindanao. The Maguindanao refers to the
people living in the Pulangi area, located in what are
now North Cotabato, Sultan Kudarat and
Maguindanao Provinces. Cultural communities within
this region also include the Tituray, T'boli and the
Manobos. Maguindanao originally means "people of
flooded plain." The name Maguindanao was also
named after the Sultanate or dynasty that ruled the
area for several years. This Muslim group live in
south-central Mindanao. They are also known as the
Maguindanao, Manguindanaon, Magindanaw, they
are the largest group of Muslim Filipinos. They speak
a language that is in the same group as most other
Philippines languages, including Tagalog, and are
believed to have converted to Islam around the 15th
and 16th centuries.
2. Maranao. Maranao means "people of the lake."
Their homeland is called Lanao or "lake." Their oldest
settlement started around here, and up to this day,
highly populated communities still dot the lake. Their
language is similar to Maguindanaon and Iranun.They
form the largest Muslim community and cultural
minority in the Philippines. Their families are
traditionally large and close-knit. Feudal standing is in
some parts still visible. The position, wealth and land
ownership of many of those considered from an
ancestry of "royalty" still maintain some political
position or prominence in their areas. They have
traditionally been fishermen and farmers and lived in
villages made up of a few households but the
households have often been large with several
families living together in a large unpartitioned house
with people sleeping along the walls and the rear of
the dwelling serving as a communal kitchen.
3. Tausug. "Tausug" was derived from tau meaning
"man" and sug meaning "current" and translates into
"people of the current." Another argument made on
the meaning of the name states that the name in fact
translates to "brave people". The Tausug even before
the arrival of Islam or Christianity and the people who
promulgated their system of government, the Sulu
Islands, where the Tausugs are found, had their own
system of government. The Tausugs openly
welcomed Islam and the system of government that
came with it. This has bred to the establishment of the
Sulu sultanate. Leaders from this region moved to
other places in the country, spreading Islam and its
system of government in Tawi- Tawi, Palawan,
Basilan, Zamboanga, and Sabah.
4. Sama. Also in the Sulu Archipelago are the Sama
consisting of five sub-groups including the Sama and
the Badjao. These people are highly dispersed in the
Sulu Archipelago. They are considered boat-people,
spending most of their time in constant movement
throughout the islands in the area or living on the
water. The Sama are also considered the sea-gypsies
of the Philippines.
5. Yakan. Yakan is the majority Muslim group in
Basilan, south of Mindanao. The Yakan have
generally two spheres of belief integrating Islamic
principles and traditional beliefs into what is referred
to as "folk Islam".The Yakans were primarily under
the Sulu Sultanate, but proving to be deliberately their
own through the leadership of Datu Kalun, the Basilan
Yakan had given the Spanish and Americans.
However, the Yakan have remained in many
instances separate from any rule, other than that of
Sultanates their Datu follows.
6. Ilanon or Iranun. The Iranun are said by many to
have been the origin of the ethnic groups within the
Lanao del Sur to the Maguindanao areas. The Iranun
language is in fact seen in the Maranao and
Maguindanao languages. The Iranun were said to
have fought under the Maguindanao sultanate. Many
sultans of Maguindanao were said to have been from
the Iranuns.
7. Koltbugan. Kolibugan means "half-breeds."
Originally from the Subanon tribes, these people are
called such because their culture has been said to be
half breed, having come into Islam through
intermarriage with Muslim communities. These people
live the Subanun organization and language. The
term kolibugan is as well used to refer to all peoples
who have accepted Islam through intermarriage. 8.
Sangil. The Sangil are found in the Balut Sarangani,
parts of South Cotabato and Davao Del Sur
provinces. They are said to have come from Sanghe
(islands in Indonesia between the Celebes), the origin
of the name Sangil. They are people who were
already Muslims before they came to Philippine
shores. They are also known for their boat making.
They have also been said to be the buccaneers who
attacked Spanish territories in other parts of the
Philippines.
9. Kalagan. The Kaagan are mostly found in the
Davao provinces. Their islamization was achieved
through the arrival of the Maguindaon and the
GE8 OVERALL HANDOUTS

Tausug. However, when the Maguindanao sultanate by hand, without plows or even hoes. They gather a
and Tausug left, the Kaagan became marginalized wide variety of forest products, hunt wild pigs and
and with less improvement in their social deer and fish and collect crustaceans from streams.
organization. The division of labor between men and women is very
equal.
10. Muslim Inhabitants of Palawan. Palawan
inhabitants (Panimusan) were Islamized through the
Sulu sultanate, through the Tausug who went there to
introduce to Islam to the local people. Now, the
Muslim populations in the area are found in Batarasa,
Quezon, Brooke's Point, Espanola, Narra, Roxas,
Taytay and Aborlan.
11. Jama Mapun. The largest concentration of Jama
Mapun is on the island of Cagayan de Sulu. They are
more oriented towards a land-based existence than
most Sama groups, but are also heavily oriented
towards maritime trade emphasizing copra and forest
products; they receive many consumer products
through barter with northern Borneo cities. They live
both on the coast and in the interior of their islands.
Kinship is traced bilaterally, but there are unilineal
features such as the patrilineal inheritance of titles.
Political structure revolves around the Sultanate, but
there is also an ancestor-based grouping called
lungun. The elaborate music and dance of the Jama
Mapun are related to those of Southeast Asia. 12.
Badjao. Widely known as the "Sea Gypsies" of the
Sulu and Celebes Seas, the Badjao are scattered
along the coastal areas of Tawi Tawi, Sulu, Basilan,
and some coastal municipalities of Zamboanga del
Sur in the ARMM. Amongst themselves, they're
known as Sama Laus (Sea Sama) and are found
living on houseboats where they make their livelihood
solely on the sea as expert fishermen, deep sea
divers, and navigators. They come to shore to barter
their harvests for farmed produce such as fruits and
cassava, as well as, replenish their supplies and/or
make repairs to their houseboats. Unique to their
cultural rituals is the concept of life and their
relationship to the sea.
13. Subanun. The Subanun is a group of animist
slash-and burn agriculturists that live in the forest
interior in southern Mindanao. Also known as the
Subanen (Eastern Subanun), Subano, Subanon
(Western Subanun), they are quite different from the
lowlanders who live around them who are either
Muslims or Christians. The Subanun have a history of
being exploited and taken as slaves by their coastal
Muslim neighbors. The Subanun live in widely
scattered settlements and raise crops almost totally