1.

The specific latent heat of vaporization of a substance is the quantity of energy required to

A. raise the temperature of a unit mass of a substance by one degree Celsius.

B. convert a unit mass of liquid to vapour at constant temperature and pressure.

C. convert a unit mass of solid to vapour at constant temperature and pressure.

D. convert a unit mass of liquid to vapour at a temperature of 100°C and a pressure of one
atmosphere.
(1)

2. When a gas in a cylinder is compressed at constant temperature by a piston, the pressure of the
gas increases. Consider the following three statements.

I. The rate at which the molecules collide with the piston increases.

II. The average speed of the molecules increases.

III. The molecules collide with each other more often.

Which statement(s) correctly explain the increase in pressure?

A. I only

B. II only

C. I and II only

D. I and III only

(1)

3. Two different objects are in thermal contact with one another. The objects are at different
temperatures. The temperatures of the two objects determine

A. the process by which thermal energy is transferred.

B. the heat capacity of each object.

C. the direction of transfer of thermal energy between the objects.

D. the amount of internal energy in each object.

(1)

1
4. A container holds 20 g of neon (mass number 20) and also 8 g of helium (mass number 4).

number of atoms of neon

What is the ratio ?
number of atoms of helium

A. 0.4

B. 0.5

C. 2.0

D. 2.5
(1)

5. The specific latent heat of fusion of a substance is defined as the amount of thermal energy
required to change the phase of

A. the substance at constant temperature.

B. unit mass of the substance to liquid at constant temperature.

C. unit mass of the substance at constant temperature.

D. the substance to gas at constant temperature.

(1)

6. Some liquid is contained in a shallow dish that is open to the atmosphere. The rate of
evaporation of the liquid does not depend on

A. the temperature of the liquid.

B. the temperature of the atmosphere.

C. the depth of the liquid.

D. the pressure of the atmosphere.

(1)

2
7. A temperature scale is to be constructed using the property X of a substance. Which of the
following must be a characteristic of the property X?

A. The value of the property must be zero at zero kelvin.

B. The property must increase with increase of temperature.

C. The property must have a different value at each temperature to be measured.

D. The value of the property must vary linearly with kelvin temperature.
(1)

8. Which of the following is not an assumption on which the kinetic model of an ideal gas is
based?

A. All molecules behave as if they are perfectly elastic spheres.

B. The mean-square speed of the molecules is proportional to the kelvin temperature.

C. Unless in contact, the forces between molecules are negligible.

D. The molecules are in continuous random motion.

(1)

9. As part of an experiment to determine the latent heat of vaporisation of water, a student boils
some water in a beaker using an electric heater as shown below.

beaker
heater

water

The student notes two sources of error.

Error 1: thermal energy is lost from the sides of the beaker

Error 2: as the water is boiling, water splashes out of the beaker

3
 Which of the following gives the correct effect of these two errors on the calculated value for
the specific latent heat?

Error 1 Error 2

A. Increase Decrease

B. Increase No change

C. Decrease Increase

D. Decrease No change
(1)

10. Three bodies X, Y and Z are at temperatures θX, θY and θZ respectively. Thermal energy passes
freely from Y to X and also from Z to X, as illustrated below.

X
X
Z
Z

Y
Y

The direction of flow of thermal energy, if any, between Y and Z is unknown. What can be
deduced about the temperatures θX, θY and θZ?

A. θX = (θY +θZ)

B. θY = θZ

C. θY > θX

D. θX > θZ
(1)

4
11. The specific latent heat of vaporization of a substance is defined as the amount of thermal
energy required to

A. change a liquid to vapour at constant pressure.

B. change a liquid to vapour at constant temperature.

C. change unit mass of liquid to vapour at constant pressure.

D. change unit mass of liquid to vapour at constant temperature.

(1)

12. Two ideal gases X and Y, are contained in a cylinder at constant temperature. The mass of the
atoms of X is m and of Y is 4m.

Which one of the following is the correct value of the ratio

average kinetic energy of the atoms of Y

?
average kinetic energy of the atoms of X

A. 1

B. 2

C. 4

D. 16
(1)

5
13. For a system that undergoes a small change of state,

Q = U + W

where +Q = thermal energy transferred to the system

+U = increase in internal energy of the system
+W = the work done by the system.

In an adiabatic compression of an ideal gas, which one of the following is true in respect of Q,
U and W?

Q U W

A. Zero Positive Negative

B. Zero Negative Negative
C. Positive Positive Positive
D. Negative Zero Positive
(1)

14. The internal energy of a solid substance is equal to the

A. average kinetic energy of the molecules.

B. total kinetic energy of the molecules.

C. total potential energy of the molecules.

D. total potential and total kinetic energy of the molecules.

(1)

15. Which of the following correctly shows the changes, if any, in the potential energy and in the
kinetic energy of the molecules of a solid as it melts?

Potential energy Kinetic energy

A. Decreases Increases

B. Increases Stays the same

C. Stays the same Decreases

D. Stays the same Stays the same

(1)

6
16. A lump of metal is initially at a temperature of 100C. The metal is heated so that its
temperature rises by  degrees, as measured on the Celsius scale. The rise in temperature, as
measured on the Kelvin scale is

A.  − 273.

B. .

C.  + 273.

D.  + 373.
(1)

17. A large mass M of ice of specific latent heat L is at its melting point (0C). A small mass m of
water at  C is poured on to the block of ice. The specific heat capacity of water is S. Which
one of the following is a correct expression for the mass of ice melted?

mL
A.
Sθ

mSθ
B.
L

MSθ
C.
L

MS
D.
Sθ
(1)

7
18. A string is held horizontally with one end attached to a fixed support. Two pulses are created at
the free end of the string. The pulses are moving towards the fixed support as shown in the
diagram below.

fixed support
string

Which one of the following diagrams is a possible subsequent picture of the string?

A. B.

C. D.

(1)

19. Which one of the following correctly describes the changes, if any, of the kinetic energy and the
potential energy of the molecules of a liquid as it is boiling?

Kinetic energy Potential energy

A. increases increases

B. increases stays constant

C. stays constant increases

D. stays constant stays constant

(1)

8
20. Two objects X and Y are made of the same material. Object X is more massive than object Y.
Both objects are at the same temperature.

Which of the following correctly compares the average kinetic energy and also the total energy
of the molecules in the objects?

average kinetic energy of the total energy of the molecules in

molecules in X and Y X and Y

A. same greater in X than in Y

B. same less in X than in Y

C. greater in X than in Y same

D. less in X than in Y same

(1)

21. An ideal gas is contained in a cylinder by a piston. The volume of the gas is decreased by
moving the piston rapidly in the direction shown.

piston moved
gas rapidly in this
direction

The average speed of the gas molecules is initially increased because the molecules

A. have a smaller volume in which to move.

B. make more collisions in unit time with the cylinder walls and piston.

C. have energy transferred to them as they collide with the moving piston.

D. make more collisions with each other in unit time.

(1)

9
22. The length of the mercury column in a thermometer is L100 at 100C and L0 at 0C.

Which of the following gives the temperature when the length of the mercury column is LT?

LT
A. 100C
L100

LT
100C
L100  L0 
B.

L100  LT 
100C
L100  L0 
C.

LT  L0 
100C
L100  L0 
D.

(1)

10
23. A metal block of mass M is heated. The graph shows the variation with thermal energy H
supplied to the block of its temperature rise .

0
0 H

The gradient of the straight-line graph is n. The specific heat capacity of the metal is

A. 1 .
Mn

B. 1.
n

C. Mn.

D. n.
(1)

24. The molar mass of water is 18 g. The approximate number of water molecules in a glass of
water is

A. 1022.

B. 1025.

C. 1028.

D. 1031.
(1)

11
25. Two bodies are brought into thermal contact with each other. No thermal energy transfer takes
place between the bodies. It may be deduced therefore, that the bodies must have the same

A. specific heat capacity.

B. heat capacity.

C. temperature.

D. internal energy.
(1)

26. A copper block and a steel block each have the same mass. The copper block is at a higher
temperature than the steel block.

The blocks are placed in thermal contact and they then reach thermal equlibrium. There is no
energy exchange with the surroundings.

How do the magnitude of the change in temperature ∆T and the magnitude of the change in
internal energy ∆U of the two blocks compare?

∆T ∆U
A. same same
B. same different
C. different same
D. different different
(1)

12
27. A sample of an ideal gas is contained in a cylinder. The volume of the gas is suddenly
decreased. A student makes the following statements to explain the change in pressure of the
gas.

I. The average kinetic energy of the gas atoms increases.

II. The atoms of the gas hit the walls of the cylinder more frequently.

III. There are more atoms that are able to collide with the walls of the cylinder.

Which of these statements is true?

A. I and II only

B. I and III only

C. II and III only

D. I, II and III
(1)

28. Gas leaks slowly out of a cylinder of constant volume. The temperature of the gas in the
cylinder does not change. Which of the following is constant for the gas molecules in the
cylinder?

A. The number striking unit area of surface in unit time

B. The number of the collisions between molecules per unit time

C. The number per unit volume

D. The average speed

(1)

13
29. A block of metal at a temperature of 90C is placed in a beaker of water at a temperature of 0°C.
The mass of the metal block and the mass of the water are equal. The final temperature of the
water and the metal block is 9°C.

Which of the following is the best estimate of the ratio

specific heat of water

?
specific heat of metal

1
A.
10

1
B.
9

C. 9

D. 10
(1)

30. The internal energy of a solid substance is equal to the

A. average kinetic energy of the molecules.

B. total kinetic energy of the molecules.

C. total potential energy of the molecules.

D. total potential and total kinetic energy of the molecules.

(1)

14
31. A gas is contained in a cylinder fitted with a piston as shown below.

When the gas is compressed rapidly by the piston its temperature rises because the molecules of
the gas

A. are squeezed closer together.

B. collide with each other more frequently.

C. collide with the walls of the container more frequently.

D. gain energy from the moving piston.

(1)

32. The internal energy of a solid substance is equal to the

A. average kinetic energy of the molecules.

B. total kinetic energy of the molecules.

C. total potential energy of the molecules.

D. total potential and total kinetic energy of the molecules.

(1)

15
33. A gas is contained in a cylinder fitted with a piston as shown below.

When the gas is compressed rapidly by the piston its temperature rises because the molecules of
the gas

A. are squeezed closer together.

B. collide with each other more frequently.

C. collide with the walls of the container more frequently.

D. gain energy from the moving piston.

(1)

16
1. This question is about specific heat capacity and specific latent heat.

(a) Define specific heat capacity.

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................
(1)

(b) Explain briefly why the specific heat capacity of different substances such as aluminium
and water are not equal in value.

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................
(2)

A quantity of water at temperature θ is placed in a pan and heated at a constant rate until some
of the water has turned into steam. The boiling point of the water is 100°C.

(c) (i) Using the axes below, draw a sketch-graph to show the variation with time t of the
temperature θ of the water. (Note: this is a sketch-graph; you do not need to add
any values to the axes.)
(1)

100°C

°C

0 t
time at which
heating starts
time at which
water starts to boil

1
 (ii) Describe in terms of energy changes, the molecular behaviour of water and steam
during the heating process.

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................
(5)

Thermal energy is supplied to the water in the pan for 10 minutes at a constant rate of 400 W.
The thermal capacity of the pan is negligible.

(d) (i) Deduce that the total energy supplied in 10 minutes is 2.4 × 105 J.

...........................................................................................................................
(1)

(ii) Using the data below, estimate the mass of water turned into steam as a result of
this heating process.

initial mass of water = 0.30 kg

initial temperature of the water θ = 20°C
specific heat capacity of water = 4.2 × 103 J kg–1 K–1
specific latent heat of vaporization of water = 2.3 × 106 Jkg–1

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................
(3)

2
 (iii) Suggest one reason why this mass is an estimate.

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 14 marks)

2. The physics of cooling

(a) Explain what is meant by the temperature of a substance.

...................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................
(2)

A thermometer is placed in a liquid contained in an open beaker. The reading of the

thermometer is recorded at regular intervals. The variation with time t of the temperature  is
shown below.

/ C 80

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000
t/s

(b) The temperature of the surroundings is 20C. On the graph continue the line to show the
variation with time of the temperature for the next 3000 s.
(2)

3
(c) By reference to the graph, state and explain the rate of loss of thermal energy from the
substance between

(i) 0 and 600 s;

.........................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................
(2)

(ii) 600 and 1800 s.

.........................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................
(4)

The mass of the liquid is 0.11 kg and the specific heat capacity of the liquid is 1300 J kg–1 K–1.

(d) (i) Use the graph to deduce that the rate of loss of thermal energy at time t = 600 s is
approximately 4 W.

.........................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................
(3)

4
 (ii) Calculate the specific latent heat of fusion of the liquid.

.........................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................
(3)
(Total 16 marks)

3. Gases and liquids

(a) Describe two differences, in terms of molecular structure, between a gas and a liquid.

1. .........................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................

2. .........................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................
(2)

(b) The temperture of an ideal gas is a measure of the average kinetic energy of the
molecules of the gas. Explain why the average kinetic energy is specified.

...................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................
(2)

(c) Define heat (thermal) capacity.

...................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................
(1)

5
(d) Water is heated at a constant rate in a container that has negligible heat capacity. The
container is thermally insulated from the surroundings.

The sketch-graph below shows the variation with time of the temperature of the water.

temperature /  C

A B

20
0 420 time / s

The following data are available:

initial mass of water = 0.40 kg

initial temp of water = 20C
rate at which water is heated = 300 W
specific heat capacity of water = 4.2  103 J kg–1C−1

(i) State the reason why the temperature is constant in the region AB.

.........................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................
(1)

(ii) Calculate the temperature  at which the water starts to boil.

.........................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................
(5)

6
 (e) All the water is boiled away 3.0  103 s after it first starts to boil. Determine a value for
the specific latent heat L of vaporization of water.

...................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 13 marks)

4. This question is about latent heat and specific heat.

(a) (i) Define specific latent heat of vaporization.

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................
(2)

(ii) Energy is supplied to a boiling liquid at a constant rate. Describe, in terms of

molecular behaviour, why the temperature of the liquid remains constant.

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................
(3)

(b) A student determines the latent heat of vaporization of water by an electrical method. An
electrical heater is used to boil water. When the water is boiling at a steady rate, the mass
of water evaporated per minute is determined. The mass is determined for two different
powers of the heater and the results are shown in the table below.

power of heater / W mass of water evaporated per minute / g

80.0 1.89
35.0 0.70

The power of the heater is determined using an ammeter and a voltmeter.

7
(i) The heater is labelled 9.0 V, 80.0W. In the space below, draw an electrical circuit
to show how the heater may be used correctly with a constant 12 V supply to
provide different powers to the heater. Include the ammeter and voltmeter in your
circuit.

12V

(2)

8
(ii) Calculate the current in the heater for a power output of 80.0W.

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................
(2)

9
(iii) Use the data in the table above to determine a value for the specific latent heat of
vaporization of water.

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................
(4)

10
(c) In one particular make of electric kettle, the heater must always be immersed in water
when the kettle is in use. The minimum volume of water that can be heated is 650 cm3.

The kettle is used six times each day to boil water for a single cup of tea. The cup has a
volume of 350 cm3. The mass of 1.0 cm3 of water is 1.0 g.

(i) Calculate the mass of water that is heated, but not used, during one day.

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................
(1)

11
(ii) The initial temperature of the water in the kettle before heating is 18C. The
specific heat capacity of water is 4.2×103Jkg–1K–1. Deduce that the electrical
energy wasted each day is 6.2×105J.

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................
(1)

12
(iii) The cost of 1.0 MJ of electrical energy is 3.5 cents. Estimate the cost of the energy
that is used each year to heat water that is not used to make tea.

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 17 marks)

13
5. Some students were asked to design and carry out an experiment to determine the specific latent
heat of vaporization of water. They set up the apparatus shown below.

d.c. supply V

A
Water
Heater

g Top-pan balance

14
The current was switched on and maintained constant using the variable resistor. The readings
of the voltmeter and the ammeter were noted. When the water was boiling steadily, the reading
of the top-pan balance was taken and, simultaneously, a stopwatch was started. The reading of
the top-pan balance was taken again after 200 seconds and then after a further 200 seconds.

The change in reading of the top-pan balance during each 200 second interval was calculated
and an average found. The power of the heater was calculated by multiplying together the
readings of the voltmeter and the ammeter.

15
(a) Suggest how the students would know when the water was boiling steadily.

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................
(1)

16
(b) Explain why a reading of the mass lost in the first 200 seconds and then a reading of the
mass lost in the next 200 second interval were taken, rather than one single reading of the
mass lost in 400 seconds.
(2)

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................

17
 The students repeated the experiment for different powers supplied to the heater. A graph of the
power of the heater against the mass of water lost (the change in balance reading) in 200
seconds was plotted. The results are shown below. (Error bars showing the uncertainties in the
measurements are not shown.)

120

100

80

60
power / W

40

20

0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
mass / g

18
(c) (i) On the graph above, draw the best-fit straight line for the data points.
(1)

(ii) Determine the gradient of the line you have drawn.

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................
(3)

19
In order to find a value for the specific latent heat of vaporization L, the students used the
equation

P = mL,

where P is the power of the heater and m is the mass of water evaporated per second.

(d) Use your answer for the gradient of the graph to determine a value for the specific latent
heat of vaporization of water.

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................
(3)

20
(e) The theory of the experiment would suggest that the graph line should pass through the
origin. Explain briefly why the graph does not pass through the origin.

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 12 marks)

21
6. This question is about an experiment to measure the temperature of a flame.

(a) Define heat (thermal) capacity.

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................
(1)

22
A piece of metal is held in the flame of a Bunsen burner for several minutes. The metal is then
quickly transferred to a known mass of water contained in a calorimeter.

flame

water calorimeter
container

Bunsen burner
lagging (insulation)

The water into which the metal has been placed is stirred until it reaches a steady temperature.

23
(b) Explain why

(i) the metal is transferred as quickly as possible from the flame to the water;

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................
(1)

24
(ii) the water is stirred.

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................
(1)

25
The following data are available:
heat capacity of metal = 82.7 J K–1
heat capacity of the water in the calorimeter = 5.46 × 102 J K–1
heat capacity of the calorimeter = 54.6 J K–1
initial temperature of the water = 288 K
final temperature of the water = 353 K

26
(c) Assuming negligible energy losses in the processes involved, use the data to calculate the
temperature T of the Bunsen flame.

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................
(4)
(Total 7 marks)

27
1. B
[1]

2. A
[1]

3. C
[1]

4. B
[1]

5. B
[1]

6. C
[1]

7. C
[1]

8. B
[1]

9. A
[1]

10. C
[1]

1
11. D
[1]

12. A
[1]

13. A
[1]

14. D
[1]

15. B
[1]

16. B
[1]

17. B
[1]

18. C
[1]

19. C
[1]

20. A
[1]

2
21. C
[1]

22. D
[1]

23. A
[1]

24. B
[1]

25. C
[1]

26. D
[1]

27. A
[1]

28. D
[1]

29. C
[1]

30. D
[1]

3
31. D
[1]

32. D
[1]

33. D
[1]

4
1. (a) specific heat capacity is the amount of energy required to raise the
temperature of unit mass through 1 K; 1

(b) raising the temperature means increasing the KE of the molecules;

there are different numbers of molecules of different mass in unit mass
of aluminium and water (accept different densities) and therefore different
amounts of energy will be needed / OWTTE; 2

(c) (i)

100°C

°C

0 t
time at which
heating starts time at which
water starts to boil
general shape (but constant  range must be clear); 1

(ii)   100°C:
the KE of the molecules is increasing;
100°C:
when the water starts to change phase, there is no further increase in KE;
the energy goes into increasing the PE of the molecules;
so increasing their separation;
until they are far enough apart to become gas / their molecular bonds are
broken / until they are effectively an infinite distance apart / OWTTE; 5

(d) (i) total energy supplied = 400 × 600 = 2.4 ×105 J; 1

(ii) energy required to raise temperature of water = 0.30 × 80 × 4.2 × 103
= 1.0 × 105 J;
energy available to convert water to steam = (2.4 – 1.0) × 105 = 1.4 × 105 J;
(1.4  10 5 )
mass of water converted to steam =  60 g; 3
2.3  10 6

(iii) energy is lost to the surroundings (must specify where the energy is lost) /
water might bubble out of pan whilst boiling / anything sensible; 1 max
[14]

1
2. The physics of cooling
(a) temperature is proportional to a measure of the average kinetic energy;
of the molecules of the substance;
or:
idea that temperature shows natural direction of the flow of thermal energy;
from high to low temperature / OWTTE; (do not accept “hot to cold”) 2
Award [1 max] for a rough and ready answer and [2 max] for a more
detailed answer.

(b) a curve of gradually decreasing rate of loss of temperature;

that is asymptotic to 20C; 2
Award [0] for a straight-line graph.

(c) (i) temperature is falling because of thermal energy transfer to the

surroundings;
with a decreasing rate;
the rate thermal energy transfer / heat loss in this region is greater;
because the temperature difference with the surroundings is greater
/ OWTTE; 2
(ii) realization that substance is still losing thermal energy; 1
Award [3 max] for other relevant points:
eg liquid and solid present / phase change taking place;
temperature stays constant until no more liquid;
at a constant rate;
loss of PE of atoms = thermal energy transfer;
because PE decreases;
KE of atoms constant; 4
Award [2 max] for an answer that fails to realize that the liquid
solidifies.

2
 (d) (i) calculation of the temperature rate of change in the range
(2.4  3.5)  102Cs1;
Q Q
 mc ;
t t
= 0.11  1300  2.9  102;
~ 4(1)W; 3
(ii) energy lost while solidifying E = 3600  6000J;
E
L ;
m
L = 33  55kJ kg1; 3
[16]

3. Gases and liquids

(a) forces between gas molecules (except during collisions) are much smaller
than between liquid molecules;
speed of gas molecules much greater than speed of liquid molecules;
motion / movement of gas molecules is less restricted than that for liquid
molecules;
average separation of molecules much greater in a gas than in a liquid; 2

(b) the molecules do not have the same speed / the molecules have different speeds;
the speed of the molecules change each time they collide / the speed of
individual molecules is always changing / OWTTE; 2
Accept use of words “kinetic energy” in place of speed.

(c) the energy / heat required to raise / change the temperature of a substance
by1K / C; 1

(d) (i) the water is changing phase / boiling / KE of molecules is constant,

(PE is changing); 1
(ii) time = 420(s);
energy supplied = 300  420;
= 4.2  103  0.40  ;
to give  = 75;
therefore, boiling temperature  = 95C; 5

(e) 300  3.0  103 = 0.40 L;

to give L = 2.3  106 Jkg1; 2
[13]

3
4. (a) (i) quantity of thermal energy/heat required to convert unit
mass / mass of 1 kg of liquid to vapour/gas;
with no change of temperature / at its boiling point; 2

(ii) on vaporizing, potential energy of molecules/atoms increases;

on vaporizing, kinetic energy of molecules/atoms does not change;
only change in kinetic energy seen as change in temperature; 3
The term “vaporizing” or “phase change” should be present
at least once to award full marks.

(b) (i) heater, variable resistor and power supply in series;

ammeter in series with heater, voltmeter in parallel with heater; 2

(ii) P = VI used – not merely quoted;

80
I= = 8.9 A; 2
9

(iii) idea of power × time = mass × latent heat;

allowance made in equation for heat loss to atmosphere;
(80 – 35) × 60 = (1.89 – 0.70) × L;
L = 23000 J g–1; 4
Award [3 max] for use of two powers and a reference to heat
loss to atmosphere/environment to explain the difference
in numerical values of L.
Award [2 max] for use of two powers and taking an average.
Award [1 max] for use of one power only.

(c) (i) mass = (650 – 350) × 6 × 1 = 1800 g; 1

(ii) energy = 1.8 × 4.2 × 103 × (100 – 18);

= 6.2 × 105 J 1
Award mark for the substitution, not the final answer.

6.2 10 5  365  3.5

(iii) cost = ;
1.0 10 6
= 790 cents; 2
[17]

5. (a) bubbles rise at constant rate / constant temperature using a thermometer; 1

(b) can check that rate of boiling is constant;
because the two masses should be equal; 2

4
 (c) (i) reasonable line drawn; 1
(ii) triangle for gradient with hypotenuse at least half length of line;
some working shown (eg coordinates used made clear);
answer 12 (W g–1)  1; 3

L
(d) gradient = ;
200
L = 2400 allow ecf from (c)(ii);
correct unit J g–1; 3

(e) heat energy losses / systematic error;

to the atmosphere / any other detail; 2
[12]

6. (a) the amount of energy / heat required to raise the temperature of a

substance / object through 1K / °C; 1

(b) (i) to ensure that the temperature of the metal does not change during
the transfer / negligible thermal energy / heat is lost during
the transfer; 1
Do not accept metal and water at same temperature.

(ii) to ensure that all parts of the water reach the same temperature; 1

(c) energy lost by metal = 82.7 × (T – 353) J;

energy gained by water = 5.46 × 102 × 65 J;
energy gained by calorimeter = 54.6 × 65 J;
equate energy lost to energy gained to get T = 825 K; 4
Award [2 max] if any energy term is missed.
[7]