1. The graph shows the variation with time t of the velocity v of an object.

Which one of the following graphs best represents the variation with time t of the acceleration a
of the object?

A. a B. a

0 0
0 t 0 t

C. a D. a

0 0
0 t 0 t

(1)

2. A ball is released from rest near the surface of the Moon. Which one of the following quantities
increases at a constant rate?

A. Only distance fallen

B. Only speed

C. Only speed and distance fallen

D. Only speed and acceleration

(1)

1
3. Peter and Susan both stand on the edge of a vertical cliff.

V (Peter)

V (Susan)

Sea

Susan throws a stone vertically downwards and, at the same time, Peter throws a stone vertically
upwards. The speed V with which both stones are thrown is the same. Neglecting air resistance,
which one of the following statements is true?

A. The stone thrown by Susan will hit the sea with a greater speed than the stone thrown by
Peter.

B. Both stones will hit the sea with the same speed no matter what the height of the cliff.

C. In order to determine which stone hits the sea first, the height of the cliff must be known.

D. In order to determine which stone hits the sea first both the height of the cliff and the
mass of each stone must be known.
(1)

2
4. The diagram below shows the variation with time t of the velocity v of an object.

0
0 t

The area between the line of the graph and the time-axis represents

A. the average velocity of the object.

B. the displacement of the object.

C. the impulse acting on the object.

D. the work done on the object.

(1)

5. The diagram below shows the variation with time t of the velocity v of an object.

0
0 t

3
 Which one of the following graphs shows the variation with time t of the acceleration a of the
object?

A. B.
a a

0 0
0 t 0 t

C. D.
a a

0
0 t

0
0 t
(1)

6. Which one of the following is a correct definition of displacement?

A. Distance from a fixed point

B. Distance moved from a fixed point

C. Distance from a fixed point in a given direction

D. Distance moved in a given direction

(1)

4
7. A car accelerates uniformly from rest. It then continues at constant speed before the brakes are
applied, bringing the car to rest.

Which of the following graphs best shows the variation with time t of the acceleration a of the
car?

A. a

0
0 t

B. a

0
0 t

C. a

0
0 t

D. a

0
0 t

(1)

5
8. The graph below shows the variation with time t of the acceleration a of a spaceship.

0
0 T t

The spaceship is at rest at t = 0.

The shaded area represents

A. the distance travelled by the spaceship between t = 0 and t = T.

B. the speed of the spaceship at t = T.

C. the rate at which the speed of the spaceship changes between t = 0 and t = T.

D. the rate at which the acceleration changes between t = 0 and t = T.

(1)

9. A particle moves from a point P to a point Q in a time T. Which one of the following correctly
defines both the average velocity and average acceleration of the particle?

Average velocity Average acceleration

displaceme nt of Q and P change in speed from Q to P
A.
T T
displaceme nt of Q and P change in velocit y from Q to P
B.
T T
distance between Q and P change in speed from Q to P
C.
T T
distance between Q and P change in velocit y from Q to P
D.
T T
(1)

6
10. Two stones, X and Y, of different mass are dropped from the top of a cliff. Stone Y is dropped a
short time after stone X. Air resistance is negligible.

Whilst the stones are falling, the distance between them will

A. decrease if the mass of Y is greater than the mass of X.

B. increase if the mass of X is greater than the mass of Y.

C. decrease whether the mass of X is greater or less than the mass of Y.

D. increase whether the mass of X is greater or less than the mass of Y.

(1)

11. The graph below shows the variation with time t of the displacement s of a car. In which time
interval is the speed greatest?

0
0 A B C D t
(1)

7
12. Points P and Q are at distances R and 2R respectively from the centre X of a disc, as shown
below.

P 2R
R
X

The disc is rotating about an axis through X, normal to the plane of the disc. Point P has linear
speed v and centripetal acceleration a. Which one of the following is correct for point Q?

Linear speed Centripetal acceleration

A. v a

B. v 2a

C. 2v 2a

D. 2v 4a
(1)

8
13. A body starting from rest moves along a straight-line under the action of a constant force. After
travelling a distance d the speed of the body is v.

initial position
v

d
The speed of the body when it has travelled a distance from its initial position is
2

v
A. .
4

v
B. .
2

v
C. .
2

v
D. .
2 2
(1)

9
14. The graph shows the variation with time t of the acceleration a of an object.

20

15

10
–2
a / ms

0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
t/s

The object is at rest at time t = 0.

Which of the following is the velocity of the object at time t = 6.0 s?

A. 0.50 m s–1.

B. 2.0 m s–1.

C. 36 m s–1.

D. 72 m s–1.
(1)

10
15. An object is dropped from rest from a point several hundred metres above the surface of the
Earth at time t = 0. The object strikes the ground at t = T and air resistance is not negligible.

Which of the following sketch graphs best shows the variation with time t, of the speed v of the
object?

A. B.

v v

0 0
0 T t 0 T t

C. D.

v v

0 0
0 T t 0 T t
(1)

11
16. Which of the following is a correct definition of average acceleration?

change in velocit y
A.
time taken

velocity
B.
time taken

change in speed
C.
time taken

speed
D.
time taken
(1)

17. An object has initial speed u and acceleration a. After travelling a distance s, its final speed is v.
The quantities u, v, a and s are related by the expression

v2 = u2 + 2as.

Which of the following includes the two conditions necessary for the equation to apply?

A. a has constant direction u and v are in the same direction

B. a has constant direction a, u and v are in the same direction

C. a has constant magnitude a has constant direction

D. a has constant magnitude u and v are in the same direction

(1)

18. A small steel ball falls from rest through a distance of 3 m. When calculating the time of fall, air
resistance can be ignored because

A. air is less dense than steel.

B. air resistance increases with the speed of the ball.

C. the air is not moving.

D. air resistance is much less than the weight of the ball.

(1)

12
19. The graph shows the variation with time t of the velocity v of an object moving along a straight
line.

0
0 t

Which graph shows the variation with time t of the acceleration a of the object?

a
A. a B.

0 0
0 t
0 t

a
a
C. D.

0
0 0 t
0 t

(1)

13
20. Two identical metal spheres are held above the ground as shown.

spheres

(not to scale)

ground

The separation between them is small compared to their distance above the ground. When the
spheres are released, the separation of the spheres will

A. remain constant.

B. decrease continuously.

C. increase continuously.

D. increase initially and then remain constant.

(1)

14
21. A steel sphere is dropped from rest in oil. Which of the following graphs best represents the
variation with time of the speed of the sphere?

A. speed B. speed

0 0
0 time 0 time

C. speed D. speed

0 0
0 time 0 time
(1)

15
22. A small electrically charged sphere is suspended vertically from a thread. An oppositely charged
rod is brought close to the sphere such that the sphere is in equilibrium when displaced from the
vertical by an angle of 45°.

+ –

Which one of the following best represents the free body diagram for the sphere?

A. B.

C. D.

(1)

16
23. The acceleration of free fall of a small sphere of mass 5.0 × 10–3 kg when close to the surface of
Jupiter is 25 ms–2. The gravitational field strength at the surface of Jupiter is

A. 2.0 × 10–4 N kg–1.

B. 1.3 × 10–1 N kg–1.

C. 25 N kg–1.

D. 5.0 × 103 N kg–1.

(1)

24. A weight is suspended from a spring. The variation with weight of the length of the spring is
shown below.

16
length / cm

14

12

10
0 2 4 6 8
weight / N

What is the value of the spring constant (force constant) of the spring?

A. 0.4 N cm–1

B. 0.5 N cm–1

C. 2.0 N cm–1

D. 2.5 N cm–1
(1)

17
25. A friction force f is acting on a block of weight w sliding down an incline at a constant speed.
The force N is the normal reaction of the incline on the block. Which of the following free-body
diagrams best represents the forces acting on the block?

A. N f B. N f

w
w

C. f D. N
N

w
w
(1)

26. If the resultant external force acting on a particle is zero, the particle

A. must have constant speed.

B. must be at rest.

C. must have constant velocity.

D. must have zero momentum.

(1)

18
27. A ball of weight W slides along a frictionless surface as shown below.

At time T, the ball has moved from point P to the edge E of the surface. The ball then falls
freely to point Q. Which graph best shows the variation with time t of the resultant upward
vertical force F acting on the ball between point P and point Q?

A. F B. F
+W +W

0 0
0 T t 0 T t

-W -W

C. F D. F
+W +W

0 0
0 T t 0 T t

-W -W
(1)

19
28. The engine of a rocket ejects gas at high speed, as shown below.

rocket

high speed direction of

gas motion of rocket

The rocket accelerates forwards because

A. the momentum of the gas is equal but opposite in direction to the momentum of the
rocket.

B. the gas pushes on the air at the back of the rocket.

C. the change in momentum of the gas gives rise to a force on the rocket.

D. the ejected gas creates a region of high pressure behind the rocket.
(1)

29. A frictionless trolley of mass m moves down a slope with a constant acceleration a. A second
similar frictionless trolley has mass 2m. The acceleration of the second trolley as it moves down
the slope is

1
A. a.
2

B. a.

C. 2a.

D. 4a.
(1)

20
30. A picture is supported vertically by a wire that is looped over a horizontal light peg P. There is
no friction between the wire and the peg.

P
peg

wire

X Y

picture

The mass of the picture is uniformly distributed and PX = PY.

Which of the following best represents the free body diagram of the forces acting on the peg?

A. B.

C. D.

(1)

21
31. What is the condition for an object to be in translational equilibrium?

A. The forces acting upwards are equal to the forces acting downwards.

B. The object must be at rest.

C. The object must be moving at constant speed.

D. There is no resultant force on the object in any direction.

(1)

32. A stone of mass m is attached to a string. The stone is made to rotate in a vertical circle of
radius r, as shown.
v

At the point where the stone is vertically above the centre of the circle, the stone has speed v.

Which of the following expressions gives the tension in the string?

mv 2
A. mg 
r

mv 2
B.
r

mv 2
C.  mg
r

mv 2
D.  mg
r
(1)

22
33. The graph below shows the variation with load of the length of a spring.

length
L

X
0
0 W load

For a load W the length of the spring is L.

Which of the following areas on the graph represents the energy stored in the spring when it is
stretched to a length L?

A. X

B. Y–X

C. Z

D. X+Y
(1)

23
34. The graph below shows the variation with load of the length of a spring.

length
L

X
0
0 W load

For a load W the length of the spring is L.

The spring constant of the spring is given by

A. the gradient of the graph.

1
B. .
gradient of the graph

W
C. .
L

L
D. .
W
(1)

24
35. Mandy stands on a weighing scale inside a lift (elevator) that accelerates vertically upwards as
shown in the diagram below. The forces on Mandy are her weight W and the reaction force from
the scale R.

The reading of the scale is

A. R + W.

B. W.

C. R.

D. R – W.
(1)

36. An object on the end of a light flexible string rotates in a circle as shown below.

object

25
 The tension in the string is T when the string is at angle θ to the vertical. Which of the following
is true?

State Resultant force

A. not in equilibrium T

B. not in equilibrium T sinθ

C. in equilibrium T

D. in equilibrium T sinθ
(1)

37. An elevator (lift) is used to either raise or lower sacks of potatoes. In the diagram, a sack of
potatoes of mass 10 kg is resting on a scale that is resting on the floor of an accelerating
elevator. The scale reads 12 kg.

elevator
10 kg

scale

The best estimate for the acceleration of the elevator is

A. 2.0 m s–2 downwards.

B. 2.0 m s–2 upwards.

C. 1.2 m s–2 downwards.

D. 1.2 m s–2 upwards.

(1)

26
38. A light inextensible string has a mass attached to each end and passes over a frictionless pulley
as shown.

pulley

string

mass M

mass m

The masses are of magnitudes M and m, where m < M. The acceleration of free fall is g. The
downward acceleration of the mass M is

A.
M  m g .
M  m 

B.
M  mg .
M

C.
M  m g .
M  m 
Mg
D. .
M  m 
(1)

27
39. Two blocks having different masses slide down a frictionless slope.

Which of the following correctly compares the accelerating force acting on each block and also
the accelerations of the blocks down the slope?

Accelerating force Acceleration

A. Equal Equal

B. Equal Different

C. Different Equal

D. Different Different
(1)

28
40. A horse pulls a boat along a canal at constant speed in a straight-line as shown below.

horse

P F

L boat direction of travel

The horse exerts a constant force F on the boat. The water exerts a constant drag force L and a
constant force P on the boat. The directions of F, L and P are as shown. Which one of the
following best represents a free-body diagram for the boat?

A. B. F

L L

P P

C. D. F

L L

P
(1)

29
41. A block of mass m is pulled along a horizontal, frictionless surface by a force of magnitude F.
The force makes an angle  with the vertical.

block

The magnitude of the acceleration of the block in the horizontal direction produced by the force
F is

F
A. .
m

F sin θ
B. .
m

F cos θ
C. .
m

F tan θ
D. .
m
(1)

30
42. Mandy stands on a weighing scale inside a lift (elevator) that accelerates vertically upwards as
shown in the diagram below. The forces on Mandy are her weight W and the reaction force
from the scale R.

lift
acceleration

scale

The reading of the scale is

A. R + W.

B. W.

C. R.

D. R – W.
(1)

31
43. The graph below shows the variation with time t of the magnitude of the net force F acting on a
body moving along a straight-line.

0
0 t

The shaded area represents

A. the total work done by F.

B. the change in the kinetic energy of the body.

C. the change in the momentum of the body.

D. the change in the velocity of the body.

(1)

44. A body moving along a straight-line has mass 3.0 kg and kinetic energy 24 J. The motion is
then opposed by a net force of 4.0 N. The body will come to rest after travelling a distance of

A. 2.0 m.

B. 6.0 m.

C. 8.0 m.

D. 12 m.
(1)

32
45. A brick is placed on the surface of a flat horizontal disc as shown in the diagram below. The
disc is rotating at constant speed about a vertical axis through its centre. The brick does not
move relative to the disc.

brick

disc

axis of rotation

Which of the diagrams below correctly represents the horizontal force or forces acting on the
brick?

A. B.

C. D.

(1)

33
46. Which one of the following correctly describes the changes, if any, of the kinetic energy and the
potential energy of the molecules of a liquid as it is boiling?

Kinetic energy Potential energy

A. increases increases

B. increases stays constant

C. stays constant increases

D. stays constant stays constant

(1)

47. A rocket is moving through space. The rocket engine ejects a mass m of exhaust gases in time t.
The speed of the exhaust gases, relative to the rocket, is v as shown below.

rocket
direction of motion
exhaust gases, speed v
of rocket

Which of the following expressions is the magnitude of the force exerted on the rocket by the
exhaust gases?

A. mv

B. mv2

C. mvt

D. mv
t
(1)

34
48. In a fairground ride, a car of mass M travels on rails around a vertical loop of effective radius R.
At the top of the loop, the speed of the car is v. The car stays in contact with the rails, as shown
below.

The acceleration of free fall is g.

Which of the following is the correct expression for the force that the rails exert on the car?

A. Mv 2  Mg
R

B. Mv 2
R

C. Mg

D. Mv 2  Mg
R
(1)

35
49. A fire-fighting helicopter is flying at constant speed along a horizontal straight-line carrying a
bucket of water as shown in the diagram below. The rope to the bucket makes a fixed angle with
the vertical.

constant speed

rope

bucket of water

Which of the following diagrams is the correct free body diagram of the forces acting on the
bucket?

A. B.

C. D.

(1)

36
50. The diagram below shows five wooden blocks joined by inelastic strings. A constant force
accelerates the blocks to the right on a frictionless horizontal table.

W X Y Z accelerating
force

table

In which string is the tension the greatest?

A. W

B. X

C. Y

D. Z
(1)

51. A force of magnitude F1 accelerates a body of mass m from rest to a speed v. A force of
magnitude F2 accelerates a body of mass 2m from rest to a speed 2v.

work done by F2
The ratio is
work done by F1

A. 2.

B. 4.

C. 8.

D. 16.
(1)

37
52. A rocket is fired vertically. At its highest point, it explodes. Which one of the following
describes what happens to its total momentum and total kinetic energy as a result of the
explosion?

Total momentum Total kinetic energy

A. unchanged increased

B. unchanged unchanged

C. increased increased

D. increased unchanged
(1)

53. An astronaut in outer space is holding a hammer and drifting at constant velocity. The astronaut
throws the hammer in the opposite direction to that in which she is drifting.

What change, if any, occurs in the total kinetic energy and the total momentum of the astronaut
and hammer?

Total kinetic energy Total momentum

A. unchanged increased
B. unchanged unchanged
C. increased increased
D. increased unchanged
(1)

38
54. A constant force is applied to a ball of mass m. The velocity of the ball changes from v1 to v2.
The impulse received by the ball is

A. m(v2 + v1).

B. m(v2 – v1).

C. m(v22 + v12).

D. m(v22 – v12).
(1)

55. The momentum of a system is conserved if

A. no external forces act on the system.

B. no friction forces act within the system.

C. no kinetic energy is lost or gained by the system.

D. the forces acting on the system are in equilibrium.

(1)

56. An object of mass m is initially at rest. An impulse I acts on the object. The change in kinetic
energy of the object is

I2
A. .
2m

I2
B. .
m

C. I2m.

D. 2I2m.
(1)

39
57. A fan and a sail are mounted vertically on a cart that is initially at rest on a horizontal table as
shown in the diagram below.

fan air
sail

When the fan is turned on an air stream is blown towards the right and is incident on the sail.
The cart is free to move with negligible resistance forces.

After the fan has been turned on the cart will

A. move to the left and then to the right.

B. remain at rest.

C. move towards the right.

D. move towards the left.

(1)

58. A rocket is fired vertically into the air. When the rocket reaches its maximum height, the rocket
explodes.

What change, if any, occurs in the momentum and in the kinetic energy of the rocket during the
explosion?

momentum kinetic energy

A. increases increases
B. increases constant
C. constant increases
D. constant constant
(1)

40
59. Two satellites of equal mass, S1 and S2, orbit the Earth. S1 is orbiting at a distance r from the
v
Earth’s centre at speed v. S2 orbits at a distance 2r from the Earth’s centre at speed . The
2
ratio of the centripetal force on S1 to the centripetal force on S2 is

1
A. .
8

1
B. .
4

C. 4.

D. 8.
(1)

60. A point mass is moving in a horizontal circle with a velocity of constant magnitude v. At one
particular time, the mass is at P. A short time later, the mass is at Q, as shown below.

P v

41
Which vector diagram correctly shows the change in velocity Δv of the mass during this time?

A. B.

v v
v v

v v

C. D.

v v v v

v v
(1)

42
61. A brick is placed on the surface of a flat horizontal disc as shown in the diagram below. The
disc is rotating at constant speed about a vertical axis through its centre. The brick does not
move relative to the disc.

Which of the diagrams below correctly represents the horizontal force or forces acting on the
brick?

(1)

43
62. An electric motor is used to raise a weight of 2.0 N. When connected to a 4.0 V supply, the
current in the motor is 1.5 A. Assuming no energy losses, the best estimate for the maximum
steady speed at which the weight can be raised is

A. 0.3 m s–1.

B. 3.0 m s–1.

C. 9.0 m s–1.

D. 12.0 m s–1.
(1)

63. The diagram below shows the variation with displacement x of the force F acting on an object in
the direction of the displacement.

Q
S
P

0 W V T
0 x1 x2 x

Which area represents the work done by the force when the displacement changes from x1 to x2?

A. QRS

B. WPRT

C. WPQV

D. VQRT
(1)

44
64. An engine takes in an amount E of thermal energy and, as a result, does an amount W of useful
work. An amount H of thermal energy is ejected. The law of conservation of energy and the
efficiency of the engine are given by which of the following?

Law of conservation of energy Efficiency

A. E=W+H W

W
B. E=W+H
E
W
C. E+H=W
H
W
D. E+H=W
E–H
(1)

65. The variation with time of the vertical speed of a ball falling in air is shown below.

Speed

0
0 T time

45
 During the time from 0 to T, the ball gains kinetic energy and loses gravitational potential
energy ΔEp. Which of the following statements is true?

A. ΔEp is equal to the gain in kinetic energy.

B. ΔEp is greater than the gain in kinetic energy.

C. ΔEp is equal to the work done against air resistance.

D. ΔEp is less than the work done against air resistance.

(1)

66. Which of the following involves a change in the total energy of the objects?

A. Some ice and water as the ice melts at constant temperature.

B. An electron accelerated by a magnetic field.

C. A satellite in a circular orbit round the Earth.

D. A stone falling in a vacuum towards the Earth’s surface.

(1)

67. The point of action of a constant force F is displaced a distance d. The angle between the force
and the direction of the displacement is θ, as shown below.

46
 Which one of the following is the correct expression for the work done by the force?

A. Fd

B. Fd sin θ

C. Fd cos θ

D. Fd tan θ
(1)

68. A box of mass m is moved horizontally against a constant frictional force f through a distance s
at constant speed v. The work done on the box is

A. 0.

B. mgs.

1 2
C. mv .
2

D. fs.
(1)

47
69. A spring is compressed by a force F.

For a compression e, the force F is given by F = ke. When the compression force is removed,
the spring returns to its original length in time t. The best estimate for the power developed by
the spring during its expansion is

ke
A. .
2t

ke
B. .
t

ke 2
C. .
2t

ke3
D. .
t
(1)

48
70. The graph below shows the variation with displacement x of the force F acting on an object. The
force F always acts in the same direction as the displacement.

Q
FQ

0 xQ x
0

At point Q, the displacement is xQ and the force is FQ.

Which of the following gives the work done by the force on the body as the displacement
increases from zero to xQ and then returns to zero?

A. Zero

1
B. 2 FQ x Q

C. FQ xQ

D. 2FQ xQ
(1)

49
71. Water flows out from a tank down a pipe, as shown below.

tank

water
water flow
pipe

The pipe is always full of water.

Which of the following gives the change in the kinetic energy and in the gravitational potential
energy of the water as the water flows down the pipe?

kinetic energy gravitational potential energy

A. constant decreases

B. constant increases

C. increases decreases

D. increases increases
(1)

72. A box of weight W is moved at constant velocity v along a horizontal floor. There is a constant
frictional force F between the box and the floor.

What is the power required to move the box through a distance s?

A. Fs

B. Fv

C. Ws

D. Wv
(1)

50
73. An electric motor has an input power of 160W. In raising a load, 120W of power is dissipated.
The best estimate for the efficiency of the motor is

A. 25%.

B. 33%.

C. 57%.

D. 75%.
(1)

74. An electric motor has an input power of 160W. In raising a load, 120W of power is dissipated.
The best estimate for the efficiency of the motor is

A. 25%.

B. 33%.

C. 57%.

D. 75%.
(1)

51
1. Linear motion

(a) Define the term acceleration.

...................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................
(2)

(b) An object has an initial speed u and an acceleration a. After time t, its speed is v and it
has moved through a distance s.

The motion of the object may be summarized by the equations

v = u + at,

s= 1
2
v  u t.
(i) State the assumption made in these equations about the acceleration a.

.........................................................................................................................
(1)

(ii) Derive, using these equations, an expression for v in terms of u, s and a.

.........................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................
(2)

1
(c) The shutter speed of a camera is the time that the film is exposed to light. In order to
determine the shutter speed of a camera, a metal ball is held at rest at the zero mark of a
vertical scale, as shown below. The ball is released. The shutter of a camera is opened as
the ball falls.

0 cm

scale

camera
196 cm

208 cm

The photograph of the ball shows that the shutter opened as the ball reached the 196 cm
mark on the scale and closed as it reached the 208 cm mark. Air resistance is negligible
and the acceleration of free fall is 9.81 m s–2.

(i) Calculate the time for the ball to fall from rest to the 196 cm mark.

.........................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................
(2)

(ii) Determine the time for which the shutter was open. That is, the time for the ball to
fall from the 196 cm mark to the 208 cm mark.

.........................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 9 marks)

2
2. Motion of a ball

A ball of mass 0.25 kg is projected vertically upwards from the ground with an initial velocity
of 30 m s–1. The acceleration of free fall is 10 m s–2, but air resistance cannot be neglected.

The graph below shows the variation with time t of the velocity v of this ball for the upward part
of the motion.

v / ms–1 30.0

25.0

20.0

15.0

10.0

5.0

0.0
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0
t/s

(a) State what the area under the graph represents.

...................................................................................................................................
(1)

3
(b) Estimate the maximum height reached by the ball.

...................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................
(1)

(c) Determine, for the ball at t = 1.0 s,

(i) the acceleration;

.........................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................
(3)

(ii) the magnitude of the force of air resistance.

.........................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................
(2)

(d) Use the graph to explain, without any further calculations, that the force of air resistance
is decreasing in magnitude as the ball moves upward.

...................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................
(2)

4
(e) The diagram below is a sketch graph of the upward motion of the ball.

Draw a line to indicate the downward motion of the ball. The line should indicate the
motion from the maximum height of the ball until just before it hits the ground.

v / ms–1 30

20

10

0.0
0.0 2.0 4.0 t/s
–10

–20

–30
(2)

(f) State and explain, by reference to energy transformations, whether the speed with which
the ball hits the ground is equal to 30 m s–1.

...................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................
(2)

(g) Use your answer in (f) to state and explain whether the ball takes 2.0 s to move from its
maximum height to the ground.

...................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 15 marks)

5
3. This question is about circular motion.

A stone is attached to an inextensible string. The stone is made to rotate at constant speed v in a
horizontal circle. Diagram 1 below shows the stone in two positions A and B.

Diagram 1 Diagram 2

B A

A v

Diagram 2 above shows the velocity vector of the stone at point A.

(a) On diagram 2, draw vectors to show the change in velocity v of the stone from point A
to point B.
(3)

(b) Use your completed diagram 2 to explain why a force, directed towards the centre of the
circle, is necessary to cause circular motion.

...................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 5 marks)

6
4. This question is about an experiment designed to investigate Newton’s second law.

In order to investigate Newton’s second law, David arranged for a heavy trolley to be
accelerated by small weights, as shown below. The acceleration of the trolley was recorded
electronically. David recorded the acceleration for different weights up to a maximum of 3.0 N.
He plotted a graph of his results.

acceleration
heavy trolley pulley

weight

(a) Describe the graph that would be expected if two quantities are proportional to one
another.

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................
(2)

7
 (b) David’s data are shown below, with uncertainty limits included for the value of the
weights. Draw the best-fit line for these data.

1.40
acceleration
/ ms–2 1.20

1.00

0.80

0.60

0.40

0.20

0.00
0.00 0.50 1.00 1.50 2.00 2.50
weight / N
(2)

(c) Use the graph to

(i) explain what is meant by a systematic error.

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................
(2)

(ii) estimate the value of the frictional force that is acting on the trolley.

...........................................................................................................................
(1)

8
 (iii) estimate the mass of the trolley.

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 9 marks)

5. This question is about a balloon used to carry scientific equipment.

The diagram below represents a balloon just before take-off. The balloon’s basket is attached to
the ground by two fixing ropes.

balloon

basket

fixing rope fixing rope

50 50
ground

There is a force F vertically upwards of 2.15  103 N on the balloon. The total mass of the
balloon and its basket is 1.95  102 kg.

(a) State the magnitude of the resultant force on the balloon when it is attached to the ground.

...................................................................................................................................
(1)

9
(b) Calculate the tension in either of the fixing ropes.

...................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................
(3)

(c) The fixing ropes are released and the balloon accelerates upwards. Calculate the
magnitude of this initial acceleration.

...................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................
(2)

(d) The balloon reaches a terminal speed 10 seconds after take-off. The upward force F
remains constant. Describe how the magnitude of air friction on the balloon varies during
the first 10 seconds of its flight.

...................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 8 marks)

10
6. This question is about energy and momentum.

A train carriage A of mass 500 kg is moving horizontally at 6.0 m s–1. It collides with another
train carriage B of mass 700 kg that is initially at rest, as shown in the diagram below.

6.0m s–1

train carriage A train carriage B

500kg 700kg

The graph below shows the variation with time t of the velocities of the two train carriages
before, during and after the collision.

v / ms–1
6.0
train carriage B
5.0

4.0

3.0

2.0

1.0

0.0
1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 t / s
–1.0
train carriage A
–2.0

11
 (a) Use the graph to deduce that

(i) the total momentum of the system is conserved in the collision;

.........................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................
(2)

(ii) the collision is elastic.

.........................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................
(2)

(b) Calculate the magnitude of the average force experienced by train carriage B.

...................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................
(3)
(Total 7 marks)

7. This question is about momentum and the kinematics of a proposed journey to Jupiter.

(a) State the law of conservation of momentum.

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................
(2)

12
A solar propulsion engine uses solar power to ionize atoms of xenon and to accelerate them. As
a result of the acceleration process, the ions are ejected from the spaceship with a speed of
3.0 × 104 m s–1.

xenon ions spaceship

speed = 3.0×104 m s –1 mass = 5.4×102 kg

(b) The mass (nucleon) number of the xenon used is 131. Deduce that the mass of one ion of
xenon is 2.2 × 10–25 kg.

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................
(2)

(c) The original mass of the fuel is 81 kg. Deduce that, if the engine ejects 77 × 1018 xenon
ions every second, the fuel will last for 1.5 years. (1 year = 3.2 × 107 s)

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................
(2)

13
 (d) The mass of the spaceship is 5.4 × 102 kg. Deduce that the initial acceleration of the
spaceship is 8.2 × 10–5 m s–2.

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................
(5)

The graph below shows the variation with time t of the acceleration a of the spaceship. The
solar propulsion engine is switched on at time t = 0 when the speed of the spaceship is 1.2 × 103
m s–1.

10.0

9.5

a / ×10– 5m s– 2
9.0

8.5

8.0
0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0
t / ×107 s

14
(e) Explain why the acceleration of the spaceship is increasing with time.

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................
(2)

(f) Using data from the graph, calculate the speed of the spaceship at the time when the
xenon fuel has all been used.

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................
(4)

(g) The distance of the spaceship from Earth when the solar propulsion engine is switched on
is very small compared to the distance from Earth to Jupiter. The fuel runs out when the
spaceship is a distance of 4.7 × 10–11 m from Jupiter. Estimate the total time that it would
take the spaceship to travel from Earth to Jupiter.

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 19 marks)

15
8. This question is about conservation of momentum and conservation of energy.

(a) State Newton’s third law.

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................
(1)

(b) State the law of conservation of momentum.

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................
(2)

The diagram below shows two identical balls A and B on a horizontal surface. Ball B is at rest
and ball A is moving with speed V along a line joining the centres of the balls. The mass of each
ball is M.
v

Before collision A B

During the collision of the balls, the magnitude of the force that ball A exerts on ball B is FAB
and the magnitude of the force that ball B exerts on ball A is FBA.

(c) On the diagram below, add labelled arrows to represent the magnitude and direction of
the forces FAB and FBA.

During the collision A B

(3)

16
The balls are in contact for a time Δt. After the collision, the speed of ball A is +vA and the
speed of ball B is +vB in the directions shown.
vA vB

After the collision A B

As a result of the collision, there is a change in momentum of ball A and of ball B.

(d) Use Newton’s second law of motion to deduce an expression relating the forces acting
during the collision to the change in momentum of

(i) ball B.

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................
(2)

(ii) ball A.

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................
(2)

(e) Apply Newton’s third law and your answers to (d), to deduce that the change in
momentum of the system (ball A and ball B) as a result of this collision, is zero.

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................
(4)

17
 (f) Deduce, that if kinetic energy is conserved in the collision, then after the collision, ball A
will come to rest and ball B will move with speed V.

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................
(3)
(Total 17 marks)

9. Momentum

(a) State the law of conservation of momentum.

...................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................
(2)

(b) An ice hockey puck collides with the wall of an ice rink. The puck is sliding along a line
that makes an angle of 45 to the wall.

wall
45 45

ice rink

direction of puck direction of puck

before collision after collision

The collision between the wall and the puck is perfectly elastic.

(i) State what is meant by an elastic collision.

.........................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................
(1)

18
 (ii) Discuss how the law of conservation of momentum applies to this situation.

.........................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................
(2)

(c) The diagram below is a scale diagram that shows the vector representing the momentum
of the puck before collision.

Scale: 1.0 cm = 0.10 N s

By adding appropriate vectors to the diagram, deduce that the magnitude of the change in
momentum of the puck as a result of the collision is 0.71 N s.
(4)

19
 (d) The sketch-graph below shows the variation with time t of the force F exerted by the wall
on the puck.

0
0 t

The total contact time is 12 ms. Estimate, explaining your reasoning, the maximum force
exerted by the wall on the puck.

...................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................
(3)
(Total 12 marks)

10. This question is about the collision between two railway trucks (carts).

(a) Define linear momentum.

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................
(1)

20
In the diagram below, railway truck A is moving along a horizontal track. It collides with a
stationary truck B and on collision, the two join together. Immediately before the collision,
truck A is moving with speed 5.0 ms–1. Immediately after collision, the speed of the trucks is v.

5.0 ms –1

B
A

Immediately before collision

B
A

Immediately after collision

The mass of truck A is 800 kg and the mass of truck B is 1200 kg.

(b) (i) Calculate the speed v immediately after the collision.

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................
(3)

(ii) Calculate the total kinetic energy lost during the collision.

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................
(2)

21
 (c) Suggest what has happened to the lost kinetic energy.

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 8 marks)

11. This question is about motion of a charged particle in a magnetic field.

A charged particle is projected from point X with speed v at right angles to a uniform magnetic
field. The magnetic field is directed out of the plane of the page. The particle moves along a
circle of radius R and centre C as shown in the diagram below.

region of magnetic field Y

out of plane of page

R C X
charged particle

(a) On the diagram above, draw arrows to represent the magnetic force on the particle at
position X and at position Y.
(1)

(b) State and explain whether

(i) the charge is positive or negative;

.........................................................................................................................
(1)

22
 (ii) work is done by the magnetic force.

.........................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................
(2)

v
(c) A second identical charged particle is projected at position X with a speed in a
2
direction opposite to that of the first particle. On the diagram above, draw the path
followed by this particle.
(2)
(Total 6 marks)

12. This question is about energy sources.

(a) Fossil fuels are being produced continuously on Earth and yet they are classed as being
non-renewable. Outline why fossil fuels are classed as non-renewable.

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................
(2)

23
 (b) Some energy consultants suggest that the solution to the problem of carbon dioxide
pollution is to use nuclear energy for the generation of electrical energy. Identify two
disadvantages of the use of nuclear fission when compared to the burning of fossil fuels
for the generation of electrical energy.

1. ................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................

2. ................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 4 marks)

13. This question is about solar energy.

(a) By reference to energy transformations, distinguish between a solar panel and a solar cell.

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................
(2)

24
 Some students carry out an investigation on a solar panel. They measure the output temperature
of the water for different solar input powers and for different rates of extraction of thermal
energy. The results are shown below.

350

340

W
330

100
tion
output temperature / K

c
xtra

W
20 0
er e
320

W
pow

300

W
400
310

300
200 300 400 500 600 700 800
input power / W

(b) Use the data from the graph to answer the following.

(i) The solar panel is to provide water at 340 K whilst extracting energy at a rate of
300 W when the intensity of the sunlight incident normally on the panel is
800 W m–2. Calculate the effective surface area of the panel that is required.

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................
(2)

25
 (ii) Deduce the overall efficiency of the panel for an input power of 500 W at an output
temperature of 320 K.

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................
(3)
(Total 7 marks)

14. This question is about the production of electrical energy.

(a) Outline the principal energy transfers involved in the production of electrical energy from
thermal energy in a coal-fired power station.

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................
(2)

(b) State and explain whether the energy sources used in the following power stations are
renewable or non-renewable.

(i) Coal-fired

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................
(1)

(ii) Nuclear

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................
(1)

26
(c) The core of some nuclear reactors contains a moderator and control rods. Explain the
function of these components.

(i) The moderator

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................
(2)

(ii) The control rods

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................
(2)

(d) Discuss one advantage of a nuclear power station as opposed to a coal-fired power
station.

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 10 marks)

27
15. This question is about wind energy.

It is required to design wind turbines for a wind farm for which the following information is
available.

Total required annual electrical energy output from the wind farm = 120 TJ
Maximum number of turbines for which there is space on the farm = 20
Average annual wind speed at the site = 9.0 m s–1

(a) Deduce that the average power output required from one turbine is 0.19 MW.

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................
(3)

(b) Estimate the blade radius of the wind turbine that will give a power output of 0.19 MW.
(Density of air = 1.2 kg m–3)

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................
(3)

(c) State one reason why your answer to (b) is only an estimate.

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................
(1)

28
(d) Discuss briefly one disadvantage of generating power from wind energy.

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 9 marks)

29
1. A
[1]

2. B
[1]

3. B
[1]

4. B
[1]

5. D
[1]

6. C
[1]

7. A
[1]

8. B
[1]

9. B
[1]

10. D
[1]

1
11. A
[1]

12. C
[1]

13. C
[1]

14. C
[1]

15. C
[1]

16. A
[1]

17. C
[1]

18. D
[1]

19. A
[1]

20. A
[1]

2
21. A
[1]

22. D
[1]

23. C
[1]

24. C
[1]

25. B
[1]

26. C
[1]

27. A
[1]

28. C
[1]

29. B
[1]

30. B
[1]

3
31. D
[1]

ó @32. C
[1]

33. C
[1]

34. B
[1]

35. C
[1]

36. B
[1]

37. B
[1]

38. A
[1]

39. C
[1]

40. B
[1]

4
41. B
[1]

42. C
[1]

43. C
[1]

44. B
[1]

45. D
[1]

46. C
[1]

47. D
[1]

48. A
[1]

49. C
[1]

50. D
[1]

5
51. C
[1]

52. A
[1]

53. D
[1]

54. B
[1]

55. A
[1]

56. A
[1]

57. B
[1]

58. C
[1]

59. C
[1]

60. C
[1]

6
61. D
[1]

62. B
[1]

63. D
[1]

64. B
[1]

65. B
[1]

66. A
[1]

67. C
[1]

68. D
[1]

69. C
[1]

70. A
[1]

7
71. A
[1]

72. B
[1]

73. A
[1]

74. A
[1]

8
1. Linear motion
(a) change in velocity / rate of change of velocity;
per unit time / with time; (ratio idea essential to award this mark) 2

(b) (i) acceleration is constant / uniform; 1

(ii) t
2s
and t 
v  u  ;
u  v  a

clear working to obtain v2 = u2 + 2as; 2

(c) (i) 1.96 = 12  9.81  t2;

t = 0.632s; 2
(ii) time to fall (1.96 + 0.12)m is 0.651s;
shutter open for 0.019s; 2
If the candidate gives a one significant digit answer treat it as an SD-1.
Award [0] if the candidate uses s = 12 at2 and s = 12cm.
[9]

2. Motion of a ball
(a) the maximum height reached by the ball / the displacement in the first2s / the
distance travelled; 1

(b) 30 m; 1
Accept answers in the range.25mto30m

(c) (i) drawing tangent at t = 1.0s;

using a sufficiently large triangle  at least 6 cm hypotenuse;
to get a = 15ms2; 3
(ii) R + mg = ma;
R = 3.75  2.50 = 1.2N; 2
(Watch ecf from (i))

(d) slope of the graph is decreasing;

the force of air resistance must decrease as well; 2

1
 (e)

smooth curve at t = 2.0 s;

terminating between 4.25 s and 4.50 s; 2
(Award second marking point only if first is correct)

(f) it will be less;

because mechanical energy / kinetic energy is being transformed into
thermal energy (in the particle and air); 2
Award [0] for an answer without justification.

(g) the areas under the graph for the upward and downward motion must be
the same;
from the way the curve slopes it follows that the time must be longer than 2.0s; 2
or
the average speed on the way down is less;
and so the time taken is longer;
[15]

3. (a)

arrow drawn (from A) of about correct length;

arrow drawn (from A) at about correct angle;
vector v labelled clearly and in correct direction; 3
Award [1 max] if vectors are added and [1 max] if v is opposite to
correct direction.

2
 (b) v is directed towards the centre of the circle;
force necessary to cause change in velocity / v; 2
Response must clearly refer to diagram and be consistent with it.
[5]

4. (a) a straight line;

through the origin; 2 max
(b) any straight line;
that fits within ALL the error bars; 2 max

1.40
acceleration
/ ms–2 1.20

1.00

0.80

0.60

0.40

0.20

0.00
0.00 0.50 1.00 1.50 2.00 2.50
Weight / N

(c) (i) a systematic error is when every data point deviates from the
“correct” value;
by the same fixed amount as seen by intercept on graph / OWTTE; 2 max
Accept answers that explain by giving an example of a possible
systematic error eg friction.

(ii) 0.3 N; 1
Accept 0.25 N  0.35 N. NB Watch for use of wrong axis!

3
 (iii) realization that mass = (gradient)–1;
Award this mark for full Newton II equation (with friction)
to give mass = 1.4 kg (Accept 1.2 kg  1.6 kg.); 2 max
Use of F = ma for 1 data point receives [0] (unless candidate’s
line is through origin).
Watch for ecf from candidate’s own line.
[9]

5. (a) zero; 1

(b) resultant vertical force from ropes = (2.15  103  weight) = 237N;
equating their result to 2T sin50;
ie 2T sin 50 = 237
calculation to give T = 154.7N  150N; 3
Accept any value of tension from 130 N to 160 N. Award [2] for missing
factor of 2 but otherwise correct ie 309 N.

(c) correct substitution into F = ma;

237
to give a   1.21 ms  2 ; 2
1.95 10 2

Watch for ecf.

NB Depending on value of g answer will vary from 1.0(3) ms2
to 1.2(3) ms2 all of which are acceptable.

(d) statement that air friction increases with increased speed seen / implied;
in 10 seconds friction goes from 0 N to 237 N / force increases from zero
until it equals the net upward accelerating force; 2
[8]

6. (a) (i) initial momentum = 500  6 = 3000Ns;

final momentum = 500  (1) + 700  5 = 3000Ns; 2
(working must be shown to award marks)
Allow approach that shows equal and opposite momentum changes.
(ii) initial kinetic energy = 1
2
500  36 = 9000J;
final kinetic energy = 12 500  1 + 12 700  25 = 9000J; 2
(working must be shown to award marks)

(b) impulse = change of momentum = 700  5 = 3500Ns;

4
 duration of collision = 2.0s;
to give F  3500 1800 N; 3
2.0
Accept force in the range1700Nto1800Neven with three significant figures.
[7]

7. (a) if the total external force acting upon a system is zero / for an isolated
system;
the momentum of the system is constant; 2
Award [1 max] if the answer is in terms of collisions.

(b) 131 g of xenon contains 6.02 × 1023 / NA atoms;

131
mass of 1 atom = = 2.2 × 10–22 g= 2.2 × 10–25 kg;
6.02  10 23

or
mass of nucleon 1.66 × 10–27 kg;
mass of xenon atom = 131 × l.66 × 10–27 kg = 2.2 × 10–25 kg; 2

(c) time = 1.5 × 3.2 × 107 = 4.8 × 107 s;

81
no of atoms per second =  25
= 7.7 × 1018 s–1;
2.2  10  4.8  10 7

or
81
no of atoms in original mass =  25
= 3.7 × 1026;
2.2  10
3.7  10 26
time = = 4.8 × 107 s = 1.5 years; 2
7.7  10 18

(d) rate of change of momentum of the xenon atoms

= 7.7 × 1018 × 2.2 × 10–25 × 3.0 × 104;
= 5.1 × 10–2 N;
= mass × acceleration;
where mass = (540 + 81) kg;
5.1  10 2
to give acceleration of spaceship = ;
6.2  10 2
= (8.2 × 10–5 m s–2) 5
Accept if mass of fuel omitted (= 9.4 × 10–5 m s–2).

F
(e) a= ;
m
since m is decreasing with time, then a will be increasing with time; 2

(f) change in speed = area under graph;

= (8.2 × 4.8) × 102 + 12 (4.8 × 1.3) × 102;
final speed = (8.2 × 4.8) × 102 + 1
2
(4.8 × 1.3) × 102 + 1.2 × 103;

5
 5.4× 103 m s–1;
or
use of v = u + at
u = 1.2 × 103 m s–1;
average acceleration from the graph = 1
2
(8.2 + 9.45) × 10–5;
= 8.8 × 105 m s–2;
final speed = 4.8 × 107 × 8.8 × 10–5 +1.2 × 103 = 5.4 × 103 m s–1; 4

s 4.7  1011
(g) t=  = 8.7 × 107 s;
v 5.4  10 3
so total time 4.8 × 107 + 8.7 × 107 s  4.2y; 2
[19]

8. (a) when two bodies A and B interact, the force that A exerts on B is equal and
opposite to the force that B exerts on A;
or
when a force acts on a body an equal and opposite force acts on another body
somewhere in the universe; 1 max
Award [0] for “action and reaction are equal and opposite”
unless they explain what is meant by the terms.

(b) if the net external force acting on a system is zero;

then the total momentum of the system is constant (or in any one direction,
is constant); 2
To achieve [2] answers should mention forces and should show
what is meant by conserved. Award [1 max] for a definition
such as “for a system of colliding bodies, the momentum is
constant” and [0] for “a system of colliding bodies, momentum
is conserved”.

(c)

FBA A B FAB

arrows of equal length;

acting through centre of spheres;
correct labelling consistent with correct direction; 3

6
 (d) (i) Ball B:
change in momentum = MvB;
hence FAB∆t = MvB; 2
(ii) Ball A:
change in momentum = M (vA –V);
hence from Newton 2, FBA∆t = M(vA – V); 2

(e) from Newton 3, FAB + FBA = 0, or FAB = –FBA;

therefore –M(vA – V) = MvB;
therefore MV = MvB + MvA;
that is, momentum before equals momentum after collision such that the
net change in momentum is zero (unchanged) / OWTTE; 4
Some statement is required to get the fourth mark ie an
interpretation of the maths result.

(f) from conservation of momentum V = vB + vA;

from conservation of energy V2 = vB2 + vA2;
if vA = 0, then both these show that vB = V;
or
from conservation of momentum V = vB + vA;
from conservation of energy V2 = vB2 + vA2;
so, V2 = (vB + vA)2 = vB2 + vA2 + 2vAvB therefore vA has to be zero; 3 max
Answers must show that effectively, the only way that both
momentum and energy conservation can be satisfied is that ball
A comes to rest and ball B moves off with speed V.
[17]

9. Momentum
(a) if the total (or net) external force acting on a system is zero / for an
isolated system;
the momentum of the system is constant / momentum before collision
equals momentum after collision; 2
Award [1] for “momentum before (collision) = momentum after (collision)”.

7
(b) (i) (a collision in which) kinetic energy is not lost / kinetic energy
is conserved; 1
(ii) the momentum of the puck is not conserved since a force acts on it
during collision / OWTTE;
the rink is attached to the Earth and momentum is given to the Earth
such that the change in momentum of the puck is equal to the change
in momentum of the Earth / OWTTE;
Or
the momentum of the Earth and puck are conserved / OWTTE;
the change in momentum of the puck is equal and opposite to the
change in momentum of the Earth; 2
This is a discussion so more than bald statements are required eg
identification of system and some explanation.

(c)

vector 5.0 cm long;

at right angles to initial vector as shown;
By eye is sufficient.
resultant vector as shown;
stated length = 7.1(0.2) cm equivalent to 0.71(0.2)Ns;
Length should be checked.
Or
Second vector at right angles to first;
And of equal length;
Difference shown as a vertical vector;
Of magnitude 0.5 2  0.5 2 ;
= 0.71N s 4
Caution: Many students are obtaining instead the sum of the two momenta
rather than the difference. In this case the numerical answer is the same for
the magnitude so watch out.

8
 p 0.71
(d) F   59 N ;
t 12 10 3
this is the average force and from the graph it can be seen that F = 2Fav;
therefore, F = 120N;
Or
area under graph is p = 0.71N s;
1
area is Fmax t ;
2
2  0.71
and so Fmax  120 N ; 3
12 10 3
[12]

10. (a) mass × velocity; 1

(b) (i) momentum before = 800 × 5 = 4 000 N s;

momentum after = 2 000v;
conservation of momentum gives v = 2.0 m s–1; 3

(ii) KE before = 400 × 25 = 10 000 J KE after = 1 000 × 4 = 4 000 J;

loss in KE = 6 000 J; 2

(c) transformed / changed into;

heat (internal energy) (and sound); 2
Do not accept “deformation of trucks”.
[8]

11. (a) (i) two arrows directed towards the centre of the circular path, within
5.0 cm of the centre. 1

(b) (i) negative by stating any rule for the direction of the magnetic force; 1
(ii) the work done is zero;
since the force is at all times normal to the velocity; 2

9
 (c) a curved path starting at X and in the right direction ie counterclockwise;

circular path of radius R ; 2

2
Allow diameter 3-4 cm and be generous with how round the circle is.
[6]

12. (a) (natural process of) production takes thousands / millions of years;
fossil fuels used much faster than being produced / OWTTE; 2

(b) Any two sensible suggestions eg

storage of radioactive waste;
increased cost;
risk of radioactive contamination etc; 2 max
To achieve full marks the differences must be distinct.
[4]

13. (a) solar panel: solar energy  thermal energy (heat);

solar cell: solar energy  electrical energy; 2

(b) (i) input power required = 730 W (5 W);

730
area = = 0.91 m2; 2
800
(ii) power extracted =165 W (20 W);
(power out) 165
efficiency = or ; (allow ecf)
power in 500
= 33%; 3
[7]

14. (a) idea of thermal energy  mechanical energy / KE  electrical energy;

idea of where or how this takes place; 2
eg in turbines or coil rotated in a magnetic field etc

(b) Mark the answers for the two energy sources together.
both non renewable;
appropriate justification for both; 2
eg in both cases a resource is being used and isn’t being
replaced / OWTTE.

10
 (c) (i) to slow down fast moving neutrons;
so as to increase chances of neutron capture by another
uranium nucleus / OWTTE; 2

(ii) to absorb neutrons;

so as to control rate of reaction / OWTTE; 2

(d) any appropriate advantage that coal fired power station does not have;
eg does not release CO2 / SO2 into atmosphere / OWTTE.
appropriate discussion relating to advantage;
eg so global warming / acid rain effects reduced. 2
Allow argument that 1 kg of uranium “fuel” releases more energy w.r.t.
1 kg of coal. Award [0] for imprecise statements that are not clear eg bald
“nuclear power stations pollute less”.
[10]

energy 120  10 12
15. (a) power =  ;
time 60  60  24  365
= 3.8 × 106 W;
therefore, for one turbine = 0.19 MW; 3

2p
(b) using p = 1
ρAv3, A = ;
2
v 3
2  1.9  10 5
therefore, A = = 4.3 × 102 m2;
1.2  9.0 3

use A = πr2 to give r = 12 m; 3

(c) the wind speed varies over the year / not all the wind energy will be
transferred into mechanical power / energy loss due to friction in the
turbine / energy loss in converting to electrical energy / density of air
varies with temperature; 1
Do not accept something like “turbines are not 100% efficient”.

11
(d) take up so much room;
that not possible to produce enough energy to meet a country’s requirements;
noisy;
and this could have an effect on local fauna;
OWTTE; 2 max
Award [1] for statement of disadvantage and [1] for some
justification of statement.
[9]

12